
【命題意圖】綜觀近幾年的高考完形填空的考查走勢,全國卷中的完形填空中,說明文類完形填空出現(xiàn)的幾率很小。但是,我們也不能馬虎,它們作為高考題型的重要補充,還是有可能考的。因此,說明文類完形填空也要進行一定量的練習(xí)。
【得分要點】
說明文的寫作目的是授人以知,讓人明白,說明文只是說明事物的特征,闡明原理,介紹知識。說明文完形填空的結(jié)構(gòu)模式一般是:提出問題——發(fā)現(xiàn)直接原因——分析深層原因——得出結(jié)論或提出解決方案。
一、說明類完形填空的命題特點
說明類完形填空題常就某一個問題從不同的角度來加以說明,文章可以是用來說明某一種社會現(xiàn)象、一個產(chǎn)品的制作過程、一種產(chǎn)品的使用方法、某個科學(xué)成就或人類生活中所面臨的某個具體的難題。說明文所呈現(xiàn)的方式較為單一,作者往往一開始就交代說明的對象,然后再從不同的角度進行說明。因此,這類文章的每一段通常就是其中的一個角度或側(cè)面,所以要注意概括每一個段落的主旨大意,尤其是文章每一段的開頭或結(jié)尾,作者往往會對說明的話題進行概括說明。
二、說明類完形填空的應(yīng)試策略
1. 利用說明文的首句查找說明主體
2. 把握說明文的兩種結(jié)構(gòu)模式
(1)總分式。包括"總—分""分—總""總—分—總"等具體形式。
(2)遞進式。事理說明文多用遞進式結(jié)構(gòu),一層一層地剖析事理。具體包括:空間順序——從上到下、從外到內(nèi)、從左到右、從南到北、從遠(yuǎn)到近、從中間到四周、從整體到部分;時間順序——按照時間先后順序來安排,事物都有發(fā)生、發(fā)展、消亡的過程;邏輯順序——有些說明文主要是剖析事理的,在說明時就按照事理的邏輯關(guān)系進行安排,或者從主到次、從淺到深、從原因到結(jié)果,具有嚴(yán)密的條理性。
三、說明類完形填空的解題步驟
第一步:通過短文首尾句抓主旨
說明文的篇首會出現(xiàn)話題中心,通過首段可把握文章的主題;而尾句往往是文章的結(jié)論或點睛之筆。
第二步:填空時關(guān)注段落或意群間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系
第三步:重覽短文,查缺補漏
通讀文章,檢查思路是否順暢及有無邏輯關(guān)系錯誤,同時填補遺留的空缺。
【真題再現(xiàn)】(2019·全國卷III)
The small twn f Rjukan in Nrway is situated between several muntains and des nt get direct sunlight frm late September t mid-March- 1 six mnths ut f the year.
"Of curse, we 2 it when the sun is shining," says Karin R, wh wrks fr the twn's turism ffice. "We see the sky is 3 , but dwn in the valley it's darker — it's like n a 4 day.”
But that 5 when a system f high-tech 6 was intrduced t reflect sunlight frm neighbring peaks(山峰)int the valley belw. Wednesday, residents(居民)f Rjukan 7 their very first ray f winter sunshine: A rw f reflective bards n a nearby muntainside were put t 8 . The mirrrs are cntrlled by a cmputer that 9 them t turn alng with the sun thrughut the 10 and t clse during windy weather. They reflect a cncentrated beam(束)f light nt the twn's central 11 , creating an area f sunlight rughly 600 square meters. When the light 12 , Rjukan residents gathered tgether.
"Peple have been 13 there and standing there and taking 14 f each ther," R says. "The twn square was ttally 15 . I think almst all the peple in the twn were there. "The 3,500 residents cannt all 16 the sunshine at the same time. 17 , the new light feels like mre than enugh fr the twn's 18 residents.
"It's nt very 19 ,” she says, "but it is enugh when we are 20 .”
