1.熟練語篇類型和語篇結(jié)構(gòu)
2.明確命題規(guī)律和提問方式
3.掌握不同題型的解題方法
【考情分析】
閱讀理解說明文命題規(guī)律
說明文是以說明為主要表達(dá)方式用來說明事物，闡明事理的一種文體。它通過揭示概念來說明事物的特征、本質(zhì)及其規(guī)律性，給人準(zhǔn)確的科學(xué)知識或正確思想。一般可分為實體事物說明和抽象事物說明兩大類，詞典、教材、論文、實驗報告、產(chǎn)品說明書、廣告、解說詞及科學(xué)小品等都屬于說明文。
閱讀說明文體裁的文章時應(yīng)首先抓住下面的重要信息：
A. 說明的對象
B. 說明對象的特征
C. 說明的方法（例證法；定義法；分類法；因果關(guān)系法；比較對照法；過程分析法）
【名師解難】
說明文閱讀理解的特征
一般說來，英語說明文與其他文體一樣，文章所涉及的內(nèi)容不外乎以下幾個方面，即wh → what → when → where → hw → why。
1. wh：問的是這篇文章的主體是誰？（即所要說明和描述的人或事物）
2. what：問的是主體做了什么事情？（即主體表現(xiàn)出的特性、功能和用途）
3. when和where：是在何時何地發(fā)生的？（即何時何地所表現(xiàn)出的特性、功能和用途）
4. hw：通過什么方式表現(xiàn)出來的？
5. why：這種特性功能用途的原因是什么？
做說明文閱讀理解題的時候，一定要記住上面的wh-wrd。邊閱讀，邊搜記，牢記要點，把握全文。
說明文閱讀理解的解題技巧
閱讀說明類文章重在把握被說明事物各因素之間的聯(lián)系，如因果、條件、從屬、并列等；以及說明方法，如定義、例釋、類比等?？忌鷳?yīng)加強(qiáng)此類文章的閱讀訓(xùn)練，不斷提高判斷、歸納、分析和解決問題的能力。首先我們平時要多關(guān)注科學(xué)題材的文章，了解一些基本的科普知識；其次，在閱讀時要注意實驗的目的和結(jié)果，不能憑想象和猜測下結(jié)論；對于較難理解的句子要利用語法結(jié)構(gòu)去分析；最后，要利用文章特點找準(zhǔn)主題句，把握中心，從而一一破解題目。
一、解題技巧
技巧一 快速讀題，正確理解題干，定位關(guān)鍵詞，帶著問題讀文章。
技巧二 運(yùn)用正確的閱讀策略，變速閱讀文章，學(xué)會處理文中的冗余信息。
技巧三 注意特殊語言現(xiàn)象，在含有關(guān)鍵詞的句子處標(biāo)上題號。
技巧四 注意正確項和干擾項的特征，回到文中確定答案。
技巧五 合理猜測，推敲生詞的含義。
技巧六 符合題目要求，對信息進(jìn)行必要的加工處理。
二、解題方法
先讀懂文章，然后按順序答題。此方法適合內(nèi)容較易于理解和記憶的文章。
先讀試題再讀文章，這樣我們可以帶著問題有的放矢地閱讀文章，迅速選出答案。
先閱讀一篇文章，把握中心大意，然后開始答題，對暫時確定不了的答案，可回讀文章的有關(guān)內(nèi)容并對其進(jìn)行分析、推敲后再確定。
對拿不準(zhǔn)的答案，可先逐項排除自己有把握的錯誤選項，再將剩下的答案進(jìn)行比較、篩選，直到確定最佳答案。
三、注意事項
1. 限時閱讀：嚴(yán)格控制做題時間，具體到每一篇文章，通過有意識的訓(xùn)練，達(dá)到時間分配上的合理性。
2. 帶著問題讀：先快速瀏覽一遍題目，再開始閱讀文章，有針對性的閱讀會提升速度。
3. 找對應(yīng)詞句：中考閱讀理解的答案都會聚焦到文章的詞或句子上，在做題時找到相應(yīng)的原文，并進(jìn)行勾勒、標(biāo)注，重點理解，有助于排除疑慮，且方便檢查。
4. 重點注意首段、尾段、首句、尾句：中考閱讀理解的材料都是有鮮明的中心句的，把握好中心句有助于全篇的理解。中心句通常位于首段、尾段、首句或尾句，需要特別注意。
5. 理解作者意圖：切勿將自己的意圖強(qiáng)加到文章中，特別是在做主旨大意題時。
【網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)建】
中考英語中的說明文，按照說明對象的不同，通?？煞譃閮煞N類型：事物性說明文和事理性說明文。
以河南省中考閱讀C篇分析來看：
說明文答題技巧
分析2023年各地區(qū)說明文類閱讀理解，大都考查細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、詞義猜測題以及主旨大意題
細(xì)節(jié)理解題
命題規(guī)律：
細(xì)節(jié)理解題一般根據(jù)短文提供的信息和事實進(jìn)行提問，命題人往往通過對文章細(xì)節(jié)加以改寫來考查考生準(zhǔn)確理解細(xì)節(jié)的能力。細(xì)節(jié)理解題在高考閱讀理解中占有相當(dāng)大的比例，幾乎占據(jù)了閱讀理解總題量的“半壁江山”。這類題考點可以源自段內(nèi)的單句信息理解，也可以來自段落內(nèi)綜合信息的理解?？疾閮?nèi)容涉及時間、地點、人物、事件、原因、結(jié)果、方式以及在議論文中可以涉及例證的細(xì)節(jié)和定義類的細(xì)節(jié)。
命題方式 ：
1.特殊疑問句形式。以when，where，what.which，wh，hw much/many等疑問詞開頭引出問題。
