思維品質(zhì)體現(xiàn)英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)的心智特征，而主旨大意題較好地反映了學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)。主旨大意題旨在考查考生通過閱讀文章正確獲取文章主旨，推斷文章的主題、標(biāo)題、段落大意、中心思想的能力，即考查考生歸納概括以及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。它既考查閱讀理解能力，又考查深層次的推理、概括能力。此類題目可分為三大類：標(biāo)題歸納題、文章大意題和段落大意題。
選項特征
技法一 標(biāo)題歸納題
——“高度概括”定標(biāo)題
記敘文、說明文和議論文三種文體涉及不同話題的閱讀材料都會考查到標(biāo)題歸納題。
設(shè)問方式
1．What is the best title fr the text?
2．Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
3．What can be a suitable title fr the text?
4．Which f the fllwing is a suitable title fr the text?
5．Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
此類試題的解題流程如下：
(2022·浙江1月·C)
The benefits f regular exercise are well dcumented but there’s a new bnus t add t the ever-grwing list.New research fund that middle-aged wmen wh were physically fit culd be nearly 90 percent less likely t develp dementia(癡呆癥) in later life—and if they did，it came n a decade later than less sprty wmen.
Lead researcher Dr Helena H?rder，f the University f Gthenburg in Sweden，said：“These findings are exciting because it’s pssible that imprving peple’s cardivascular(心血管的) fitness in middle age culd delay r even prevent them frm develping dementia.”
Fr the study，191 wmen with an average age f 50 tk a bicycle exercise test until they were tired ut t measure their peak(最大值的) cardivascular capacity.The average peak wrklad was measured at 103 watts.
A ttal f 40 wmen met the criteria fr a high fitness level with a capacity f 120 watts r higher，while 92 wmen were in the medium fitness categry.A ttal f 59 were f lw fitness level，with a peak wrklad f 80 watts r less，r having their tests stpped because f health prblems.
These wmen were then tested fr dementia six times ver the fllwing fur decades.During that time，44 f the wmen develped dementia.Five percent f the highly fit wmen develped dementia，cmpared t 25 percent f the wmen with medium fitness and 32 percent f the wmen with lw fitness.
“Hwever，this study des nt shw cause and effect between cardivascular fitness and dementia，it nly shws an assciatin，” said H?rder.“Mre research is needed t see if imprved fitness culd have a psitive effect n the risk f dementia and als t lk at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is mst imprtant.” She als admitted that a relatively small number f wmen were studied，all f whm were frm Sweden，s the results might nt be applicable t ther grups.
30．Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A．Mre Wmen Are Exercising t Prevent Dementia
B．Middle-Aged Wmen Need t D Mre Exercise
C．Fit Wmen Are Less Likely t Develp Dementia
D．Biking Imprves Wmen’s Cardivascular Fitness
答案 C
解析 標(biāo)題歸納題。依據(jù)“穿珠連串”法，由第一段最后一句可知，新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，身體健康的中年女性在晚年患癡呆癥的可能性要低近90%，而且如果她們患上癡呆癥，與不太喜歡運動的女性相比，她們患癡呆癥的時間要晚十年。再根據(jù)文章后面幾段通過列舉實驗?zāi)康?、過程、方式、結(jié)果等，說明了身體健康的中年女性在老年時患癡呆癥的概率會大大降低。故選C。
技法二 文章大意題
——“主題句定位”尋主旨
說明文、記敘文、議論文三種文體涉及的多種話題，如社會文化類、人物故事類、科普說明類，都會考查文章大意類題目。
設(shè)問方式
1．What is the text mainly abut?
2．What message des the authr seem t cnvey in the text?
3．What des the passage fcus n?
此類試題的解題流程如下：
(2022·全國甲·C)
As Ginni Bazlintn reached Antarctica，she fund herself greeted by a grup f little Gent penguins(企鵝) lnging t say hell.These gentle，lvely gatekeepers welcmed her and kick-started what was t be a trip Ginni wuld never frget.
Ever since her childhd，Ginni，nw 71，has had a deep lve fr travel.Thrughut her career(職業(yè)) as a prfessinal dancer，she tured in the UK，but always lnged t explre further.When she retired frm dancing and her sns eventually flew the nest，she decided it was time t take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts，Ginni began t travel the wrld，eventually getting wrk teaching English in Japan and Chile.And it was in Chile she discvered she culd get last-minute cheap deals n ships ging t Antarctica frm the islands ff Tierra del Fueg，the suthernmst tip f the Suth American mainland.“I just decided I wanted t g，” she says.“I had n idea abut what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervus.I just wanted t d it.And I wanted t d it alne as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008，Ginni barded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met befre，t begin the jurney twards Antarctica.“Frm seeing the wildlife t witnessing sunrises，the whle experience was amazing.Antarctica left an impressin n me that n ther place has，” Ginni says.“I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rse ut f the water like sme prehistric creature and I thught it was smiling at us.Yu culd still hear the peratic sunds it was making underwater.”
