第一部分 細(xì)節(jié)理解題 2
Part 1 考試說(shuō)明與命題趨勢(shì) 2
Part2 設(shè)問(wèn)方式和考題類型 2
Part 3 細(xì)節(jié)題選項(xiàng)特征 3
Part 4 細(xì)節(jié)題解題秘籍 3
Part 5 定位詞的尋找技巧 9
第二部分 主旨大意題 11
Part1：主旨大意題分類和選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn) 11
Part2：三大類分項(xiàng)突破 13
類型一　標(biāo)題歸納題 13
類型二　文章大意題 15
類型三　段落大意題 17
第三部分 推理判斷題 19
Part1：推理判斷題命題方向 19
Part2：推斷題題型特點(diǎn) 20
Part4：推斷題解題技巧（思維導(dǎo)圖+真題演練） 22
第四部分 詞義猜測(cè)題 26
Part1：詞義猜測(cè)題特點(diǎn) 26
Part2：詞義猜測(cè)題七大猜詞技巧 27
1.根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進(jìn)行猜測(cè) 27
2.根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè) 28
3.根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(前綴、后綴、派生等)進(jìn)行猜測(cè) 29
4.根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè) 29
5.根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè) 30
6.根據(jù)同義或近義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè) 30
7.根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè) 31

第一部分 細(xì)節(jié)理解題
Part 1 考試說(shuō)明與命題趨勢(shì)
文章主題和中心思想的闡述往往需要大量細(xì)節(jié)信息的支持，這些細(xì)節(jié)對(duì)于理解全文內(nèi)容至關(guān)重要，同時(shí)也是歸納和概括文章中心思想的基礎(chǔ)。命題人員往往會(huì)要求考生根據(jù)不同的要求，閱讀文章以獲得某些特定的信息或準(zhǔn)確地尋求所需的細(xì)節(jié)。這類試題有時(shí)比較直接，理解字面意思即可；有時(shí)則較為間接，需要?dú)w納、概括和推理才能答題。

Part2 設(shè)問(wèn)方式和考題類型
一、 設(shè)問(wèn)方式
常針對(duì)文中細(xì)節(jié)提問(wèn)，可直接或間接在文章中找到答案。
1. 是非題形式：true/ false或except?
All of the following are true EXCEPT _____.
2.特殊疑問(wèn)句形式：
According to the passage, who/ what/ when/ where / why / how…
3.填空題形式，如：
To avoid attracting mountain lions, people are advised_____

二、 題目類型
1.Wh-細(xì)節(jié)型
2.是非型
3.計(jì)算型
4.排序型
5.圖標(biāo)型

Part 3 細(xì)節(jié)題選項(xiàng)特征
(一)細(xì)節(jié)理解題正確選項(xiàng)特征

同義替換
指對(duì)原文句子中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義替換。如把lose one's job換成了be out of work。有些細(xì)節(jié)理解題把原文中的一些詞變換一下詞性，如把important變換成of importance；改變?cè)闹芯渥拥恼Z(yǔ)態(tài)，如主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。
信息歸納
用精煉的語(yǔ)言來(lái)概括原文中比較分散或復(fù)雜的信息，設(shè)置為正確答案。
正話反說(shuō)
把原文中的意思反過(guò)來(lái)表達(dá)而成為正確選項(xiàng)。
原文原詞
利用原文原詞作為正確選項(xiàng)。

(二)細(xì)節(jié)理解題干擾選項(xiàng)特征
張冠李戴
是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容。
無(wú)中生有
符合常識(shí)，但不是文章的內(nèi)容。
曲解文意
與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似，只是在某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)處有些變動(dòng)。
顛倒是非
在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反。
正誤參半
部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤。



Part 4 細(xì)節(jié)題解題秘籍
細(xì)節(jié)理解題有時(shí)比較直接，理解字面意思即可答題；有時(shí)則較為間接，需要?dú)w納、概括和推理才能答題。細(xì)節(jié)理解題占閱讀理解總題量的60%左右，是最重要的得分點(diǎn)。
細(xì)節(jié)理解題無(wú)論以怎樣的方式提問(wèn)，考生都要記住一個(gè)解題原則——“本本主義”，一切從原文出發(fā)，無(wú)須讀很多段落甚至全文后去歸納總結(jié)、分析推理，正確答案就對(duì)應(yīng)原文的某一處具體信息?？梢杂脙刹椒ń忸}。


一．直接信息題
考生可以采取“關(guān)鍵詞定位法”，即“帶著問(wèn)題找答案”的方法，通過(guò)定位找題眼。先從題干中提取關(guān)鍵性詞語(yǔ)(題眼)，然后以此為線索，運(yùn)用略讀及尋讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此關(guān)鍵詞相關(guān)的段落、語(yǔ)句，快速定位該題與哪一段哪一句有關(guān)，然后仔細(xì)推敲，仔細(xì)比較所給選項(xiàng)與文中細(xì)節(jié)的細(xì)微區(qū)別，在準(zhǔn)確理解細(xì)節(jié)的前提下，最后確定答案。簡(jiǎn)言之，可采用“一找二定三比對(duì)”的方法。解題流程如下：



