
\l "_Tc27825" Part 1 考試說(shuō)明與命題趨勢(shì) PAGEREF _Tc27825 \h 2
\l "_Tc26253" Part2 設(shè)問(wèn)方式和考題類型 PAGEREF _Tc26253 \h 2
\l "_Tc15830" Part 3 細(xì)節(jié)題選項(xiàng)特征 PAGEREF _Tc15830 \h 3
\l "_Tc12883" Part 4 細(xì)節(jié)題解題秘籍 PAGEREF _Tc12883 \h 3
\l "_Tc19204" Part 5 定位詞的尋找技巧 PAGEREF _Tc19204 \h 9
\l "_Tc12004" 第二部分 主旨大意題 PAGEREF _Tc12004 \h 11
\l "_Tc2072" Part1:主旨大意題分類和選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn) PAGEREF _Tc2072 \h 11
\l "_Tc497" Part2:三大類分項(xiàng)突破 PAGEREF _Tc497 \h 13
\l "_Tc2107" 類型一 標(biāo)題歸納題 PAGEREF _Tc2107 \h 13
\l "_Tc19787" 類型二 文章大意題 PAGEREF _Tc19787 \h 15
\l "_Tc7170" 類型三 段落大意題 PAGEREF _Tc7170 \h 17
\l "_Tc9496" 第三部分 推理判斷題 PAGEREF _Tc9496 \h 19
\l "_Tc32086" Part1:推理判斷題命題方向 PAGEREF _Tc32086 \h 19
\l "_Tc24720" Part2:推斷題題型特點(diǎn) PAGEREF _Tc24720 \h 20
\l "_Tc24502" Part4:推斷題解題技巧(思維導(dǎo)圖+真題演練) PAGEREF _Tc24502 \h 22
\l "_Tc25010" 第四部分 詞義猜測(cè)題 PAGEREF _Tc25010 \h 26
\l "_Tc12196" Part1:詞義猜測(cè)題特點(diǎn) PAGEREF _Tc12196 \h 26
\l "_Tc5010" Part2:詞義猜測(cè)題七大猜詞技巧 PAGEREF _Tc5010 \h 27
\l "_Tc25129" 1.根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進(jìn)行猜測(cè) PAGEREF _Tc25129 \h 27
\l "_Tc7218" 2.根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè) PAGEREF _Tc7218 \h 28
\l "_Tc32219" 3.根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(前綴、后綴、派生等)進(jìn)行猜測(cè) PAGEREF _Tc32219 \h 29
\l "_Tc26114" 4.根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè) PAGEREF _Tc26114 \h 29
\l "_Tc4308" 5.根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè) PAGEREF _Tc4308 \h 30
\l "_Tc1658" 6.根據(jù)同義或近義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè) PAGEREF _Tc1658 \h 30
\l "_Tc9064" 7.根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè) PAGEREF _Tc9064 \h 31
第一部分 細(xì)節(jié)理解題
Part 1 考試說(shuō)明與命題趨勢(shì)
文章主題和中心思想的闡述往往需要大量細(xì)節(jié)信息的支持,這些細(xì)節(jié)對(duì)于理解全文內(nèi)容至關(guān)重要,同時(shí)也是歸納和概括文章中心思想的基礎(chǔ)。命題人員往往會(huì)要求考生根據(jù)不同的要求,閱讀文章以獲得某些特定的信息或準(zhǔn)確地尋求所需的細(xì)節(jié)。這類試題有時(shí)比較直接,理解字面意思即可;有時(shí)則較為間接,需要?dú)w納、概括和推理才能答題。
Part2 設(shè)問(wèn)方式和考題類型
設(shè)問(wèn)方式
常針對(duì)文中細(xì)節(jié)提問(wèn),可直接或間接在文章中找到答案。
1. 是非題形式:true/ false或except?
All f the fllwing are true EXCEPT _____.
2.特殊疑問(wèn)句形式:
Accrding t the passage, wh/ what/ when/ where / why / hw…
3.填空題形式,如:
T avid attracting muntain lins, peple are advised_____
題目類型
1.Wh-細(xì)節(jié)型
2.是非型
3.計(jì)算型
4.排序型
5.圖標(biāo)型
Part 3 細(xì)節(jié)題選項(xiàng)特征
(一)細(xì)節(jié)理解題正確選項(xiàng)特征
(二)細(xì)節(jié)理解題干擾選項(xiàng)特征
Part 4 細(xì)節(jié)題解題秘籍
細(xì)節(jié)理解題有時(shí)比較直接,理解字面意思即可答題;有時(shí)則較為間接,需要?dú)w納、概括和推理才能答題。細(xì)節(jié)理解題占閱讀理解總題量的60%左右,是最重要的得分點(diǎn)。
細(xì)節(jié)理解題無(wú)論以怎樣的方式提問(wèn),考生都要記住一個(gè)解題原則——“本本主義”,一切從原文出發(fā),無(wú)須讀很多段落甚至全文后去歸納總結(jié)、分析推理,正確答案就對(duì)應(yīng)原文的某一處具體信息??梢杂脙刹椒ń忸}。
一.直接信息題
考生可以采取“關(guān)鍵詞定位法”,即“帶著問(wèn)題找答案”的方法,通過(guò)定位找題眼。先從題干中提取關(guān)鍵性詞語(yǔ)(題眼),然后以此為線索,運(yùn)用略讀及尋讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此關(guān)鍵詞相關(guān)的段落、語(yǔ)句,快速定位該題與哪一段哪一句有關(guān),然后仔細(xì)推敲,仔細(xì)比較所給選項(xiàng)與文中細(xì)節(jié)的細(xì)微區(qū)別,在準(zhǔn)確理解細(xì)節(jié)的前提下,最后確定答案。簡(jiǎn)言之,可采用“一找二定三比對(duì)”的方法。解題流程如下:
做題小技巧:
1.若針對(duì)特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào),舉例子,名人名言出題,只需要閱讀符號(hào),例子,名言前后的內(nèi)容,然后與選項(xiàng)核對(duì)。
2.在出現(xiàn)一些關(guān)鍵詞,如hwever、but、mrever、therefre、 thus時(shí),要特別注意句子前后意義的轉(zhuǎn)折,遞進(jìn),因果等關(guān)系。
3.細(xì)節(jié)題的答案一般是同義替換項(xiàng)或者同義轉(zhuǎn)換項(xiàng)
4.選項(xiàng)中有絕對(duì)語(yǔ)氣詞的一般不是答案。如:must, never, the mst, all, merely, nly, have t, any, n, cmpletely, nne,等。但不是絕對(duì),也有例外。
5.注意選項(xiàng)中的副詞,形容詞和介詞短語(yǔ)等與原文是否一致。如: must, may, ften, shuld, usually, might, mst, mre r less, likely, all, never,few 等存在程度不同,經(jīng)常被偷換,往往被忽視。
6.細(xì)節(jié)題干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn):與原文內(nèi)容相反;與原文內(nèi)容一半相符,一半不同;敘述過(guò)于絕對(duì)化;原文沒(méi)有提及.