2.填空題形式。通常涉及與主題有關(guān)的事實或細(xì)節(jié)。
題型和考查角度：
1.高頻考點：直接信息題；間接信息題。
2.中頻考點：數(shù)字計算題；
3.低頻考點：細(xì)節(jié)排序題；正誤判斷題。
解題原則 ：注意句子的邏輯關(guān)系，依附原文，杜絕主觀臆斷。
解題技巧 ：
第一步：審讀題干，提取關(guān)鍵信息；
第二步：速讀定位原文信息句，將試題信息與原文信息進(jìn)行語義轉(zhuǎn)換；
第三步：逐一核對選項，仔細(xì)辨別，得出答案。
解題原則：對原文中能直接排除的進(jìn)行篩選，不能直接找到的多處相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行整合轉(zhuǎn)換。
推理判斷題
推理判斷題是中考閱讀理解試題中的重要題型之一, 包括推理和判斷兩個方面，是考生失分率較高的題型。考查考生透過文章表面文字信息推測文章隱含意思，進(jìn)行邏輯推理，對文章的細(xì)節(jié)、作者的態(tài)度、意圖作出正確推理判斷的能力。分析今年高考題可知，推斷題呈不斷上升的趨勢，且由過去簡單的對號入座直接答題轉(zhuǎn)向通過語句的同義或反義詞及長難句來考查考生對語言的理解能力，難度比之前有所增加。
題型和考查角度：
1.高頻考點：隱含意義、寫作意圖、觀點態(tài)度。
2.低頻考點：文章出處、文章結(jié)構(gòu)、目標(biāo)讀者。
錯誤原因：
1. 主觀臆斷
2. 缺乏邏輯
3. 過度推理
4. 缺乏常識
隱含推斷類題型
鎖定關(guān)鍵詞：
根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞infer（推斷），suggest（表明，暗示），cnclude（得出結(jié)論）, indicate（暗示，象征）, imply（暗示）, assume(假定，設(shè)想)迅速確定題型
解題指導(dǎo)：
瀏覽選項，首先排除對原文信息簡單重復(fù)的錯誤選項
抓住特定信息進(jìn)行逆向或正向推理：在原文中確定推理依據(jù)的位置或范圍后，要善于抓住關(guān)鍵信息去分析判斷；
整合全文/段信息進(jìn)行推斷：有時需要在弄懂全文或全段的基礎(chǔ)上，整合與題目相關(guān)的有效信息去進(jìn)行綜合推斷，才能確定最佳選項。無論哪種推斷形式必須立足原文，避免主觀臆斷。
觀點態(tài)度類題型
鎖定關(guān)鍵詞：
根據(jù)題干中表達(dá)情感的形容詞、副詞、動詞或介詞短語等，如attitude（態(tài)度），utstanding（ 優(yōu)秀的，突出的），disagree（不同意），hpefully（有希望的）,against（反對）, in favr f（贊成）, 迅速確定題型。
解題指導(dǎo)：
認(rèn)真審題，明確“誰對誰”的態(tài)度，明確答題方向
關(guān)注段落首尾句，推斷文章和段落主題，確定觀點
注意作者或文中人物的措辭
分析修飾語和字里行間所隱含的意思，切忌用自己觀點代替作者或文中人物的觀點；
牢記觀點態(tài)度的常見詞語
寫作意圖類題型
鎖定關(guān)鍵詞：
根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞purpse（目的），intend t（打算），want t tell us ...（想要告訴我們），write this passage t（寫這篇文章為了）迅速確定題型。
解題指導(dǎo)：
根據(jù)文章或段落主旨推斷作者寫作意圖；
根據(jù)文體推斷寫作意圖
說明文：其寫作意圖依賴于對文章主題句的把握，應(yīng)找準(zhǔn)主題句（t intrduce, t explain, t infrm, t make cmparisns...）
詞義猜測題
命題規(guī)律：
詞義猜測題是高考閱讀理解試題中的必考題型, 可以是對一個單詞意義的推斷，也可以是對一個短語或句子的推斷，既可以考查生詞的意義，也可以考查熟詞的新意，可以考查替代詞的內(nèi)容。在閱讀理解題中，所考查的詞或短語大多超出考綱的范圍，需要根據(jù)語境進(jìn)行推測其含義。
平時的訓(xùn)練中應(yīng)當(dāng)注意生詞和短語的積累，還要掌握構(gòu)詞法，和一定的解題技巧。
題型和考查角度：
1.猜測生詞或熟詞生義。
2.猜測短語的意義。
3.猜測代替詞所替代的內(nèi)容。
4.猜測句意。
命題方式：
The phrase“...” in the sentence culd be replaced by“ ”.
The wrd “...”in the paragraph refer t“ ”.
What is the meaning f the underlined wrd in the.. paragraph?
Which f the fllwing is the clsest in meaning t the phrase“...”?
The wrd“...” mst nearly means“ ”.
The underlined sentence in the... paragraph implies that .
