1. 熟練語篇類型和語篇結(jié)構(gòu)2. 明確命題規(guī)律和提問方式3. 掌握不同題型的解題方法4. 掌握閱讀理解高頻同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換
推理判斷題是高考閱讀理解的重要題型之一, 包括推理和判斷兩個方面,是考生失分率較高的題型??疾榭忌高^文章表面文字信息推測文章隱含意思,進行邏輯推理,對文章的細節(jié)、作者的態(tài)度、意圖作出正確推理判斷的能力。分析近年高考題可知,推斷題呈上升的趨勢,且由過去簡單的對號入座直接答題轉(zhuǎn)向通過語句的同義或反義詞及長難句來考查考生對語言的理解能力,難度比之前有所增加。預(yù)計2024年高考推理判斷題仍舊占比7題左右。
1. 高頻考點:隱含意義、寫作意圖、觀點態(tài)度。2. 低頻考點:文章出處、文章結(jié)構(gòu)、目標讀者。
1. 主觀臆斷2. 缺乏邏輯3. 過度推理4. 缺乏常識
1. 同義替換:對原文句子中的關(guān)鍵詞進行替換,成為正確選項2. 正話反說:把原文中的意思反過來表達而成為正確選項。3. 語言簡化:把原文中復(fù)雜的語言現(xiàn)象進行簡化,設(shè)置為答案。4. 詞性或語態(tài)的變化:改變原文重點詞性或語態(tài),給考生制造了某些障礙。
1.張冠李戴:為原文內(nèi)容,但與題目文不對題,不符合題目要求。2.偷梁換柱:在意思上與原文非常相似但在某個細節(jié)上有變動。3.正誤參半:選項內(nèi)容 部分正確,部分錯誤。4.顛倒是非:與原文意思大相徑庭或完全相反。5.無中生有:符合常識但與原文不符或原文并未提及。6.擴縮范圍:以偏概全或以全概偏。
根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞迅速確定題型: infer(推斷),suggest(表明,暗示),cnclude(得出結(jié)論), indicate(暗示,象征), imply(暗示), assume(假定,設(shè)想)
知識點 一  隱含推斷題
(1) 瀏覽選項,首先排除對原文信息簡單重復(fù)的錯誤選項(2) 抓住特定信息進行逆向或正向推理:在原文中確定推理依據(jù)的位置或范圍后,要善于抓住關(guān)鍵信息去分析判斷;(3) 整合全文/段信息進行推斷:有時需要在弄懂全文或全段的基礎(chǔ)上,整合與題目相關(guān)的有效信息去進行綜合推斷,才能確定最佳選項。無論哪種推斷形式必須立足原文,避免主觀臆斷。
【真題典例】 (2023年新高考I卷B篇)
“Eclgical design” is the name Jhn gives t what he des. “Life n Earth is kind f a bx f spare parts fr the inventr,” he says. “Yu put rganisms in new relatinships and bserve what’s happening. Then yu let these new systems develp their wn ways t self-repair.”27. What is the basis fr Jhn’s wrk?A. Nature can repair itself.B. Organisms need water t survive.C. Life n Earth is diverse.D. Mst tiny creatures live in grups.
