過去完成時(shí)與過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)
[觀察例句]
1．When my family and I had just arrived in China，we went lking fr a gd place t eat in Beijing.
2．Tired，hungry，and nt knwing a wrd f Chinese，we had n idea hw t rder，s the chef just began filling ur table with the best fd we had ever eaten.
3．A Sichuan restaurant had been recmmended t us by a friend，and finally，we fund it.
4．Prir t cming t China，my nly experience with Chinese cking was in America，with Chinese fd that had been changed t suit American tastes.
[歸納用法]
1．例句1和2的黑體部分為過去完成時(shí)，其構(gòu)成為“had＋動(dòng)詞過去分詞”，表示過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作。
2．例句3和4的黑體部分為過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式，其構(gòu)成為“had＋been＋動(dòng)詞過去分詞”，表示過去某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)被完成的動(dòng)作。
一、過去完成時(shí)
表示過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作，對過去的某一點(diǎn)造成的某種影響或是結(jié)果，用來指在另一個(gè)過去行動(dòng)之前就已經(jīng)完成了的事件。在英語時(shí)態(tài)中，“時(shí)”指動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，“態(tài)”指動(dòng)作的樣子和狀態(tài)。它表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是“過去的過去”，側(cè)重事情的結(jié)果。由“had＋過去分詞”構(gòu)成。
基本結(jié)構(gòu)：had＋動(dòng)詞過去分詞
(1)肯定句：主語＋had＋動(dòng)詞過去分詞＋其他。
He had already been t New Yrk earlier in the week.
本周早些時(shí)候他去過紐約。
(2)否定句：主語＋had＋nt＋動(dòng)詞過去分詞＋其他。
At that time we hadn't met her.
那時(shí)我們還沒有見到她。
(3)疑問句：Had＋主語＋動(dòng)詞過去分詞＋其他？
肯定回答：Yes，主語＋had.
否定回答：N，主語＋hadn't.
—Had yu visited here befre?
——你以前參觀過這里嗎？
—Yes，I had./N，I hadn't.
——是，我去過。/沒有，我以前沒有去過。
(4)特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞或詞組＋had＋主語＋過去分詞＋其他？
Where had yu been befre yu came here?
你來這里前還去過哪兒？
(5)被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語＋had (nt)＋been＋動(dòng)詞過去分詞＋其他。
By the end f last year all the preparatry wrk had been dne.
到去年底為止，所有的準(zhǔn)備工作都完成了。
[即學(xué)即練1] 單句語法填空
①He had wrked(wrk) in the stre fr five years befre he mved here.
②When I gt t the statin，the train had left (leave)．
③The task had been finished (finish) befre 12：00 yesterday.
二、基本用法
1．表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前完成了的動(dòng)作，也可以說過去的時(shí)間關(guān)于過去的動(dòng)作。即“過去的過去”?？梢杂胋y，befre等介詞短語或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句來表示，也可以用一個(gè)表示過去的動(dòng)作來表示，還可能通過上下文來表示。
By nine 'clck last night，we had gt 200 pictures frm the spaceship.
到昨晚9點(diǎn)鐘，我們已經(jīng)收到200張飛船發(fā)來的圖片。
2．表示由過去的某一時(shí)刻開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和fr，since構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語連用。
I had been at the bus stp fr 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
當(dāng)車來的時(shí)候，我在車站已等了20分鐘。
He said he had wrked in that factry since 1949.
他說自從1949年以來他就在那家工廠工作。
3．?dāng)⑹鲞^去發(fā)生的事情，在已敘述了過去發(fā)生的事情后，反過來追述或補(bǔ)述以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí)，常使用過去完成時(shí)。
Mr.Smith died yesterday.He had been a gd friend f mine.
史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
I didn't knw a thing abut the verbs，fr I had nt studied my lessn.
我對動(dòng)詞一無所知，因?yàn)槲覜]有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。
4．在含有定語從句的主從復(fù)合句中，如果敘述過去的事，先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作常用過去完成時(shí)。
I returned the bk that I had brrwed.