The realizatin that this is a precius land，t be respected by humans，was ne f the biggest things that hit hme t Ginni.
31．What is the text mainly abut?
A．A childhd dream.
B．An unfrgettable experience.
C．Sailing arund the wrld.
D．Meeting animals in Antarctica.
答案 B
解析 主旨大意題。依據(jù)“主題句定位”法，通讀全文，尤其是第一段中的“These gentle，lvely gatekeepers welcmed her and kick-started what was t be a trip Ginni wuld never frget.”可知，An unfrgettable experience(一次難忘的經(jīng)歷)能夠概括文章主旨。故選B。
技法三 段落大意題
——首尾兼顧知段意
段落大意題常在說明文和議論文中考查。文章的每一個段落都要圍繞一個特定的主題按照一定的邏輯順序展開，所以，段落的結(jié)構(gòu)也有一定的規(guī)律性。相對于標(biāo)題類試題和文章大意類試題，段落大意類試題考查頻率較低。
設(shè)問方式
1．What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
2．What des paragraph 2 mainly tell us
3．In the last paragraph，the authr mainly tells us .
4．Which f the fllwing is the main idea f the secnd paragraph?
5．The third paragraph mainly tells us that .
此類試題的解題流程如下：
(2022·全國甲·D片段)
Smetime in the early 1960s，a significant thing happened in Sydney，Australia.The city discvered its harbr.Then，ne after anther，Sydney discvered lts f things that were just srt f there—brad parks，superb beaches，and a culturally diverse ppulatin.But it is the harbr that makes the city.
32．What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A．Sydney’s striking architecture.
B．The cultural diversity f Sydney.
C．The key t Sydney’s develpment.
D．Sydney’s turist attractins in the 1960s.
答案 C
解析 段落大意題。依據(jù)“首尾兼顧知段意”原則，即根據(jù)第一段中的“Smetime in the early 1960s，a significant thing happened in Sydney，Australia.The city discvered its harbr.”以及“But it is the harbr that makes the city.”可知，本段主要介紹了悉尼發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵是港口。故選C。
A
(原創(chuàng)題) 選自：Scientific American
Humans are nt the nly animals that bear divrce；sme birds g thrugh it as well.A recent study reveals why members f ne such species，the Eurasian blue tit，smetimes break their bnd.
When rnithlgists(鳥類學(xué)家) refer t “divrce”，they mean that bth members f a breeding pair survive t the fllwing breeding seasn but end up pairing with new partners rather than reuniting.Great blue herns divrce after every breeding seasn，and emperr penguins split up arund 85 percent f the time.In cntrast，just 9 percent f mallard duck pairs call it quits，and albatrsses almst never break up.Many researchers have fcused n understanding hw these separatins affect reprductive success，but until nw few have fcused n the prcess itself.
Behaviral eclgist Carl Gilsenan f the Max Planck Institute fr Ornithlgy in Germany and her clleagues mnitred hundreds f Eurasian blue tits fr eight years，using artificial nest bxes in a prtected frest in suthern Germany.In their findings，published in Animal Behaviur，64 percent f breeding pairs split up during the study—even thugh faithful pairs prduced mre eggs and reared mre fledglings(幼鳥)．If bth members f a pair returned t their previus territry arund the same time，they were mre likely t reunite；if they were n different schedules，they were mre likely t separate.
“If yu turn up early，yu can’t affrd t wait arund，”Gilsenan says.“It culd be that yur frmer mate is injured r even dead.If yu wait，yu may frg a breeding pprtunity，s yu need t pair up.”Adult death rate in blue tits is extremely high—arund 50 percent—s the bird that returns first is mre likely t breed again by finding a new partner rather than risk being left ut entirely.The birds seem t be simply playing the dds.
The researchers als discvered that if pairs maintained cntact utside the breeding seasn，they were mre likely t have synchrnized schedules and therefre t remain faithful t each ther.
Jsh A．Firth，a zlgist at the University f Oxfrd，wh was nt invlved with the study，says this analysis apparently rules ut a number f ther pssible causes f bird divrce，including lw reprductive success rates，infidelity，and genetic r behaviral cmpatibility.“In wild animal ppulatins，” he says，“divrce can be driven by cnsequential effects—almst accidentally.”
1．Which birds f the fllwing are faithful t their frmer partner?
A．Great blue herns.
B．Emperr penguins.
C．Mallard ducks.
D．Albatrsses.
