2022-2023年高中英語學(xué)業(yè)水平考試必備考點歸納與測試(新教材北師大版Book1)必過語法清單Unit1動詞不定式 語法圖解 動詞不定式是非謂語動詞的一種,它沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征,在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語、賓語補足語等,但不能作謂語。一、動詞不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)1.基本結(jié)構(gòu):to+動詞原形,有時不定式符號to可以省略。2.否定形式:not to+動詞原形。3.不定式有形式和語態(tài)變化,通常有下表中的幾種形式(do為例)形式主動被動一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done進行式to be doing 完成進行式to have been doing 二、動詞不定式的用法1作主語動詞不定式作主語時,句子的謂語動詞常用單數(shù),其位置有以下兩種:(1)不定式置于句首。To do this is to cut the foot to fit the shoe.這樣做是削足適履。(2)it作形式主語,把真正的主語不定式置于句后,特別是不定式短語較長時,這樣可以避免句子的頭重腳輕。It is important to master the knowledge of computer.掌握電腦知識很重要。 (2)It is/wasadj.+不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)句型中,當(dāng)其中的形容詞是說明邏輯主語的性質(zhì)、品質(zhì)時,要由of引出邏輯主語,不能用for。這類形容詞主要有clever、carelessfoolish、kindnice、politesilly、stupidwise等。It was careless of him to make such a mistake.He was careless to make such a mistake.犯了這樣的錯誤,他太粗心了。2作表語不定式在系動詞后作表語,往往說明主語的具體內(nèi)容,且含有將來意義。My dream is to become a dancer.我的夢想是成為一名舞蹈家。3作賓語(1)直接作及物動詞的賓語,常見接不定式作賓語的動詞有:agree(同意)、aim(旨在)、choose(選擇)、decide(決定)、demand(要求)、expect(期待)、fail(未履行)、help(幫助)、hope(希望)、learn(學(xué)會)、plan(計劃)、prepare(準備)、refuse(拒絕)、tend(往往會)、want(想要)、wish(希望)等。I hope to have a new type of cellphone.我希望有一部新款手機。My father finally agreed to help us.最終,我的父親同意幫我們。(2)用于疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu),不定式前可帶what、who、which、wherewhen、how、whether等疑問詞。(2019·江蘇卷)Li Jiang and Su Hua are discussing what to wear when receiving the British students next month.李江和蘇華正在討論下個月接待英國學(xué)生時穿什么。Please tell us how to deal with the haze.請告訴我們?nèi)绾螒?yīng)對霧霾。(3)常用于句型主語+v.itadj./n.to do sth.,其中,it為形式賓語,to do sth.為真正的賓語。能用于這一句型的動詞有:believe、consider、feelfind、make、supposethink等。I think it very necessary to protect the animals.我認為保護動物非常有必要。4作定語(1)動詞不定式作定語時,要放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞后面。 I want to get something to read during the vacation.我想找一些在假期里讀的東西。(2)如果不定式是不及物動詞,后面就應(yīng)有必要的介詞。He is a pleasant person to work with.和他一起工作很愉快。(3)當(dāng)中心詞為序數(shù)詞、最高級、the lastthe only等或中心詞被這類詞修飾時,常用不定式作定語。He was the last one to arrive here.他是最后一個到達這里的人。He is the only person to know the truth.他是唯一了解真相的人。5作狀語(1)表示目的。(2020·全國卷)Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang'e-4 to find and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.中國研究人員希望利用嫦娥四號探測器上的儀器,尋找和研究南極艾特肯盆地地區(qū)。(2020·天津卷7)To help us prepare for the exam, the teacher suggested reading through our notes.為了幫助我們準備考試,老師建議我們通讀筆記。 (2)表示結(jié)果動詞不定式作結(jié)果狀語時常用如下結(jié)構(gòu):enough+名詞+to do    足夠……名詞/形容詞/副詞+enoughto do   足夠……too+形容詞/副詞+to do   ……以至于不能……The Californian ship arrived too late to save more people.加利福尼亞號來得太晚了,以至于沒能挽救更多的人。 (3)表示原因。不定式作原因狀語,常用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、樂等形容詞后。I have enjoyed my visit to China. I'll be very sorry to leave.我非常享受這次中國之旅,但遺憾的是我要離開了。用于be+形容詞(表示性質(zhì))+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中,常見的形容詞有:easy、harddifficult、interesting、good、comfortablesafe、dangerousimpossible等。此句型中to do不定式用主動形式表被動意義。The box is not easy to carry.這個箱子不易攜帶。6作賓語補足語(1)不定式常跟在下列動詞之后作賓補:askadvise、allowcause、encourage、expect、invitenotice、orderteach、tell、warn等。She asked me to answer the phone in her absence.她要我在她不在的時候接電話。Who taught you to play the music?誰教你彈這首曲子的? (2)當(dāng)動詞不定式在使役動詞 let、have、make后和感官動詞(短語)see、watch、look at、notice、hear、listen to、feel等后作賓補時,常省略to。get除外(get sb. to do sth.)。The teacher had us recite the text every day.老師讓我們每天背誦課文。The boss made his men work all the night.老板讓他的工人整夜工作。語法知識隨堂練.