?熱點12 語法填空（動詞和句式）





一　謂語動詞
（一）動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)


考點一 一般現(xiàn)在時與一般過去時
一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時是近幾年語法填空和短文改錯必考的語法項目，而且考查的均是最基本的用法。
(一)一般現(xiàn)在時
一般現(xiàn)在時常用來表示習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。
1．謂語動詞的構(gòu)成：do/does(下面所有的謂語動詞的構(gòu)成皆以do為例)
2．基本用法
(1)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的、習(xí)慣性的、反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的動作或狀態(tài)。
常與表示習(xí)慣的副詞(詞組)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, never, sometimes, usually, every day/night等連用。
On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.
周一早晨開車上班我一般要花費一個小時，雖然實際距離只有20英里。
(2)表示客觀真理、格言或者警句等。
表示客觀真理時，即使主句是一般過去時，賓語從句還要用一般現(xiàn)在時。
As we all know, the earth travels around the sun.
眾所周知，地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。
(3)表示按規(guī)定、時間表、計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作。
謂語動詞是come，go，arrive，leave，start，begin，return，live，fly等，可以用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來發(fā)生的動作。
My dream school starts at 8：30 am and ends at 3：30 pm.
我理想的學(xué)校上午8：30上課，下午3：30放學(xué)。
(4)在時間、條件等狀語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。
They will stand by you even if you don't succeed.
即使你不成功，他們也會支持你。
名師點津　動詞第三人稱的構(gòu)成

一般情況直接加-s
work→works　get→gets say→says　　　read→reads
結(jié)尾為-s, -x, -sh, -ch或-o，在詞尾加-es
discuss→discusses wash→washes　fix→fixes teach→teaches go→goes
結(jié)尾為“輔音字母＋y”，變y為i再加-es
carry→carries　study→studies try→tries　fly→flies　cry→cries
(二)一般過去時
1．謂語動詞的構(gòu)成：did
2．基本用法
(1)表示過去某一時間所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示具體的過去時間狀語連用，如yesterday，last month，just now，the other day，three days ago，in 1989等。
[2019·江蘇卷] A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr. Smith fell in love with the people and culture there.
史密斯先生到中國幾個月后，就喜歡上了那里的人和文化。
(2)在時間、條件等狀語從句中，常用一般過去時代替過去將來時。
He said he would tell her about the news as soon as he met her.
他說他一見到她就把這個消息告訴她。
(3)有些句子，雖然沒有明確的表示過去的時間狀語，但實際上指的是過去發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，也要用一般過去時。常見的此類動詞有know, think, expect, want等。
Edward, you play so well. But I didn't know you played the piano.
愛德華，你彈得真好。但是我原來不知道你會彈鋼琴。
(4)常見句型：
①It is time that sb. should do/did sth.該到……的時候了
②It is/has been＋一段時間＋since...did sth.自從做某事已經(jīng)一段時間了
③would/had rather sb. did sth.寧愿某人做某事
It is time that we took action to protect our environment.
該到我們采取措施保護環(huán)境的時候了。
As far as I know，it is/has been three years since he joined the army.
據(jù)我所知，他參軍三年了。
(5)句中暗含有表示過去的時間狀語。
George said that he would come to school to see me the next day，but he didn't.
喬治說他會在第二天來學(xué)?？次?，但是他沒有來。
名師點津　動詞過去式的構(gòu)成

一般情況在動詞后加-ed
work→worked　play→played want→wanted
以不發(fā)音的-e結(jié)尾的動詞后加-d
hope→hoped like→liked
以“輔音字母＋y”結(jié)尾的動詞，變y為i再加-ed
study→studied try→tried
以重讀閉音節(jié)或/r/音節(jié)結(jié)尾，詞尾只有一個輔音字母時雙寫詞尾的輔音字母再加-ed
stop→stopped prefer→preferred admit→admitted permit→permitted