做題小技巧：
1.若針對(duì)特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào),舉例子,名人名言出題,只需要閱讀符號(hào)，例子,名言前后的內(nèi)容，然后與選項(xiàng)核對(duì)。
2.在出現(xiàn)一些關(guān)鍵詞，如however、but、moreover、therefore、 thus時(shí)，要特別注意句子前后意義的轉(zhuǎn)折，遞進(jìn)，因果等關(guān)系。
3.細(xì)節(jié)題的答案一般是同義替換項(xiàng)或者同義轉(zhuǎn)換項(xiàng)　
4.選項(xiàng)中有絕對(duì)語(yǔ)氣詞的一般不是答案。如：must, never, the most, all, merely, only, have to, any, no, completely, none,等。但不是絕對(duì)，也有例外。
5.注意選項(xiàng)中的副詞，形容詞和介詞短語(yǔ)等與原文是否一致。如： must, may, often, should, usually, might, most, more or less, likely, all, never，few 等存在程度不同，經(jīng)常被偷換，往往被忽視。
6.細(xì)節(jié)題干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)：與原文內(nèi)容相反；與原文內(nèi)容一半相符，一半不同；敘述過(guò)于絕對(duì)化；原文沒(méi)有提及.　

例子1
…
I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor)．
…
33．What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?
A．Saving up for her holiday.
B．Raising money for a poor girl.
C．Adding the money to her fund.
D．Giving the money to a sick mother.
[解題示范]
第一步：定信息區(qū)間
抓關(guān)鍵
題干中的關(guān)鍵詞：Georgia, sell, objects
鎖信息
定位：用Georgia，sell，objects尋讀，在文中找到信息源——She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor).

第二步：比對(duì)定答案
選項(xiàng)
選項(xiàng)意思
定位
A
為她的假期儲(chǔ)蓄。
曲解文意
B
為一個(gè)貧困女孩募捐。
曲解文意
C
把錢放入她的基金。
同義替換
D
把錢送給一個(gè)生病的媽媽。
無(wú)中生有
[分析]　選C　比對(duì)選項(xiàng)和信息句可知，女兒愿意賣幾件玩具，是因?yàn)槲覀兂兄Z把錢放入她的求學(xué)基金；選項(xiàng)和原文中均出現(xiàn)fund一詞，故為直接細(xì)節(jié)理解題。故選C。


二．間接信息題
相比直接信息題，命題的隱蔽性更強(qiáng)，正確選項(xiàng)一般都會(huì)在原文基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行改造。此類題目需要考生將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語(yǔ)義上的轉(zhuǎn)換，有時(shí)還需要進(jìn)一步的加工或整理。
例子2…
Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白質(zhì)), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物質(zhì)). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (櫻桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.
…
24．What does the author seem to like about cherries?
A．They contain protein.
B．They are high in vitamin A.
C．They have a pleasant taste.
D．They are rich in antioxidants.
[解題示范]
第一步：定信息區(qū)間
抓關(guān)鍵
題干中的關(guān)鍵詞：cherries
鎖信息
定位：用cherries尋讀，在文中找到信息源——As for cherries (櫻桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.
第二步：比對(duì)定答案
選項(xiàng)
選項(xiàng)意思
定位
A
它們含有蛋白質(zhì)。
張冠李戴
B
它們富含維生素A。
張冠李戴
C
它們口感好。
同義替換
D
它們含有豐富的抗氧化物質(zhì)。
張冠李戴
[分析]　選C　根據(jù)該段最后一句“As for cherries (櫻桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C．”可知，原文中的they are so delicious被替換成選項(xiàng)中的They have a pleasant taste，為間接細(xì)節(jié)理解題。故選C。


三．概括、歸納信息題
是指命題人用精煉的語(yǔ)言來(lái)概括原文中比較分散或復(fù)雜的信息，這是命題人設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)節(jié)理解題的正確選項(xiàng)時(shí)經(jīng)常使用的手段之一?？忌紫葢?yīng)依據(jù)題干指向，找到文中相應(yīng)的信息區(qū)間，然后嘗試用自己的語(yǔ)言去歸納總結(jié)文中的信息或事實(shí)，然后再看選項(xiàng)，挑選出和自己所歸納總結(jié)的信息最接近的選項(xiàng)作為正確答案。
例子3…
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位數(shù)) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
…
30．How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?
A．About 6,800.　　　 B．About 3,400.
C．About 2,400. D．About 1,200.
[解題示范]
第一步：定信息區(qū)間
抓關(guān)鍵
題干中的關(guān)鍵詞：6,000
鎖信息
定位：用6,000尋讀，在文中找到信息源——The median number (中位數(shù)) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
第二步：比對(duì)定答案
選項(xiàng)
選項(xiàng)意思
原文意思
定位
A
大約6 800種。
6 800為現(xiàn)在世界現(xiàn)存語(yǔ)言數(shù)量。
張冠李戴
B
大約3 400種。
世界語(yǔ)言總量的一半即為3 400。
信息歸納
C
大約2 400種。
2 400為非洲語(yǔ)言數(shù)量。
張冠李戴
D
大約1 200種。
數(shù)字1 200在原文中沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)，也無(wú)法做出有效歸納。
無(wú)中生有
[分析]　選B　根據(jù)本段第一句“At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.”可知，目前世界上有大約6 800種語(yǔ)言；再根據(jù)最后一句“The median number (中位數(shù)) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.”可知，目前世界上一半的語(yǔ)言的使用人數(shù)少于6 000，也就是說(shuō)有大約3 400種語(yǔ)言的使用人數(shù)少于6 000。根據(jù)以上數(shù)據(jù)的歸納概括可知B項(xiàng)為正確選項(xiàng)。