答案 D
解析 推理判斷題。由第二段中的“In cntrast，just 9 percent f mallard duck pairs call it quits，and albatrsses almst never break up.”可知，信天翁這類鳥幾乎不“離婚”，由此可推斷信天翁對自己的伴侶是最忠實的。故選D。
2．What is paragraph 4 mainly abut?
A．The result f Carl Gilsenan’s findings.
B．The reasn why sme birds will find a new partner.
C．The number f birds that pair with new partners.
D．The kinds f birds that bear divrce.
答案 B
解析 段落大意題。由第四段第二、三句“It culd be that yur frmer mate is injured r even dead.If yu wait，yu may frg a breeding pprtunity，s yu need t pair up.”可知，本段主要告訴我們鳥兒為什么在新的交配季節(jié)去找新的伴侶。故選B。
3．What is the best title fr this passage?
A．Birds Break Up
B．Birds
C．Animals
D．Human and Nature
答案 A
解析 標(biāo)題歸納題。由第一段第一句“Humans are nt the nly animals that bear divrce；sme birds g thrugh it as well.”以及下文多次提到鳥兒divrce，break up，find a new partner可知，A項適合作為本文的標(biāo)題。故選A。
4．In which f the fllwing wuld this passage mst likely be fund?
A．Science fictin. B．Newspaper.
C．Magazine. D．Website.
答案 C
解析 文章出處題。本文主題語境是人與自然，向我們講述了鮮為人知的鳥兒也“離婚”現(xiàn)象，所以最有可能是雜志上的一篇文章。故選C。
B
Frgiveness is imprtant in children and adults fr restring relatinships and limiting future cnflicts.A recent study suggests that teaching children t understand ther peple’s perspectives culd make it easier fr them t learn hw t frgive ther peple.The study als fund that teaching children t make sincere aplgies can help them receive frgiveness frm thers.
Mulvey，an assciate prfessr f psychlgy at Nrth Carlina State University，led the study.Her team enlisted 185 children，aged between 5 and 14，in the study.Researchers cnducted in an interview with each child that cllected backgrund infrmatin and assessed the child’s “thery f mind” skills.Thery f mind is yur ability t understand that smene else’s beliefs，intentins and desires are different frm yur wn.
Researchers then led each child thrugh a series f scenaris(設(shè)想情況) invlving ther children wh are “in-grup” and “ut-grup”．Specifically，each participant was tld they were part f a grup，such as the green team.During interviews，researchers described sme children as als being n the green team(making them in-grup)，while ther children were n the yellw team(making them ut-grup)．In each scenari，interviewers asked study participants whether they were willing t frgive a grup that left them ut f a game r activity.
There were three main findings.First，children are mre likely t frgive smene if he/she has aplgized.Secnd，children are mre likely t frgive peple wh are “in-grup”．Third，the mre advanced a child’s thery f mind skills are，the mre likely they are t frgive thers.
The researchers identified tw things that parents and teachers may want t fcus n related t frgiveness.One is helping kids understand hw imprtant it is t aplgize in a meaningful way.The secnd fcus area is helping kids understand the perspectives f ther peple，even if they are different frm yu.
Mulvey says，“One f the biggest implicatins f ur study is that teachers and parents need t actively help children cultivate thery f mind skills，which will aid them in navigating a diverse and cmplex wrld in the future.”
5．What d we knw abut the study participants?
A．They were divided int tw grups based n the age.
B．They needed t ffer sme f their persnal infrmatin.
C．They had t fill in a questinnaire abut real-life situatins.
D．They tk part in a game r activity befre each interview.
答案 B
解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第三句可知，參與研究的孩子需要提供個人的背景資料，故選B。
6．Accrding t the study，children are mre likely t frgive thers.
A．frm higher scial backgrunds
B．having the habit f aplgizing
C．with better thery f mind skills
D．belnging t a different grup
答案 C
解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句可知，孩子的心理理論技能越高級，他們就越有可能原諒他人，故選C。
7．What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
A．The pssible effect f the study.
B．The limitatin f the study.
C．The theretical basis f the study.
D．The fcus f future studies.
答案 A
解析 段落大意題。根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容可知，本段主要講的是這項研究可能產(chǎn)生的影響。故選A。
8．Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A．Frgiveness Helps Children t Limit Future Cnflicts
B．Frgiveness：What Shuld Teachers and Parents Fcus n?
C．Study Outlines Ways t Help Children Learn Frgiveness
D．Are Yu Willing t Frgive Others r Receive Frgiveness?