解題技巧 ：
1.定位文中畫線處上下文。
2.理解上下文，查找提示點，根據(jù)背景、上下文等線索推測生詞詞義。
選項特征 ：
根據(jù)定義推測詞義：
有時作者會通過給詞匯下定義來幫助讀者理解該詞的基本含義，如線索詞that is, r, namely, in ther wrds, that is t say, t be mre exact, t put it anther way, which is等。
根據(jù)舉例推測詞義：
有時，劃線部分后會根由一些具體的例子，這些例子可以幫助考試?yán)斫庠撛~的詞義。線索詞such as, , fr example, fr instance, like , including, especially等。
根據(jù)對比關(guān)系或轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系推測詞義：
表達(dá)對比或轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的詞需注意but, yet, hwever, while, unlike, instead, similarly, n the cntrary, in cntrast t等。
根據(jù)同義詞或并列結(jié)構(gòu)推測詞義：
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者為了避免語言的單調(diào)和重復(fù)，會使用意思相同或相近的詞，此時，只要知道其中一個詞的意思，就能猜出另一個詞的意思。
根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法推測詞義：
英語中的很多詞匯，尤其是不斷出現(xiàn)的新詞大多是通過構(gòu)詞法生成的，因此，掌握主要的構(gòu)詞法有助于猜測詞義。
根據(jù)因果關(guān)系推測詞義：
因果關(guān)系時一種常見的提供生詞詞義信息的邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)線索詞as, since, because, fr , s, thus, cnsequently, therefre, hence, due t, result in, result frm, as a result, fr this reasn, accrdingly, , 等可知上下句存在因果，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。
主旨大意題
命題規(guī)律：
主旨大意題即考查細(xì)節(jié)理解能力, 又考查深層次的推理、概括能力,難度較大。不僅考查考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)會大意的能力，也對考生的歸納、概括能力提出了較高的要求。文章中沒有明顯的解題依據(jù)，需要考生從文章中提煉、抽取一些關(guān)鍵詞、主干句進(jìn)行加工概括，才能歸納出文章的主旨。
題型和考查角度：
1.主題類：文章大意題和段落大意題(概括文章或段落的主旨大意)
2.標(biāo)題類：標(biāo)題判斷題（選擇最佳標(biāo)題）。
要做好主旨大意題，我們首先必須了解其正確選項和干擾選項的特征。
選項特征：
命題方式：
What is the text mainly abut?
What is the best title fr the text?
What can be a suitable title fr the text?
What's the mainly abut?
What's the main idea discussed in the first/secnd/.. paragraph?
不解題技巧：
說明文：明文的主題句一般在文首,但有的在文尾,也有的首尾呼應(yīng)。
段落大意題
通過結(jié)構(gòu)或暗示概括段落大意
根據(jù)邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)概括段落大意：要準(zhǔn)確概括段落大意，務(wù)必知道該段落的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。如該段為總分順序組織，則主題句在段首；如該段為分總順序組織，則主題句在段尾；如該段為分總分順序組織，則主題句在段中；如該段對比各事物，則其異同點即為該段大意。一個主題句常常是一個段落的開頭,其后是論證性細(xì)節(jié)。在說明文、論述文或新聞報道中多采用這種形式
通過暗示揣摩段落大意：有時，作者不直接寫出主題句，而是通過情感態(tài)度等方法暗示性地體現(xiàn)主題，此時要根據(jù)文中所敘述的事實和線索綜合判斷去揣摩并概括出段落大意。
（一）
（2024·遼寧·統(tǒng)考模擬預(yù)測）
Peple are trying t build “green buildings” that are friendly t the envirnment. They might nt seem any different frm cmmn buildings. But let’s take a clser lk.
Stay cl and warm. It takes a lt f energy t light rms. It als takes energy t heat and cl buildings. S green buildings are designed t d all these things with much less energy. An energy-smart building starts with thick walls. Special insulatin(隔熱材料)inside keeps heat inside in winter and keeps heat utside in summer. This saves energy fr heating and cling. Sme green buildings dn’t need any radiatrs(散熱器)r air cnditining at all!
Save the trees. What a building is made frm can als help the planet. T save frests, sme green buildings have bamb flrs instead f wd. Bamb lks like wd, but it’s actually a grass. It grws back 20 times faster than a tree. Anther way t build green is t use recycled materials. That saves the cst and reduces pllutin f prducing smething new.
Make better hme. City planners like green buildings because they save mney and they are healthier fr the peple wh wrk and live inside. But yu dn’t need t build a whle new building. Simple changes like shading windws and planting trees can make any hme greener—and a better Earth hme fr us all.
As mre peple becme cncerned(擔(dān)憂的)abut climate change, mre buildings are ging green. Experts are finding new ways t build green buildings. We als need t change ur mind. Let’s take actin nw!
1．Hw des an energy-smart building save energy fr heating and cling?
A．It uses air cnditiners.B．It uses smart radiatrs.
C．It has special thick walls.D．It has fewer rm lights.
2．Bamb is used instead f wd in green buildings because ________
A．it is a recycled materialB．it grws back much faster
C．it can keep the rm warmD．it can save a lt f mney
3．In Paragraph 4, the writer advises us t ________
A．build a whle new green buildingB．pay attentin t climate change
C．make small changes t ur hmeD．use nly gas t ck ur meals
4．Hw is the text rganized?
(①=Paragraph 1, ②=Paragraph 2, …)
A．B．C．D．
（2023·河南周口·?？既＃?br>They’ve been extinct (滅絕) fr mre than 65 millin years. They left n pictures but libraries were filled with bks abut them. Yet, they live n in the imaginatins f peple. Mentin the wrd “dinsaur” t anyne and yu’re sure t have smething t talk abut.