四．正誤判斷題
是細(xì)節(jié)理解題中解題比較繁瑣的題目，說(shuō)其繁瑣，因?yàn)槠湫畔⒉幌衿渌愵}目那樣集中在文章的某一句或某一段，而是分散在文章的各個(gè)角落。對(duì)于這類題目，考生要靜下心來(lái)，看清范圍，確定方向，找到每一個(gè)選項(xiàng)的對(duì)應(yīng)信息后，謹(jǐn)慎排除，綜合選優(yōu)。
例子4
Food festivals around the world
Stilton Cheese Rolling
May Day is a traditional day for celebrations, but the 2,000 English villagers of Stilton must be the only people in the world who include cheese rolling in their annual plans. Teams of four, dressed in a variety of strange and funny clothes, roll a complete cheese along a 50-metre course. On the way, they must not kick or throw their cheese, or go into their competitors' lane (賽道)．Competition is fierce and the chief prize is a complete Stilton cheese weighing about four kilos (disappointingly, but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wooden ones). All the competitors are served with beer or port wine, the traditional accompaniment for Stilton cheese.
Fiery Foods Festival — The Hottest Festival on Earth
Every year more than 10,000 people head for the city of Albuquerque, New Mexico. They come from as far away as Australia, the Caribbean and China, but they all share a common addiction — food that is not just spicy (辛辣), but hot enough to make your mouth burn, your head spin and your eyes water. Their destination is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival which is held over a period of three days every March. You might like to try a chocolate-covered habanero pepper — officially the hottest pepper in the world — or any one of the thousands of products that are on show. But one thing's for sure — if you don't like the feeling of a burning tongue, this festival isn't for you!
La Tomatina — The World's Biggest Food Fight
On the last Wednesday of every August, the Spanish town of Bu?ol hosts La Tomatina — the world's largest food fight. A week-long celebration leads up to an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the week's events. The early morning sees the arrival of large trucks with tomatoes — official fight-starters get things going by casting tomatoes at the crowd.
…
59．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A．The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition is beer or port wine.
B．More than 10,000 Chinese take part in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.
C．Thousands of spicy foods are on show in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.
D．An exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning of La Tomatina.
[解題示范]
第一步：定信息區(qū)間
選項(xiàng)
選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞
信息區(qū)間
A
The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition
第一段第四句
B
More than 10,000 Chinese
第二段第一、二句
C
Thousands of spicy foods are on show
第二段倒數(shù)第二句
D
An exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning
第三段第二句
第二步：逐一比對(duì)定答案
選項(xiàng)
選項(xiàng)意思
原文意思
定位
A
Stilton滾動(dòng)奶酪比賽的主要獎(jiǎng)品是啤酒或波爾圖葡萄酒。
獎(jiǎng)品是a complete Stilton cheese。
張冠李戴
B
一萬(wàn)多名中國(guó)人參加Fiery Food and BBQ Festival。
參加者來(lái)自世界各地。
曲解文意
C
在Fiery Food and BBQ Festival上，成千上萬(wàn)種辛辣食物被展出。
展出了成千上萬(wàn)種食物。
同義替換
D
在La Tomatina節(jié)日的開始，會(huì)舉行一場(chǎng)激動(dòng)人心的“西紅柿大戰(zhàn)”。
“西紅柿大戰(zhàn)”發(fā)生在節(jié)日結(jié)尾，而不是節(jié)日的開始。
曲解文意
[答案]　C

Part 5 定位詞的尋找技巧
1.定位詞的選用
(1)特殊定位詞
在很多題目當(dāng)中會(huì)出現(xiàn)人名、地名、數(shù)字、年份和大寫字母縮寫這五類特殊詞。因?yàn)樗鼈兊奶攸c(diǎn)是在一篇多數(shù)是英文小寫字母的文章里非常的醒目，所以很快就能夠做到精確定位。
[示例1]
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.For the past two years，Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity，and they think they’re close to a solution(解決方案).“We don’t give the students any breaks.They have to do it just like NASA engineers，” says Florence Gold，a project manager.
33.What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?
A.To strengthen teacher-student relationships.
B.To sharpen students’ communication skills.
C.To allow students to experience zero gravity.
D.To link space technology with school education.
分析：選D。本題可以根據(jù)特殊定位詞HUNCH可以定位到本段的第一句“HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.”可知，HUNCH項(xiàng)目的目的是把學(xué)校教育與航天技術(shù)聯(lián)系在一起，故答案為D。
(2)普通定位詞
普通定位詞與特殊定位詞相比，出現(xiàn)的幾率更高。當(dāng)我們看到題中沒(méi)有特殊定位詞的情況下，要思考的就是在這道似乎沒(méi)有啥重點(diǎn)的詞語(yǔ)中挑選出最能幫助我們快速找到定位的詞語(yǔ)?？梢援?dāng)做定位詞的首選是名詞，其次是動(dòng)詞。
[示例2]
In Save Money：Good Food，she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste，while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day.And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s learnt into practice in her own home，preparing meals for sons，Sam，14，F(xiàn)inn，13，and Jack，11.
25.How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?
A.He buys cooking materials for her.
B.He prepares food for her kids.
C.He assists her in cooking matters.
D.He invites guest families for her.
分析：選C。　由于比較醒目人名Matt Tebbutt和 Susanna在文中出現(xiàn)多次，所以不能作為定位詞。本題可以利用題干中的動(dòng)詞help來(lái)定位，從而找到原文信息“with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste”。
2.挑選定位詞的注意點(diǎn)
(1)文章中的高頻詞不能作為定位詞
定位詞的最大優(yōu)勢(shì)就是可以縮小閱讀范圍，如果我們定位了一個(gè)在文章中處處可能出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ)，那就失去了定位的意義。
(2)定位詞和文中詞有可能是詞義轉(zhuǎn)換
在實(shí)際做題過(guò)程中還要注意，不是所有的題目都可以用定位詞來(lái)定位的。而且如果是遇到細(xì)節(jié)信息定位題，很多時(shí)候定位詞的作用被削弱了，因?yàn)轭}目中的詞和文中的詞會(huì)以同義詞替換的形式出現(xiàn)。所以建議考生一方面要掌握如何去找定位詞，另外一方面要提高自己的閱讀詞匯量，尤其是同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換，這樣才能一擊必中，快速找到答案出現(xiàn)的地方解決問(wèn)題。
[示例1]
Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.
Duration：3 hours
This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington，D.C.Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom.Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—disappear!
21.Which tour do you need to book in advance?
A.Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.
B.Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour.
C.Capital City Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.
D.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.
分析：選A。本題可以用同義詞定位：book in advance ＝reserve“預(yù)約”。根據(jù)第一條自行車旅行路線中的“Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—disappear！”可知，選擇這條自行車旅行路線需要提前預(yù)訂。


