“閱讀理解”和“七選五”占據(jù)著高考浙江卷的第一部分?！傲己玫拈_端是成功的一半”，前面這兩個題型解答的順利與否，直接影響著后面其他試題的答題時(shí)間和答題心態(tài)，準(zhǔn)做快做閱讀理解類試題，為攻克后面的題目節(jié)省時(shí)間。

第一部分　題型分類概述|掌握四種題型選項(xiàng)特征，快速閱讀不失分
[閱讀理解·題型細(xì)分類]

[正誤選項(xiàng)·特征巧識別]
超重點(diǎn)1　正確選項(xiàng)特征
【考情調(diào)研】
在閱讀理解的備考過程中，明確閱讀理解常設(shè)選項(xiàng)的特征是快速準(zhǔn)確鎖定答案的關(guān)鍵。高考英語閱讀理解的正確選項(xiàng)一般通過以下途徑設(shè)置：
關(guān)鍵詞直接復(fù)現(xiàn)：直接復(fù)現(xiàn)類可從問題中找到關(guān)鍵詞，以此為線索，運(yùn)用略讀及查閱的技巧迅速定位即可。此類題目較為簡單，考查頻率不高。
對原文關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義轉(zhuǎn)換、正話反說和細(xì)節(jié)概括：此類題目需對原文信息進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確理解并簡單推理，觀察詞義、詞性及語態(tài)的變化。這是命題人常用的設(shè)題方式，復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)應(yīng)掌握英語的多種表達(dá)法。
　同義轉(zhuǎn)述
從近幾年的高考題來看，細(xì)節(jié)理解題不僅數(shù)量有所增加，而且難度也稍有加大，主要表現(xiàn)為題目信息與原文信息表達(dá)方式不一致。命題人一般會對文章細(xì)節(jié)加以轉(zhuǎn)述來考查考生準(zhǔn)確理解細(xì)節(jié)的能力。轉(zhuǎn)述的主要方式有以下三種：
1．同義詞轉(zhuǎn)化：把原文中的一些詞換成意義相近的詞，設(shè)為正確選項(xiàng)。
2．詞性或語態(tài)等的變化：把原文中的詞變換一下詞性，或者改變原文句子的語態(tài)，用另一種表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)述原文信息。
3．語言簡化概括：把原文中的復(fù)雜語言現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行簡化或概括成為正確答案。
[典例]　(2019·全國卷Ⅰ·C片段)In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
30．What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?
A．It’ll be environment-friendly.
B．It’ll reach consumers soon.
C．It’ll be made of plastics.
D．It’ll help speed up typing.
[解析]　B　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)上段中的最后一句“The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.”可知，該研究團(tuán)隊(duì)希望在不久的將來將智能鍵盤推向市場，故選B。
　正話反說
正話反說是閱讀理解題目中的一個難點(diǎn)，通常有以下幾個高頻考向：
1．It looks/sounds like/as if類：表示看/聽起來好像是，實(shí)際上并不是。
2．虛擬語氣句：用虛擬語氣來表述與事實(shí)相反的情況，讓讀者推斷事實(shí)內(nèi)容。
3．讓步論述：先假設(shè)作者的觀點(diǎn)反面成立，從而引出一系列荒謬的、不合理的結(jié)果，倒過來證明作者觀點(diǎn)的正確性。
4．反問句。
[典例]　(2019·北京卷·C片段)The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they don’t know. By next year, half of the calls we receive will be scams(欺詐). We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, it’s too little, too late. By the time these “solutions”(解決方案) become widely available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future, it’s not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice you’re hearing is actually real.
38．How does the author feel about the solutions to the problem of robocalls?
A．Panicked.　　　　　　　　 B．Confused.
C．Embarrassed. D．Disappointed.
[解析]　 D　推理判斷題。根據(jù)上段中的“By the time these ‘solutions’(解決方案) become widely available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means.”可知，等到這些“解決方案”被廣泛使用時(shí)，不法分子就會轉(zhuǎn)向更聰明的手段；由此可推知作者對自動語音電話問題的解決方案感到很失望，D項(xiàng)意為“失望的”，故選D。
　理解概括
閱讀理解除了考查考生對細(xì)節(jié)信息的準(zhǔn)確理解外， 還要求考生通過思維分析將信息進(jìn)行歸納概括，使之系統(tǒng)化、條理化。
[典例]　(2019·浙江卷6月·C)California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素)．
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(資源)．
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪)．
Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
30．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．California’s Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?
B．Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C．Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?
D．Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California
[解析]　A　標(biāo)題歸納題。根據(jù)全文可知，文章主要講述了美國加州森林中大樹數(shù)量急劇下降的現(xiàn)象，并分析了其原因。因此A項(xiàng)能很好地概括全文。故選A。
超重點(diǎn)2　干擾項(xiàng)特征
【考情調(diào)研】
高考英語閱讀理解的錯誤選項(xiàng)就是命題人用以干擾考生思維的陷阱。高考英語中，由于詞匯量的限制，挑選的文章不能過難。命題人就在問題和干擾項(xiàng)上做文章，使考生即使能基本讀懂文章，也不能輕松做對題目。現(xiàn)在的干擾項(xiàng)不僅語言復(fù)雜，而且欺騙性強(qiáng)，兩個語言水平相當(dāng)、對文章理解程度相差不大的考生會因?yàn)閷Ω蓴_項(xiàng)的辨別能力不同，而影響答題的準(zhǔn)確率。為了提高辨別錯誤和干擾信息的能力，有必要分析干擾項(xiàng)的種種特征，使考生在命題人設(shè)置的種種陷阱前，做到胸有成竹。
