背景回顧
1
人類具有現(xiàn)實思維和虛擬思維的認知能力，這些認知能力通過語言表達式反映出來，而時和體是反映思維的語言形式之一。換言之，時和體的多義性是表達現(xiàn)實思維和虛擬思維的需要，而思維在現(xiàn)實和虛擬之間的轉換又是凸顯不同主觀性的需要。例如，敘事作品中用現(xiàn)在時描述假想的、虛幻的事件，思維發(fā)生在想象的空間，與思維時間發(fā)生分離，動詞失去時態(tài)功能，即任何讀者在任意時間閱讀，閱讀時間和作品中的事件時間沒有任何關系。這里現(xiàn)在時的虛擬性優(yōu)勢在于，可以使任何讀者在任意時間閱讀時都可以產生“身臨其境”的效果。
虛擬語氣是英語中常用的表達方式，以其表達的委婉性和語用功能的豐富性在交際活動中發(fā)揮了非常重要的作用。恰當?shù)厥褂盟?，可以起到較好的修辭效果。無論語法著作還是英語教學都應將其語用功能放在重要的位置，英語學習者在學習時也必須重視其語用功能的學習和掌握?，F(xiàn)代社會人們追求自我，越來越重視個人隱私和權利，也會尊重別人的隱私和權利。虛擬語氣是通過語法手段來表達出對別人的尊敬或盡量使自己的語氣委婉、客氣的效果。人們使用虛擬語氣，多數(shù)情況是因為表達者的語用目的，而不是簡單表達一個相反的事實。說話者一般都是借助這個“虛擬情況”委婉表達一個言外之意，達到一個特定的交流目的，在很大程度上避免出現(xiàn)尷尬處境。例如：
If I had enugh mney, I wuld help yu. (如果我有足夠的錢，我就會幫助你。)
這句話的真正含義是 I will nt help yu. 通過使用 If 條件句，help的行為便成了一種假設的虛擬行為。聽話者從該條件可以自己推斷出這樣的結論：我可能不幫你。說話者采取的這種積極態(tài)度，盡管隱含了一種拒絕幫助的意義，但聽話者在心理上更容易接受。由此我們可以看出，虛擬語氣能夠表達其他任何語氣所無法取代的豐富的感情色彩。在英語教學中，教師不能只給學生講解和羅列哪些句型需要使用虛擬語氣，而應該結合不同的語法表達形式分析其語用特點。特別是在閱讀與寫作中，英語學習者在學習過程中除了要很好地理解和掌握他的語法形式以外，更要了解它豐富靈活的語用功能。只有這樣，才能體會虛擬語氣所隱含的感情，也才能使用虛擬語氣表達自己豐富多彩的內心世界。
虛擬語氣的形式多種多樣，在寫作特別是讀后續(xù)寫所提供的語境中，虛擬語氣能夠表達其他任何語氣所無法取代的豐富的感情色彩，學生可以根據(jù)人物不同的心理需求，在不同的語境中恰當?shù)剡\用虛擬語氣可以更好地表達出不同的感情色彩，發(fā)揮其縮小心理文化差異的語用功能。心理文化差異的大小直接決定交流雙方對語言的理解意愿和交流方式，學習虛擬語氣不僅要掌握其基本的語法形式，還要理解其強大的語用功能。因此，在讀后續(xù)寫學習中，學生要注意分析、體會虛擬語氣所隱含的情感內容，才能巧妙地運用虛擬語氣表達故事中人物豐富多彩的內心世界，從而能夠較好地縮小交際雙方的心理文化差異，推動作者、語篇與學生等互動交際活動得以有效開展。
方法策略
2
在讀后續(xù)寫的心理描寫中，恰當運用虛擬語氣，可以委婉地表達主人公的某種情感，使人物形象更生動，增強文章 的可讀性 。
（一）“if sb..., sb... ”表達糾結的心情
例如：2021 河北張家口第一次質檢題
If I shuldn’t g back n time, the king wuld kill my friend. If I hadn’t fallen frm the hrse and gt hurt, I wuld have gt t the destinatin n time. 要是我不準時回去，國王會殺了我的朋 友 。如果我沒有從馬上摔下來并受了傷，我也早就按時到達 目 的地了 。
【分析】主人公向國王承諾準時回去，若違背諾言，國 王 會殺死主人公的朋友 。但因為主人公從馬上摔下來，受傷了，這一路就耽擱了時間。這時就需要虛擬語氣來做出非真實的 假設了，表達了主人公矛盾的情感糾結。以上兩個虛擬條件句，前者表示與將來情況相反的假設，后者表示與過去情況相反的假設 。
（二）“ Withut/But fr...”表示感激之情
例如：2021 廣州七校聯(lián)考題
Withut /But fr mm’s encuragement, I wuldn’t have be- cme a successful narratr in the cmpetitin. 如果沒有媽媽的鼓勵，在比賽中我不可能成為一個成功的講解員 。
【分析】經(jīng)過學校的故事大賽，我意識到什么角色都有其優(yōu)點和重要性。后來，我一直繼續(xù)做好講解員的角色，層層突破，在地區(qū)小有名氣。這時用虛擬語氣來表達對媽媽的感 激之情 。
（三）“ If nly...”表示強列的愿望
例如：2021 屆浙江慈溪中學模擬題
If nly I had been the 3rd runner wh had gt t the finish line.要是我是第3位到達終點線的跑步者該多好??！
【分析】我摔倒后繼續(xù)往前跑，到達終點線，發(fā)現(xiàn)自己與第三名擦肩而過，不能獲得我心儀的獎品。這時用虛擬語氣 來表達與過去事實相反的情況，強調愿望 。
（四）固定句型表示后悔或遺憾
1. 可用 Hw sb wished that ... had (nt) dne sth
例如：2021 山東泰安期中試題
Hw Timmy wished that he hadn’t been s rude t his cach. Timmy 多么希望之前沒有那么粗魯?shù)膶Υ叹毎。?br> 【分析】Timmy 一直是球隊的主力，不愿把球傳給別人。 他不僅不聽教練的勸導，而且由于態(tài)度惡劣， 被取消參加區(qū)里比賽的資格。他同媽媽交流后，意識到以前自己的錯誤。 這時就需要虛擬語氣來表達他后悔的情感 。