第二部分 主旨大意題
Part1：主旨大意題分類和選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)
主旨大意題考查的是考生對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的深層次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，對(duì)整篇文章的主旨大意有一個(gè)較為清晰的印象。主旨大意題分為標(biāo)題類和主題類。


主旨大意題是閱讀理解中考生失分最多的題目，因?yàn)樵擃愒囶}不僅考查考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)會(huì)大意的能力，也對(duì)考生的歸納、概括能力提出了較高的要求。文章中沒(méi)有明顯的解題依據(jù)，需要考生從文章中提煉、抽取一些關(guān)鍵詞、主干句進(jìn)行加工概括，才能歸納出文章的主旨。此類題目可分為三大類，即標(biāo)題歸納題、文章大意題和段落大意題。要做好主旨大意題，我們首先必須了解其正確選項(xiàng)和干擾選項(xiàng)的特征。

正確選項(xiàng)特征
干擾選項(xiàng)特征
1.涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文或全段。
2.確定的范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太小。
3.精確性強(qiáng)，不會(huì)改變語(yǔ)言表意的程度及色彩。
1.過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)，不知所云
所給選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容概括的范圍過(guò)大，超出文章所述內(nèi)容。
2.以偏概全，主次不分
所給選項(xiàng)只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，或以文章中的細(xì)節(jié)信息或個(gè)別詞作為選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置內(nèi)容，或以次要的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)充當(dāng)全文的主要觀點(diǎn)。
3.移花接木，偷換概念
所給選項(xiàng)被命題者有意識(shí)地把本屬于A的內(nèi)容放在B上，若不留神，極易選錯(cuò)答案。
4.無(wú)中生有，生搬硬套
所給選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)雖然在文章中談到了，但經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀分析之后，發(fā)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無(wú)聯(lián)系。

Part2：三大類分項(xiàng)突破
類型一　標(biāo)題歸納題
一、常見設(shè)問(wèn)方式
·The best title of the passage is ________.
·Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
·What would be the best title for the passage?
·The most appropriate title of the passage is ______.

二、解題必備知能
(一)理解標(biāo)題的3大特點(diǎn)
一個(gè)好的標(biāo)題應(yīng)具備三大特點(diǎn)：
1．概括性——準(zhǔn)確而又簡(jiǎn)短；
2．針對(duì)性——標(biāo)題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符；
3．醒目性——能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望。

(二)巧用3大方法確定文章標(biāo)題
1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上，揣摩哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)能準(zhǔn)確概括主旨；
2．反面否定法：撇開原文，拿各個(gè)備選項(xiàng)去設(shè)想用它們寫出來(lái)的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容，然后和原文章對(duì)照，一一排除不符選項(xiàng)；
3．研讀備選項(xiàng)本身：研讀備選項(xiàng)里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結(jié)構(gòu)、概括性等。

例子1
Good Morning Britain's Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.
In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she's been able to put a lot of what she's learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11.
“We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant，” she explains. “I pay ￡5 for a portion (一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we're not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.”
The eight-part series (系列節(jié)目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV's Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.
With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight's Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family's long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
27．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Keeping Fit by Eating Smart
B．Balancing Our Daily Diet
C．Making Yourself a Perfect Chef
D．Cooking Well for Less
[解題示范]
第一步：讀文章，概括文意
本文是一篇新聞報(bào)道。《早安英國(guó)》的節(jié)目主持人蘇珊娜·瑞德新推出了一檔節(jié)目——Save Money: Good Food，向觀眾展示如何用較少的預(yù)算做出美味營(yíng)養(yǎng)的飯菜。
第二步：析選項(xiàng)，斟酌判斷
A
通過(guò)明智的吃來(lái)保持健康
文中雖提到有關(guān)飲食和健康方面的內(nèi)容，但這不是文章主要內(nèi)容。
以偏概全，主次不分
B
平衡我們的日常飲食
文中沒(méi)有提到平衡日常飲食。
無(wú)中生有，生搬硬套
C
讓你自己成為一個(gè)完美的廚師
文中只是提到用較少的預(yù)算做出美味的飯菜，沒(méi)有說(shuō)做一個(gè)完美的廚師。
以偏概全，主次不分
D
用的少，烹飪好
文章圍繞用較少的預(yù)算做出美味的飯菜展開的。
涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文
[答案]　D