答案 C
解析 標(biāo)題歸納題。通讀全文尤其根據(jù)第一段最后兩句可知，文章主要介紹了最近的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了如何讓孩子學(xué)會寬恕，C項“研究展示了幫助孩子學(xué)會寬恕的辦法”切題。故選C。
強化練(七) 主旨大意題(1)
A
Wdy Williams f Charltte，Nrth Carlina is simply Wdy Williams，a retired graphic artist and musician wh plays in lcal clubs and bars.But nline，the 72-year-ld is knwn as Funky Geezer (時髦老頭)，and he’s gt mre than 3 millin fllwers n TikTk alne!
In December 2020，Wdy was staying in his hme t avid catching the COVID-19，just like everybdy else.He fund himself with mre free time than usual，and since he culdn’t g t perfrm in a club r jam with any bands，he decided t check ut what was happening nline.He dwnladed TikTk and upladed a shrt vide f himself ding a little dance.The likes and cmments started puring in，and befre he knew it，his vide had been viewed millins f times!
Encuraged，Wdy leaned in t his Funky Geezer persna(人設(shè))，uplading mre vides t his channel.He enjys cnnecting with peple again，and always lves putting n a shw t make thers smile.
Funky Geezer has nw gne viral mre than nce，and he’s gt a large fllwing acrss all f his scial channels.He’s even getting requests t bring his dance mves t freign lands，althugh he’s nt sure he’ll be traveling much beynd his usual circles.
“I was asked t d shws in Canada，England and Micrnesia，” he said.“I dn’t even knw where Micrnesia is.”
Wdy says he desn’t run his “Funky Geezer Shw” fr fame r frtune; he simply wants t put a smile n smene’s face! “My mtt is t inspire until yu die，” he said，adding，“I am just encuraging the newbies t cme up，grab their guitar，get invlved，and express themselves.”
1．Why did Wdy uplad a shrt vide n TikTk?
A．T pass time.
B．T attract fllwers.
C．T shw a dancing style.
D．T prmte lcal clubs and bars.
答案 A
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段前兩句可知，Wdy是因為疫情期間在家無聊，為了打發(fā)時間才在抖音上發(fā)布短視頻的。故選A項。
2．What did Wdy d after the success f his first vide?
A．He viewed millins f vides.
B．He encuraged thers t jam with bands.
C．He began cnnecting peple with dancing.
D．He went ne step further twards his new persna.
答案 D
解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Encuraged，Wdy leaned in t his Funky Geezer persna(人設(shè))，uplading mre vides t his channel.”可知，他進一步塑造了自己的人設(shè)。故選D項。
3．What are paragraphs 4 and 5 mainly abut?
A．Hw ppular Wdy is.
B．Where Wdy will travel.
C．What channels Wdy uses.
D．Why Wdy mved abrad.
答案 A
解析 段落大意題。從第四段中的“Funky Geezer has nw gne viral mre than nce”以及第五段中的“I was asked t d shws in Canada，England and Micrnesia”可知，Wdy走紅了，而且還被邀請出國表演，由此可見他很受歡迎。故選A項。
4．Which is a prper wrd t describe Wdy?
A．Prud. B．Lazy.
C．Sensitive. D．Enthusiastic.
答案 D
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“I am just encuraging the newbies t cme up，grab their guitar，and get invlved，express themselves.”可知，他把自己跳舞的視頻分享到抖音上，而且他還想要激勵新手，說明他是充滿熱情的。故選D項。
B
(2022·安徽“皖南八?！甭?lián)考)
What des it take t becme an astrnaut？It’s a questin that’s been asked since the start f the Space Age in the 1960s.In thse days，pilts were cnsidered the mst well-trained prfessinals，s military fliers were first in line t g t space.Mre recently，peple frm a wide range f prfessinal backgrunds—dctrs，scientists，and even teachers—have trained t live and wrk in near-Earth rbit.Even s，thse selected t g t space must meet high standards.
Peple wh want t becme astrnauts must be in tp physical cnditin.Each cuntry’s space prgram has health requirements fr its space travelers.They usually assess a candidate’s fitness t withstand sme pretty tugh cnditins.Fr example，a gd candidate must have the ability t endure the rigrs f lift-ff and t functin in weightlessness.All astrnauts must have gd visual acuity and nrmal bld pressure.Beynd that，there is n age limit.Mst astrnaut trainees are between the ages f 25 and 46，althugh lder peple have als flwn t space later in their careers.
Peple wh g t space are usually self-cnfident，risk-takers，adept at stress management and multitasking.They als need t be able t wrk as part f a team fr any given assignment.On Earth，astrnauts are usually required t perfrm varius public relatins duties，such as speaking t the public，wrking with ther prfessinals，and smetimes even testifying befre gvernment fficials.S，astrnauts wh can relate well t many different kinds f peple are seen as valuable team members.