2. 可用 sb.+謂語, wishing that...
例如：2021 廣州七校聯(lián)考題
I was rted n the grund due t being frightened, wishing that I had refused my mther’s advice yesterday. 我由于恐懼愣在那里，真希望我昨天拒絕媽媽的建議 。
【分析】我一直不接受 自 己做故事的講解員這個角色，但在媽媽的勸導下，我還是參加了學校的故事大賽。中途出現(xiàn)了情感的糾結，后悔參加了比賽。這時需要用虛擬語氣來表 達后悔。
（五）“as if...”表達形象生動
例如： 2020 年浙江模擬題
The glasses drpped int the river, as if the water had swallwed them. 眼鏡掉到河里，好像水已經(jīng)吞噬了它 。
【分析】主人公兄弟倆跟爸爸在深林里的一條河邊走著，突然爸爸摔了一跤，眼鏡掉到河里，兄弟倆趕緊去找， 但由于河水洶涌，找不到 。這時就需要用虛擬語氣來描述河中水流的兇猛 。此句型也是比喻的寫作手法 。
實踐強化
3
基礎演練
A
（2022·山東棗莊·模擬預測）閱讀下面材料，根據(jù)其內容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段，使之構成一篇完整的短文。
A Christmas Tree fr Mrs Mueller
Mrs Mueller was ur next-dr neighbr when my sister Laurel and I were grwing up. She mved here after her husband died. She had n children and n relatives that we knew f. She was gentle and kind, and Laurel and I cnsidered her ur special friend.
One December, Mrs Mueller was ill in hspital. Laurel and I were busy making Christmas presents, and we pndered what t make fr Mrs Mueller. We culdn’t bear seeing her cme hme befre Christmas t an empty huse with n hliday decratins. Then we lit upn the idea f decrating a small tree that wuld greet her with lights and cheer. We were wndering hw t carry ut ur plan when the answer appeared.
I was in Miss O’Keefe’s sixth grade class that year, and we decrated a small tree with paper-link chains and rnaments we’d made in art class. It was beautiful. Best f all, it had t be remved frm the classrm befre Christmas vacatin.
Miss O’Keefe said there wuld be a drawing fr the tree. We’d each write ur name n a piece f paper and put it in the bx she had prepared. On the last day f schl befre vacatin, she’d draw a name frm the bx, and that student culd take the tree hme.
Great! That was exactly what I was lnging fr! S I wrte my name “Helen Wheeler” neatly n a piece f paper and flded it carefully. As I put it int the bx, I whispered t Miss O’Keefe that I really hped I’d win the tree because my sister and I wanted t give it t ur neighbr. Thugh there were 30 children in the class and each might win the tree, I was smehw certain that I wuld get it because ur cause was gd: We wanted t make Mrs Mueller happy.
The day befre vacatin finally arrived. Laurel and I usually walked t and frm schl, but that day I persuaded Mm t pick us up in her car after schl in case I really gt the tree.