例子1
…
I fund the pre-hlidays a gd time t encurage yung children t dnate less-used things, and it wrked. Because f ur effrts, ur daughter Gergia did decide t dnate a large bag f tys t a little girl whse mther was unable t pay fr her hliday due t illness. She chse t sell a few larger bjects that were less ften used when we prmised t put the mney int her schl fund (基金) (ur kindergarten daughter is serius abut becming a dctr).
…
33.What made Gergia agree t sell sme f her bjects?
A.Saving up fr her hliday.
B.Raising mney fr a pr girl.
C.Adding the mney t her fund.
D.Giving the mney t a sick mther.
[解題示范]
第一步:定信息區(qū)間
第二步:比對(duì)定答案
二.間接信息題
相比直接信息題,命題的隱蔽性更強(qiáng),正確選項(xiàng)一般都會(huì)在原文基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行改造。此類題目需要考生將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語(yǔ)義上的轉(zhuǎn)換,有時(shí)還需要進(jìn)一步的加工或整理。
例子2…
Of the cmmn berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, althugh, because f their seeds, raspberries cntain a little mre prtein (蛋白質(zhì)), irn and zinc (nt that fruits have much prtein). Blueberries are particularly high in antixidants (抗氧化物質(zhì)). The yellw and range stne fruits such as peaches are high in the cartenids we turn int vitamin A and which are antixidants. As fr cherries (櫻桃), they are s delicius wh cares? Hwever, they are rich in vitamin C.
…
24.What des the authr seem t like abut cherries?
A.They cntain prtein.
B.They are high in vitamin A.
C.They have a pleasant taste.
D.They are rich in antixidants.
[解題示范]
第一步:定信息區(qū)間
第二步:比對(duì)定答案
三.概括、歸納信息題
是指命題人用精煉的語(yǔ)言來(lái)概括原文中比較分散或復(fù)雜的信息,這是命題人設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)節(jié)理解題的正確選項(xiàng)時(shí)經(jīng)常使用的手段之一??忌紫葢?yīng)依據(jù)題干指向,找到文中相應(yīng)的信息區(qū)間,然后嘗試用自己的語(yǔ)言去歸納總結(jié)文中的信息或事實(shí),然后再看選項(xiàng),挑選出和自己所歸納總結(jié)的信息最接近的選項(xiàng)作為正確答案。
例子3…
At present, the wrld has abut 6,800 languages. The distributin f these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild znes have relatively few languages, ften spken by many peple, while ht, wet znes have lts, ften spken by small numbers. Eurpe has nly arund 200 languages; the Americas abut 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, f which Papua New Guinea alne accunts fr well ver 800. The median number (中位數(shù)) f speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the wrld's languages are spken by fewer peple than that.
…
30.Hw many languages are spken by less than 6,000 peple at present?
A.Abut 6,800. B.Abut 3,400.
C.Abut 2,400. D.Abut 1,200.
[解題示范]
第一步:定信息區(qū)間
第二步:比對(duì)定答案
四.正誤判斷題
是細(xì)節(jié)理解題中解題比較繁瑣的題目,說(shuō)其繁瑣,因?yàn)槠湫畔⒉幌衿渌愵}目那樣集中在文章的某一句或某一段,而是分散在文章的各個(gè)角落。對(duì)于這類題目,考生要靜下心來(lái),看清范圍,確定方向,找到每一個(gè)選項(xiàng)的對(duì)應(yīng)信息后,謹(jǐn)慎排除,綜合選優(yōu)。
例子4
Fd festivals arund the wrld
Stiltn Cheese Rlling
May Day is a traditinal day fr celebratins, but the 2,000 English villagers f Stiltn must be the nly peple in the wrld wh include cheese rlling in their annual plans. Teams f fur, dressed in a variety f strange and funny clthes, rll a cmplete cheese alng a 50-metre curse. On the way, they must nt kick r thrw their cheese, r g int their cmpetitrs' lane (賽道).Cmpetitin is fierce and the chief prize is a cmplete Stiltn cheese weighing abut fur kils (disappintingly, but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wden nes). All the cmpetitrs are served with beer r prt wine, the traditinal accmpaniment fr Stiltn cheese.
Fiery Fds Festival — The Httest Festival n Earth
Every year mre than 10,000 peple head fr the city f Albuquerque, New Mexic. They cme frm as far away as Australia, the Caribbean and China, but they all share a cmmn addictin — fd that is nt just spicy (辛辣), but ht enugh t make yur muth burn, yur head spin and yur eyes water. Their destinatin is the Fiery Fd and BBQ Festival which is held ver a perid f three days every March. Yu might like t try a chclate-cvered habaner pepper — fficially the httest pepper in the wrld — r any ne f the thusands f prducts that are n shw. But ne thing's fr sure — if yu dn't like the feeling f a burning tngue, this festival isn't fr yu!
La Tmatina — The Wrld's Biggest Fd Fight
On the last Wednesday f every August, the Spanish twn f Bu?l hsts La Tmatina — the wrld's largest fd fight. A week-lng celebratin leads up t an exciting tmat battle as the highlight f the week's events. The early mrning sees the arrival f large trucks with tmates — fficial fight-starters get things ging by casting tmates at the crwd.
…
59.Which f the fllwing is TRUE accrding t the passage?
A.The chief prize fr the Stiltn cheese rlling cmpetitin is beer r prt wine.
B.Mre than 10,000 Chinese take part in the Fiery Fd and BBQ Festival.
C.Thusands f spicy fds are n shw in the Fiery Fd and BBQ Festival.
D.An exciting tmat battle takes place at the beginning f La Tmatina.
[解題示范]
第一步:定信息區(qū)間
第二步:逐一比對(duì)定答案
[答案] C
Part 5 定位詞的尋找技巧
1.定位詞的選用
(1)特殊定位詞
在很多題目當(dāng)中會(huì)出現(xiàn)人名、地名、數(shù)字、年份和大寫(xiě)字母縮寫(xiě)這五類特殊詞。因?yàn)樗鼈兊奶攸c(diǎn)是在一篇多數(shù)是英文小寫(xiě)字母的文章里非常的醒目,所以很快就能夠做到精確定位。
[示例1]
HUNCH is designed t cnnect high schl classrms with NASA engineers.Fr the past tw years,Grdn’s students have been studying ways t kill bacteria in zer gravity,and they think they’re clse t a slutin(解決方案).“We dn’t give the students any breaks.They have t d it just like NASA engineers,” says Flrence Gld,a prject manager.
33.What is the purpse f the HUNCH prgram?
A.T strengthen teacher-student relatinships.
B.T sharpen students’ cmmunicatin skills.
C.T allw students t experience zer gravity.
D.T link space technlgy with schl educatin.