Often，astrnauts have a backgrund as scientists and many have high-level degrees，like PhDs.Others have military training r space industry expertise.Regardless f their backgrund，nce an astrnaut is accepted int a cuntry’s space prgram，he r she ges thrugh rigrus training t actually live and wrk in space.
eq \x(語篇解讀 這是一篇說明文。文章主要分析了成為一名宇航員需要具備的條件。)
5．Which f the fllwing is f least imprtance t an astrnaut?
A．Nrmal bld pressure.
B．Gd eyesight.
C．Tugh bdy.
D．Yung age.
答案 D
解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后兩句可知，成為宇航員并沒有嚴(yán)格的年齡限制，甚至有人在年齡較大的時候也飛往太空，所以相比其他條件，年齡對于宇航員是最不重要的。故選D。
6．Accrding t the passage，an astrnaut is ne wh ________.
A．is strng and healthy
B．has self-cnfidence
C．can wrk under great pressure
D．a(chǎn)ll f the abve
答案 D
解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段前三句可知，宇航員需要健康和強壯的身體；根據(jù)第三段第一句可知，宇航員充滿自信且能承受高壓，故選D。
7．Why are astrnauts asked t perfrm public duties?
A．T make them famus amng peple.
B．T relieve their feelings f tensin.
C．T raise their awareness f teamwrk.
D．T prmte public interest in the aerspace.
答案 C
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中第二、三、四句可知，宇航員被要求履行公共職責(zé)是為了鍛煉他們的團隊合作能力，提高他們的團隊合作意識，使他們成為團隊中有價值的成員。故選C。
8．What culd be the best title fr the passage?
A．Everyne Can Be an Astrnaut
B．The Prfessinal Qualities f an Astrnaut
C．Training Astrnauts is Much Easier Nwadays
D．It’s Nt Mysterius t Be an Astrnaut
答案 B
解析 標(biāo)題歸納題。文章第一句“What des it take t becme an astrnaut？”以設(shè)問的方式引起下文，是文章的主旨句，接下來具體分析了成為一名宇航員需要具備的專業(yè)素質(zhì)，包括身體素質(zhì)、心理素質(zhì)、專業(yè)知識等。B項(一名宇航員的專業(yè)素質(zhì))符合題意。故選B。
C
When evaluating peple n varius psychlgical tests，psychlgists ften distinguish between markers f abslute perfrmance and relative perfrmance.Abslute perfrmance reflects the raw measurement f smething，like the time it takes t run a mile.Relative perfrmance is hw a persn rates in relatin t their peers，as in what place a runner gets in a race.
The standards we use t evaluate urselves are almst always relative，as we cmpare urselves t ur peers and the standards that are mst familiar t us.Fr instance，in my private practice，I have ne patient I will call “Omar” wh is dependent n scial services and makes less than $30，000 per year at his jb.While this level f pverty wuld lead mst peple t wake up depressed each day，Omar is ne f the mst ptimistic and appreciative individuals I knw.Why？Because mst f his clsest peers—his siblings and friends frm childhd—have lives far wrse than his.
In cntrast t Omar，I have anther patient，an adlescent I’ll call “Lena”，whse family has prperty ver $5 millin.Lena，hwever，lives in an upper-class neighbrhd where her family is at the lwer end f the incme level.Thugh Lena’s family allws her t enjy pssessins and experiences that less than 1 percent f her peers acrss the wrld can share，she cnsistently feels “l(fā)ess than”．Why？Because Lena desn’t cmpare herself t the rest f the wrld.This is t abstract an exercise fr her，as it wuld be fr mst f us.
Accrdingly，whether a psychlgist is psychdynamic r cgnitive-behaviral，therapy(療法) with individuals struggling with situatinal r psychlgical depressin aims t slve the prblems assciated with basing ne’s self-wrth n cmparisns with thers.Psychlgists try t help peple fcus n persnal grwth arund the achievement f cncrete gals in line with their values，independent f the achievement f thers.Fr all f us，defining these gals，especially during perids f emtinal calm，can g a lng way in helping us t avid the trap f relativity that ften leads t situatinal and psychlgical depressin.
9．What is the functin f paragraph 1?
A．T shw the significance f evaluating peple.
B．T mtivate readers t study psychlgical tests.
C．T help peple perfrm well in psychlgical tests.
D．T prvide sme backgrund infrmatin n evaluating peple.
答案 D
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段可知，第一段提供了兩種評估人的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)即“絕對性表現(xiàn)”和“相對性表現(xiàn)”，為下文作鋪墊。故選D。
10．Why des the authr mentin his tw patients?
A．T measure different achievements.
B．T intrduce the standards t evaluate peple.
C．T explain relative perfrmance with examples.
D．T cntrast relative perfrmance and abslute perfrmance.
答案 C
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第一句以及下文的介紹可知，作者通過舉例子的方式介紹了什么叫幸福和收入的相對性表現(xiàn)。故選C。
11．What des the last paragraph mainly talk abut?
