
?專題五 介詞
一對一“梳理”知識點
高效復(fù)習(xí)法
介詞一般用于名詞或代詞前,表示該詞與句子其他成分的關(guān)系,屬于虛詞,一般不重讀,不能在句子中單獨作成分.介詞后面的名詞或代詞稱為介詞賓語,介詞與介詞賓語一起構(gòu)成介詞短語.介詞按其詞義分為時間介詞、方位介詞、方式介詞和其他介詞.中考通??疾榻樵~的基本用法和介詞的固定搭配.解答此類試題,考生應(yīng)首先分析介詞的基本用法,區(qū)分各介詞之間的差異,尤其是時間、方位和方式這三類介詞;此外還應(yīng)積累并熟知一些含有介詞的常見固定短語.
知識突破
知識點1時間介詞
常見的時間介詞的用法:
介詞
用法
示例
in
與年、季節(jié)、月、年代、世紀(jì)及一般(非特指)的早晨、下午、晚上等表示較長時間的詞連用.“in+時間段”表示“······之后”,用于將來時
in May在五月 in summer 在夏天
in the twenty-first century 在21世紀(jì)
in the morning 在早上
in two days 兩天之后
on
用于具體的某日或某特定日期的早晨、下午、晚上前,也可用在星期或節(jié)日前
on August 1st在八月一日 on Women's Day 在婦女節(jié)
on the morning of May 1st 在五月一日的上午
on Sunday 在星期天
at
表示具體的時刻、進餐時間、一天中的某段時間、在······歲時等
at 6:00在六點 at night在晚上
at lunch time 在午餐時間 at the age of 18在18歲時
after
“after+時間段”表示“······之后”,常用于過去時態(tài);“after+時間點”表示“······之后”,既可用于將來時,也可用于過去時
I received the letter after two days.
我兩天后收到了這封信.
Jim will go to Beijing after five o'clock.
吉姆會在5點后去北京.
for
后面接時間段,表示某動作延續(xù)的時間,句子多用完成時
He has lived here for two weeks.
他在這兒住了兩個星期了.
since
表示“自從······起”,多與完成時連用,后面接過去的時間.
He has lived here since three weeks ago.
自從三個星期之前,他就住在這兒了.
until/till
用于肯定句中,意為“直到······為止”,謂語動詞為延續(xù)性動詞
He waited until midnight
他一直等到半夜.
用于否定句中,意為“直到······才”,謂語動詞為非延續(xù)性動詞
He didn't leave until midnight.
他直到半夜才離開.
by
by后接時間點,表示“到······為止;在······之前”.如果by后加將來的時間點,應(yīng)用將來時;如果by后跟一個過去的時間點,應(yīng)用過去完成時
I will finish the work by Friday.
在周五之前我會完成這項工作.
They had seen four English films by the end of last week.
到上周末為止,他們已經(jīng)看了四部英文電影了.
from
表示開始的時間,意為“從······”,多用于“from...to/till...”短語中
Students go to school from Monday to
Friday.學(xué)生們從周一到周五上學(xué).
during
表示“在······期間”
During the summer holiday, I like to go swimming with my friends.在暑假期間,我喜歡和朋友們?nèi)ビ斡?
through
表示“一直······,自始至終,從頭到尾”
Dr. Bethune went on working through the night.
白求恩大夫工作了一晚上.
before
表示“在······之前”
He left before noon.他是在午前走的.
知識點2 方位介詞
常見的方位介詞的用法:
介詞(短語)
用法
示例
to
表示“在······范圍外”,不接壤
Japan is to the east of China.日本在中國的東邊.
表示“向,朝著”
The teacher walked to the classroom.老師走向教室.
on
表示“在······(的表面)上”
There is a book on the desk.書桌上有一本書.
表示A地位于B地的外面且接壤
Russia is on the north of China.俄羅斯在中國的北面.
表示在廣闊的平面上
A little girl is walking on the road.
一個小女孩正在馬路上行走.