注意：
1.續(xù)寫詞數(shù)應為150左右;
2.請按如下格式在答題卡的相應位置作答。
Befre schl was ver, Miss O’Keefe annunced it was time fr the drawing.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The next evening we welcmed Mrs Mueller back at her dr.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
源語篇語氣與情態(tài)分析導引
【答案】
Befre schl was ver, Miss O’Keefe annunced it was time fr the drawing. My heart punded as Miss O’ Keefe put her hand int the bx and drew ne flded piece f paper ut. Then she unflded the paper. lked at it and annunced. “Helen has wn the tree!” I was beside myself with excitement! And I’ll never frget the astnishment n my mther’s face as my sister and I carried the tree t her car. Since Mm had a key t Mrs Mueller’s huse, we tk the tree straight t her living rm and set it up n a table. It lked s beautiful!
The next evening we welcmed Mrs Mueller back at her dr. She slwly made her way int the huse and turned n the lights. Greeted by the sparkling Christmas tree. Mrs Mueller was rted t the spt, lking surprised. Then a sweet smile appeared n her face and tears welled up in her eyes. “Thank yu s much. she said sftly. While Laurel and I were excitedly recunting the stry. it suddenly dawned n me that Miss O’ Keefe had helped me in a secret way: Thugh she had annunced my name, she never shwed anyne what was written n that piece f paper!
【寫作解析】本文以人物為線索展開，講述了米勒夫人是作者妹妹勞蕾爾和作者小時候的鄰居，米勒夫人住院了，于是作者決定在圣誕節(jié)的時候給她布置屋子。作者最后用抽到的圣誕樹布置了米勒夫人的屋子，米勒夫人非常感動。
1.段落續(xù)寫：
①由第一段首句內容“放學前，奧基夫老師宣布該抽簽了?！笨芍?，第一段可描寫作者他們抽到圣誕樹的經(jīng)過。
②由第二段首句內容“第二天晚上，我們在米勒夫人的門口迎接她。”可知，第二段可描寫米勒夫人看到圣誕樹的反應以及作者反應過來老師秘密幫助了自己。
2.續(xù)寫線索：宣布抽簽——抽到圣誕樹——布置圣誕樹——米勒夫人回家——米勒夫人感動——作者感悟
3.詞匯激活
行為類：（1）跳動：pund/beat；（2）打開：unfld/pen；（3）出現(xiàn)：appear/shw up
情緒類：（1）美麗：beautiful /pretty；（2）驚訝：surprised / astnishment/ amazed
【典型句式】
[句型1] Since Mm had a key t Mrs Mueller’s huse, we tk the tree straight t her living rm and set it up n a table. (運用了since引導原因狀語從句)
[句型2] Thugh she had annunced my name, she never shwed anyne what was written n that piece f paper! (運用了thugh引導讓步狀語從句)
綜合演練
B
1．（2022·廣東茂名·模擬預測）閱讀下面材料, 根據(jù)其內容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段, 使之構成一篇完整的短文。
Light a lamp and we can warm a heart. Terry was a middle-aged leather trader whse repeated failure in career made him a depressed man, ften cmplaining that he had been cheated by thers and cursed his wn misfrtune. Having stayed in the city fr years, he thught he accmplished nthing.
One day, he tld his wife he was s disappinted with the city that he had t leave it immediately. S, his family mved t anther city, which he thught wuld bring gd frtune t him. Hwever, it was nt easy fr peple t mve t anther place, fr they had t handle quantities f stuffs and encunter many strangers. The whle family reached there in the evening f a weekend, with their clthes almst wet. It was a tugh rainy night. The wind was hwling dreadfully and the rain was puring frm the heaven, beating against the branches f lined trees n the rad. The wrld was swallwed with a sea f darkness. Tired and wet, they didn’t have time t have supper. Terry and his wife were busily tidying up their new hme when the light suddenly went ut. Wrse still, the sudden darkness scared his children t cry immediately. Terry’s wife hurried t hug them t ease their tensin. Terry was regretful t have frgtten t bring alng candles and had t wait helplessly in a lw md.
Just then, he heard heavy but hesitant kncks n his dr that culd be clearly heard in the thundering night. Instantly, all the family were ttally silent, fr they were all curius abut the kncks. “Wh’s it?” Terry asked, since they were newcmers t this city there must be nbdy wh knew them. Tired and busy, he especially hated t be disturbed at the mment, s he dragged his legs slwly t the dr and pened it impatiently. Actually, Terry didn’t realize his negative behavir wuld have a bad effect n his children at all! Outside the windw, the wind and the thundering ruled the wrld entirely in their pwer.
注意：1. 所續(xù)寫短文的詞數(shù)應為150左右；
2. 請按如下格式在答題卡的相應位置作答。
Paragraph 1：At the dr was a little girl with wet raincat and sparkling eyes.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2：After a while, the dr was kncked again.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
At the dr was a little girl with wet raincat and sparkling eyes. She shyly asked, “Sir, d yu have candles? I’m yur neighbr.” “N, I had nthing.” answered Terry in anger and shut the dr vilently. “What an annying persn!” he cmplained ver it that n sner had he settled dwn than the neighbr came t brrw things. His wife and children just std by the dr, nt daring t say a wrd r pen the dr. Then, they heard the girl running away.