A．Setting gals in life is essential fr everyne.
B．It’s imprtant t avid unhealthy cmparisns.
C．A sense f achievement can affect ne’s happiness.
D．Imprving self-wrth can help get rid f depressin.
答案 B
解析 段落大意題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句可知，情境性心理抑郁是不健康的比較方式造成的，所以我們得避免陷入它的陷阱。故選B。
12．What is the best title fr the text?
A．Happiness：Is it all relative?
B．Self-wrth：Is it measurable?
C．Self-wrth：Is it based n effrts?
D．Happiness：Is it assciated with achievements?
答案 A
解析 標(biāo)題歸納題。通讀分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)可知，第一段介紹通過心理測試評估一個人時，心理學(xué)家通常會區(qū)分絕對性表現(xiàn)和相對性表現(xiàn)的標(biāo)志。第二、三段通過對比兩個例子，說明一個人的幸福通常取決于他們選擇與自己進行比較的人的類型。第四段做出總結(jié)，對于那些患有情境性或心理抑郁癥的人經(jīng)常會落入相對論的陷阱，并對自己的價值有一種扭曲的看法。建議人們要建立自尊，避免不健康的比較。因此，文章主要介紹幸福與比較的相對性關(guān)系，故選A。
強化練(八) 主旨大意題(2)
A
During the 1930s，the Great War brke ut.A 25-year-ld American sldier，prbably never thught that his life wuld change frever when he vlunteered t g t France.
One night while the American unit was returning t the base after a bldy fight，Suleyman stumbled int the grund and nticed a bit f mvement frm the bush.Being stuck between tw chices either it’s enemy r an animal，Suleyman fund a five-year-ld girl frm the bushes shivering with cld and utmst fear.Due t the atrcity f the war，the girl was abandned by her family and the whle village was killed.
During the war，it was impssible t find the child’s family s Suleyman tk this little French girl under his wings and gave her an American name Flra which means like the flwer.Sn，F(xiàn)lra became the apple f the eye f everyne living in the army camp.
Fr ne and a half years，F(xiàn)lra and Suleyman became inseparable；hwever，every fairy tale cmes t an end.When the war ended，Suleyman was sent back t the USA，while Flra was put in an rphanage，the Nrmandy Schl，which was funded by the American gvernment fr rphaned French children t have an educatin.
Fr years，Suleyman always thught abut Flra.When the French Natinal Olympic Team was playing in the Summer Olympics in Ls Angeles in 1984，Suleyman gazed thrugh the audience n TV，hping t catch a glimpse f Flra，but he never culd.
At the age f 85，Suleyman attended the 60th anniversary receptin f the Great War where Suleyman shared his stry with American and French fficials.After hearing his stry，a French jurnalist started t investigate the stry，and all gvernment files were read in detail.The mment the jurnalist helped dial the number，in tears，F(xiàn)lra said Suleyman was her her，and everything came flding back t her.
1．What des the underlined wrd “atrcity” in paragraph 2 prbably mean?
A．Cruelty. B．Challenge.
C．Range. D．Stress.
答案 A
解析 詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞后文“f the war，the girl was abandned by her family and the whle village was killed”可知，這個女孩被家人拋棄，整個村莊的人都被殺了，可見戰(zhàn)爭血雨腥風(fēng)、十分殘酷，故畫線詞意思是“殘酷”。故選A。
2．Why did Suleyman watch 1984 Summer Olympics?
A．Because Flra might be in the French team.
B．Because Suleyman was greatly interested in sprts.
C．Because Flra might be watching the event.
D．Because Suleyman wanted t travel t Ls Angeles.
答案 C
解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段第二句可知，蘇萊曼觀看1984年夏季奧運會是因為弗洛拉可能在看比賽。故選C。
3．What can we learn frm the passage?
A．Flra and Suleyman became attached t each ther.
B．Flra was sent t an rphanage called Nrmandy.
C．Suleyman fund sme animals in the bush.
D．Suleyman wuld never see Flra again.
答案 A
解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“Fr ne and a half years，F(xiàn)lra and Suleyman became inseparable”可知，弗洛拉和蘇萊曼相互依靠。故選A。
4．Which can serve as the best pssible title fr the text?
A．A Tugh Flwer in the War
B．The Influence f the War
C．The Lst and Fund Lve
D．The Apple f the Father’s Eye
答案 C
解析 標(biāo)題歸納題。文章講述了第二次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)時，25歲的美國士兵蘇萊曼救了一個女孩，取名弗洛拉。兩人在一年半的時間里形影不離，直到弗洛拉被送入孤兒院，兩人分開。在蘇萊曼85歲的時候，記者幫忙撥通了弗洛拉的電話，兩人再次取得了聯(lián)系。故C項“愛失而復(fù)得”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選C。
B
(2022·安徽馬鞍山三模)
When learning a freign language，mst peple fall back n traditinal methds: reading，writing，listening and repeating.But if yu als gesture with yur arms while studying，yu can remember the vcabulary better，even mnths later.Linking a wrd t brain areas respnsible fr mvement strengthens the memry f its meaning.