We have knwn abut these strange living things fr mre than 200 years. Their fssil (化石) recrd was first discvered in 1818. The wrd “dinsaur” was created in 1842 by a scientist wh put tw Greek wrds tgether.
What we knw abut dinsaurs cmes nly thrugh the fssil recrd they left behind. We can get an idea f hw they lked by building their skeletns (骨架) with fssilized bnes and teeth. They must have been amazing as they twered high abve the ther living things f their time. We d knw that they lived n land and walked. Sme walked n tw legs. Others preferred fur legs. Sme were fast and thers were quite slw.
We have a pretty gd picture f their size and structure, but nt much else is knwn fr certain. Fr example, what clr were they? Nbdy knws. Did they cry like lins, r were their vices sweet and musical like birds? Again, hw can we knw? The fssil recrd des nt speak.
Keep in mind that what we dn’t knw abut dinsaurs is far greater than what we d knw abut them. As with a lt f researches abut that era, scientists ften have t read between the lines.
根據(jù)材料內(nèi)容選擇最佳答案。
5．Which f the fllwing pictures is the dinsaur?
A．B．C．D．
6．When was the first dinsaur fssil discvered?
A．Almst 200 years ag.B．Over 200 years ag.
C．Mre than 65 millin years ag.D．Almst 200 millin years ag.
7．What are peple sure abut dinsaurs?
A．Clr and actin.B．Size and structure.
C．Sund and language.D．Persnality and feeling.
8．What’s the main idea f Paragraph 4?
A．Different kinds f dinsaurs.B．Several facts abut dinsaurs.
C．The size and structure f dinsaurs.D．Sme unknwn things abut dinsaurs.
9．What’s the best title fr the text?
A．The appearance f dinsaurs
B．The places where dinsaurs lived
C．The reasns why dinsaurs died ut
D．Knwn and unknwn facts abut dinsaurs
（2023·福建廈門·廈門外國語學(xué)校?？寄M預(yù)測）
A special seasn f Vice f China that sptlights（聚焦）n Yue Opera, a natinal intangible cultural heritage (非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)), was n Zhejiang TV.
Yue Opera, ne f the five majr Chinese peras (Peking Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, Ping Opera, Yu Opera in the rder f influence), is knwn as “Chinese drama” abrad. Yue pera started in Shaxing, Zhejiang and later became ppular in Shanghai. Xiasheng, Xiadan, Lasheng, Ladan, Xiachu, and Damian are the six majr rles in Yue Opera. Xiasheng are the yung man rles while Xiadan are the yung wman rles. Lasheng and Ladan refers t the lder man and wman rles. Xiachu usually play a fun rle. Damian are mstly treacherus (不忠的).
Wrking with the prvince’s department f culture and turism, Zhejiang TV tries t use the influence f Vice f China, which has wned a great audience (觀眾) grup in hme and abrad since 10 years ag, t creatively spread traditinal art frms amng yung audience.
The special seasn has kept the frm f Vice f China, inviting fur experienced perfrmers as team leaders t chse their team members. The team leaders have t sit with their back t the stage where the perfrmers wuld perfrm ne after anther. If smene’s singing wins their hearts, they can push a buttn t turn arund the chairs t see the face f the perfrmer.
Yung Yue Opera perfrmers are encuraged t shw the traditinal art creatively. Fr example, they wuld use guitar as the musical instrument in the pera r add mdern singing style int their perfrmance.
10．Accrding t the influence, Yue Opera is the ________ majr Chinese peras.
A．1stB．2ndC．3rdD．4th
11．Picture ________ shws the rle f Xiadan.
A．B．C．D．
12．Frm the passage, yu can learn the fllwing abut Yue Opera EXCEPT ________.
A．it has six majr rlesB．it started in Shanghai
C．it is an intangible cultural heritageD．it is knwn as “Chinese drama” abrad
13．The 4th paragraph mainly talks abut ________.
A．why Vice f China is ppularB．what perfrmers d in the shw
C．hw the special seasn runsD．wh the team leaders are
14．The tpic f the passage is abut ________.
A．business & turism B．science & future C．culture & artD．films & music
（2023·山西大同·模擬預(yù)測）
Have yu ever wndered what animals are talking abut? With the develpment f AI, we may be able t understand their languages!
In Prfessr Karen Bakker’s new bk, The Sunds f Life: Hw Digital Technlgy Is Bringing Us Clser t the Wrlds f Animals and Plants, she talks abut hw AI is helping us t make an animal versin（版本）.
All arund the animal kingdm（王國）, there are sunds that we can hardly pick up and decipher（破譯）. Fr example, elephants talk with each ther using infrasund（次聲波）far belw ur human hearing range. Cral（珊瑚）in the cean als sends sund waves t attract baby cral t safer areas t grw. This is surprising as cral desn’t have any ears! Scientists have placed listening equipment int these envirnments t pick up the sunds humans cannt hear.
After the sunds are recrded, AI can study their meaning. Fr example, Israeli researchers used AI t translate bats’ 15,000 calls. They fund that mre than 60 percent were arguments abut fur things: fd, sleep psitins（姿勢）, invasin（侵犯）, and unwanted advances（求愛）.
This technlgy can nt nly understand the animals but cmmunicate back t them. Fr example, bees use dances t cmmunicate. A research team in Germany, therefre, put the bee language AI system int a rbt bee. They asked the rbt t create a dance rutine（路線）t tell the bees where the nectar（花蜜）was, Vx reprted.