分析:選D。本題可以根據(jù)特殊定位詞HUNCH可以定位到本段的第一句“HUNCH is designed t cnnect high schl classrms with NASA engineers.”可知,HUNCH項(xiàng)目的目的是把學(xué)校教育與航天技術(shù)聯(lián)系在一起,故答案為D。
(2)普通定位詞
普通定位詞與特殊定位詞相比,出現(xiàn)的幾率更高。當(dāng)我們看到題中沒(méi)有特殊定位詞的情況下,要思考的就是在這道似乎沒(méi)有啥重點(diǎn)的詞語(yǔ)中挑選出最能幫助我們快速找到定位的詞語(yǔ)??梢援?dāng)做定位詞的首選是名詞,其次是動(dòng)詞。
[示例2]
In Save Mney:Gd Fd,she visits a different hme each week and with the help f chef Matt Tebbutt ffers tp tips n hw t reduce fd waste,while preparing recipes fr under £5 per family a day.And the Gd Mrning Britain presenter says she’s been able t put a lt f what she’s learnt int practice in her wn hme,preparing meals fr sns,Sam,14,F(xiàn)inn,13,and Jack,11.
25.Hw des Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?
A.He buys cking materials fr her.
B.He prepares fd fr her kids.
C.He assists her in cking matters.
D.He invites guest families fr her.
分析:選C。 由于比較醒目人名Matt Tebbutt和 Susanna在文中出現(xiàn)多次,所以不能作為定位詞。本題可以利用題干中的動(dòng)詞help來(lái)定位,從而找到原文信息“with the help f chef Matt Tebbutt ffers tp tips n hw t reduce fd waste”。
2.挑選定位詞的注意點(diǎn)
(1)文章中的高頻詞不能作為定位詞
定位詞的最大優(yōu)勢(shì)就是可以縮小閱讀范圍,如果我們定位了一個(gè)在文章中處處可能出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ),那就失去了定位的意義。
(2)定位詞和文中詞有可能是詞義轉(zhuǎn)換
在實(shí)際做題過(guò)程中還要注意,不是所有的題目都可以用定位詞來(lái)定位的。而且如果是遇到細(xì)節(jié)信息定位題,很多時(shí)候定位詞的作用被削弱了,因?yàn)轭}目中的詞和文中的詞會(huì)以同義詞替換的形式出現(xiàn)。所以建議考生一方面要掌握如何去找定位詞,另外一方面要提高自己的閱讀詞匯量,尤其是同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換,這樣才能一擊必中,快速找到答案出現(xiàn)的地方解決問(wèn)題。
[示例1]
Cherry Blssm Bike Tur in Washingtn,D.C.
Duratin:3 hurs
This small grup bike tur is a fantastic way t see the wrld-famus cherry trees with beautiful flwers f Washingtn, guide will prvide a histry lessn abut the trees and the famus mnuments where they blssm.Reserve yur spt befre availability—and the cherry blssms—disappear!
21.Which tur d yu need t bk in advance?
A.Cherry Blssm Bike Tur in Washingtn,D.C.
B.Washingtn Capital Mnuments Bicycle Tur.
C.Capital City Bike Tur in Washingtn,D.C.
D.Washingtn Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tur.
分析:選A。本題可以用同義詞定位:bk in advance =reserve“預(yù)約”。根據(jù)第一條自行車旅行路線中的“Reserve yur spt befre availability—and the cherry blssms—disappear!”可知,選擇這條自行車旅行路線需要提前預(yù)訂。
主旨大意題
Part1:主旨大意題分類和選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)
主旨大意題考查的是考生對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的深層次理解,它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下,對(duì)整篇文章的主旨大意有一個(gè)較為清晰的印象。主旨大意題分為標(biāo)題類和主題類。
主旨大意題是閱讀理解中考生失分最多的題目,因?yàn)樵擃愒囶}不僅考查考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)會(huì)大意的能力,也對(duì)考生的歸納、概括能力提出了較高的要求。文章中沒(méi)有明顯的解題依據(jù),需要考生從文章中提煉、抽取一些關(guān)鍵詞、主干句進(jìn)行加工概括,才能歸納出文章的主旨。此類題目可分為三大類,即標(biāo)題歸納題、文章大意題和段落大意題。要做好主旨大意題,我們首先必須了解其正確選項(xiàng)和干擾選項(xiàng)的特征。
Part2:三大類分項(xiàng)突破
類型一 標(biāo)題歸納題
一、常見(jiàn)設(shè)問(wèn)方式
·The best title f the passage is ________.
·Which f the fllwing is the best title f the passage?
·What wuld be the best title fr the passage?
·The mst apprpriate title f the passage is ______.
二、解題必備知能
(一)理解標(biāo)題的3大特點(diǎn)
一個(gè)好的標(biāo)題應(yīng)具備三大特點(diǎn):
1.概括性——準(zhǔn)確而又簡(jiǎn)短;
2.針對(duì)性——標(biāo)題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符;
3.醒目性——能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望。
(二)巧用3大方法確定文章標(biāo)題
1.正面肯定法:在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上,揣摩哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)能準(zhǔn)確概括主旨;
2.反面否定法:撇開(kāi)原文,拿各個(gè)備選項(xiàng)去設(shè)想用它們寫(xiě)出來(lái)的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容,然后和原文章對(duì)照,一一排除不符選項(xiàng);
3.研讀備選項(xiàng)本身:研讀備選項(xiàng)里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結(jié)構(gòu)、概括性等。
例子1
Gd Mrning Britain's Susanna Reid is used t grilling guests n the sfa every mrning, but she is cking up a strm in her latest rle — shwing families hw t prepare delicius and nutritius meals n a tight budget.
In Save Mney: Gd Fd, she visits a different hme each week and with the help f chef Matt Tebbutt ffers tp tips n hw t reduce fd waste, while preparing recipes fr under £5 per family a day. And the Gd Mrning Britain presenter says she's been able t put a lt f what she's learnt int practice in her wn hme, preparing meals fr sns, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11.
“We lve Mexican churrs, s I buy them n my phne frm my lcal Mexican takeaway restaurant,” she explains. “I pay £5 fr a prtin (一份), but Matt makes them fr 26p a prtin, because they are flur, water, sugar and il. Everybdy can buy takeaway fd, but smetimes we're nt aware hw cheaply we can make this fd urselves.”
The eight-part series (系列節(jié)目), Save Mney: Gd Fd, fllws in the ftsteps f ITV's Save Mney: Gd Health, which gave viewers advice n hw t get value frm the vast range f health prducts n the market.
With fd ur biggest weekly husehld expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tnight's Easter special they cme t the aid f a family in need f sme delicius inspiratin n a budget. The team transfrms the family's lng weekend f celebratin with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
27.What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A.Keeping Fit by Eating Smart
B.Balancing Our Daily Diet
C.Making Yurself a Perfect Chef
D.Cking Well fr Less
[解題示范]
第一步:讀文章,概括文意
本文是一篇新聞報(bào)道。《早安英國(guó)》的節(jié)目主持人蘇珊娜·瑞德新推出了一檔節(jié)目——Save Mney: Gd Fd,向觀眾展示如何用較少的預(yù)算做出美味營(yíng)養(yǎng)的飯菜。
第二步:析選項(xiàng),斟酌判斷
[答案] D
類型二 文章大意題
一、常見(jiàn)設(shè)問(wèn)方式
·What's the main idea/pint f the passage?
·The passage is mainly abut ________.
·The passage is mainly cncerned abut ________.
·Which f the fllwing best states the main idea f the passage?
·Which f the fllwing statements best expresses the main idea/theme f the passage?