我已歸還了我借的書。
She fund the key that she had lst.
她丟失的鑰匙找到了。
5．過去完成時(shí)常常用在tld，said，knew，heard，thught等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句(或間接引語)中，這時(shí)從句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句表示的過去的動(dòng)作之前。
He said that he had knwn her well.
他說他很熟悉她。
I thught I had sent the letter a week befre.
我認(rèn)為我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
6．狀語從句：在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在前，用過去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時(shí)。如：when，befre，after，as sn as，till/until引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合句。
When I wke up，it had already stpped raining.
我醒來時(shí)雨已停了。
She didn't g t bed until she had finished her wrk.
她直到把工作做完之后才睡覺。
注意：如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生，則常常不用過去完成時(shí)，特別是在包含befre和after的復(fù)合句中，因?yàn)閺木涞膭?dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確，可以用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)。
After he arrived in England，Marx wrked hard t imprve his English.
馬克思到達(dá)英格蘭之后，努力提高他的英語水平。
7．動(dòng)詞think，want，hpe，mean，plan，intend等用過去完成時(shí)來表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法、希望、打算或意圖等。
They had wanted t help but culd nt get there in time.
他們本來打算去幫忙，但沒有及時(shí)趕到那里。
We had hped t be able t cme and see yu.
我們本來希望能來看看你。
8．過去完成時(shí)還可用在，n ...，it was the first (secnd，etc) time (that)．..等固定句型中。
Hardly had he begun t speak when the audience interrupted him.
他剛開始演講，聽眾就打斷了他。
N sner had he arrived than he went away again.
他剛到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been ut f wrk that year.
這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)了。
[即學(xué)即練2] 單句語法填空
①We had built(build) five new buildings by the end f last year.
②I culd see frm her face that she had received(receive) sme gd news.
③He said he had been(be) there befre.
④We realized we had lst(lse) ur way.
⑤We had hped(hpe) that yu wuld be able t visit us.
三、與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，以nw的時(shí)間為基點(diǎn)，但側(cè)重對nw產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響；過去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對的時(shí)態(tài)，以過去時(shí)間為基點(diǎn)，它所表示的動(dòng)作不僅發(fā)生在過去，更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”，只有和過去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)，才用到它。
比較：I have learned 1，000 English wrds s far.
到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了1 000個(gè)英語單詞。
I had learned 1，000 English wrds till then.
到那時(shí)為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了1 000個(gè)英語單詞。
—I'm srry t keep yu waiting.
——對不起，讓你久等了。
—Oh，nt at all.I have been here nly a few minutes.
——沒什么，我只等了幾分鐘。
[即學(xué)即練3] 單句語法填空
①The cncert has started (start)．We have t lk fr ur seats in the dark.
②Yu're t late；the train has left (leave)．
③He had taught (teach) English fr twenty years when he retired.
④They had gt (get) everything ready befre I came.
四、過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)
過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)是過去完成時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)的結(jié)合。表示過去某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)被完成的動(dòng)作，常與by，befre等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用。由“had＋been＋過去分詞”構(gòu)成。
1．過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)有以下三種形式
(1)肯定結(jié)構(gòu)：主語＋ had been dne ＋其他成分。
(2)否定結(jié)構(gòu)：主語＋ had nt been dne ＋其他成分。
(3)疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)：had ＋主語＋ been dne ＋其他成分？
疑問詞＋ had ＋主語＋ been dne ＋其他成分？
2．過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)常用于以下三種情況
(1)表示過去某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，常與by，befre等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用。
By the time he gt t the schl，the first class had been finished.
當(dāng)他到達(dá)學(xué)校時(shí)，第一節(jié)課已經(jīng)結(jié)束了。
The classrm hadn't been cleaned befre the teacher came.
老師來之前，教室還沒有打掃過。
Hw many buildings had been destryed when the earthquake ended?
地震結(jié)束時(shí)有多少建筑物被毀？
(2)根據(jù)語意可以判斷出動(dòng)作先后的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，用過去完成時(shí)。
As the assignment had been dne，he went n t search the Internet.