類型二　文章大意題
一、常見設(shè)問(wèn)方式
·What's the main idea/point of the passage?
·The passage is mainly about ________.
·The passage is mainly concerned about ________.
·Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?
·Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage?
·In this passage the author discusses primarily ________.
·The subject discussed in this text is ________.
·The general/main idea of the passage is about ________.
二、解題必備知能
掌握尋找主題句的4個(gè)小竅門，快速確定文章大意
文章是由段落組成的。段落的主題就是段落的中心思想，具體段落的中心思想又是為文章整體中心思想服務(wù)的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具體段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的。找出每小段的主題句，各段的主題句常在該段的首句或尾句，各段主題句的整體歸納便是文章的中心思想。有的文章無(wú)明顯主題句，主題句隱含在段意之中，這就需要進(jìn)一步加工概括。觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撐性細(xì)節(jié)。
用瀏覽法(skimming)，即快速閱讀文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主題線索和主題信息的方法可以快速找到主題句。以下是找主題句的四個(gè)小竅門：
1．段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(yǔ)(如however, but, in fact, actually等)時(shí)，該句很可能是主題句。
2．首段出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，對(duì)該問(wèn)句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3．作者有意識(shí)地重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ)，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。
4．表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等詞，通常是主旨。
例子2
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (聯(lián)系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位數(shù)) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
31．What is the main idea of the text?
A．New languages will be created.
B．People's lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C．Human development results in fewer languages.
D．Geography determines language evolution.
[解題示范]
第一步：讀文章，概括文意
文章介紹了世界上語(yǔ)言的種類隨著人類社會(huì)的發(fā)展而逐漸減少這一現(xiàn)象。
第二步：析選項(xiàng)，斟酌判斷
A
新語(yǔ)言將會(huì)被創(chuàng)造。
文章介紹的是語(yǔ)言的減少而不是新語(yǔ)言的創(chuàng)造。
移花接木，偷換概念
B
人們的生活方式會(huì)反映到語(yǔ)言上。
文中沒(méi)有這種說(shuō)法。
無(wú)中生有，生搬硬套
C
人類的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致語(yǔ)言越來(lái)越少。
文章介紹了世界上語(yǔ)言多樣性的發(fā)展變化以及現(xiàn)在很多語(yǔ)言面臨消亡的威脅這一現(xiàn)象。
涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文
D
地理決定語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展。
文中沒(méi)有這種說(shuō)法。
無(wú)中生有，生搬硬套
[答案]　C


類型三　段落大意題


一、常見設(shè)問(wèn)方式
·What does the author tell us in Paragraph ...?
·The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ________.
·The first paragraph is mainly about ________.
·Which of the following can best summarize Para.1?
·What is the first paragraph mainly about?

二、解題必備知能
歸納段落大意的2種方法
方法1：概括段落大意
要準(zhǔn)確概括某段的大意，務(wù)必要知道該段的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。
(1)如果該段是按總分順序組織，首句做總的說(shuō)明，其他句子對(duì)其進(jìn)行具體論述，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的主題句就在段首；
(2)如果按分總順序組織，主題句就在段尾；
(3)如果按分總分的順序組織，則主題句就在這段話的中間；
(4)如果按總分總的順序，段落結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)難度較低，我們可以很明顯的看到一段的首句和末句的內(nèi)容幾乎完全一致，正確答案就呼之欲出了；
(5)如果按并列式行文，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的段落一般會(huì)在一段中討論兩個(gè)平行的內(nèi)容，整個(gè)段落可以從中間處分開，前后是平行關(guān)系，這樣的段落結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)應(yīng)的答案通常也會(huì)是很明顯的并列關(guān)系；
(6)如果對(duì)比各事物，那么它們的共同點(diǎn)或不同點(diǎn)就是該段大意。

方法2：揣摩段落大意
有時(shí)，作者可能不直接寫出主題句，而是通過(guò)各種方法暗示給讀者，這就需要充分發(fā)揮讀者的想象力與判斷力，揣摩段落大意。

例子3
Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle — named the Transition — has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.
…
28．What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A．The basic data of the Transition.
B．The advantages of flying cars.
C．The potential market for flying cars.
D．The designers of the Transition.
[解題示范]
第一步：讀文章，概括段意
該段沒(méi)有主題句，但是從以下幾個(gè)方面說(shuō)明了飛車the Transition的相關(guān)情況：
①制造商：Terrafugia Inc.
②首飛成功：completed its first flight
③上市時(shí)間：within the next year
④飛車名字：the Transition
⑤飛車構(gòu)成：two seats, four wheels and wings
⑥飛行時(shí)速：around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air
⑦耗油：5 gallons per hour in the air; On the ground, 35 miles per gallon
由以上信息可以看出該段主要描述了飛車the Transition的一些基本數(shù)據(jù)。
第二步：析選項(xiàng)，斟酌判斷
A
飛車the Transition的基本數(shù)據(jù)。
A項(xiàng)是對(duì)本段內(nèi)容的精煉概括和總結(jié)。
涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全段
B
飛車的一些優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
該選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤在于以下兩點(diǎn)：
①該段介紹了名字為the Transition的飛車；而不是全部飛車(flying cars)。
②該段列舉的是基本數(shù)據(jù)而不是優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
無(wú)中生有，生搬硬套
C
飛車的潛在市場(chǎng)。
原文沒(méi)有提及。
無(wú)中生有，生搬硬套
D
飛車the Transition的設(shè)計(jì)商。
該選項(xiàng)僅僅是文章中的一個(gè)方面。
以偏概全，主次不分
[答案]　A