·In this passage the authr discusses primarily ________.
·The subject discussed in this text is ________.
·The general/main idea f the passage is abut ________.
二、解題必備知能
掌握尋找主題句的4個(gè)小竅門(mén),快速確定文章大意
文章是由段落組成的。段落的主題就是段落的中心思想,具體段落的中心思想又是為文章整體中心思想服務(wù)的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具體段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的。找出每小段的主題句,各段的主題句常在該段的首句或尾句,各段主題句的整體歸納便是文章的中心思想。有的文章無(wú)明顯主題句,主題句隱含在段意之中,這就需要進(jìn)一步加工概括。觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排,理解文章的“重心”和支撐性細(xì)節(jié)。
用瀏覽法(skimming),即快速閱讀文首、文尾,或每段的首句和尾句等,搜索主題線索和主題信息的方法可以快速找到主題句。以下是找主題句的四個(gè)小竅門(mén):
1.段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(yǔ)(如hwever, but, in fact, actually等)時(shí),該句很可能是主題句。
2.首段出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí),對(duì)該問(wèn)句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3.作者有意識(shí)地重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn),通常是主旨;反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ),一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。
4.表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefre, thus, in shrt, cnclude, cnclusin等詞,通常是主旨。
例子2
Languages have been cming and ging fr thusands f years, but in recent times there has been less cming and a lt mre ging. When the wrld was still ppulated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (聯(lián)系) grups develped their wn patterns f speech independent f each ther. Sme language experts believe that 10,000 years ag, when the wrld had just five t ten millin peple, they spke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Sn afterwards, many f thse peple started settling dwn t becme farmers, and their languages t became mre settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisatin, the develpment f the natin-state and the spread f universal cmpulsry educatin, especially glbalisatin and better cmmunicatins in the past few decades, all have caused many languages t disappear, and dminant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking ver.
At present, the wrld has abut 6,800 languages. The distributin f these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild znes have relatively few languages, ften spken by many peple, while ht, wet znes have lts, ften spken by small numbers. Eurpe has nly arund 200 languages; the Americas abut 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, f which Papua New Guinea alne accunts fr well ver 800. The median number (中位數(shù)) f speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the wrld's languages are spken by fewer peple than that.
Already well ver 400 f the ttal f 6,800 languages are clse t extinctin (消亡), with nly a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at randm, Busuu in Camern (eight remaining speakers), Chiapanec in Mexic (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (tw r three) r Wadjigu in Australia (ne, with a questin-mark): nne f these seems t have much chance f survival.
31.What is the main idea f the text?
A.New languages will be created.
B.Peple's lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C.Human develpment results in fewer languages.
D.Gegraphy determines language evlutin.
[解題示范]
第一步:讀文章,概括文意
文章介紹了世界上語(yǔ)言的種類隨著人類社會(huì)的發(fā)展而逐漸減少這一現(xiàn)象。
第二步:析選項(xiàng),斟酌判斷
[答案] C
類型三 段落大意題
一、常見(jiàn)設(shè)問(wèn)方式
·What des the authr tell us in Paragraph
·The main idea f the secnd paragraph prbably is ________.
·The first paragraph is mainly abut ________.
·Which f the fllwing can best summarize Para.1?
·What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
二、解題必備知能
歸納段落大意的2種方法
方法1:概括段落大意
要準(zhǔn)確概括某段的大意,務(wù)必要知道該段的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。
(1)如果該段是按總分順序組織,首句做總的說(shuō)明,其他句子對(duì)其進(jìn)行具體論述,這種結(jié)構(gòu)的主題句就在段首;
(2)如果按分總順序組織,主題句就在段尾;
(3)如果按分總分的順序組織,則主題句就在這段話的中間;
(4)如果按總分總的順序,段落結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)難度較低,我們可以很明顯的看到一段的首句和末句的內(nèi)容幾乎完全一致,正確答案就呼之欲出了;
(5)如果按并列式行文,這種結(jié)構(gòu)的段落一般會(huì)在一段中討論兩個(gè)平行的內(nèi)容,整個(gè)段落可以從中間處分開(kāi),前后是平行關(guān)系,這樣的段落結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)應(yīng)的答案通常也會(huì)是很明顯的并列關(guān)系;
(6)如果對(duì)比各事物,那么它們的共同點(diǎn)或不同點(diǎn)就是該段大意。
方法2:揣摩段落大意
有時(shí),作者可能不直接寫(xiě)出主題句,而是通過(guò)各種方法暗示給讀者,這就需要充分發(fā)揮讀者的想象力與判斷力,揣摩段落大意。
例子3
Terrafugia Inc. said Mnday that its new flying car has cmpleted its first flight, bringing the cmpany clser t its gal f selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle — named the Transitin — has tw seats, fur wheels and wings that fld up s it can be driven like a car. The Transitin, which flew at 1,400 feet fr eight minutes last mnth, can reach arund 70 miles per hur n the rad and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-galln tank f gas and burns 5 gallns per hur in the air. On the grund, it gets 35 miles per galln.
…
28.What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A.The basic data f the Transitin.
B.The advantages f flying cars.
C.The ptential market fr flying cars.
D.The designers f the Transitin.
[解題示范]
第一步:讀文章,概括段意
該段沒(méi)有主題句,但是從以下幾個(gè)方面說(shuō)明了飛車the Transitin的相關(guān)情況:
①制造商:Terrafugia Inc.