15．What des Karen Bakker’s new bk mainly talk abut?
A．Why humans shuld prtect animals.
B．Hw AI helps humans t understand animals.
C．When humans can get clser t animals.
16．Hw did elephants talk with each ther?
A．By using infrasund.B．By sending sund waves.C．By waving their big ears.
17．What des the underlined wrd “equipment” in Paragraph 3 mean in Chinese?
A．耳機(jī)B．設(shè)備C．障礙
18．What can we infer（推斷）frm Paragraph 4?
A．Scientists have gt t knw hw bats argue with each ther.
B．Israeli researchers are the first t use AI t translate animals’ languages.
C．Scientists have been able t translate sme animals’ languages with AI technlgy.
19．Hw did scientists tell bees where the nectar was?
A．They trained ther bees t lead them there.
B．They asked a rbt bee t teach them a new language.
C．They made a rbt bee t tell the bees abut the rute by dancing.
（2023·吉林白城·校聯(lián)考模擬預(yù)測）
Feeling sweaty(流汗的) frm a summer heat wave? Dn’t wrry. Nt all yur sweat has t g t waste. Researchers frm University f Califrnia have develped a new device(裝置) that prduces energy frm the sweat n yur fingertips.
The device is called a bifuel cell(生物燃料細(xì)胞). Frm the utside, it lks like a simple piece f film cnnected t electrdes(電極). S hw des the device wrk? When yu stick the bifuel cell t yur finger, it takes in sweat. The enzymes(酶) n the electrdes then help t prduce electricity.
Besides using the sweat, the device als prduces small amunts f energy when it is pressed, s daily activities like typing, texting, r playing the pian are all gd ways t prduce electricity.
Sme peple may think it queer t chse fingertips as the surce f sweat, but in fact, they are the sweatiest part f the bdy. Each finger prduces between 100 and 1,000 times mre sweat than mst ther areas.
The device is the mst effective n-bdy energy prducer. Befre it is invented, mst pwer prducing wearable devices require wearers t perfrm exercise r depend n ther surces, such as sunlight r large changes in temperature. But the new device uses a system t prduce electricity frm sweat in yur fingertips, even if yu are sleeping r sitting cmpletely quietly. One f the researchers Lu Yin said, “Unlike ther sweat-pwered wearables, this ne requires n exercise, n physical input frm the wearer in rder t be useful. This wrk is a step frward t making wearables mre practical and cnvenient.
It’s als quite cmfrtable t wear the device. The size f the device is abut 1 cm2. “Yu can cmfrtably wear it fr a lng perid f time,” said Yin.
Hwever, at the mment, the device can nly stre up a little bit pwer. And it wuld take abut three weeks f cnstant(不斷的) wear t pwer a smart phne, but the researchers hpe t increase its pwer in the future.
根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，選擇正確答案。
20．The bifuel cell can ________.
A．prtect fingertips B．cause a heat waveC．make use f sweatD．develp new devices
21．What des the underlined wrd “queer” mean in Paragraph 3?
A．Strange.B．Unsafe.C．Dirty.D．Traditinal.
22．Wearing the bifuel cell, wh can make the bifuel cell wrk?
①Edward has a gd sleep in his bed.
②Vetty sends a text message t her mm.
③Nick plays basketball with his classmates.
④Lily dried the sweat n her hands with a fan.
A．②③④B．①③④C．①②④D．①②③
23．What is the advantage f the bifuel cell?
A．It can influence the temperature greatly.
B．It can pwer a smart phne in a day.
C．It makes yu cmfrtable when yu are in pain.
D．It wrks fr nearly 24 hurs a day when yu wear it.
24．What’s the best title fr the passage?
A．The Histry f the Bifuel CellB．A Traditinal Technlgy—the Bifuel Cell
C．A New Technlgy—the Bifuel CellD．The Inventr f the Bifuel Cell
（2023·福建福州·福建省福州第一中學(xué)?？寄M預(yù)測）
Whenever we hear the name Lenard da Vinci, mst f us prbably think f his famus paintings the Mna Lisa and The Last Supper. But d yu knw that he als did well in many ther areas utside f art?
Lenard da Vinci was cnsidered t be ne f the mst talented and the cleverest peple f all time. He left behind many ntebks full f creative ideas and inventins. They were als full f different subjects that he was studying. He spelt wrds backwards（朝反方向）and revered（使……反轉(zhuǎn)）each letter. S his ntes culd nly be read thrugh the use f a mirrr. This “mirrr writing” might have helped prtect his ideas frm getting stlen by thers.
In his ntebks, there were designs fr flying machines. It wasn’t until abut 400 years later that peple learned hw t use machines t fly. Lenard da Vinci drew pictures and designs f war machines, musical instruments and many ther things as well.
Besides, he was als interested in the human bdy. He studied the human bdy a lt. He described different parts f the bdy in his ntebks. One f his mst famus drawings, the Vitruvian Man, imagines a man with perfect prprtins（比例）. Lenard da Vinci als studied the bdies f hrses, cws, frgs, mnkeys and ther animals.
Lenard da Vinci believed that science and art were clsely cnnected. In his pinin, the study f science and nature helped shape his wrk as an artist. D yu agree with him?
25．Which design f the fllwing didn’t Lenard da Vinci draw accrding t the passage?
A．War machines.B．Flying machines.C．Reversing mirrrs.D．Musical instruments.
26．The underlined wrd “They” in Paragraph 2 refers t ________.