【答案】 (1)C;(2)D;(3)B;(4)A;(5)B;(6)C;(7)C;(8)D;(9)B;(10)A;(11)C;(12)A;(13)D;(14)A;(15)B;(16)C;(17)B;(18)D;(19)A;(20)D;
【解析】【分析】本文講述北歐一個小鎮(zhèn)長達半年沒有陽光照射,為此在附近的山頂安裝了一套鏡子設(shè)備把陽光反射到小鎮(zhèn)的廣場。每當(dāng)光線照射的時候,人們就聚集在廣場上,為寒冷的冬季增添一絲明亮。
(1)考查副詞辨析。A. nly僅僅;B. bviusly;顯然地;C. nearly幾乎;D. precisely精確的。根據(jù)前文frm late September t mid-March可知,從九月底到三月中旬,差不多半年,故答案為C。
(2)考查動詞辨析。A. fear害怕;B. believe相信;C. hear聽見;D. ntice注意。根據(jù)后文 but dwn in the valley it's darker 可知,我們看到天空是藍(lán)色,但是到山谷的時候,就會變得更暗了,可知,太陽照耀的時候,我們注意到,故答案為D。
(3)考查形容詞詞義辨析。A. empty空的;B. blue藍(lán)色的;C. high搞得;D. wide寬的。根據(jù)常識可知,有太陽的時候,天空是藍(lán)色的,故答案為B。
(4)考查形容詞辨析。A. cludy多云的;B. nrmal正常的;C. different不同的;D. warm溫暖的。根據(jù)前文 but dwn in the valley it's darker 可知,到山谷的時候,天變暗了,像陰天一樣,故答案為A。
(5)考查動詞辨析。A. helped幫助;B. changed改變;C. happened發(fā)生;D. mattered關(guān)系重大。根據(jù)后文可知,該鎮(zhèn)引入一套陽光反射鏡來改變這種情況,故答案為B。
(6)考查名詞辨析。A. cmputers電腦;B. telescpes望遠(yuǎn)鏡;C. mirrrs鏡子;D. cameras相機。根據(jù)后文t reflect sunlight frm neighbring peaks可知,從附近的山頂上反射太陽光,可知是鏡子,故答案為C。
(7)考查動詞辨析。A. remembered記得;B. frecasted預(yù)報;C. received獲得,收到;D. imagined想象。根據(jù)句意可知,該鎮(zhèn)的居民獲得了冬天里的第一縷陽光,故答案為C。
(8)考查名詞辨析。A. repair修理;B. risk風(fēng)險;C. rest 休息;D. use使用。根據(jù)前一句their very first ray f winter sunshine可知,獲得了冬天的第一縷陽光,是由于反射板投入使用了,put sth t use把某物投入使用。故答案為D。
(9)考查動詞辨析。句意:這些鏡子由電腦控制,指導(dǎo)他們整天跟著太陽的位置移動而移動,在大風(fēng)的天氣就自動關(guān)閉。A. frbids禁止;B. directs指導(dǎo),導(dǎo)演;C. predicts預(yù)測;D. fllws跟隨,追隨。本句描述這套系統(tǒng)的工作原理,電腦控制鏡子的移動,故選B。
(10)考查名詞辨析。A. day白天;B. night夜晚;C. mnth月;D. year年。根據(jù)文章可知,太陽光出現(xiàn)在白天,故答案為A。
(11)考查名詞辨析。A. library圖書館;B. hall大廳;C. square廣場;D. street街道。根據(jù)后文The twn square可知,鏡子反射聚集的光會照在小鎮(zhèn)的中心廣場上,故答案為C。
(12)考查動詞辨析。A. appeared出現(xiàn);B. returned歸還;C. faded褪去;D. stpped停止。根據(jù)后文Rjukan residents gathered tgether可知,當(dāng)光照出現(xiàn)的時候,居民出來,故答案為A。
(13)考查動詞辨析。A. driving駕駛;B. hiding隱藏;C. camping露營;D. sitting坐。根據(jù)本句and standing there可知,光照出現(xiàn)的時候,人們會出來活動,坐在那里,站在那里,故答案為D。
(14)考查名詞辨析。A. pictures照片,圖片;B. ntes筆記;C. care照顧;D. hld抓住。根據(jù)文章可知,會彼此拍照,故答案為A。
(15)考查形容詞辨析。A. new新的;B. full滿的;C. flat平坦的;D. silent沉默的。根據(jù)后文I think almst all the peple in the twn were there.可知,差不多全鎮(zhèn)的人都在廣場上,故可知廣場全是人,故答案為B。
(16)考查動詞辨析。A. blck阻擋;B. avid避免;C. enjy喜歡,享受;D. stre儲存。根據(jù)句意可知,并不是3500名居民都能同時享受到太陽光,故答案為C。
(17)考查副詞辨析。A. Instead代替;B. Hwever然而;C. Gradually逐漸地;D. Similarly相似地。前一句意思為并不是3500名居民都能同時享受到太陽光,后一句,新的光線為小鎮(zhèn)人們的意義不僅僅提供光線,故可知前后句屬于轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,故答案為B。
(18)考查形容詞辨析。A. nature-lving熱愛自然的;B. energy-saving節(jié)能的;C. weather-beaten受風(fēng)雨侵蝕的;D. sun-starved渴望陽光的。根據(jù)前文可知,小鎮(zhèn)差不多半年沒有陽光,故可知小鎮(zhèn)人們渴望陽光,故答案為D。
(19)考查形容詞辨析。A. big大的;B. clear清晰的;C. cld冷的;D. easy容易的。根據(jù)前文可知,鏡子反射的光線有限,范圍不夠大,故答案為A。
(20)考查動詞辨析。A. trying嘗試;B. waiting 等待;C. watching 觀看;D. sharing分享。根據(jù)句意可知,大家一起曬太陽就足夠了,故答案為D。
【題型演練】
1