②首飛成功:cmpleted its first flight
③上市時(shí)間:within the next year
④飛車名字:the Transitin
⑤飛車構(gòu)成:tw seats, fur wheels and wings
⑥飛行時(shí)速:arund 70 miles per hur n the rad and 115 in the air
⑦耗油:5 gallns per hur in the air; On the grund, 35 miles per galln
由以上信息可以看出該段主要描述了飛車the Transitin的一些基本數(shù)據(jù)。
第二步:析選項(xiàng),斟酌判斷
[答案] A
第三部分 推理判斷題
Part1:推理判斷題命題方向
推理判斷題屬于高層次閱讀理解題。解答該類型題目時(shí)一定要從整體上把握語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容,在語(yǔ)篇的表面意義與隱含意義、已知信息與未知信息之間架起橋梁,透過(guò)字里行間,去體會(huì)作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在進(jìn)行推斷時(shí),要據(jù)文推理、合情推理,不可脫離原文主觀臆斷。
推理判斷題要求考生根據(jù)文章提供的事實(shí)和線索進(jìn)行邏輯推理,推測(cè)作者未明確提到的事實(shí)或某事件發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。推理判斷能力是閱讀理解能力的重要組成部分,因而也是閱讀理解部分重點(diǎn)考查的能力之一。每年每套題通常會(huì)有 4~6 題。
推斷隱含意義思維導(dǎo)圖
Part2:推斷題題型特點(diǎn)
(一)推理判斷題題干常用詞
一般來(lái)說(shuō),推理判斷題題干中主要包括下面的詞語(yǔ):knw abut, learn frm, infer, imply, suggest, cnclude, purpse, attitude, prbably, mst likely等。
(二)推理判斷題正確選項(xiàng)特征
推理判斷題中的正確選項(xiàng)是依據(jù)文章的事實(shí)或證據(jù)推斷出的符合邏輯的結(jié)論或觀點(diǎn),正確選項(xiàng)一般具有以下特征:
1.“立足原文,只推一步”,即根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容,一步即可推得。
2.選項(xiàng)中一般不可以出現(xiàn)絕對(duì)概念。如nly, never, all, abslutely等,正確答案的表述一般有一點(diǎn)模糊,會(huì)用一些相對(duì)能夠留有一些余地的詞匯,如ften, usually, smetimes, sme, may, might, can, culd, pssibly, prbably等。
(三)推理判斷題干擾選項(xiàng)特征
1.曲解文意:即推測(cè)意義與文章表層意義有區(qū)別。推理判斷題中有些選項(xiàng)來(lái)自文章中的某一句或某幾句話,命題者可能會(huì)利用里面的詞設(shè)計(jì)出干擾項(xiàng),看似表達(dá)文章的意思,其實(shí)是借題發(fā)揮,是對(duì)原文意思的曲解。
2.張冠李戴:即把文章中作者的觀點(diǎn)與其他人的觀點(diǎn)混淆在一起。題干問(wèn)的是作者的觀點(diǎn),選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的卻是其他人的觀點(diǎn);題干問(wèn)的是其他人的觀點(diǎn),選項(xiàng)中卻出現(xiàn)了作者的觀點(diǎn)。
3.偷梁換柱:干擾項(xiàng)用了與文章中某一句話相似的句型結(jié)構(gòu)和單詞,卻在考生易忽視的地方換了幾個(gè)單詞,造成句意的改變。
4.無(wú)中生有:這種類型的干擾項(xiàng)往往是基本的生活常識(shí)或普遍認(rèn)可的觀點(diǎn),但在文章中并無(wú)相關(guān)的信息支撐點(diǎn)。其次,這種干擾項(xiàng)也有可能與設(shè)置的問(wèn)題毫不相干。
5.魚(yú)目混珠:魚(yú)目混珠類型的干擾項(xiàng)常出現(xiàn)在詞句理解類試題的選項(xiàng)中,即利用某個(gè)詞或句子的字面含義代替其在文章特定語(yǔ)境中的具體含義。
6.?dāng)U縮范圍:為了準(zhǔn)確、嚴(yán)密地表達(dá)文章內(nèi)容,命題者特別注意對(duì)文意范圍的限定,有時(shí)通過(guò)加上almst, all, nearly, mre than, nrmally, usually等詞語(yǔ)對(duì)文意加以限制?!皵U(kuò)縮范圍”干擾法就是在選項(xiàng)中通過(guò)改變或去掉限制性詞語(yǔ),將信息的范圍、程度、感情色彩等改變,從而給考生解題造成干擾的命題方法。
Part4:推斷題解題技巧(思維導(dǎo)圖+真題演練)
例子1
We may think we're a culture that gets rid f ur wrn technlgy at the first sight f smething shiny and new, but a new study shws that we keep using ur ld devices (裝置) well after they g ut f style. That's bad news fr the envirnment — and ur wallets — as these utdated devices cnsume much mre energy than the newer nes that d the same things.
…
32.What des the authr think f new devices?
A.They are envirnment-friendly.
B.They are n better than the ld.
C.They cst mre t use at hme.
D.They g ut f style quickly.
[解題示范]
例子2
We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank r n an airplane, surrunded by peple wh are, like us, deeply fcused n their smartphnes r, wrse, struggling with the uncmfrtable silence.
…
32.What phenmenn is described in the first paragraph?
A.Addictin t smartphnes.
B.Inapprpriate behaviurs in public places.
C.Absence f cmmunicatin between strangers.
D.Impatience with slw service.
[解題示范]
例子3
[1]Many f us lve July because it's the mnth when nature's berries and stne fruits are in abundance. These clurful and sweet jewels frm British Clumbia's fields are little pwerhuses f nutritinal prtectin.
[2]Of the cmmn berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, althugh, because f their seeds, raspberries cntain a little mre prtein (蛋白質(zhì)), irn and zinc (nt that fruits have much prtein). Blueberries are particularly high in antixidants (抗氧化物質(zhì)). The yellw and range stne fruits such as peaches are high in the cartenids we turn int vitamin A and which are antixidants. As fr cherries (櫻桃), they are s delicius wh cares? Hwever, they are rich in vitamin C.
[3]When cmbined with berries r slices f ther fruits, frzen bananas make an excellent base fr thick, cling fruit shakes and lw fat “ice cream”. Fr this purpse, select ripe bananas fr freezing as they are much sweeter. Remve the skin and place them in plastic bags r cntainers and freeze. If yu like, a squeeze f fresh lemn juice n the bananas will prevent them turning brwn. Frzen bananas will last several weeks, depending n their ripeness and the temperature f the freezer.
[4]If yu have a_juicer,_yu can simply feed in frzen bananas and sme berries r sliced fruit. Out cmes a “sft-serve” creamy dessert, t be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity fr a children's party; they lve feeding the fruit and frzen bananas int the tp f the machine and watching the ice cream cme ut belw.
27.Frm which is the text prbably taken?
A.A bilgy textbk. B.A health magazine.
C.A research paper. D.A travel brchure.
[解題示范]
第四部分 詞義猜測(cè)題
Part1:詞義猜測(cè)題特點(diǎn)
猜詞悟義是應(yīng)用英語(yǔ)的重要能力,也是高考閱讀理解中必考的題型。它不但需要準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤地理解上下文,而且要有較大的泛讀量,掌握或認(rèn)識(shí)較多的課外詞匯。同時(shí),考生應(yīng)掌握一些猜詞技巧,通過(guò)定義、同位、對(duì)比、因果、常識(shí)、同義、反義、構(gòu)詞、常識(shí)及上下文線索等確定詞義。
詞義猜測(cè)題思維導(dǎo)圖
【設(shè)問(wèn)形式】
The underlined wrd “ … ” refers t/ (prbably) means .
“…” as used in the passage can best be defined as…
What d yu think the expressin “…” stands fr?
What des the underlined wrd “…” refer t in the last paragraph?
Which f the fllwing wrds can take the place f the wrd “ … ”?
The underlined wrd “…” culd best be replaced by…
Which f the fllwing has the clsest meaning t the wrd “ … ”?
What des the authr mean by “…” in paragraph 2?
Part2:詞義猜測(cè)題七大猜詞技巧
1.根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進(jìn)行猜測(cè)
有時(shí)短文中出現(xiàn)一個(gè)需要猜測(cè)其意義的詞或短語(yǔ),下面接著出現(xiàn)其定義或解釋。標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào),如逗號(hào)后的解釋(名詞同位語(yǔ))、破折號(hào)后的解釋、括號(hào)內(nèi)的解釋等。這都是判斷該詞或短語(yǔ)意義的主要依據(jù)。例如:
例子1
Sn afterwards, many f thse peple started settling dwn t becme farmers, and their languages t became mre settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisatin, the develpment f the natin-state and the spread f universal cmpulsry educatin, especially glbalisatin and better cmmunicatins in the past few decades, all have caused many languages t disappear, and dminant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking ver.