表示方向(左右方位)
Tom sits on my left.湯姆坐在我的左邊.
at
后接小地點或表示“在······里;在·····旁”
He arrived at school.他到學(xué)校了.
I had a grand day out at the seaside.
我在海邊痛痛快快地玩了一天.
in
后接大地點
He arrived in Beijing.他到北京了.
表示“在······范圍之內(nèi)”,即A地屬于B地
Hainan is in the south of China.
海南在中國的南方.
表示周圍的環(huán)境是立體的
Didn't you find the bag left in the bus?
你沒有找到落在公共汽車?yán)锏陌鼏?
above
表示“在······上方”,是相對高度,不強調(diào)是否垂直,與below相對
The bird is flying above his head.
鳥正從他的頭上飛過.
over
表示“在······正上方”,表示垂直的高度,與under相對
There is a bridge over the river.
河上有一座橋.
below
表示“在······下方”,不一定在正下方
Please write your name below the line.
請在橫線的下方寫下你的名字.
under
表示“在······正下方”
My cat is lying under the chair.
我的貓正躺在椅子下面.
near
表示“在·····附近”
There is a park near my house.我家附近有一個公園.
beside
表示“在······旁邊”
Li Ming sits beside me.李明坐在我旁邊.
next to
表示“緊靠·····;緊挨著······”
The bookstore is next to the bank.書店緊挨著銀行.
behind
表示“在······后面”
I sit behind Danny.我坐在丹尼的后面.
between
表示“在······之間(兩者)”
There is a hospital between the bank and the supermarket.在銀行和超市中間有一家醫(yī)院.
among
表示“在······之間(三者或三者以上)”
That book is the best among modern novels.
在現(xiàn)代小說中,那是最好的一部.
in front of
表示“在······前面(范圍外)”
There is a big tree in front of our classroom.
在我們教室前面有一棵大樹.
in the front of
表示“在······的前面(范圍內(nèi))”
There is a teacher's desk in the front of the classroom.在教室的前面有一張講桌.
before
表示“在······前面”
He paused before a door.他在一扇門前駐足.
after
表示“在······后面”
Shut the door after you.隨手關(guān)門.
知識點3方式介詞
1.on,in,with,by
介詞
用法
示例
on
通過;用
He is talking on the phone.他正在打電話.
in
表示用某種方式、語言、語調(diào)或顏色等,語言、材料等名詞前不用冠詞
Can you spell the word in English?
你能用英語把這個單詞拼寫出來嗎?
with
表示用某種工具(具體、有形的工具)
We can write with pens.我們可以用鋼筆寫.
by
表示用某種方式、方法或手段,后接名詞或動名詞,名詞前不用冠詞
My friend studies English by listening to English songs.
我的朋友通過聽英文歌曲來學(xué)英語.
2.by,in與on表示交通方式
(1)by+交通工具.例如:
I go to school by bike.我騎自行車上學(xué).
(2)in/on+限定詞+交通工具.例如:
I go to school on my bike.我騎自行車上學(xué).
知識點3其他常見介詞
介詞
含義及用法
示例
besides
“除·····之外還有”,表示某物或者某人包括在整體范圍之內(nèi)
Besides Bob, I have two other friends.
除了鮑勃,我還有其他兩位朋友.
except
“除······之外”,表示某物或者某人排除在整體范圍之外
I like all the subjects except physics because it's too difficult.
我喜歡所有的學(xué)科,除了物理, 因為它太難了.
over
通常表示在空間范圍上方“越過”
He jumps over the wall.他跳過了墻.
through
“穿過,越過”,表示從物體內(nèi)部或空間里通過
The man climbed into his room through the window.
這個人通過窗戶爬進了房間.
across
“橫穿,從一邊到另一邊”,表示在物體的表面穿過
The boy swims across the river.
這個男孩游過了河.
with
意為“和,帶有”
My uncle bought a house with a beautiful garden.