【答案】A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Yu put rganisms in new relatinships and bserve what’s happening. Then yu let these new systems develp their wn ways t self-repair.(你把生物體放在新的關(guān)系中,觀察會發(fā)生什么。然后讓這些新系統(tǒng)自行發(fā)展自我修復(fù)的方式)”可知,約翰工作的基礎(chǔ)是自然可以自我修復(fù)。故選A。
根據(jù)題干中表達情感的形容詞、副詞、動詞或介詞短語等迅速確定題型。如attitude(態(tài)度),utstanding( 優(yōu)秀的,突出的),disagree(不同意), hpefully(有希望的), against(反對), in favr f(贊成)。
知識點 二  觀點態(tài)度題
解題指導(dǎo):(1) 認真審題,明確“誰對誰”的態(tài)度,明確答題方向(2) 關(guān)注段落首尾句,推斷文章和段落主題,確定觀點(3) 注意作者或文中人物的措辭(4) 分析修飾語和字里行間所隱含的意思,切忌用自己觀點代替作者或文中人物的觀點;(5) 牢記觀點態(tài)度的常見詞語
1. 支持肯定:psitive (積極的);supprtive (支持的);ptimistic (樂觀的);humrus(幽默的);enthusiastic(熱情的);pleasant(愉快的);2. 中立:neutral(中立的);bjective(客觀的);nt mentined(未提及的);uninterested(不感興趣的);indifferent(漠不關(guān)心的);3. 否定反對:negative(否定的)、suspicius/skeptical(懷疑的)、disgusted(憎惡的);critical(批評的)、disappinted(失望的)、disapprving(不贊成的)。
典例1(2023年新高考II卷D篇)
In a fllw-up study with 100 university students the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? This happened sme f the time, but it wasn’t the dminant respnse. Mst frequently, the grups reprted that they “shared arguments and reasned tgether.” Smehw, these arguments and reasning resulted in a glbal reductin in errr. Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
知識點 二 觀點態(tài)度題
15. What is the authr’s attitude tward Navajas’ studies?A. UnclearB. DismissiveC. DubtfulD. Apprving【答案】D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain, the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.(盡管Navajas領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究有局限性,仍存在許多問題,但對小組討論和決策的潛在影響是巨大的。)”可知,作者認為雖然Navajas領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究有局限性也存在許多問題,但對小組的潛在影響巨大。因此推斷作者對于Navajas的研究表示一定的贊許和支持。故選D。
鎖定關(guān)鍵詞:根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞purpse(目的),intend t(打算),want t tell us ...(想要告訴我們),write this passage t(寫這篇文章為了)迅速確定題型。解題指導(dǎo):(1) 根據(jù)文章或段落主旨推斷作者寫作意圖;(2) 根據(jù)文體推斷寫作意圖
知識點 三  寫作意圖題
記敘文:通常會在首段或尾段出現(xiàn)高度概括性語言,且往往有一定的哲理性,所有敘述都圍繞該哲理展開應(yīng)用文:文章常對某事物或服務(wù)進行詳細介紹,使用具有明顯傾向性的語言( t sell, t attract, t persuade, t prmte...)說明文:其寫作意圖依賴于對文章主題句的把握,應(yīng)找準主題句(t intrduce, t explain, t infrm, t make cmparisns...);議論文:一般開頭提出某論點,中間進行論證,最后得出結(jié)論,寫作意圖常隱含于最后一部分中。
典例1(2023年新高考II卷B篇)
Over the years Jhn has taken n many big jbs. He develped a greenhuse-like facility that treated sewage (污水) frm 1,600 hmes in Suth Burlingtn. He als designed an ec-machine t clean canal water in Fuzhu, a city in sutheast China.26. What is the authr’s purpse in mentining Fuzhu?A. T review Jhn’s research plans.B. T shw an applicatin f Jhn’s idea.C. T cmpare Jhn’s different jbs.D. T erase dubts abut Jhn’s inventin.
【答案】B【詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Over the years, Jhn has taken n many big jbs. He develped a greenhuse-like facility that treated sewage (污水) frm 1,600 hmes in Suth Burlingtn. He als designed an ec-machine t clean canal water in Fuzhu, a city in sutheast China.(這些年來,約翰承擔了許多重大工作。他開發(fā)了一個類似溫室的設(shè)施,可以處理來自南伯靈頓1600戶家庭的污水。他還設(shè)計了一種生態(tài)機器來清潔中國東南部城市福州的運河水)”可推知,作者提到福州的目的是展示約翰想法的應(yīng)用。故選B。
鎖定關(guān)鍵詞:根據(jù)設(shè)題方式迅速確定題型:This passage wuld be mst likely t be fund in .The passage is prbably taken frm .Where des this text prbably cme frm?Which sectin f a magazine is this passage prbably taken frm?The text is intended fr .