29.Which f the fllwing best explains “dminant” underlined in paragraph 2?
A.Cmplex. B.Advanced.
C.Pwerful. D.Mdern.
[分析] 根據(jù)畫(huà)線詞所在句子可知,人類社會(huì)發(fā)展的很多因素導(dǎo)致許多語(yǔ)言消失,而逐漸被英語(yǔ)、西班牙語(yǔ)、漢語(yǔ)等語(yǔ)言取代,畫(huà)線詞前后的解釋暗示了這些語(yǔ)言逐漸占主導(dǎo)地位,故選C項(xiàng)pwerful (強(qiáng)大的,有影響力的)。
【真題小練 】 (浙江2019.6 閱讀理解B)
Mney with n strings attached. It’s nt smething yu see every day. But at Unin
Statin in Ls Angeles last mnth, a bard went up with dllar bills attached t it with
pins and a sign that read, "Give What Yu Can, Take What Yu Need."
( )What des the expressin "mney with n strings attached" in paragraph 1 mean?
A.Mney spent withut hesitatin. B.Mney nt legally made.
C.Mney ffered withut cnditins. D.Mney nt tied tgether.
2.根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)
閱讀中出現(xiàn)的難詞有時(shí)后面緊跟一個(gè)同位語(yǔ),對(duì)前面的詞進(jìn)行解釋,因此可利用同位關(guān)系對(duì)前面的詞義或句意進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。例如:
例子2
I am Peter Hdes, a vlunteer stem cell curier. Since March 2012, I've dne 89 trips — f thse, 51 have been abrad. I have 42 hurs t carry stem cells (干細(xì)胞) in my little bx because I've gt tw ice packs and that's hw lng they last. In all, frm the time the stem cells are harvested frm a dnr (捐獻(xiàn)者) t the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've gt 72 hurs at mst. S I am always cnscius f time.
29.Which f the fllwing can replace the underlined wrd “curier” in Paragraph 1?
A.prvider B.delivery man
C.cllectr D.medical dctr
[分析] “a vlunteer stem cell curier”是“Peter Hdes”的同位語(yǔ);根據(jù)文中“I have 42 hurs t carry stem cells (干細(xì)胞) in my little bx”可知,Peter Hdes的任務(wù)就是將捐獻(xiàn)者捐獻(xiàn)的干細(xì)胞運(yùn)送給需要的病人,即作者是干細(xì)胞遞送員。故選擇B項(xiàng)。
3.根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(前綴、后綴、派生等)進(jìn)行猜測(cè)
在英語(yǔ)中,有很多詞可以通過(guò)增加前綴和后綴的方式,構(gòu)成新詞。乍看起來(lái),這個(gè)詞可能是新詞,但在掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞知識(shí)之后,就不難猜出它的詞義。例如:
①“Our parties are aimed fr children 2 t 10,” Anacleri said, “and they're very interactive and creative in that they built a sense f drama based n a subject.”
文中interactive是由前綴inter-(相互的)和active(活動(dòng)的,活躍的)構(gòu)成的,同時(shí)根據(jù)上下文的意思可以判斷,該詞的含義應(yīng)是“互動(dòng)的”。
②Perhaps, we can see sme pssibilities fr next fifty years. But the next hundred?
pssibility是pssible的同根名詞,據(jù)此可以判斷pssibility的意思是“可能性”。
例子3
A silence in a cnversatin may als shw stubbrnness, uneasiness,_r wrry.
[分析] 根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)我們可知,un-為否定前綴,-ness為名詞后綴,easy(舒適)為詞根。因此,我們可猜測(cè)uneasiness為“不安;擔(dān)憂”之意。
(全國(guó)II 2014 閱讀理解A)
My husband rushed t their hme t find a kind family hlding all papers and dcuments. Their yung daughter had gne t the trash can and fund a pile f unfamiliar last they had seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephne number t a friend. That family nt nly returned the imprtant dcuments t us that day, but als restred ur faith and trust in peple. We still remember their kindness and ften send a warm wish their way.
( )What des the underlined wrd “restred” in the last paragraph mean?
shwed. B. sent ut. C. delivered. D. gave back
4.根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)
在一篇閱讀文章中,根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果,根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。例如:
例子4
If yu have a_juicer,_yu can simply feed in frzen bananas and sme berries r sliced fruit. Out cmes a “sftserve” creamy dessert, t be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity fr a children's party; they lve feeding the fruit and frzen bananas int the tp f the machine and watching the ice cream cme ut belw.
26.What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?
A.A dessert. B.A drink.
C.A cntainer. D.A machine.
[分析] 該段第一句含有一個(gè)if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句,若滿足該條件,則產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果是第一句的后半句和第二句, “yu can simply feed in frzen bananas and sme berries r sliced fruit. Out cmes a ‘sft-serve’ creamy dessert, t be eaten right away.” 即“將冰凍香蕉和其他莓類、水果片放進(jìn)去,出來(lái)的是奶油狀甜品”。由此因果關(guān)系可推知juicer指的是榨汁機(jī)。故選擇D項(xiàng)。
5.根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)
文章中的代詞it, that, he, him或them可以指代上文提到的人或物,其中it和that還可以指代一件事。有時(shí)代詞指代的對(duì)象相隔較遠(yuǎn),要認(rèn)真查找;有時(shí)也需要對(duì)前面提到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié),才能得出代詞所指代的事物。例如:
例子5
[2]Despite the celebratins, thugh, in the U.S.the jazz audience cntinues t shrink and grw lder, and the music has failed t cnnect with yunger generatins.
[3]It's Jasn Mran's jb t help change that.As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser fr jazz, Mran hpes t widen the audience fr jazz, make the music mre accessible, and preserve its histry and culture.
…
29.What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 3 refer t?
A.Jazz becming mre accessible.
B.The prductin f jazz grwing faster.
C.Jazz being less ppular with the yung.
D.The jazz audience becming larger.
[分析] 根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,畫(huà)線詞that指代第二段“Despite the celebratins, thugh, in the U.S. the jazz audience cntinues t shrink and grw lder, and the music has failed t cnnect with yunger generatins.”的內(nèi)容,即爵士樂(lè)聽(tīng)眾的數(shù)量減少并且趨于老齡化,不受年輕人喜歡的現(xiàn)狀。故選C。
6.根據(jù)同義或近義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中,作者為了避免語(yǔ)言的單調(diào)、重復(fù),有時(shí)會(huì)使用意思相同或相近的詞。因此,考生只要讀懂上下文,知道其中一個(gè)詞的意思,就能猜出另外一個(gè)詞的意思。
[例] (2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ閱讀D節(jié)選)
Adults understand what it feels like t be flded with bjects. Why d we ften assume that mre_is_mre when it cmes t kids and their belngings? The gd news is that I can help my wn kids learn earlier than I did hw t live mre with less.
例子6…
32.What d the wrds “mre is mre” in paragraph 1 prbably mean?
A.The mre, the better.
B.Enugh is enugh.
C.Mre mney, mre wrries.
D.Earn mre and spend mre.