我叔叔買了一個帶漂亮花園的房子.
without
意為“沒有”
I can't finish the work on time without your help.
沒有你的幫助,我不能按時完成這項工作.
like
意為“像;跟······一樣”
I want to be a teacher like Ms. Liu.
我想成為像劉老師一樣的老師.
as
意為“作為;當(dāng)作”
Treat me as a friend.要把我當(dāng)作朋友.
against
意為“反對;靠著”
Don't stand against the wall.不要靠著墻站.
知識點5常用介詞短語和固定搭配
一、介詞與名詞的搭配
1.at短語
at noon 在正午
at home在家
at night 在夜晚
at times偶爾;有時
at present 現(xiàn)在
at the moment 此刻
2.on短語
on duty 值日
on sale 降價出售
on business 出差
on holiday 度假
on fire 著火
on foot步行
3.in短語
in English 用英語
in class 在課堂上
in all 總共
in danger 處于危險中
in time 及時
in fact事實上
in need 在危難中
in order整齊;井然有序
in public 公開地
in silence 沉默地
in surprise 吃驚地
in total 總共
in trouble 處于困境中
in a hurry 匆忙地
in a word 總之
in the end 最后
in a minute 立刻;馬上
in the future 在將來
in the past 在過去
in this way 用這種方式
in other words 換句話說
二、介詞與形容詞/過去分詞的搭配
1.be+形容詞/過去分詞+from
be absent from 缺席······
be different from與······不同
be separated from和······分開
2.be+形容詞/過去分詞+about
be careful about對······小心
be crazy about 對······熱衷
be sorry about 對······感到抱歉
he sure about 確信······
be worried about 對······擔(dān)憂
3.be+形容詞/過去分詞+at
be amazed at 對······感到吃驚
be clever at在······方面聰明
be good at在······方面擅長
be mad at對······憤怒
be surprised at對······感到驚奇
4.be+形容詞/過去分詞+for
be ready for為······做好準(zhǔn)備
be good for對······有好處
be late for 出席·····遲到
be thankful for 對······感到慶幸
be thirsty for 渴望·····
be famous/known/well known for 因······而著名
5.be+形容詞/過去分詞+in
be different in在·····方面不同
be interested in 對······感興趣
be poor in 缺乏······
be successful in在······方面成功
be weak in 在······方面薄弱/差
be strict in在······方面要求嚴(yán)格
6.be+形容詞/過去分詞+of
be afraid of 害怕······
be certain of 確信······
be full of 充滿······
be proud of 對······感到自豪
be short of 短缺······
be sure of確信······
be good to 對······好
be tired of·······
7.be+形容詞/過去分詞+to
be close to 接近,靠近······
be friendly to 對······友好
be kind to 對······和藹
be nice to 對······友好
be polite to 對······有禮貌
be related to 與······有關(guān)
be rude to 對······粗魯
be similar to 與······相似
8.be+形容詞/過去分詞+with
be angry with 對······生氣
be busy with 忙于······
be careful with 小心處理······
be covered with 被······覆蓋
be filled with 充滿······
be satisfied/pleased with 對······感到滿意
be patient with 對······有耐心
be strict with sb.對某人要求嚴(yán)格
三、其他常見搭配
at first 首先
at last 最后
at least 至少
at most最多
核心考點,各個擊破
考點1介詞
例1(2021·江蘇揚州,3題,1分)
China's first Mars rover, Zhurong, touched down on the Red Planet_________ May 15,2021.
A. on
B. in
C. at
D. to
【解析】本題考查介詞辨析.句意:2021年5月15日,中國首個火星車“祝融”號在火星著陸.表示“在具體的某一天”,應(yīng)用介詞on.答案:A
例2(2021·遼寧撫順、本溪、遼陽聯(lián)考,4題,1分)
Cathy always makes good use of her time to study, even_________ her lunch break.