A．Lenard da Vinci’s ntebksB．Lenard da Vinci’s paintings
C．Lenard da Vinci5s ideasD．Lenard da Vinci’s designs
27．Which f the fllwing was Lenard da Vinci’s idea ?
A．Science and his artwrks weren’t clsely cnnected.
B．Learning science helped him make better wrks f art.
C．All artists shuld learn t make scientific inventins.
D．The study f nature culdn’t imprve his wrk as an artist.
28．Which f the fllwing best shws the structure f the passage?
A．B．C．D．
29．What’s the main purpse f the passage?
A．T let us knw mre abut the Mna Lisa and The Last Supper.
B．T shw us sme f Lenard da Vinci’s flying machines.
C．T let us knw mre abut Lenard da Vinci.
D．T let us help find Lenard da Vinci’s special ntebks.
（2023·安徽·統(tǒng)考模擬預(yù)測）
①Nwadays children mstly receive hngba nline thanks t the mbile payment apps such as Alipay and WeChat, which made the central bank t create a new kind f mney fr nline business. That’s hw the digital renminbi came int being. The digital trade has increased the types f payment tls. Yet the use f the digital renminbi faces sme challenges.
②First, with payment apps like Alipay and WeChat,a cmplete ecsystem (生態(tài)系統(tǒng)) has been set up fr activities such as shpping, traveling, giving hngba and making payments. S in a shrt time, the “digital renminbi wallet” can hardly shake it.
③Secnd, payments thrugh the digital renminbi are put directly int digital accunts and trades can be cmpleted thrugh an electrnic machine, which may cause users t wrry abut the safety f their mney, especially when a user lses the mbile phne.
④Third, the public is nt attracted (吸引) t the digital renminbi because it has n appreciatin value. While peple have interest in bank depsit (存款), n interest is ffered n digital renminbi depsits.
⑤In fact, the first idea f the digital renminbi was t make trades easier fr buyers and sellers with the help f the Internet and mbile apps. And as a tl that can meet the needs f the public in many fields, it is likely t be widely used in the future.
30．What des “it” refer t?
A．The central bank.B．The safety f mney.
C．The cmplete payment ecsystem.D．The newly-made electrnic machine.
31．What des the writer think f the future f the digital renminbi?
A．Wrrying and dubtful.B．Impssible t get develped.
C．Challengeable but hpeful.D．Nt mentined in the passage.
32．What is the structure f the passage?
A．B．C．D．
（2023·安徽·統(tǒng)考模擬預(yù)測）
Mre yung Chinese peple like prducts with Chinese traditinal elements (元素).
Every mnth，Zhang Lingling hlds a party with her friends. They wear hanfu and sing sngs with music frm traditinal instruments. In additin, the 23-year-ld girl develped a mbile game that features (以……為特) a martial arts (武術(shù)) wrld full f traditinal cultures.
________ A reprt by Chinese shrt-vide platfrm Bilibili in February shws that ver 177 millin f the users lved vides featuring traditinal culture. Lking fr the reasn behind it，Ji Fangfang, a prfessr with the Chinese Academy f Scial Sciences, said: “They want t tell the wrld wh they are and t express their specialties.”
While sme prefer carrying n traditinal Chinese culture, thers are mixing it with mdern things. Pp culture designer Yu Yang is ne f them. When he made prducts featuring the ancient Gd f Frtune, the gd wre fashinable Chinese shes and a cap, and had a micrphne in his hand. “Pp culture is a cmmn language. I hpe mre peple will accept and lve my wrk and knw Chinese culture thrugh my art pieces,” he said in an interview with China Daily.
33．What are the activities Zhang Lingling d at the party with her friends?
A．They wear hanfu and sing sngs.B．They play martial arts.
C．They watch shrt-vides frm Bilibili.D．They play a mbile game tgether.
34．Which f the fllwing sentence can be put in _______?
A．Hanfu is a kind f dress wrn by ancient Han peple.
B．She always lses herself in singing thse ancient pems.
C．Like Zhang, there are many yung peple with lve fr traditinal Chinese culture.
D．Ppular mdern culture is the best way fr yung peple t shw their persnalities.
35．What des the prduct Gd f Frtune by Yu Yang stand fr?
A．Pp Chinese culture.B．Traditinal Chinese culture.
C．Mixture f eastern and western cultures.D．Mixture f traditinal and mdern cultures.
36．What des Yu Yang hpe fr the future?
A．Accepting mre interviews.B．Ppularity f Chinese culture.
C．Designing mre Chinese shes.D．Develping mre mbile games.
（一）
（2023·浙江湖州·統(tǒng)考中考真題）
Scientists believe the Earth is 4.6 billin years ld. Hwever, the muntains, valleys (山谷), hills, rivers, deserts and frests we see tday are much yunger than that. Fr example, Munt Qmlangma is abut 60 millin years ld and the Amazn rainfrest is nly 10 millin years ld. The yungest sea in the wrld is the Baltic Sea, at abut 15000 years ld.
The Earth is always changing because f vlcanes (火山), earthquakes and f curse, wind and rain. Sme f these changes are very slw and thers are quick. Water and ice can make very great changes t the planet. Fr example, glaciers rivers f ice can cut thrugh muntains and make lakes and deep valleys. Many vlcanes are under the ceans and smetimes they becme new islands. This is happening in the Suth Pacific, near Tnga.