[分析] 根據(jù)該段第一句“Adults understand what it feels like t be flded with bjects.”可知,作者認(rèn)為成年人都理解物質(zhì)過(guò)剩的那種感覺(jué),后面又用反問(wèn)句提出了問(wèn)題:但是,說(shuō)到孩子們和他們的物品,我們?yōu)槭裁赐ǔS终J(rèn)定mre is mre呢?由此推知,這里的 mre is mre與前面的 flded with為近義呼應(yīng),指“越多越好”。故選A。
7.根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)
根據(jù)上下句的連接詞,如but, hwever, therwise等可以推斷上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系,從而可以依據(jù)某一句的含義,來(lái)確定另一句的含義。另外,分號(hào)也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比或不相干的意義。例如:
①A child's birthday party desn't have t be a hassle;_it can be a basket f fun.
從分號(hào)前后兩句的意思可以看出,hassle和a basket f fun是相反的意義,所以不難判斷hassle的意思是“困難,麻煩”。
②She is usually prmpt fr all her class, but tday she arrived in the middle f her first class.
but一詞表示轉(zhuǎn)折,因此but前后的意思正好相反。根據(jù)后半句的意思“她今天第一節(jié)課上了一半才來(lái)”,可得出她平時(shí)一向“準(zhǔn)時(shí)”的結(jié)論。
③The players in the Wrld Cup are prfessinals, while thse wh play in the Olympics must be amateurs.
由于轉(zhuǎn)折詞“while”引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)分句前后意義相反,我們可推測(cè)出amateurs是prfessinals(專業(yè)人士)的反義詞,意思為“業(yè)余人士,業(yè)余選手”。
例子7…
Gray wlves nce were seen here and there in the Yellwstne area and much f the cntinental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human develpment. By the 1920s, wlves had practically disappeared frm the Yellwstne area. They went farther nrth int the deep frests f Canada, where there were fewer humans arund.
…
29.What des the underlined wrd “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean?
A.Tested. B.Separated.
C.Frced ut. D.Tracked dwn.
[分析] 畫(huà)線詞的前句說(shuō)明在黃石公園和美洲大部分地區(qū)曾有許多的灰狼,連詞but轉(zhuǎn)折了句子意義,后來(lái)由于人類的發(fā)展,灰狼數(shù)量逐漸減少,幾乎消失,由此可推斷出畫(huà)線詞的意思為“被迫離開(kāi)”,故選擇C項(xiàng)。
同義替換
指對(duì)原文句子中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義替換。如把lse ne's jb換成了be ut f wrk。有些細(xì)節(jié)理解題把原文中的一些詞變換一下詞性,如把imprtant變換成f imprtance;改變?cè)闹芯渥拥恼Z(yǔ)態(tài),如主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。
信息歸納
用精煉的語(yǔ)言來(lái)概括原文中比較分散或復(fù)雜的信息,設(shè)置為正確答案。
正話反說(shuō)
把原文中的意思反過(guò)來(lái)表達(dá)而成為正確選項(xiàng)。
原文原詞
利用原文原詞作為正確選項(xiàng)。
張冠李戴
是原文信息,但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容。
無(wú)中生有
符合常識(shí),但不是文章的內(nèi)容。
曲解文意
與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似,只是在某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)處有些變動(dòng)。
顛倒是非
在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反。
正誤參半
部分正確,部分錯(cuò)誤。
抓關(guān)鍵
題干中的關(guān)鍵詞:Gergia, sell, bjects
鎖信息
定位:用Gergia,sell,bjects尋讀,在文中找到信息源——She chse t sell a few larger bjects that were less ften used when we prmised t put the mney int her schl fund (基金) (ur kindergarten daughter is serius abut becming a dctr).
選項(xiàng)
選項(xiàng)意思
定位
A
為她的假期儲(chǔ)蓄。
曲解文意
B
為一個(gè)貧困女孩募捐。
曲解文意
C
把錢(qián)放入她的基金。
同義替換
D
把錢(qián)送給一個(gè)生病的媽媽。
無(wú)中生有
[分析] 選C 比對(duì)選項(xiàng)和信息句可知,女兒愿意賣幾件玩具,是因?yàn)槲覀兂兄Z把錢(qián)放入她的求學(xué)基金;選項(xiàng)和原文中均出現(xiàn)fund一詞,故為直接細(xì)節(jié)理解題。故選C。
抓關(guān)鍵
題干中的關(guān)鍵詞:cherries
鎖信息
定位:用cherries尋讀,在文中找到信息源——As fr cherries (櫻桃), they are s delicius wh cares? Hwever, they are rich in vitamin C.
選項(xiàng)
選項(xiàng)意思
定位
A
它們含有蛋白質(zhì)。
張冠李戴
B
它們富含維生素A。
張冠李戴
C
它們口感好。
同義替換
D
它們含有豐富的抗氧化物質(zhì)。
張冠李戴
[分析] 選C 根據(jù)該段最后一句“As fr cherries (櫻桃), they are s delicius wh cares? Hwever, they are rich in vitamin C.”可知,原文中的they are s delicius被替換成選項(xiàng)中的They have a pleasant taste,為間接細(xì)節(jié)理解題。故選C。
抓關(guān)鍵
題干中的關(guān)鍵詞:6,000
鎖信息
定位:用6,000尋讀,在文中找到信息源——The median number (中位數(shù)) f speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the wrld's languages are spken by fewer peple than that.