知識點 四  文章出處或?qū)懽鲗ο箢}
解題指導(dǎo):(1) 根據(jù)文章的話題和細節(jié)確定文章出處或?qū)懽鲗ο?2) 根據(jù)文章的體裁和內(nèi)容判斷文章的中心話題
廣告:語言簡潔鮮明,有亮點;報刊:時事性強,分不同板塊,高考中常以政治、生活的話題為主;雜志:覆蓋生活各個層面,更貼近幕后,更貼近生活;產(chǎn)品說明書:對某產(chǎn)品的功能特色及操作方式等做出介紹;藥品說明:說明藥品的服用時間、次數(shù)、藥量、禁忌等;網(wǎng)絡(luò):文體不限,找到click here,dwnlad,up-lad,link,muse, surf等網(wǎng)絡(luò)標志
典例1(2023年新高考II卷C篇)
Reading Art: Art fr Bk Lvers is a celebratin f an everyday bject — the bk, represented here in almst three hundred artwrks frm museums arund the wrld. The image f the reader appears thrughut histry, in art made lng befre bks as we nw knw them came int being. In artists’ representatins f bks and reading, we see mments f shared humanity that g beynd culture and time. In this “bk f bks,” artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins.
8. Where is the text mst prbably taken frm?A. An intrductin t a bk.B. An essay n the art f writing.C. A guidebk t a museum.D. A review f mdern paintings.【答案】A【解析】推理判斷題。通讀全文,再根據(jù)文章第一段“Reading Art: Art fr Bk Lvers is a celebratin f an everyday bject — the bk, represented here in almst three hundred artwrks frm museums arund the wrld. (Reading Art: Art fr Bk Lvers這一活動是為書籍這一日常物品辦的典禮,這里有來自世界各地博物館的近三百件藝術(shù)品)”以及第二段第一句“In this bk f bks”可推知,本文最有可能出自一世界各地的收藏品的一本書。故選A。
Grading Plicies fr Intrductin t LiteratureGrading Scale 90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Belw 60, E. Essays (60%) Yur fur majr essays will cmbine t frm the main part f the grade fr this curse: Essay 1 = 10%; Essay 2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%; Essay 4 = 20%.21.Where is this text prbably taken frm?A.A textbk.B.An exam paper.C.A curse plan.D.An academic article.
典例 2.(2023年新高考I卷A篇)
【答案】C????【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章標題“Grading Plicies fr Intrductin t Literature (文學概論課程評分辦法)”和Essays (60%)部分“Yur fur majr essays will cmbine t frm the main part f the grade f fr this curse (你的四篇主要文章將構(gòu)成本課程評分的主要部分)”可知,文章介紹了文學概論課程評分辦法。由此推知,本文是出自一個課程計劃。故選C項。
1.(2023屆福建省廈門一中高三二模試題C篇) T much time spent n gaming, smartphnes and watching televisin is linked t heightened levels and diagnses (診斷) f anxiety r depressin in children as yung as age 2, accrding t a new study. What d we knw abut Twenge and Campbell’s study accrding t paragraph 2?A.It requires further research. B.It brings children less cmfrt.C.It needs greater ability t finish. D.It generates mre public cncern.
考向 1 隱含推斷題
【答案】A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“They were particularly interested in assciatins between screen time and diagnses f anxiety and depressin in yuth, which has nt yet been studied in great detail.(他們對屏幕使用時間與青少年焦慮和抑郁診斷之間的關(guān)系特別感興趣,這一點尚未得到詳細研究。)”可推斷,Twenge和Campbell的研究還需要更進一步。故選A。??