A. around
B. during
C. from
D. between
【解析】本題考查介詞辨析.around在······周圍;during在······期間;from來自······;between在······中間.根據(jù)句意“凱茜總是利用好她的時間去學(xué)習(xí),甚至午飯休息期間都在學(xué)”可知,空格表示“在午飯休息期間”,during符合語境.答案:B
針對性練習(xí)1
1.-What time do you usually go to bed?
-I usually go to bed_________ 11:00.
A. in
B. on
C. at
D. for
2.Grandpa Li can talk with people_________ different languages.
A. by
B. from
C. in
D. with
3.All the students have finished the homework_________ Zhang Hua, so he's doing it now.
A. and
B. besides
C. or
D. except
考點2介詞短語
例3(2021·山西,29題,1分)
In the future, robots will play a more important role in people's life_________ the development of technology.
A. ahead of
B. instead of
C. because of
【解析】本題考查介詞短語辨析.句意:將來,因為科技的發(fā)展,機器人將會在人類生活中扮演更重要的角色.ahead of在······之前;instead of代替,而不是;because of因為,由于.答案:C
針對性練習(xí)2
1.Before you leave the office, everything should be put_________.
A. in time
B. in place
C. in the way
D. in advance
2.Healthy eating_________ regular exercise is the best way to keep fit.
A. less than
B. instead of
C. such as
D. together with
3.-The ship sinking of R. O. Korea teaches us to care for ourselves and the people around us.
-So it is. _________,life is the most important to everyone.
A. For example
B. At last
C. After all
D. Because of
答案:
針對性練習(xí)1:1.C 2.C 3.D
針對性練習(xí)2:1.B 2.D 3.C
從模擬演練到實戰(zhàn)操作
模擬演練
1.(2021·云南紅河一模)Thanks_________ free education, lots of poor children in the mountain areas can go back to school.
A. to
B. from
C. at
D. for
2.(2021·江蘇鹽城一模)Yancheng Marathon will be held_________ April,18th.
A. in
B. on
C. at
D./
3.(2021·遼寧大連一模)Excuse me! Can you tell me the way_________ the National Stadium?
A. in
B. on
C. to
D. from
4.(2021·天津紅橋區(qū)三模)Liu Xiang was invited_________ competitions around the world.
A. to
B. in
C. of
D. with
5.(2021·山東青島二模)Now people can pay_________ scanning their faces while shopping.
A. for
B. of
C. on
D. by
6.(2021·上海黃浦區(qū)二模)The Virtual School1 Library provides primary school_________ children free online books.
A. for
B. to
C. with
D. from
7.(2021·江蘇無錫二模)-A serious study of physics is impossible_________ some knowledge of math.
-I couldn't agree more. So we should also learn math well.
A. among
B. between
C. against
D. without
8.(2021·河北石家莊二模)I often buy school things_________ my way home.
A. on
B. by
C. in
D. from
9.(2021·西藏日喀則二模)Jack arrived
the village a snowy morning.
A. at; on
B. in; on
C. on ;at
D. on; in
10.(2021·福建福州模擬)Many wild animals are_________ and it's time for us to do whatever we can to protect them.
A. at war
B. in danger
C. on business
11.(2021·江蘇無錫一模)Jim often feels stressed because what his parents want him to do has gone_________ him.
A. beyond
B. against
C. above
D. through
12.(2021·重慶模擬)I went to watch the film with my parents_________ the afternoon of Feb.13th.
A. to
B. in
C. at
D. on
13.(2021·山西呂梁二模)It's really rude to shout in a loud voice_________. Calm down, and you will make it.
A. in person
B. by mistake
C. in public
14.(2021·山東青島一模)This story is_________ simple English. My little sister can read it.
A. for
B. by
C. with
D. in
答案:
1.A【解析】本題考查介詞短語辨析.句意:多虧了免費教育,許多山區(qū)的貧困兒童可以重返校園.thanks to是固定短語,意為“多虧了”.