After a while, the dr was kncked again. He pened it and fund the same girl utside. But this time she was hlding tw candles, saying, “I thught yu might need candles s I’m here t give yu these.” All the family were very surprised by what they saw and heard. At that mment, Terry suddenly realized what caused his failure in life. It was his cldness and indifference with thers. The persn wh had cheated him in life was nbdy else but himself, fr his eyes had been ruled by his unsympathetic mind. Guilty, he was determined t be always generus t thers and teach his children t be s frm then n. (178wrds）
2．（2022·山東青島·二模）閱讀下面材料，根據(jù)其內容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段，使之構成一篇完整的短文。
My family lived in a tiny apartment in Hbken, New Jersey. Every December my mm spread the wrd t anyne alne n Christmas Eve that she wuld be having an pen huse. My mm believed that n ne shuld be alne during the hlidays. If she culd, she prbably wuld have put an advertisement in the paper inviting the wrld.
As it was, ur tiny apartment was stuffed, every rm but my bedrm filled with partying adults n Christmas Eve. Sleep was impssible, but I tried t fall asleep anyway because Santa wuld nt leave gifts fr children wh were awake. As I lay in bed, I wndered hw Santa wuld even knw I was asleep amid all the laughter and hw he culd sneak in and leave gifts with all thse peple arund.
The Christmas Eve Open-Huse traditin cntinued. When I was 8 years ld, we mved t the suburb, where we gt t live in a lvely, ne-bedrm apartment. That first Christmas there, my mm invited anyne she met wh she learned wuld be alne n Christmas Eve一neighbrs, c-wrkers, shp girls, the list went n.
The next year, a new neighbr mved in next dr. His name was Gerge, and he was an lder gentleman. He always ndded a greeting when he saw us. It was arund Thanksgiving when we saw him park in his space near urs. We were bringing in grceries, and my mm asked him if he had plans fr the.hliday. When he said n, and he wuld spend it alne, my mm mentined her pen huse n Christmas Eve.
“Please jin us,” I said. He was already shaking his head n.
“But mm’s apple pie is really inviting.”
“I wn’t be gd cmpany, I’m afraid,” he said. “I lst my wife a few mnths ag.” His eyes were fill with tears and he turned away. “Thank yu anyway!” he called. He went int his apartment and quickly clsed the dr.
注意:
1.續(xù)寫詞數(shù)應為150左右;
2.請按如下格式在答題卡的相應位置作答。
I felt a bit dwn and decided t d smething.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Our friendship began, and sn Christmas Eve arrived.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
I felt a bit dwn and decided t d smething. I prpsed t my mm that she culd make her reputable apple pie s that I culd send Gerge sme t sample. Of curse, my warm-hearted mm immediately sprang int actin and made a whle plate in kitchen. As I packed the pie int the bx, my mm tk ut an album, in which phts were neatly arranged and shwed ur previus gathering with ur neighbrs, acquaintances and friends. My mm left a shrt nte, which read ‘Please d jin ur in Christmas!’ As I kncked Gerge’s dr and handed him the pie tgether with the album, Gerge was dumbfunded and I culd see tears in his eyes as he chked ut a shaky thank yu.
Our friendship began, and sn Christmas Eve arrived. As we met Gerge in the yard, my mm asked tentatively, “Gerge, have yu received my nte?” Ndding his head, he beamed a faint smile as if he were still cncerned that he might be a wet blanket in the party. “Cme n, and I will make tns f apple pie this time.” My mther winked shyly, t which Gerge chuckled a bit. “Oh, I culdn’t say n because the pie is simply brilliant.” he replied in a laughing tne. At his psitive answer, my mm and I gave each ther an exhilarating high-five as we wuld welcme anther lnely sul this year, wh wuld definitely be struck by ur heartwarming party and thus regain his faith t cntinue living with enthusiasm and cnfidence.
句子
語氣與情態(tài)分析
As I put it int the bx, I whispered t Miss O’Keefe that I really hped I’d win the tree because my sister and I wanted t give it t ur neighbr.
動詞whisper, hpe,want體現(xiàn)了人物的愿望，再現(xiàn)了人物對贏得那棵樹的期待。
Laurel and I usually walked t and frm schl, but that day I persuaded Mm t pick us up in her car after schl in case I really gt the tree.
動詞persuade以及連接詞in case體現(xiàn)了人物心情之迫切，且對贏得那棵樹信心十足。

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