單句語法填空1(2020·全國卷)They are easy to care(care) for and make great presents.2The teacher made him say(say) the word like this.3It would be better for you to go there.4My brother asked me to bring him something to eat(eat)5To keep(keep) up with others, he has been working very hard.6She went to the hospital to see(see) her grandfather yesterday.7Attention,please! I have something important to say(say)8She is hard-working and is always the first one to come(come) every day. 9The next step is to make(make) sure that you know exactly what is required.10As the saying goes, to know oneself is(be) true progress..語法與寫作(用動詞不定式完成句子)1.愛與被愛是一個人所能尋找的最大幸福。To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can seek.2.這張地圖可以告訴你往哪兒走。The map can show you where to go3.人們?yōu)殄X而結(jié)婚是錯誤的。 It would be wrong for people to marry for money.4.這項交流計劃旨在促進兩國之間的相互了解。The purpose of the exchange program is to promote the understanding between the two countries5.她找不到可交朋友的人。She can find no one to make friends with6.他為搶救那個兒童獻出了自己的生命。To save the child, he laid down his life.7.他們似乎相處得很好。They seem to be getting along quite well8.他已經(jīng)安排了一輛汽車去車站接他們。He's arranged for a car to pick them up at the station9.占用了你那么多寶貴時間,真抱歉。I'm sorry to have taken up so much of your valuable time10.在這種情況下,她只能改名。She could do nothing but change her name under the circumstances. Unit2 定語從句 語法圖解 一、定語從句的基本概述1定語從句的定義:在復(fù)合句中修飾或限定主句中某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句,它所修飾的名詞或代詞叫作先行詞。限制性定語從句與先行詞之間的關(guān)系非常密切,從句說明先行詞的性質(zhì)、身份、特征等狀況。限制性定語從句不能省略,否則句意就不完整。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。2關(guān)系詞的作用:連接主句和從句;指代先行詞;在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。3關(guān)系詞的分類:關(guān)系代詞:who、whom、whose、whichthat、as(本單元講前五個的用法);關(guān)系副詞: when、where、why二、關(guān)系代詞的基本用法關(guān)系代詞用于替代指人或物的先行詞,在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。1who指人,在定語從句中可以作主語或賓語。Here comes the girl who wants to see you.想見你的那個女孩過來了。(who在從句中作主語)He is the man who I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天見到的人。(who在從句中作賓語)2whom指人,在定語從句中只作賓語,可省略,也可用who代替。若whom前有介詞,則不能用who代替,也不可省略。Rose is the person (whom/who) you should look after. 羅絲是你應(yīng)該照顧的人。When I have trouble, he is the only one to whom I can go for help. 當(dāng)我有困難時,他是我唯一可以求助的人。3whose指人或物,在定語從句中作定語。They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那個人的車壞了,他們沖過去幫忙。Please pass me the book whose cover is green.請遞給我那本綠皮的書。4which一般指物在定語從句中作主語或賓語。作賓語時一般可省略。China is a country which has a long history.中國是一個歷史悠久的國家。(which在從句中作主語)The package (which) you are carrying is about to fall.你拿的包快掉了。(which在從句中作賓語)5that既可指人,也可指物,定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語,作賓語時一般可省略。 指人時一般可用who替代,指物時一般可用which代替。The number of people that/who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年來參觀這座城市的人數(shù)達一百萬。(that/who在從句中作主語)The chair (that/which) you broke yesterday is now being repaired. 你昨天弄壞的那把椅子現(xiàn)在正在修。(that/which在從句中作賓語)三、關(guān)系代詞的選擇1宜用that不用which的情況(1)當(dāng)先行詞是all、muchanything、something、everything、nothinglittlenone等不定代詞時。She told me everything that she knew.她把她所知道的一切都告訴了我。(2)當(dāng)先行詞被allno、few、any、littlesome、much、lastonly、very等修飾時。I've read all the books that were borrowed from others.我已經(jīng)讀了從別人那兒借來的所有的書。Mr Smith is the only foreigner that she knows.史密斯先生是她唯一認識的外國人。(3)當(dāng)先行詞為序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或被這兩者修飾時。This is the most exciting football game that I have ever seen. 這是我看過的最激動人心的足球比賽。The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.在桂林他們參觀的第一個地方是象鼻山。(4)當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時。I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 我能清楚地記得我在那個房間里所見到的人和一些照片。The foreign visitors spoke highly of the young pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children's Palace. 外國游客高度贊揚了他們在少年宮所看到的少先隊員以及他們的表演。