　偷梁換柱
干擾項(xiàng)用了與文章中某一句話相似的句型結(jié)構(gòu)和單詞，卻在考生易忽視的地方換了幾個單詞，造成句意的改變。
[典例]　(2019·全國卷Ⅰ·D片段)During the rosy years of elementary school(小學(xué)), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
32．What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A．Unkind.　　　　　　　 B．Lonely.
C．Generous. D．Cool.
[解析]　C　推理判斷題。根據(jù)上段的第一句“During the rosy years of elementary school(小學(xué)), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status.”可知，作者在小學(xué)時(shí)樂于分享。unkind“不友好的”，lonely“孤獨(dú)的”，generous“慷慨的，大方的”，cool“酷的”，故選C。
[易錯分析]　該題易誤選A項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)A屬于偷梁換柱，由“Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.”可知A項(xiàng)是作者青少年時(shí)期的情況。
　張冠李戴
干擾項(xiàng)表述的內(nèi)容在原文里可以找到信息依據(jù)， 但與題干所問的動作發(fā)出者不一致。不注意動作主語的差異， 張冠李戴， 極易造成誤選。
[典例]　(2019·全國卷Ⅲ·A片段)
The Audience
Helen Mirren stars in the play by Peter Morgan, about Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ of the UK and her private meetings with twelve Prime Ministers in the course of sixty years. Stephen Daldry directs. Also starring Dylan Baker and Judith Ivey. Previews begin Feb.14.(Schoenfeld, 236 W．45th St.212-239-6200.)
2．Who is the director of The Audience?
A．Helen Mirren. B．Peter Morgan.
C．Dylan Baker. D．Stephen Daldry.
[解析]　D　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干問的是“誰執(zhí)導(dǎo)了The Audience？”。根據(jù)該部分中的“Stephen Daldry directs.”可知答案。
[易錯分析]　本題容易誤選B項(xiàng)。有些考生一看到原文中的“Helen Mirren stars in the play by Peter Morgan”就貿(mào)然下結(jié)論，以為這部戲劇的導(dǎo)演是Peter Morgan。
　絕對化表達(dá)
干擾項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)如all, none, everyone, each, everything, impossible 等絕對化的表達(dá)， 一般不符合客觀事實(shí)和原文信息。
[典例]　(2019·江蘇卷·C片段)Even more worryingly, the fascination with the internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community to worry about the “digital divide” between the rich countries and the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people’s lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up internet centres in rural villages. I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.
62．The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should ________．
A．take people’s essential needs into account
B．make their programmes attractive to people
C．ensure that each child gets financial support
D．provide more affordable internet facilities
[解析]　A　推理判斷題。根據(jù)上段中的“The question，however，is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and...in rural villages.”可知，作者想通過事例說明捐贈者應(yīng)該考慮人們的基本需求，而不要片面地認(rèn)為有了高科技產(chǎn)品，受贈者的生活水平就會產(chǎn)生巨大飛躍。故選A。
[易錯分析]　選項(xiàng)C為絕對化表達(dá)，不符合客觀事實(shí)和原文信息。
　顛倒邏輯
干擾項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)語義邏輯的混亂， 即原文中出現(xiàn)的是A引起B(yǎng), 而選項(xiàng)中是B引起A，考生可能看到了文中出現(xiàn)過的詞語， 沒有細(xì)研究其邏輯意義， 從而造成誤選。
[典例]　(2019·江蘇卷·C片段)It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people’s opinions. However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.
61．Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to ________．
A．a(chǎn) lack of confidence in technology
B．a(chǎn) slow progress in technology
C．a(chǎn) conflict or public opinions
D．a(chǎn) waste of limited resources
[解析]　D　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)上段中的“However，they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.”可知，對新技術(shù)影響的誤判導(dǎo)致了對稀缺資源的誤用，故選D。
[易錯分析]　選項(xiàng)C是顛倒邏輯，對新技術(shù)影響的誤判會導(dǎo)致對稀缺資源的誤用而不是公共觀點(diǎn)的沖突。

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