選項(xiàng)
選項(xiàng)意思
原文意思
定位
A
大約6 800種。
6 800為現(xiàn)在世界現(xiàn)存語(yǔ)言數(shù)量。
張冠李戴
B
大約3 400種。
世界語(yǔ)言總量的一半即為3 400。
信息歸納
C
大約2 400種。
2 400為非洲語(yǔ)言數(shù)量。
張冠李戴
D
大約1 200種。
數(shù)字1 200在原文中沒(méi)有出現(xiàn),也無(wú)法做出有效歸納。
無(wú)中生有
[分析] 選B 根據(jù)本段第一句“At present, the wrld has abut 6,800 languages.”可知,目前世界上有大約6 800種語(yǔ)言;再根據(jù)最后一句“The median number (中位數(shù)) f speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the wrld's languages are spken by fewer peple than that.”可知,目前世界上一半的語(yǔ)言的使用人數(shù)少于6 000,也就是說(shuō)有大約3 400種語(yǔ)言的使用人數(shù)少于6 000。根據(jù)以上數(shù)據(jù)的歸納概括可知B項(xiàng)為正確選項(xiàng)。
選項(xiàng)
選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞
信息區(qū)間
A
The chief prize fr the Stiltn cheese rlling cmpetitin
第一段第四句
B
Mre than 10,000 Chinese
第二段第一、二句
C
Thusands f spicy fds are n shw
第二段倒數(shù)第二句
D
An exciting tmat battle takes place at the beginning
第三段第二句
選項(xiàng)
選項(xiàng)意思
原文意思
定位
A
Stiltn滾動(dòng)奶酪比賽的主要獎(jiǎng)品是啤酒或波爾圖葡萄酒。
獎(jiǎng)品是a cmplete Stiltn cheese。
張冠李戴
B
一萬(wàn)多名中國(guó)人參加Fiery Fd and BBQ Festival。
參加者來(lái)自世界各地。
曲解文意
C
在Fiery Fd and BBQ Festival上,成千上萬(wàn)種辛辣食物被展出。
展出了成千上萬(wàn)種食物。
同義替換
D
在La Tmatina節(jié)日的開(kāi)始,會(huì)舉行一場(chǎng)激動(dòng)人心的“西紅柿大戰(zhàn)”。
“西紅柿大戰(zhàn)”發(fā)生在節(jié)日結(jié)尾,而不是節(jié)日的開(kāi)始。
曲解文意
正確選項(xiàng)特征
干擾選項(xiàng)特征
1.涵蓋性強(qiáng),覆蓋全文或全段。
2.確定的范圍恰當(dāng),既不太大,也不太小。
3.精確性強(qiáng),不會(huì)改變語(yǔ)言表意的程度及色彩。
1.過(guò)于籠統(tǒng),不知所云
所給選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容概括的范圍過(guò)大,超出文章所述內(nèi)容。
2.以偏概全,主次不分
所給選項(xiàng)只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容,或以文章中的細(xì)節(jié)信息或個(gè)別詞作為選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置內(nèi)容,或以次要的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)充當(dāng)全文的主要觀點(diǎn)。
3.移花接木,偷換概念
所給選項(xiàng)被命題者有意識(shí)地把本屬于A的內(nèi)容放在B上,若不留神,極易選錯(cuò)答案。
4.無(wú)中生有,生搬硬套
所給選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)雖然在文章中談到了,但經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀分析之后,發(fā)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無(wú)聯(lián)系。
A
通過(guò)明智的吃來(lái)保持健康
文中雖提到有關(guān)飲食和健康方面的內(nèi)容,但這不是文章主要內(nèi)容。
以偏概全,主次不分
B
平衡我們的日常飲食
文中沒(méi)有提到平衡日常飲食。
無(wú)中生有,生搬硬套
C
讓你自己成為一個(gè)完美的廚師
文中只是提到用較少的預(yù)算做出美味的飯菜,沒(méi)有說(shuō)做一個(gè)完美的廚師。
以偏概全,主次不分
D
用的少,烹飪好
文章圍繞用較少的預(yù)算做出美味的飯菜展開(kāi)的。
涵蓋性強(qiáng),覆蓋全文
A
新語(yǔ)言將會(huì)被創(chuàng)造。
文章介紹的是語(yǔ)言的減少而不是新語(yǔ)言的創(chuàng)造。
移花接木,偷換概念
B
人們的生活方式會(huì)反映到語(yǔ)言上。
文中沒(méi)有這種說(shuō)法。
無(wú)中生有,生搬硬套
C
人類的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致語(yǔ)言越來(lái)越少。
文章介紹了世界上語(yǔ)言多樣性的發(fā)展變化以及現(xiàn)在很多語(yǔ)言面臨消亡的威脅這一現(xiàn)象。
涵蓋性強(qiáng),覆蓋全文
D
地理決定語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展。
文中沒(méi)有這種說(shuō)法。
無(wú)中生有,生搬硬套
A
飛車the Transitin的基本數(shù)據(jù)。
A項(xiàng)是對(duì)本段內(nèi)容的精煉概括和總結(jié)。
涵蓋性強(qiáng),覆蓋全段
B
飛車的一些優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
該選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤在于以下兩點(diǎn):
①該段介紹了名字為the Transitin的飛車;而不是全部飛車(flying cars)。
②該段列舉的是基本數(shù)據(jù)而不是優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
無(wú)中生有,生搬硬套
C
飛車的潛在市場(chǎng)。
原文沒(méi)有提及。
無(wú)中生有,生搬硬套
D
飛車the Transitin的設(shè)計(jì)商。
該選項(xiàng)僅僅是文章中的一個(gè)方面。
以偏概全,主次不分
題干信息
What des the authr think f:作者態(tài)度
new devices:新設(shè)備
文體特點(diǎn)
科技說(shuō)明文:一項(xiàng)研究新舊設(shè)備耗能的報(bào)告。
原文查找
That's bad news fr the envirnment — and ur wallets — as these utdated devices cnsume much mre energy than the newer nes that d the same things.
信息整合
①做同樣的事情舊設(shè)備耗能高(cnsume much mre energy)
②舊設(shè)備不利于環(huán)境保護(hù)(bad news fr the envirnment)
③舊設(shè)備更浪費(fèi)錢(qián)財(cái)(ur wallets)
信息推斷
上面舊設(shè)備的缺點(diǎn)是在和新設(shè)備相比較(than the newer nes)得出的結(jié)論,故新設(shè)備可以克服以上缺點(diǎn)。
選項(xiàng)分析
A.新設(shè)備是環(huán)保的(They are envirnment-friendly);屬于正確信息推斷。
B.新設(shè)備并不比舊設(shè)備好(They are n better than the ld);屬于“無(wú)中生有”型錯(cuò)誤。
C.新設(shè)備在家中使用的費(fèi)用更高(They cst mre t use at hme);屬于“無(wú)中生有”型錯(cuò)誤。
D.新設(shè)備很快就過(guò)時(shí)了(They g ut f style quickly);屬于“曲解文意”型錯(cuò)誤。
得出結(jié)論
由以上信息分析可知,A項(xiàng)正確。
細(xì)研題干定題型
由題干可知本題是對(duì)文章局部(第一段)進(jìn)行深層理解的考查。
細(xì)讀語(yǔ)段明大意
地點(diǎn)
公共場(chǎng)合:①電梯中;②在銀行排隊(duì)中;③飛機(jī)上
人物
①專注地盯著自己的手機(jī);②苦苦掙扎于令人不自在的沉默中
甄別選項(xiàng)定答案
細(xì)研干擾項(xiàng)
A項(xiàng)為原文中的事實(shí),不是推斷出的內(nèi)容。
B項(xiàng),文中提及的這些行為是否“合適”原文中沒(méi)有提及,屬于“無(wú)中生有”型錯(cuò)誤。
D項(xiàng)在原文中沒(méi)有提及,屬于“無(wú)中生有”型錯(cuò)誤。
斷定
答案
該段提到在公共場(chǎng)合中,周圍都是人的情況下,人們只是專注地盯著自己的手機(jī),或者苦苦掙扎于令人不自在的沉默中,從中可以推斷出文章首段描述了陌生人之間缺少交流的現(xiàn)象。故選擇C項(xiàng)。
細(xì)研題干定題型
文章出處題。
文章內(nèi)容
本文介紹了豐收的七月給我們帶來(lái)的多種漿果和核果,并告訴我們這些果實(shí)富含的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分和可以制作成各種美食。
文章語(yǔ)氣
第一段介紹了七月是水果豐富的季節(jié);第二段介紹了各種莓類所含的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分;第三、四段介紹各種水果搭配的食用方法。在這一過(guò)程中作者使用了客觀的語(yǔ)氣,通俗易懂的方法,形象地說(shuō)明了水果搭配的技巧。
確定答案
本文是向大眾介紹飲食方法,跟健康有關(guān),應(yīng)該出自健康雜志。所以B項(xiàng)正確。
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