2宜用which不用that的情況(1)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時。The bookstore provides us with all the books we need,which makes us moved. 這家書店給我們提供了所有我們需要的書,這使我們感動。(2)在定語從句中作介詞的賓語,且介詞位于關(guān)系代詞之前時。I'm looking for a container in which I can put all these peaches.  我正在找一個能放下所有這些桃子的容器。(3)在限制性定語從句中,如果有兩個定語從句,其中前一個的關(guān)系代詞是that,那么后一個的關(guān)系代詞宜用which。Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly opened.我給你看看這本從新開放的圖書館借來的小說。3宜用who不用that的情況(1)先行詞為指人的不定代詞時,如one、anyone、no one、all、nobody、anybody、none等,或先行詞為those或被其修飾且指人時。The student you should learn from is the one who works hard and studies well.你應(yīng)該向那個努力學(xué)習(xí)而且學(xué)習(xí)好的學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)。(2)一個句子中含有兩個定語從句,且先行詞都為人時,其中一個定語從句的關(guān)系代詞是that,另一個一般用who。The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. 昨晚你遇到的那個男孩是那個學(xué)習(xí)非常努力的小組組長。四、定語從句中的主謂一致一般情況下,關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時,定語從句的謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)一般與先行詞的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。The books that were sold out in two weeks were all written by Tom. 兩周內(nèi)賣光的那些書都是湯姆寫的。I'm fond of the piece of music which was played by Jenny. 我喜歡珍妮演奏的那首曲子。語法知識隨堂練.單句語法填空1The first place that I advise you to visit is the Great Wall.2The building whose doors are white is an office building.3Anyone who has helped to save the old man is worth praising.4Do you know he is the boy of whom we are proud in our school?5She is the only one of the children who is(be) good at music here.6Those who want to go to the party must be at the school gate by 5 pm.7The young teacher is not the man who/that visited our school last year.8He told me that it was the most interesting book that he had ever read.9He is the man who/that has offered some useful advice to learn English.10The film that/which you are looking forward to seeing will be on next week..語法與寫作(用定語從句完成句子)1.這是他參觀過的最美麗的地方。This is the most beautiful place that he has ever visited. 2.她是公司里唯一一個受教育不多的員工。She is the only one of the employees that has received little education. 3.你要買那本內(nèi)容非常鼓舞人的書嗎? Would you like to buy that book whose content is very inspiring?4.你正在看的那幅畫是一個盲人女孩畫的。The picture (that/which) you are looking at was drawn by a blind girl.5.正在和我媽媽交談的那個女孩是我的一個同學(xué)。The girl with whom my mother is talking is one of my classmates. Unit3被動語態(tài) 語法圖解 一、被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成英語有兩種語態(tài): 主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動詞所表示的動作的執(zhí)行者。被動語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動詞所表示的動作的承受者,其構(gòu)成是: 助動詞be+過去分詞。在被動語態(tài)中,by后常跟動作的執(zhí)行者,且通常只有需要動作對象的及物動詞才有被動語態(tài),不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)。1被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)、形式表(本單元出現(xiàn)的)形式構(gòu)成例句現(xiàn)在時一般式am/is/are doneRice is grown in the south of the US.美國南部種植水稻。進行式am/is/arebeing doneEnglish lessons are being broadcasted on the radio.廣播里正在播放英語課。完成式has/have been doneThe case has recently been tried.這樁案子最近已經(jīng)審過了。過去時一般式was/weredoneThey were given a warm send-off.他們受到了熱烈的歡送。進行式was/were being doneWe had to take a detour.The road was being repaired.我們得繞行。這條路在維修。2.被動語態(tài)的特殊情況(1)情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成: 情態(tài)動詞+ be +及物動詞的過去分詞。All the letters should be answered immediately.所有信件均應(yīng)立刻回復(fù)。This can be done by hand.這可以手工制作。(2)不定式的被動語態(tài)一般式(to be done):不定式所表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之后發(fā)生或與其(幾乎)同時發(fā)生。完成式(to have been done):不定式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。The book is said to be published soon.據(jù)說這本書很快就會出版。The book is said to have been translated into many languages.據(jù)說這本書已被譯成很多種語言。