A scientist 1 several mnkeys in rder t study animal psychlgy. He tk a glass bttle, 2 its crk (瓶塞) and put tw peanuts inside it. The peanuts drpped t the bttm and were easily seen frm the utside. He then passed the bttle t a mnkey, wh shk it 3 fr a lng while and was able t get the peanuts when they 4 fell ut. The scientist then put sme peanuts int the bttle again 5 he had dne befre and shwed the mnkey that it nly needed t turn the bttle upside dwn fr the peanuts t drp ut. 6 the mnkey always ignred his 7 . Each time it just shk the bttle frantically, with great 8 but withut necessarily achieving 9 result.
Nw the questin is why the mnkey was unable t understand 10 the scientist instructs. 11 because all its attentins was fcused n the peanuts. Instead, it must take its eyes ff the peanuts and quickly 12 its attentin t the 13 mvement f the scientist and the way the bttle was turned upside dwn. T achieve this, it had t calm dwn and nt be 14 by the impulse (誘惑) f its appetite. Yet the mnkey was nt able t understand this. It is the instance like this that reveals the mnkey’s sme psychlgy is just like 15 f human beings.
1. A. keptB. rseC. fedD. caught
2. A. mvingB. remvedC. discveredD. cvered
3. A. happilyB. anxiuslyC. hurriedlyD. instantly
4. A. suddenlyB. accidentallyC. ccasinallyD. quickly
5. A. asB. thatC. whatD. until
6. A. ButB. WhenC. TherefreD. Thus
7. A. directinsB. explanatinsC. perfrmancesD. instructins
8. A. effrtB. strengthC. pwerD. frce
9. A. expectingB. interestingC. satisfyingD. desired
10. A. whatB. hwC. whyD. which
11. A. PrbablyB. LikelyC. SimplyD. Nearly
12. A. putB. sendC. payD. shift
13. A. gestureB. muthC. handD. eye
14. A. taken awayB. taken ffC. taken verD. taken n
15. A. thatB. theC. thseD. this
2
Ask peple t name the wrld's tallest peak and anybdy with sund general knwledge will name Munt Qmlangma. But quiz them n its exact 1 and many will be nt sure.
In 1975, Chinese surveyrs 2 that Munt Qmlangma (Munt Everest) was 8848. 13 meters high. As 3 imprved, satellites, phtelectricity, radars and gravity measurement technlgies were 4 t get mre exact figures. Of curse, smene still had t carry 5 t what is the wrld's rftp.
In 2005, a Chinese team scaled Qmlangma and fund that it was nt as high as that, as they 6 the height t be 8844. 43 meters. Scaling Qmlangma is n 7 task. The average air temperature there is -29 degrees Celsius, even fur degrees 8 than in Antarctica. The snw there is 4 —5 meters thick and hurricane-like 9 blw all the time. Team members were training t 10 the extreme cnditins.
In a nutshell, measuring the Qmlangma's height is a tall rder, 11 huge amunts f mney and human resurces, But it is wrth the 12 . Qmlangma is the perfect 13 fr bserving crustal (地殼的)mvements. And changes t the peak's height culd 14 whether the tw plates are heading tward r away frm each ther.
Besides, the cnditin f snw and ther natural materials at the tp is an indicatr f upcming climate change n the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau. That's 15 measuring the Qmlangma's height is s significant. Put t gd use, it can benefit mankind.