As neurscientist Brian Mathias and his clleagues described in the Jurnal f Neurscience，they had 22 German-speaking adults learn a ttal f 90 invented artificial wrds (such as “l(fā)amube” fr “camera，” and “atesi” fr “thught”) ver fur days.While the test subjects first heard the new vcabulary，they were simultaneusly(同時地) shwn a vide f a persn making a gesture that matched the meaning f the wrd.When the wrd was repeated，they were suppsed t perfrm the gesture themselves.Five mnths later，they were asked t translate the vcabulary they had learned int German in a multiple-chice test.
At the same time，they had a device attached t their heads that sent weak pulses t their primary mtr crtex(皮層)—the brain area that cntrls vluntary arm mvements.When these interfering(干擾) signals were active，the subjects fund it harder t recall the wrds accmpanied by gestures.When the device sent n interfering signals (but still appeared t the subjects t be active)，they fund it easier t remember the wrds.The researchers cncluded that the mtr crtex cntributed t the translatin f the vcabulary learned with gestures.This applied t cncrete wrds，such as “camera”，as well as abstract nes，such as “thught”．
“Our results prvide evidence fr why learning techniques that invlve the bdy’s mtr system shuld be used mre ften，” says Mathias.“I think we underuse gesture in ur classrms.Peple use it spntaneusly(自發(fā)地)，if they’re gd teachers and gd listeners.But we dn’t necessarily bring it int the class if we dn’t think abut it.”
5．What were the subjects required t d in the test?
A．Repeat what ther subjects describe.
B．Fllw what the persn in the vide did.
C．Match the vcabulary with relative pictures.
D．Translate the vcabulary int a freign language.
答案 B
解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“While the test subjects first heard the new vcabulary，they were simultaneusly(同時地) shwn a vide f a persn making a gesture that matched the meaning f the wrd.When the wrd was repeated，they were suppsed t perfrm the gesture themselves.”可知，測試對象被要求重復(fù)視頻里的人所做的手勢。故選B。
6．Why were pulses sent t the subjects’ mtr crtex?
A．T cntrl their bdy mvements.
B．T shelter ther interfering signals.
C．T identify the functin f the mtr crtex.
D．T cnfirm the abstract thughts in their mind.
答案 C
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“The researchers cncluded that the mtr crtex cntributed t the translatin f the vcabulary learned with gestures.”可推斷，發(fā)送脈沖是為了確認(rèn)運動皮層的功能。故選C。
7．What is Brian Mathias’ expectatin f the research?
A．It will be carried ut mre frequently.
B．It will invlve mre cncrete bjects.
C．It will be applied t classrm teaching.
D．It will mtivate his clleagues t participate.
答案 C
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“I think we underuse gesture in ur classrms.”可推斷，Brian Mathias認(rèn)為這一研究可以運用于課堂教學(xué)。故選C。
8．What is the best title fr the text?
A．Gd Learning Techniques Matter Mre
B．Repeating Strengthens Memry
C．Bdy Language Betters Cmmunicatin
D．Gestures Help Learn New Wrds
答案 D
解析 標(biāo)題歸納題。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容并結(jié)合全文可知，文章主要說明大多數(shù)人都采取傳統(tǒng)的方法學(xué)習(xí)一門外語：讀、寫、聽和重復(fù)。但是如果在學(xué)習(xí)的同時加上手勢動作，可以更好地記憶詞匯。所以“Gestures Help Learn New Wrds”作為文章標(biāo)題最為合適。故選D。
C
Often when we think f taking sme time ut and having a little R&R，the image that cmes t mind is that f being very still with the aim f mving as little as pssible.Rest，we have cme t learn，means sitting dwn，putting ur feet up and unburdening urselves.
This is all gd and well，and as a wrking mther f tw，I cmpletely appreciate the physical exhaustin that cmes frm standing literally fr hurs fllwed by the cl wave f relief that radiates frm the sles f my feet upwards when I finally sit dwn.What is a better way t d that than a day spent ding nthing?
S why，then，d I still find myself exhausted in the evening? I’ve dne hardly any physical activity at all，and hw can I pssibly be this tired? The answer，I realized，is dwn t the fact that I wasn’t getting enugh cgnitive rest.Surfing，texting and answering emails，engaging with peple nline，the news cycle and the endless wrries，all f this can take place while a persn is fully curled up n the sfa in pajamas.All these things inhibit us frm receiving enugh mental rest.