第三部分 推理判斷題
Part1：推理判斷題命題方向
推理判斷題屬于高層次閱讀理解題。解答該類型題目時(shí)一定要從整體上把握語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容，在語(yǔ)篇的表面意義與隱含意義、已知信息與未知信息之間架起橋梁，透過(guò)字里行間，去體會(huì)作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在進(jìn)行推斷時(shí)，要據(jù)文推理、合情推理，不可脫離原文主觀臆斷。
推理判斷題要求考生根據(jù)文章提供的事實(shí)和線索進(jìn)行邏輯推理，推測(cè)作者未明確提到的事實(shí)或某事件發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。推理判斷能力是閱讀理解能力的重要組成部分，因而也是閱讀理解部分重點(diǎn)考查的能力之一。每年每套題通常會(huì)有 4～6 題。


推斷隱含意義思維導(dǎo)圖




Part2：推斷題題型特點(diǎn)
(一)推理判斷題題干常用詞
一般來(lái)說(shuō)，推理判斷題題干中主要包括下面的詞語(yǔ)：know about, learn from, infer, imply, suggest, conclude, purpose, attitude, probably, most likely等。

(二)推理判斷題正確選項(xiàng)特征
推理判斷題中的正確選項(xiàng)是依據(jù)文章的事實(shí)或證據(jù)推斷出的符合邏輯的結(jié)論或觀點(diǎn)，正確選項(xiàng)一般具有以下特征：
1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容，一步即可推得。
2．選項(xiàng)中一般不可以出現(xiàn)絕對(duì)概念。如only, never, all, absolutely等，正確答案的表述一般有一點(diǎn)模糊，會(huì)用一些相對(duì)能夠留有一些余地的詞匯，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。

(三)推理判斷題干擾選項(xiàng)特征
1．曲解文意：即推測(cè)意義與文章表層意義有區(qū)別。推理判斷題中有些選項(xiàng)來(lái)自文章中的某一句或某幾句話，命題者可能會(huì)利用里面的詞設(shè)計(jì)出干擾項(xiàng)，看似表達(dá)文章的意思，其實(shí)是借題發(fā)揮，是對(duì)原文意思的曲解。
2．張冠李戴：即把文章中作者的觀點(diǎn)與其他人的觀點(diǎn)混淆在一起。題干問(wèn)的是作者的觀點(diǎn)，選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的卻是其他人的觀點(diǎn)；題干問(wèn)的是其他人的觀點(diǎn)，選項(xiàng)中卻出現(xiàn)了作者的觀點(diǎn)。
3．偷梁換柱：干擾項(xiàng)用了與文章中某一句話相似的句型結(jié)構(gòu)和單詞，卻在考生易忽視的地方換了幾個(gè)單詞，造成句意的改變。
4．無(wú)中生有：這種類型的干擾項(xiàng)往往是基本的生活常識(shí)或普遍認(rèn)可的觀點(diǎn)，但在文章中并無(wú)相關(guān)的信息支撐點(diǎn)。其次，這種干擾項(xiàng)也有可能與設(shè)置的問(wèn)題毫不相干。
5．魚目混珠：魚目混珠類型的干擾項(xiàng)常出現(xiàn)在詞句理解類試題的選項(xiàng)中，即利用某個(gè)詞或句子的字面含義代替其在文章特定語(yǔ)境中的具體含義。
6．?dāng)U縮范圍：為了準(zhǔn)確、嚴(yán)密地表達(dá)文章內(nèi)容，命題者特別注意對(duì)文意范圍的限定，有時(shí)通過(guò)加上almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等詞語(yǔ)對(duì)文意加以限制。“擴(kuò)縮范圍”干擾法就是在選項(xiàng)中通過(guò)改變或去掉限制性詞語(yǔ)，將信息的范圍、程度、感情色彩等改變，從而給考生解題造成干擾的命題方法。

Part4：推斷題解題技巧（思維導(dǎo)圖+真題演練）





















例子1
We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (裝置) well after they go out of style. That's bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
…
32．What does the author think of new devices?
A．They are environment-friendly.
B．They are no better than the old.
C．They cost more to use at home.
D．They go out of style quickly.
[解題示范]
題干信息
What does the author think of：作者態(tài)度
new devices：新設(shè)備
文體特點(diǎn)
科技說(shuō)明文：一項(xiàng)研究新舊設(shè)備耗能的報(bào)告。
原文查找
That's bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
信息整合
①做同樣的事情舊設(shè)備耗能高(consume much more energy)
②舊設(shè)備不利于環(huán)境保護(hù)(bad news for the environment)
③舊設(shè)備更浪費(fèi)錢財(cái)(our wallets)
信息推斷
上面舊設(shè)備的缺點(diǎn)是在和新設(shè)備相比較(than the newer ones)得出的結(jié)論，故新設(shè)備可以克服以上缺點(diǎn)。
選項(xiàng)分析
A．新設(shè)備是環(huán)保的(They are environment-friendly)；屬于正確信息推斷。
B．新設(shè)備并不比舊設(shè)備好(They are no better than the old)；屬于“無(wú)中生有”型錯(cuò)誤。
C．新設(shè)備在家中使用的費(fèi)用更高(They cost more to use at home)；屬于“無(wú)中生有”型錯(cuò)誤。
D．新設(shè)備很快就過(guò)時(shí)了(They go out of style quickly)；屬于“曲解文意”型錯(cuò)誤。
得出結(jié)論
由以上信息分析可知，A項(xiàng)正確。