1. A. lcatinB. appearanceC. areaD. height
2. A. determinedB. assumedC. estimatedD. admitted
3. A. cnditinB. technlgyC. scietyD. ecnmy
4. A. emplyedB. expectedC. apprachedD. inspired
5. A. weapnsB. vehiclesC. instrumentsD. packages
6. A. changedB. calculatedC. extendedD. expanded
7. A. glriusB. easyC. admirableD. tugh
8. A. clderB. htterC. higherD. lwer
9. A. snwsB. rainsC. windsD. snwflakes
10. A. cpe withB. fight frC. take nD. carry ut
11. A. wastingB. spendingC. vercmingD. invlving
12. A. effrtB. lssC. harvestD. achievement
13. A. channelB. windwC. slutinD. entrance
14. A. measureB. freseeC. indicateD. expse
15. A. whereB. hwC. whyD. whether
3
As ur Earth’s temperature warms up because f climate change, it is having unexpected effects n ur wrld’s frests. When temperatures rise, trees clse their skins t 1 the lss f water, and this, in turn, slws dwn the 2 f phtsynthesis(光合作用). As a result, these trees are shrter and grw slwly, as well as have a 3 death rate.
Climate change als increases the 4 f drughts and wildfires. After wildfires, it takes a while fr the frest systems t 5 , and in sme cases, the frests are 6 permanently. Trees that are stressed are als 7 t attacks by bacteria(細(xì)菌). In trpical frests, vines that use the trees as 8 can ften chke the trees and rb them f nutrients. Finally, humans have 9 the frest landscape thrugh lgging. When trees are replanted n the sil, they will never grw as large as the 10 trees that were cut dwn.
As these frests disappear, species that nce called them “hme” are frced t change, 11 the variety f thse systems. 12 , sme endangered species are unable t 13 and die. Old-grwth frests are disappearing in all regins f ur wrld. When frests die, yunger frests that are reestablished in the same area grw back weaker and smaller 14 pr vegetatin. With trees dying increasingly and cntinuusly, will future generatins 15 ut n the wnders f frests?
1. A. prtectB. preventC. saveD. free
2. A. mvementB. situatinC. prcessD. peratin
3. A. higherB. firmerC. lighterD. smaller
4. A. chiceB. measureC. qualificatinD. chance
5. A. grwB. rescueC. recverD. decline
6. A. ignredB. lstC. hurtD. left
7. A. accessibleB. enjyableC. acceptableD. favrable
8. A. attentinB. cmmandC. trustD. supprt
9. A. frightenedB. paidC. ruinedD. wasted
10. A. cmmnB. riginalC. distantD. strng
11. A. affectingB. imprvingC. frgettingD. reflecting
12. A. BesidesB. SurprisinglyC. OtherwiseD. Unfrtunately
13. A. devteB. keepC. adaptD. lead
14. A. due tB. in additin tC. instead fD. in spite f
15. A. passB. missC. breakD. bring
4
The lins and lepards(豹) f a natinal park in India nrmally d nt get alng. They 1 each ther fr space and fd. But abut a year ag, a yung liness in the park 2 a baby lepard.
The 2-mnth-ld baby with brwn ears and blue eyes was 3 ,and the liness spent weeks nursing, 4 and caring fr him until he died. She treated him as if he were ne f her wn tw sns, wh were abut the same age. This was a 5 case f crss-species adptin in the wild, and the nly dcumented example invlving animals that are nrmally 6 .
7 ,the park wrkers thught the assciatin wuld be brief, but this went n. The family were 8 t tur the park. The liness tk care f the baby, and 9 meat that she hunted. The new brthers played with him and ccasinally fllwed him up trees. This unlikely 10 was surely amazing.
Althugh this adptin was puzzling, it highlights the 11 between the tw species. Until they reach yung adulthd, when scial differences 12 , lins and lepards play and beg fr milk in similar ways. Fr this mther liness, she may have 13 the baby's mre lepard-like features —his smell, size and sptted appearance. He just jumped in.
The 14 f the inter species adptin in the wild wuld be sweet enugh fr a children's bk, yet 15 enugh t attract scientists.