It’s nrmal fr ur planet t change, but at the mment, scientists think it’s changing faster than usual. Sme deserts are grwing and many frests are getting smaller. The weather is getting wetter in sme places and drier in thers, and there are mre big strms. Accrding t the research, the sea level will cntinue t rise in the next hundred years. As a result, many cities will pssibly be cvered by water and much f the mst prductive farming areas will be lst. Sme island cuntries are likely t disappear n the map f the wrld.
These changes will bring great harm t the planet. Hwever, they can be beneficial t sme peple. Fr example, as the Arctic is getting warmer, sme peple in Greenland nw wn businesses and sell vegetables they grw n their land. That wasn’t pssible in the far nrth 50 years ag. Farmers in Greenland like the warm weather and hpe it will cntinue.
1．Hw des the writer describe the changes f the Earth in Paragraph 2?
A．By using sayings.B．By giving examples.
C．By telling stries.D．By listing numbers.
2．Frm Paragraph 3, we can mainly learn abut ________.
A．the age f the EarthB．prblems fr the planet
C．the life f the farmersD．influences n the muntains
3．The underlined wrd “beneficial” in Paragraph 4 is the clsest in meaning t “________”.
A．harmfulB．nrmalC．helpfulD．uncmfrtable
（2023·遼寧鞍山·統(tǒng)考中考真題）
China has made a system f laws t prtect the envirnment. It has helped build beautiful China, accrding t a wrk reprt.
The system includes the Envirnmental Prtectin Law and a lt f laws in sme ther areas, such as the Yangtze River Prtectin Law, the Yellw River Prtectin Law, the Black Sil (土壤) Prtectin Law, the law n the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and s n. These envirnmental prtectin laws assist with beautiful China.
China prtects and imprves the envirnment in which peple live. It has made great effrts t prevent and cntrl pllutin. Over the past five years, the air quality (質(zhì)量) has stayed at the gd level n 86.5 percent f the days in cities. The cuntry has als made prgress in preventing and cntrlling sil pllutin and cntinued t prtect frests, rivers, lakes and s n. What’s mre, China has managed t make laws t prtect wild animals and plants, prvide hmes fr many animals and teach the public t help them. Animals are friends f humans, and prtecting animals is als t prtect the hme f humans.
A gd envirnment is imprtant t humans. Withut the fresh air r clean water, we can’t live n the earth. The Chinese gvernment has taken actin t prtect bth. the envirnment and urselves.
4．There are at least ________ laws in Paragraph 2.
A．5B．6C．7D．8
5．The underlined wrd “assist” in Paragraph 2 is similar t ________.
A．partB．a(chǎn)greeC．helpD．deal
6．Accrding t Paragraph 3, we have dne smething t prtect the animals, including ________.
①prviding hmes fr many animals
②giving animals mre fd
③teaching the public t help animals
④making laws t prtect wild animals and plants
A．①②③B．①③④C．①②④D．②③④
7．Over the past five years, the air quality in cities has generally stayed at the ________ level.
A．badB．terribleC．prD．gd
8．What’s the main idea f the passage?
A．A system f laws has been made t prtect sil arund China.
B．The cuntry has made prgress in preventing river pllutin.
C．China prtects and imprves the envirnment in which peple live.
D．China has taken actin t prtect the envirnment and humans.
（2023·湖南婁底·統(tǒng)考中考真題）
Nwadays, it seems that we cannt live withut technlgy. We learn, wrk and relax by using phnes, cmputers, iPads, AI rbts and s n. Nw, let’s see what’s ging n in Julie’s life.
Julie usually wakes up at the ring f a mbile phne. Then, she eats her breakfast t a vide n the phne. When she gets t her cmpany, she deals with the business n the cmputer. And she ften dwnlads（下載）and stres things that she needs n her iPad. When she needs smething, she can just turn n the iPad and search fr it. She carries the iPad wherever she is n business because it’s light. When she is at hme in the evening, she smetimes uses ChatGPT, a smart AI chat rbt, t write her prjects. She nly needs t type in sme key wrds and then she can get sme ideas in a secnd. It can make her use less time t d mre things. In the late evening, she always falls asleep at the sft music frm Xiadu.
Julie lives with technlgy, and s d we. Hwever, technlgy brings us sme prblems at the same time. Staring at screens t much is bad fr ur eyes. Many f us are near-sighted（近視的）r have ther eye prblems. AI is making sme f us unwilling t think and explre n ur wn. We may cpy ideas frm AI rbts. We may even like chatting in the virtual（虛擬的）wrld better because f s many chat rbts.
S, I think that technlgy is a duble-sided swrd（雙刃劍）. We shuld use technlgy crrectly and wisely t make ur life easy, clrful and cnvenient.
9．What des Julie prbably d?
A．She is a student.B．She is a writer.C．She is a manager.
10．What des Julie carry when she is n business?
A．A cmputer.B．An iPad.C．An AI rbt.
11．Hw des the writer develp Paragraph 2?
A．By giving examples.B．By prviding reasns.C．By expressing pinins.
12．What can we infer（推斷）frm the passage?
A．ChatGPT is a smart AI chat rbt.
B．AI rbts will take the place f us ne day.
C．Peple may cmmunicate less with each ther in real life.
13．What’s the best title f the passage?
A．Hw Des Julie Spend Her Day?
B．Hw Des Technlgy Help Us?
C．Hw Des Technlgy Influence Our Life?
（2023·遼寧朝陽·統(tǒng)考中考真題）
Chinese researchers reached the tp f Qmlangma n May 4, 2022. They set up the wrld’s highest autmatic(自動的) weather statin at an altitude(海拔) f 8,830 meters. This helps them t study the influences f climate change n the envirnment.