例子2
We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.
…
32．What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?
A．Addiction to smartphones.
B．Inappropriate behaviours in public places.
C．Absence of communication between strangers.
D．Impatience with slow service.
[解題示范]
細(xì)研題干定題型
由題干可知本題是對(duì)文章局部(第一段)進(jìn)行深層理解的考查。
細(xì)讀語(yǔ)段明大意
地點(diǎn)
公共場(chǎng)合：①電梯中；②在銀行排隊(duì)中；③飛機(jī)上
人物
①專注地盯著自己的手機(jī)；②苦苦掙扎于令人不自在的沉默中
甄別選項(xiàng)定答案
細(xì)研干擾項(xiàng)
A項(xiàng)為原文中的事實(shí)，不是推斷出的內(nèi)容。
B項(xiàng)，文中提及的這些行為是否“合適”原文中沒(méi)有提及，屬于“無(wú)中生有”型錯(cuò)誤。
D項(xiàng)在原文中沒(méi)有提及，屬于“無(wú)中生有”型錯(cuò)誤。
斷定
答案
該段提到在公共場(chǎng)合中，周圍都是人的情況下，人們只是專注地盯著自己的手機(jī)，或者苦苦掙扎于令人不自在的沉默中，從中可以推斷出文章首段描述了陌生人之間缺少交流的現(xiàn)象。故選擇C項(xiàng)。


例子3
[1]Many of us love July because it's the month when nature's berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbia's fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.
[2]Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白質(zhì)), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物質(zhì)). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (櫻桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.
[3]When combined with berries or slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.
[4]If you have a_juicer,_you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “soft-serve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children's party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
27．From which is the text probably taken?
A．A biology textbook.　 B．A health magazine.
C．A research paper. D．A travel brochure.
[解題示范]
細(xì)研題干定題型
文章出處題。
文章內(nèi)容
本文介紹了豐收的七月給我們帶來(lái)的多種漿果和核果，并告訴我們這些果實(shí)富含的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分和可以制作成各種美食。
文章語(yǔ)氣
第一段介紹了七月是水果豐富的季節(jié)；第二段介紹了各種莓類所含的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分；第三、四段介紹各種水果搭配的食用方法。在這一過(guò)程中作者使用了客觀的語(yǔ)氣，通俗易懂的方法，形象地說(shuō)明了水果搭配的技巧。
確定答案
本文是向大眾介紹飲食方法，跟健康有關(guān)，應(yīng)該出自健康雜志。所以B項(xiàng)正確。


第四部分 詞義猜測(cè)題
Part1：詞義猜測(cè)題特點(diǎn)
猜詞悟義是應(yīng)用英語(yǔ)的重要能力，也是高考閱讀理解中必考的題型。它不但需要準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認(rèn)識(shí)較多的課外詞匯。同時(shí)，考生應(yīng)掌握一些猜詞技巧，通過(guò)定義、同位、對(duì)比、因果、常識(shí)、同義、反義、構(gòu)詞、常識(shí)及上下文線索等確定詞義。
詞義猜測(cè)題思維導(dǎo)圖




【設(shè)問(wèn)形式】
? The underlined word “ … ” refers to/ (probably) means .
? “…” as used in the passage can best be defined as…
? What do you think the expression “…” stands for?
? What does the underlined word “…” refer to in the last paragraph?
? Which of the following words can take the place of the word “ … ”?
? The underlined word “…” could best be replaced by…
? Which of the following has the closest meaning to the word “ … ”?
? What does the author mean by “…” in paragraph 2?

Part2：詞義猜測(cè)題七大猜詞技巧
1.根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進(jìn)行猜測(cè)
有時(shí)短文中出現(xiàn)一個(gè)需要猜測(cè)其意義的詞或短語(yǔ)，下面接著出現(xiàn)其定義或解釋。標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，如逗號(hào)后的解釋(名詞同位語(yǔ))、破折號(hào)后的解釋、括號(hào)內(nèi)的解釋等。這都是判斷該詞或短語(yǔ)意義的主要依據(jù)。例如：
例子1
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
29．Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2?
A．Complex.　　 　 　 B．Advanced.
C．Powerful. D．Modern.

[分析]　根據(jù)畫線詞所在句子可知，人類社會(huì)發(fā)展的很多因素導(dǎo)致許多語(yǔ)言消失，而逐漸被英語(yǔ)、西班牙語(yǔ)、漢語(yǔ)等語(yǔ)言取代，畫線詞前后的解釋暗示了這些語(yǔ)言逐漸占主導(dǎo)地位，故選C項(xiàng)powerful (強(qiáng)大的，有影響力的)。

【真題小練 】 (浙江2019.6 閱讀理解B）
Money with no strings attached. It’s not something you see every day. But at Union
Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with
pins and a sign that read, "Give What You Can, Take What You Need."
( )What does the expression "money with no strings attached" in paragraph 1 mean?
A.Money spent without hesitation. B.Money not legally made.
C.Money offered without conditions. D.Money not tied together.