1. A. put up withB. take advantage fC. depend nD. fight with
2. A. scaredB. adptedC. spttedD. attacked
3. A. lazyB. braveC. weakD. dangerus
4. A. feedingB. checkingC. fllwingD. dressing
5. A. simpleB. typicalC. famusD. rare
6. A. friendsB. cmpetitrsC. partnersD. neighbrs
7. A. InitiallyB. LuckilyC. CertainlyD. Unexpectedly
8. A. expectedB. bservedC. persuadedD. pushed
9. A. ckedB. packedC. sharedD. burned
10. A. experienceB. affairC. agreementD. cnnectin
11. A. cmmunicatinB. similaritiesC. behavirD. differences
12. A. emergeB. remainC. recverD. survive
13. A. cmparedB. dislikedC. ignredD. prtected
14. A. incidentB. experienceC. reprtD. tale
15. A. strangeB. caringC. reliableD. mving
5
What's the first thing that cmes t mind when yu think f the wrd “culture”? D yu think f different grups f peple acrss the wrld with varius 1 and clthing? What abut animals?
Sam Williams,executive directr f the Macaw(金剛鸚鵡)Recvery Netwrk in Csta Rica, helps t 2 the impact f the decline f macaw ppulatins by taking birds that were brn 3 and releasing them int the wild. But this prcess is very 4
"In a cage,yu can't 5 them t knw where,when and hw t find that fd, r abut trees with gd nest sites," Williams tld eclgist and writer Carl Safina fr the Guardian. In the wild, the parents wuld be the nes t teach them this imprtant 6
This type f knwledge is knwn as cultural knwledge. Cultural knwledge can be 7 frm the lder generatin t the newer ne. Fr many species,cultural knwledge is necessary fr 8
Culture helps animals t 9 different habitats.Fr example,sme crws(烏鴉)have learned t put nuts in the middle f the rad fr cars t drive ver. And in ther areas, they have learned t d this at intersectins s they can 10 get the fd when the cars stp at red lights.
Other imprtant parts f cultural knwledge include things like grup identity, using different tls,taking different 11 rutes and using different scializing methds.
These traditins can especially be seen in chimpanzee cmmunities. Cat Hbaiter,wh studies chimpanzees in Uganda,said:"It's nt just the 12 f ppulatins f chimps that wrries me.I find 13 the pssibility f lsing each ppulatin's unique culture. That's permanent.”
Culture isn't just fr 14 .Culture is als an imprtant part f life in the wild frm using tls t 15 .
1. A. cmmunitiesB. znesC. traditinsD. divisins
2. A. squeezeB. reduceC. wrestleD. delete
3. A. encagedB. enlargedC. encuragedD. ensured
4. A. tentativeB. slwC. lameD. abrupt
5. A. electB. swapC. assessD. train
6. A. brchureB. seminarC. framewrkD. infrmatin
7. A. passed dwnB. taken upC. fllwed upD. put tgether
8. A. managementB. survivalC. currencyD. cperatin
9. A. cater tB. push frC. adapt tD. dive in
10. A. safelyB. desperatelyC. surprisinglyD. hpefully
11. A. irrigatinB. migratinC. suspensinD. cllisin
12. A. lssB. dilemmaC. adjustmentD. preventin
13. A. enterprisingB. flexibleC. artificialD. terrifying
14. A. animalsB. plantsC. humansD. nails
15. A. refreshingB. weepingC. negtiatingD. scializing1. A. nly
B. bviusly
C. nearly
D. precisely
2. A. fear
B. believe
C. hear
D. ntice
3. A. empty
B. blue
C. high
D. wide
4. A. cludy
B. nrmal
C. different
D. warm
5. A. helped
B. changed
C. happened
D. mattered
6. A. cmputers
B. telescpes
C. mirrrs
D. cameras
7. A. remembered
B. frecasted
C. received
D. imagined
8. A. repair
B. risk
C. rest
D. use
9. A. frbids
B. directs
C. predicts
D. fllws
10. A. day
B. night
C. mnth
D. year
11. A. library
B. hall
C. square
D. street
12. A. appeared
B. returned
C. faded
D. stpped
13. A. driving
B. hiding
C. camping
D. siting
14. A. pictures
B. ntes
C. care
D. hld
15. A. new
B. full
C. flat
D. silent
16. A. blck
B. avid
C. enjy
D. stre
17. A. Instead
B. Hwever
C. Gradually
D. Similarly
18. A. nature-lving
B. energy-saving
C. weather-beaten
D. sun-starved
19. A. big
B. clear
C. cld
D. easy
20. A. trying
B. waiting
C. watching
D. sharing
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