二、被動語態(tài)的使用場合 使用場合例句注意事項不知道或沒必要說明動作的執(zhí)行者Do you know when the new railway will be put to use?你知道新的鐵路什么時候投入使用嗎?不帶by引導(dǎo)的短語強調(diào)動作的承受者;或既關(guān)心動作的承受者,又關(guān)心動作的執(zhí)行者The novel was written by the high school student. 這部小說是由這個中學(xué)生寫的。by引導(dǎo)的短語表示委婉或禮貌,避免提及動作的執(zhí)行者You are warmly invited to a party to be held at the Workers' Club at 7 pm on May 1. 熱情邀請您參加51日晚上7點在工人俱樂部舉行的派對。不必說明動作的執(zhí)行者修辭需要,為了避免更換主語,使句子簡練She stepped onto the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 她走上舞臺,觀眾給予了她熱烈的掌聲。只有一個主語在文章標題、公告、科技報告、新聞中Nuclear energy has been used to produce electricity.核能已被用于發(fā)電。用于書面語三、主動形式表示被動意義的情況1.連系動詞(look、sound、smell、feel、tasteremain )后接表語時,一般用主動形式表示被動意義。Your advice sounds practical.你的建議聽起來是可行的。Whether we can have a holiday remains unknown.我們還不知道能否放假。2.當(dāng)open、close、shut、lock、move、read、washclean、cooksell、cutwear、carry等用作不及物動詞且表示主語的某種屬性時,通常用主動形式表示被動意義。The door doesn't shut.這門關(guān)不上。The book sells well.這書賣得不錯。3.在wantneed、requiredeserve 等少數(shù)動詞后的v.-ing形式,用主動形式表示被動意義。其含義相當(dāng)于動詞不定式的被動形式。The house needs cleaning.The house needs to be cleaned.這所房子需要打掃。This wall requires repairing.This wall requires to be repaired.這面墻需要修理。四、使用被動語態(tài)時應(yīng)注意的問題1.不及物動詞(短語)無被動語態(tài)。常見的不及物動詞(短語)appear、belong、disappear、happenremain、break outcome true、fall asleep、keep silentlose heart、take placerun out等。We cannot say for sure what will happen.我們無法確切地說會發(fā)生什么事。2.在主動語態(tài)里,動詞see、make、hear、watch、notice等后面作賓補的動詞不定式不帶to, 但變?yōu)楸粍?/span>語態(tài)時,to必須補上。They made him go there alone.(主動語態(tài))He was made to go there alone.(被動語態(tài))他們讓他獨自去那里。3.接雙賓語的動詞變被動語態(tài)。有些動詞在主動語態(tài)中常接雙賓語,即直接賓語(一般指物) 和間接賓語(一般指人)。在變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,如果間接賓語被提前作主語,那么直接賓語保留不變; 如果直接賓語被提前作主語,那么間接賓語前一般要加上相應(yīng)的介詞tofor。We gave him the letter.He was given the letter by us.The letter was given to him by us.我們把那封信給他了。She bought her mother a new coat.Her mother was bought a new coat by her.A new coat was bought for her mother by her.她給她媽媽買了一件新大衣。4.將含有動詞+介詞/副詞類動詞短語(look after、put on、pay attention to)的主動句變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r,原動詞短語中的介詞或副詞應(yīng)保留下來。She often looks after the old. (主動語態(tài))The old are often looked after by her.(被動語態(tài))她經(jīng)常照看老人。語法知識隨堂練.單句語法填空1—May I help you, Madam?—How terrible! The things in my shop are being stolen(steal) frequently these days.2Visitors are requested(request) not to touch the exhibits.3The accident is reported to have occurred(occur) on the first Sunday in February.4The house belonging(belong) to an old lady is in good condition.5—I saw your uncle take a taxi to the airport. Why didn't you drive him there?—Because my car was being fixed(fix)6We had great fun playing on the beaches and it felt(feel) comfortable to bath in the sunlight.7The company believes the products will sell(sell) well.8The number of deaths of cancer will be reduced greatly if people are persuaded(persuade) to eat more fruit and vegetables.9I don't know what is being drawn(draw) by the children in the room now.10Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement has been reached(reach) so far by the two sides..語法與寫作 (用被動語態(tài)完成句子)1.我不知道到目前為止他受雇于這個工作多久了。I don't know how long he has been employed at this job so far.2.據(jù)說,現(xiàn)在會議上正在討論那個問題。It is said that the question is being discussed at the meeting now.3.每年在九月份或十月份,全世界的中國人都慶祝中秋節(jié)。Every year in September or October, the Mid-Autumn Festival is__celebrated__by__the____Chinese____people__all__over__the__world4.元宵用水煮熟,并隨熱湯一起吃。Sweet dumplings are boiled and served in hot water5.在古代,只有中國人舉行龍舟比賽。In the old days, dragon boat races were organized only by Chinese people

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