There are times when yu are at a critical crssrads with a student and the rad yu chse will make all the difference. I knew at that mment the right thing t d was t kneel dwn next t her chair, and sftly say, “Yu’re right, Laura. I have used my wrds unwisely and unkindly. Will yu frgive me?” She lked me in the eye and simply said, “Yes, I frgive yu, Mrs. Ekre. I’m srry, t.”Which wrds can best describe the writer?A.Caring but stubbrn.B.Tlerant and pen-minded.C.Strict and changeable.D.Sincere and flexible.
考向 2 觀點態(tài)度題
【答案】B【解析】推理判斷題,根據(jù)“I knew at that mment the right thing ...“Yes, I frgive yu, Mrs. Ekre. I’m srry, t.” (我知道那一刻正確的做法是跪在她的椅子旁邊,輕聲說:“你說得對,勞拉。我用詞不明智和不友善。你會原諒我嗎?她看著我的眼睛,簡單地說:“是的,我原諒你,??死滋?。我也很抱歉?!?”可知,作者委身向?qū)W生Laura誠摯地道歉并征得她的原諒,可以看出作者的寬容與豁達。故選B項。
(2023屆湖南省九校聯(lián)盟第二次聯(lián)考英語試題) “Hw beautiful the jasmine (茉莉花) is! A sweet smell cvers the budding twigs. S fragrant, s white, admired by all lips.” The famed Chinese flk sng Jasmine Flwer has reached a glbal audience with its beautiful meldy and lyrics. Equally ppular is the traditinally made Jasmine tea, whse elegant fragrance and mellw taste fascinate cuntless tea drinkers.
考向 3 寫作意圖題
(2023屆湖南省九校聯(lián)盟第二次聯(lián)考英語試題) What is the authr’s purpse f quting the sng Jasmine Flwer?A.T tell us nt t neglect the sng.B.T shw the ppularity f the sng.C.T intrduce the tpic—Jasmine tea.D.T clarify the rigin f Jasmine tea.
【答案】C【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)“The famed Chinese flk sng Jasmine Flwer has reached cuntless tea drinkers.(中國著名民歌《茉莉花》以其優(yōu)美的旋律和歌詞贏得了全球觀眾的喜愛。同樣受歡迎的是傳統(tǒng)的茉莉花茶,其優(yōu)雅的香氣和醇香的口感吸引了無數(shù)飲茶者)”以及下文對傳統(tǒng)茉莉花茶的詳細介紹,可知本文第一段段首用著名的中國民歌《茉莉花》來引出文章主題——茉莉花茶。故選C。
(2023屆湖北省華中師范大學附中二檢試題)●Hw t Enter:1. Select hw many images yu want t enter.2. Fllw the check-ut prcess t pay the entry fee.3. Select yur images and uplad; click here t start.If pssible, please name each image with yur name and the categry yu are submitting like this:“FirstName-LastName-Categry. jpg”●Deadline: March 31, 2023
考向4 文章出處或?qū)懽鲗ο箢}
Where can yu see this text prbably?A.In a phtgraphy magazine.B.In a phtgraphy guidebkC.On a website.D.In an iPhne manual bk.【答案】C【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)Hw t Enter部分中的“Select yur images and uplad; click here t start.(選擇您的圖片并上傳;單擊此處開始)”可知,此處表明要在網(wǎng)上上傳照片,并點擊此處開始,由此推知,該文出現(xiàn)在網(wǎng)上。故選C項。
1.( 2023年新高考I卷A篇 ) Why MacBike MacBike has been arund fr almst 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental cmpany in Amsterdam. With ver 2,500 bikes stred in ur five rental shps at strategic lcatins, we make sure there is always a bike available fr yu. We ffer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with ft brake (剎車), bikes with hand brake and gears (排擋), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes.