2.B【解析】本題考查介詞辨析.句意:鹽城馬拉松賽將于4月18日舉行.in泛指一般意義的上午、下午或晚上以及月或年等較長的時間;on表示星期幾或某一特定的日期;at表示時間的某一點,某一時刻等.April 18th是一個具體的日期,需用介詞on.
3.C 4.A 5.D 6.C
7.D【解析】本題考查介詞辨析.句意:-沒有一定的數(shù)學(xué)知識,是不能開展嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)奈锢韺W(xué)研究的.-我完全同意,所以我們也應(yīng)該學(xué)好數(shù)學(xué).among在······之間(三者及以上);between在······之間(兩者);against反對;without沒有.
8.A【解析】本題考查介詞辨析.句意:我經(jīng)常在回家的路上買學(xué)習(xí)用品.on在······上;by在······旁邊;in在······里面;from 來自.on one's way home意為“在某人回家的路上”.
9.A【解析】本題考查介詞辨析.arrive+ in/at+地點(大地點用in,小地點用at);表示時間的名詞“上午/下午/傍晚”等詞前面有形容詞修飾時,介詞用on.
10.B【解析】本題考查介詞短語辨析.句意:許多野生動物正處于危險中,是時候盡我們所能去保護它們了.at war在戰(zhàn)爭中;in danger處在危險中;on business出差.
11.A【解析】本題考查介詞辨析.句意:吉姆經(jīng)常感到有壓力大,因為他父母想讓他做的已經(jīng)超越了他的能力.beyond超越;against反對;above在······上方;through通過.
12.D【解析】本題考查介詞辨析.句意:2月
13日下午,我和父母一起去看了電影.to到;in后接某年某月或某季節(jié);at后接具體時刻;on后接具體的一天或某一天的上午/下午/傍晚.“the afternoon of Feb.13th”是具體的某一天的下午.
13.C【解析】本題考查介詞短語辨析.in person親自;by mistake錯誤地;in public在公共場合.根據(jù)常識可知,在公共場合大聲喊叫非常粗魯.
14.D
真題演練
1.(2022·江蘇徐州)We need to guard_________ any possible danger around us.
A. for
B. over
C. with
D. against
2.(2021·河北)I eat rice_________ beef and potatoes. It's delicious.
A. in
B. on
C. with
D. for
3.(2021·湖南懷化) I often help my parents with housework_________ Sundays.
A. on
B. in
C. at
4.(2022·河北)Look! The fish is swimming fast_________ the river.
A. at
B. in
C. of
D. by
5.(2021·天津)Anna is taller than me. She sits_________ me in the classroom.
A. between
B. from
C. behind
D. among
6.(2021·湖南湘潭)-How do you study for a test, Eric?
-I study_________ working with a group.
A. by
B. with
C. in
7.(2021·黑龍江大慶)Our hometown is a beautiful city_________ hundreds of lakes.
A. at
B. on
C. with
D. by
8.(2021·湖北武漢)-I could tell_________ the look on her face that something exciting had happened.
-Exactly!
A. on
B. with
C. by
D. at
9.(2021·云南昆明)Since 1921,the Communist Party of China(中國共產(chǎn)黨) has been leading the Chinese people_________ a better life.
A. of
B. on
C. at
D. to
10.(2021·北京)Space Day of China falls_________ April 24th every year.
A. on
B. by
C. at
D. in
11.(2021·遼寧撫順、本溪、遼陽聯(lián)考)- This is so difficult that I want to give up.
-Take it easy. _________,it takes time to learn something new.
A. In that case
B. For example
C. By the way
D. After all
12.(2021·江蘇蘇州)Football fans are often called the “12th man” because of their influence_________ a team.
A. to
B. from
C. on
D. at
13.(2021·湖北恩施)Yuan Longping, one of the best-known scientists around the world, made great contributions_________ developing hybrid rice.
A. in
B. for
C. to
14.(2022·湖南懷化)Mingming will have a class meeting_________ 3:30 this afternoon.