It is the highest autmatic weather statin in the wrld nw. It has taken the place f the statin sitting at an altitude f 8,430 meters n the suth side f the muntain, which is the secnd highest nw. This allws Chinese scientists t directly cllect data(數(shù)據(jù)) fr the first time frm the tp f the wrld’s highest muntain.
Cllecting and studying data frm Qmlangma is nt easy. But the data will give valuable infrmatin abut the cnditin f lcal glaciers(冰川) and muntain snw. It will als help scientists study and understand the glbal mnsn(季風(fēng)) system, s experts can make prper decisins abut climate change.
Ya Tandng, a famus expert, said Chinese scientists had set up eight weather statins frm 5,200 t 8,830 meters abve sea level. Half f the statins were set up at an altitude higher than 7,000 meters. “Alng with strng gvernment supprt and hard wrk by scientists, China has becme a glbal frnt-runner in fields such as climate change.” Ya said.
14．What is the altitude f the highest autmatic weather statin?
A．5,200 meters.B．7,000 meters.
C．8,430 meters.D．8,830 meters.
15．What des the underlined wrd “It” refer t(指代) in Paragraph 3?
A．Reaching the tp f Qmlangma.B．The influences f climate change.
C．The data frm Qmlangma.D．The highest autmatic weather statin.
16．Hw many weather statins were set up at an altitude higher than 7,000 meters?
A．Tw.B．Fur.C．Six.D．Eight.
17．Which statement(陳述) is NOT right accrding t the passage?
A．Chinese scientists can directly cllect data frm the tp f Qmlangma nw.
B．It is hard t cllect and study data frm Qmlangma.
C．The secnd highest weather statin is n the nrth side f the muntain.
D．China has made great achievements in fields such as climate change.
18．In which part f a newspaper can we find the passage?
A．Science.B．Sprts.C．Travel.D．Health.
（2023·江蘇鹽城·統(tǒng)考中考真題）
A team f Chinese scientists and climbers reached the tp f Qmlangma at abut 12:30 p.m. n Tuesday, May 23. It’s the secnd time since last year fr the science expeditin (考察) team t reach the tp.
The team was made up f 13 Chinese scientists and climbers. They set ff at a height f 8,300 metres fr the tp at abut 3 a.m. After mre than 8 hurs f hard climbing, they arrived at the 8,830-metre weather statin.
After fixing steel rpes, changing batteries and putting in wind speed and directin sensrs (傳感器), they finished imprving the wrld’s highest autmated(自動化的) weather statin, which was setup by Chinese scientists last year. Besides, they cllected ice-snw samples n the tp fr further research.
The weather statin recrds temperatures, wind speeds and ther key data fr studying climate change. Climate scientists have fund that glbal warming has had a large influence n the glacier number n the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (青藏高原).
Over the last fifty years, the temperature n the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has risen abut 0.5℃ every ten years. Studying the ecsystem(生態(tài)系統(tǒng)) f the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau will help scientists have a better understanding f the influence f climate change, and help scientists and the gvernment make prper decisins.
Since the mid-20th century, China has sent different research expeditin teams t Qmlangma. But because f limited resurces and technlgies, many key scientific questins are still unanswered, such as whether glbal warming can melt the ice at the tp f Qmlangma, and hw ecsystem can change as height increases t extremity.
19．Hw many times has the Chinese science expeditin team reached the tp since last year?
A．Once.B．Twice.C．Three times.D．Fur times.
20．Which paragraph best describes the picture belw?
A．Paragraph 1.B．Paragraph 2.C．Paragraph 3.D．Paragraph 4.
21．What des Paragraph 5 mainly talk abut?
A．The way f scientists studying climate change.
B．The effrt f gvernment t slve climate change.
C．The influence f climate change n the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
D．The imprtance f studying ecsystem f the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
22．What can we knw frm the passage?
A．The team set f fat a height f 8,830 metres fr the tp at abut 3 a.m.
B．The team cllected rck samples n the tp fr further research.
C．China has setup the wrld's highest autmated weather statin s far.
D．All the key scientific questins have been answered up t nw.
目錄
一
復(fù)習(xí)目標(biāo)
掌握目標(biāo)及備考方向
二
考情分析
中考閱讀理解說明文考情分析
三
閱讀說明文的考向
細(xì)節(jié)理解題
推理判斷題
詞義猜測題
主旨大意題
5.提升必考題型歸納
四
真題感悟
中考閱讀說明文經(jīng)典考題精選
正確選項特征
將選項代入原文，上下文邏輯通順。
含義和其字面意思一般沒有關(guān)系。
干擾項特征
與劃線部分詞形相似
考查熟詞生義時，含有常規(guī)詞義的往往不正確
3.選項中含有過多原句中已有的詞和短語的選項一般為錯誤選項。
正確選項特征
涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文或全段。
確定的范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太小。
精確性強(qiáng)，不會改變語言表意的程度及色彩
語言精練，若是標(biāo)題類，則應(yīng)當(dāng)醒目且語言具有概括性和針對性。
干擾項特征
過于籠統(tǒng)
范圍太大，超出文章內(nèi)容。
以偏概全
只是文章的某一部分或者某一個細(xì)節(jié)，或是某一個段落的要點或者部分。
主觀臆斷
與文章內(nèi)容無關(guān)，只是涉及個別單詞或按現(xiàn)實生活生搬硬套。

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