21. What is an advantage f MacBike?A. It gives children a discunt.B. It ffers many types f bikes.C. It rganizes free cycle turs.D. It has ver 2,500 rental shps.【答案】B【解析】 推理判斷題。根據(jù)“We ffer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with ft brake (剎車), bikes with hand brake and gears (排擋), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes. (我們提供種類繁多的最新自行車,包括有腳剎的基本自行車、有手剎和帶排擋的自行車、帶兒童座椅的自行車和兒童自行車)”可推知,MacBike的優(yōu)勢是它提供許多類型的自行車。故選B。
2.(2023年新高考I卷C篇) In the final chapter f part ne, I’ll guide yu thrugh carrying ut yur wn digital declutter. In ding s, I’ll draw n an experiment I ran in 2018 in which ver 1,600 peple agreed t perfrm a digital declutter. Yu’ll hear these participants’ stries and learn what strategies wrked well fr them, and what traps they encuntered that yu shuld avid.30. What is presented in the final chapter f part ne?A. Theretical mdels.B. Statistical methds.C. Practical examples.D. Histrical analyses.
【答案】C【解析】推理判斷題。通過文章第四段“In the final chapter f part ne, I’ll guide yu thrugh carrying ut yur wn digital declutter. In ding s, I’ll draw n an experiment I ran in 2018 in which ver 1,600 peple agreed t perfrm a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中,我將指導(dǎo)您進行自己的數(shù)字清理。在這樣做的過程中,我將借鑒我在2018年進行的一項實驗,在該實驗中,1600多人同意進行數(shù)字清理)”可推知,第一部分的最后一章介紹了實驗與數(shù)字清理的實際例子。故選C。
3.(2023年新高考II卷) Yellwstne Natinal Park ffers a variety f ranger prgrams thrughut the park, and thrughut the year. The fllwing are descriptins f the ranger prgrams this summer. Experiencing Wildlife in Yellwstne (May 26 t September 2) Whether yu’re hiking a backcuntry trail (小徑), camping, r just enjying the park’s amazing wildlife frm the rad, this quick wrkshp is fr yu and yur family. Learn where t lk fr animals and hw t safely enjy yur wildlife watching experience. Meet at the Canyn Village Stre.
3.(2023年新高考II卷) Junir Ranger Wildlife Olympics (June 5 t August 21) Kids can test their skills and cmpare their abilities t the animals f Yellwstne. Stay fr as little r as lng as yur plans allw. Meet in frnt f the Visitr Educatin Center. Canyn Talks at Artist Pint (June 9 t September 2) Frm a classic viewpint, enjy Lwer Falls, the Yellwstne River, and the breathtaking clrs f the canyn (峽谷) while learning abut the area’s natural and human histry. Discver why artists and phtgraphers cntinue t be drawn t this special place. Meet n the lwer platfrm at Artist Pint n the Suth Rim Drive fr this shrt talk.
3.(2023年新高考II卷) Phtgraphy Wrkshps (June 19 &July 10) Enhance yur phtgraphy skills — jin Yellwstne’s park phtgrapher fr a hands-n prgram t inspire new and creative ways f enjying the beauty and wnder f Yellwstne. 6/19 — Waterfalls &Wide Angles: meet at Artist Pint. 7/10 — Wildflwers &White Balance: meet at Washburn Trailhead in Chittenden parking area.1. Which f the fur prgrams begins the earliest?A. Phtgraphy Wrkshps.B. Junir Ranger Wildlife Olympics.C. Canyn Talks at Artist Pint.D. Experiencing Wildlife in Yellwstne.
3.(2023年新高考II卷)【答案】1. D 【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)每個項目后的時間“Experiencing Wildlife in Yellwstne (May 26 t September 2) (在黃石體驗野生動物(5月26日至9月2日))”和“Junir Ranger Wildlife Olympics (June 5 t August 21) (少年游騎兵野生動物奧林匹克運動會(6月5日至8月21日))”與“Canyn Talks at Artist Pint (June 9 t September 2) (在Artist Pint的峽谷會談(6月9日至9月2日))”以及“Phtgraphy Wrkshps (June 19 & July 10) (攝影研討會(6月19日和7月10日))”可知,四個項目中在黃石體驗野生動物開始的時間最早。故選D。

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