任務(wù)完成后，他繼續(xù)上網(wǎng)搜索。
He did what he had been tld t.
他做了別人叫他做的事。
另：當(dāng)從句由after，befre，when或 as sn as引導(dǎo)時(shí)，主句和從句都可以用一般過去時(shí)。
When he arrived，he called her.
他到達(dá)時(shí)，給她打了電話。
They lcked the dr befre they left.
在離開前，他們把門鎖上了。
(3)在tld，said，knew，heard，thught等動(dòng)詞之后的賓語從句中，若表示過去某一被動(dòng)動(dòng)作時(shí)，用過去完成時(shí)。
They said the prductin csts had been reduced.
他們說生產(chǎn)成本已經(jīng)降低了。
The girl was reminded that her hmewrk had nt been handed in.
那個(gè)女孩被提醒她的家庭作業(yè)還沒有交。
The media reprted mre than 1，000 peple had been killed in the earthquake.
媒體報(bào)道有1 000多人在地震中喪生。
[名師點(diǎn)津]
過去完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)用法區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示相對于現(xiàn)在來說已被完成的動(dòng)作，過去完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示相對于過去某一時(shí)刻來說已被完成的動(dòng)作。
例如：This plluted river has been cleaned.
這條被污染了的河流已被凈化。
析：該句表示到現(xiàn)在為止這條河流已被凈化。
例如：He said this bk had been translated int Japanese.
他說這本書已被譯成日語。
析：該句表示到他說話時(shí)所體現(xiàn)的時(shí)間為止這本書已被譯成日語。
[即學(xué)即練4] 單句語法填空
①The earthquake had been predicted (predict) several days befre.
②The device had been used (use) peratinally sme mnths previusly.
③Our classrm has been cleaned (clean)．Yu needn't clean it nw.
④The child has been taken (take) care f by grandma all these years.
Ⅰ.單句語法填空
1．I surfed the net and saw (see) an nline advertisement，s I sent an email，saying that I wanted the jb.
2．The universities in Britain have taken (take) in many students frm China and ther Asian cuntries ver the past few years.
3．The interviewer was interested in the grades I had gt (get) in the exams.
4．By the time we gt a reprt，the firemen had put (put) ut the fire in the bar already.
5．We'll have t wait in line.The fast-fd restaurant has been (be) shrt-handed fr weeks.
6．She had wanted (want) t help yu but she had n time then.
7．All the film tickets had been sld (sell) ut when I gt t the cinema.
8．The wallet had been wrapped (wrap) up in newspaper and it cntained half the mney he had lst.
9．By the end f that day，mst f the inhabitants had left (leave) their hmes.
10．It was the third time that he had made (make) the same mistake.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．她告訴我她當(dāng)空中乘務(wù)員好幾年了。
She tld me that she had been an air hstess fr quite a few years.
2．她說她已來過上海。
She said that she had been t Shanghai.
3．我們到日本前學(xué)過一點(diǎn)日語。
We had studied a little Japanese befre we came t Japan.
4．我不想看那部戲劇，因?yàn)槲乙呀?jīng)看過了。
I didn't want t see the play because I had already seen it．
5．到上學(xué)期末，我們已讀了十篇短篇小說。
By the end f last term we had read ten shrt stries．
6．這是他第一次輸?shù)舯荣悺?br>It was the first time he had lst the game．
7．投資黃金一直被認(rèn)為是萬無一失的賺錢方法。
Investment in gld has been seen as a sure rute t make mney.
8．經(jīng)過短暫的步行，我們到達(dá)尸體被人發(fā)現(xiàn)的地方。
After a shrt walk，we arrived at the place where the bdy had been fund.
9．然而，幾天之后，有人告訴他說弄錯(cuò)了。
Hwever，a few days later，he was tld that a mistake had been made．
10．我半夜回來時(shí)，她還沒有做完工作。
When I came back at midnight she still hadn't finished the wrk．

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