2.根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)
閱讀中出現(xiàn)的難詞有時(shí)后面緊跟一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)，對(duì)前面的詞進(jìn)行解釋，因此可利用同位關(guān)系對(duì)前面的詞義或句意進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。例如：
例子2
I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips — of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干細(xì)胞) in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor (捐獻(xiàn)者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.
29．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1?
A．provider B．delivery man
C．collector D．medical doctor
[分析]　“a volunteer stem cell courier”是“Peter Hodes”的同位語(yǔ)；根據(jù)文中“I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干細(xì)胞) in my little box”可知，Peter Hodes的任務(wù)就是將捐獻(xiàn)者捐獻(xiàn)的干細(xì)胞運(yùn)送給需要的病人，即作者是干細(xì)胞遞送員。故選擇B項(xiàng)。

3.根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(前綴、后綴、派生等)進(jìn)行猜測(cè)
在英語(yǔ)中，有很多詞可以通過(guò)增加前綴和后綴的方式，構(gòu)成新詞。乍看起來(lái)，這個(gè)詞可能是新詞，但在掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞知識(shí)之后，就不難猜出它的詞義。例如：
①“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10，” Anaclerio said, “and they're very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”
文中interactive是由前綴inter-(相互的)和active(活動(dòng)的，活躍的)構(gòu)成的，同時(shí)根據(jù)上下文的意思可以判斷，該詞的含義應(yīng)是“互動(dòng)的”。
②Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred?
possibility是possible的同根名詞，據(jù)此可以判斷possibility的意思是“可能性”。
例子3
A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry.
[分析]　根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)我們可知，un-為否定前綴，-ness為名詞后綴，easy(舒適)為詞根。因此，我們可猜測(cè)uneasiness為“不安；擔(dān)憂”之意。

(全國(guó)II 2014 閱讀理解A）
My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all papers and documents. Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers...At last they had seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend. That family not only returned the important documents to us that day, but also restored our faith and trust in people. We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.
( )What does the underlined word “restored” in the last paragraph mean?
A. showed. B. sent out. C. delivered. D. gave back


4.根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)
在一篇閱讀文章中，根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。例如：
例子4
If you have a_juicer,_you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “softserve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children's party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
26．What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?
A．A dessert. B．A drink.
C．A container. D．A machine.
[分析]　該段第一句含有一個(gè)if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，若滿足該條件，則產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果是第一句的后半句和第二句， “you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a ‘soft-serve’ creamy dessert, to be eaten right away.” 即“將冰凍香蕉和其他莓類、水果片放進(jìn)去，出來(lái)的是奶油狀甜品”。由此因果關(guān)系可推知juicer指的是榨汁機(jī)。故選擇D項(xiàng)。
5.根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)
文章中的代詞it, that, he, him或them可以指代上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指代一件事。有時(shí)代詞指代的對(duì)象相隔較遠(yuǎn)，要認(rèn)真查找；有時(shí)也需要對(duì)前面提到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所指代的事物。例如：
例子5
[2]Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
[3]It's Jason Moran's job to help change that.As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.
…
29．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Jazz becoming more accessible.
B．The production of jazz growing faster.
C．Jazz being less popular with the young.
D．The jazz audience becoming larger.
[分析]　根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，畫線詞that指代第二段“Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.”的內(nèi)容，即爵士樂(lè)聽眾的數(shù)量減少并且趨于老齡化，不受年輕人喜歡的現(xiàn)狀。故選C。

6.根據(jù)同義或近義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者為了避免語(yǔ)言的單調(diào)、重復(fù)，有時(shí)會(huì)使用意思相同或相近的詞。因此，考生只要讀懂上下文，知道其中一個(gè)詞的意思，就能猜出另外一個(gè)詞的意思。
[例]　(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ閱讀D節(jié)選)
Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more_is_more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.
例子6…
32．What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean?
A．The more, the better.
B．Enough is enough.
C．More money, more worries.
D．Earn more and spend more.
[分析]　根據(jù)該段第一句“Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects.”可知，作者認(rèn)為成年人都理解物質(zhì)過(guò)剩的那種感覺(jué)，后面又用反問(wèn)句提出了問(wèn)題：但是，說(shuō)到孩子們和他們的物品，我們?yōu)槭裁赐ǔＳ终J(rèn)定more is more呢？由此推知，這里的 more is more與前面的 flooded with為近義呼應(yīng)，指“越多越好”。故選A。

7.根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)
根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but, however, otherwise等可以推斷上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系，從而可以依據(jù)某一句的含義，來(lái)確定另一句的含義。另外，分號(hào)也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比或不相干的意義。例如：
①A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle;_it can be a basket of fun.
從分號(hào)前后兩句的意思可以看出，hassle和a basket of fun是相反的意義，所以不難判斷hassle的意思是“困難，麻煩”。
②She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.
but一詞表示轉(zhuǎn)折，因此but前后的意思正好相反。根據(jù)后半句的意思“她今天第一節(jié)課上了一半才來(lái)”，可得出她平時(shí)一向“準(zhǔn)時(shí)”的結(jié)論。
③The players in the World Cup are professionals, while those who play in the Olympics must be amateurs.
由于轉(zhuǎn)折詞“while”引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)分句前后意義相反，我們可推測(cè)出amateurs是professionals(專業(yè)人士)的反義詞，意思為“業(yè)余人士，業(yè)余選手”。
例子7…
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.
…
29．What does the underlined word “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Tested. B．Separated.
C．Forced out. D．Tracked down.
[分析]　畫線詞的前句說(shuō)明在黃石公園和美洲大部分地區(qū)曾有許多的灰狼，連詞but轉(zhuǎn)折了句子意義，后來(lái)由于人類的發(fā)展，灰狼數(shù)量逐漸減少，幾乎消失，由此可推斷出畫線詞的意思為“被迫離開”，故選擇C項(xiàng)。

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