A. on
B. in
C. at
15.(2021·貴州黔東南)Ms. Huang was very pleased because her husband and daughter bought a beautiful dress_________ her on her birthday.
A. for
B. from
C. to
D. of
16.(2021·湖北荊州)-Good news! You've passed the P.E. test.
-Hooray! _________, I was worried about it.
A. By accident
B. To be honest
C.As a result
D. In my opinion
17.(2021·黑龍江綏化) _________ our teachers, we've made great progress in the past four years.
A. Thanks for
B. Thankful to
C. Thanks to
18.(2021·江蘇淮安)-What time does the library open in the morning?
-It opens_________ 9a.m.
A. in
B. on
C. at
D. between
答案:
1.D【解析】本題考查介詞辨析.句意:我們需要防范身邊任何可能的危險.for為了;over在······之上;with帶有;against反對.guard against“防止,提防”,是固定搭配,根據(jù)句意可知,應(yīng)用guard against.
2.C【解析】本題考查介詞辨析.句意:我吃米飯時和牛肉土豆一起吃,這樣吃很美味.in在······里;on在······上;with和····一起;for為了.根據(jù)語境“吃飯時連同牛肉土豆一起吃”可知應(yīng)用介詞with.
3.A【解析】本題考查介詞辨析.句意:我經(jīng)常在星期天幫助父母做家務(wù).on指在具體的某一天;in用在年、月、季節(jié)前;at用在具體幾點幾分前.這里指在星期天,具體的某一天,應(yīng)用on.
4.B 5.C 6.A
7.C【解析】本題考查介詞辨析.句意:我們的家鄉(xiāng)是一個美麗的城市,有幾百個湖.at在······旁;on在······上;with帶有,和;by在······旁邊.with hundreds of lakes 意為“有幾百個湖”,故用介詞with.
8.C【解析】本題考查介詞辨析.句意:-我從她的面部表情判斷出某件令人激動的事情發(fā)生了.-確實如此!空格后面的“that something exciting had happened”是謂語動詞tell的賓語,故“the look on her face”應(yīng)是方式狀語,即“通過面部表情判斷出······”.on關(guān)于;with用;by通過;at在······旁.
9.D【解析】本題考查“動詞+介詞”搭配.句意:自從1921年以來,中國共產(chǎn)黨一直引領(lǐng)著中國人民過上更好的生活.lead sh.to...意為“帶領(lǐng)某人去······”,符合句子語境.
10.A
11.D【解析】本題考查介詞短語辨析.句意:-這太難了,我想放棄.--別緊張,畢竟學(xué)習(xí)新東西需要花時間.in that case 那樣的話;for example比如;by the way 順便說一下;after all畢竟.根據(jù)句意可知,空格處用after all符合語境.
12.C【解析】本題考查介詞辨析.句意:由于球迷對球隊的影響力,他們常被稱為“第12人”.influence on...意為“對······的影響”,是固定搭配.
13.C【解析】本題考查介詞辨析.句意:袁隆平是世界上最知名的科學(xué)家之一,為發(fā)展雜交水稻做出了巨大的貢獻.make contributions to是固定搭配,意為“對······做出貢獻”.
14.C
15.A【解析】本題考查介詞辨析.句意:黃女士非常高興,因為她的丈夫和女兒在她生日那天給她買了一件漂亮的連衣裙.buy sth. for sb.為某人買某物.
16.B【解析】本題考查介詞短語辨析.句意:-好消息!你通過了體育考試.--好極了!說實話,我之前很擔(dān)心.by accident偶然地;to be honest 老實說;as a result結(jié)果;in my opinion在我看來.根據(jù)下文“I was worried about it.”可知,此處是回答者在袒露自己之前的心理活動.
17.C【解析】本題考查介詞辨析.句意:多虧了我們的老師,我們在過去的四年里取得了很大的進步.thanks for為······而感謝;thankful to通常用于be thankful to sb.“對······心存感激”;thanks to多虧.由句意可知,應(yīng)用thanks to.
18.C
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