I caught up with CBT therapist Charltte Luscmbe wh shared with me the imprtance f switching ff mentally as well as physically.She explains，“We can be physically still and resting but that des nt mean ur bdies are in a relaxed state.Our minds can cntinue t race and can cause anxiety when ding s.”
And what suggestins des Charltte have fr busy-minded individuals like me? “Active rest，”she tells me.“Activities that help yu t engage yur mind can help yu t relax even if yu are physically ding smething，as this encurages cgnitive rest.They can be yga，walking，reading，clring etc.Even ding smething active with yur mind engaged will be mre restful than sitting dwn but wrrying fr hurs.”
9．What is paragraph 1 mainly abut?
A．The manner f sitting.
B．The cmmn sense f rest.
C．The definitin f a still life.
D．The physical tiredness.
答案 B
解析 段落大意題。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容可知，第一段主要講的是人們對休息的普遍看法。故選B。
10．What des the underlined wrd “inhibit”in paragraph 3 mean?
A．Prtect. B．Prevent.
C．Separate. D．Save.
答案 B
解析 詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞上文“The answer，I realized，is dwn t the fact that I wasn’t getting enugh cgnitive rest.Surfing， these things”以及后文“us frm receiving enugh mental rest”可知，上網(wǎng)、發(fā)短信、回郵件、在網(wǎng)上與人交流、看新聞以及無休止的擔(dān)憂，所有這些都可能發(fā)生在一個人穿著睡衣完全蜷縮在沙發(fā)上的時候，所有這些事情都阻止我們得到足夠的精神上的休息。故畫線詞意思是“阻止”。故選B。
11．Hw can a busy-minded persn stay mre relaxed accrding t Charltte?
A．Interacting nline.
B．Ding nthing at hme.
C．Fcusing n reading.
D．Ging t a therapist.
答案 C
解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段倒數(shù)第二句可知，一個忙碌的人可以通過專注閱讀來放松。故選C。
12．What wuld be the best title fr this text?
A．Hw t Crrectly Sit Dwn
B．Hw t Timely Deal with Wrries
C．Hw t Prperly Rest Yur Brain
D．Hw t Fully Engage Yur Mind
答案 C
解析 標(biāo)題歸納題。文章先是解釋了人們對于休息的普遍看法，接著提出無所事事并不能幫助大腦完全放松。這是因為沒有得到足夠的認(rèn)知休息。然后介紹了一些有助于大腦休息的建議。由此可知，C選項“如何讓大腦得到適當(dāng)?shù)男菹ⅰ弊钸m合作文章標(biāo)題。故選C。語篇解讀 這是一篇說明文。不僅人可以離婚，自然界中的鳥兒也可以“離婚”，這是因為一個交配季節(jié)過后，這一對鳥兒就會分開，在下一個交配季節(jié)來臨時，其中一個可能不回來了，為了繁殖，另一只鳥兒就不再等待，而是去找一個新配偶。
語篇解讀 這是一篇說明文，介紹了北卡羅來納州立大學(xué)通過對185名兒童進行觀察，研究幫助兒童學(xué)會寬恕行為的方法。一是教會孩子們進行誠摯的道歉；二是幫助孩子理解其他人的不同觀點。
語篇解讀 本文是一篇記敘文，主要講述了70多歲的老人Wdy在抖音上發(fā)布短視頻，從而受到關(guān)注的經(jīng)歷和感受。
語篇解讀 本文為一篇說明文。主要介紹幸福與比較的關(guān)系，文章通過對比兩個例子介紹了兩個收入不同、幸福感不同的人，說明一個人的幸福通常取決于他們選擇與自己進行比較的人的類型。最后建議人們要建立自尊，避免不健康的比較。
語篇解讀 這是一篇記敘文。講述了第二次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)時，25歲的美國士兵蘇萊曼救了一個女孩，取名弗洛拉。兩人在一年半的時間里形影不離，直到弗洛拉被送入孤兒院，兩人分開。在蘇萊曼85歲的時候，記者幫忙撥通了弗洛拉的電話，兩人再次取得了聯(lián)系。
語篇解讀 本文是一篇說明文。文章主要說明大多數(shù)人都采取傳統(tǒng)的方法學(xué)習(xí)一門外語：讀、寫、聽和重復(fù)。但是如果在學(xué)習(xí)的同時加上手勢動作，可以更好地記憶詞匯。
語篇解讀 這是一篇說明文。文章先是解釋了人們對于休息的普遍看法，接著提出無所事事并不能幫助大腦完全放松。這是因為沒有得到足夠的認(rèn)知休息。然后介紹了一些有助于大腦休息的建議。

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