(單句語法填空/單句改錯)
1．[2020·新高考Ⅰ卷]The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, ________ (form) the core collection of the British Museum which opened in 1759.
2．[2020·全國卷Ⅲ]When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (傳奇的) artist, they smiled and ________ (point) down the river.
3．[2018·全國卷Ⅰ]While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it ________ (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.
4．[2020·浙江卷7月] This style of farming lasted for quite a long time. Then，with the rise of science，changes began. New methods ________ (mean) that fewer people worked in farming.
5．[2020·北京卷]She ________ (persuade) me to join the poetry and lit in me a fire for literature.
6．[2020·全國卷Ⅱ]Actually, I start to learn kung fu when I was seven years old, but I have long been out of practice.________________
7．[2020·全國卷Ⅲ]For example, every morning, my dad has to have a bowl of egg soup while I had to eat an apple. My dad doesn't like the soup and I don't enjoy apples.________________
8．[2021·貴陽高三適應(yīng)性考試]Louvre dated back to the 12th century，which used to be a royal palace.________________

考點二 現(xiàn)在進行時、過去進行時與將來進行時
(一)現(xiàn)在進行時
1．謂語動詞的構(gòu)成：＋doing
2．基本用法
(1)表示此刻正在進行的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與時間狀語now，at the moment，at present等連用。
We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.
我們今天面對的是一個陌生的新世界，并且我們都在想我們將要怎么對待它。
(2)一些特定的表示動作趨向性的短暫性動詞come，go，leave，get，start，open，arrive，begin，return等常用現(xiàn)在進行時表將來。
I am leaving for Shanghai to attend an important international meeting.我要出發(fā)去上海參加一個重要的國際會議。
(3)現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)與頻率副詞always，constantly連用表達某種感情色彩，如不滿、厭惡、贊賞等。
You are always forgetting the important thing.
你總是把重要的事情忘掉。(表達出不滿的情緒)

(二)過去進行時
1．謂語動詞的構(gòu)成：＋doing
2．基本用法
(1)表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間內(nèi)正在進行的動作，常與表示過去的時間狀語從句以及時間狀語at that time, at that moment, at this time yesterday, at ten o'clock yesterday等連用。
[2018·北京卷]Susan had quit her well-paid job and was working as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.蘇珊已經(jīng)辭去了高薪的工作。去年當(dāng)我探望她的時候，她正在一個社區(qū)里做志愿者。
(2)表示一個過去的動作正在進行時，另一個過去的動作發(fā)生了，常與when, while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句連用。
Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred.
突然斷電時，杰克正在實驗室里工作。
(3)表示過去按計劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動作，此用法常見動詞有g(shù)o，begin，leave，arrive，come，return等。
I was coming to visit you later that day，but I had to phone and cancel.
我本打算那天晚些時候去看你，但是我不得不打電話取消了。

(三)將來進行時
1．謂語動詞的構(gòu)成：will be doing
2．基本用法
表示將來某一時刻或某一時間段正在發(fā)生或進行的動作，常與一些標志性的時間狀語連用，如at this time tomorrow, by then, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。
Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she will be teaching a class at that time.
簡不能參加今天下午三點的會，因為那個時間段她有課。
This time next week I'll be lying on the beach，enjoying the sunshine.
下星期這個時候，我正躺在海灘上，享受著陽光。
名師點津　動詞進行時的構(gòu)成

一般情況在詞尾直接加-ing
work→working study→studying
以不發(fā)音的-e結(jié)尾的動詞，去e再加-ing
write→writing take→taking face→facing
“輔音＋元音＋輔音”結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)詞， 且末尾只有一個輔音字母，雙寫詞尾輔音字母，再加-ing
cut→cutting begin→beginning swim→swimming run→running put→putting plan→planning sit→sitting
以-ie結(jié)尾的動詞，變-ie為y再加-ing
lie→lying die→dying


(單句語法填空)
1．[2020·江西省重點中學(xué)盟校聯(lián)考]At present, Tech giants Apple and Google ________ (team) up to create a system that would let smartphone users know when they've come into contact with someone who has COVID－19.
2．[2017·天津卷]I ________ (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.

考點三 現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進行時
(一)現(xiàn)在完成時
1．謂語動詞的構(gòu)成：＋done
2．基本用法
(1)表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，常用的時間狀語：already，so far，never，just，before，recently，for a long time，in the past/last few years等。
[2019·江蘇卷]The musician along with his band members has given ten performances in the last three months.
在過去的三個月里，這位音樂家和他的樂隊成員們已經(jīng)進行了十場演出。
(2)表示過去已經(jīng)開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(也許還會繼續(xù)進行下去)的動作或狀態(tài)，常與“since＋時間點”或“for＋時間段”等表示一段時間的狀語連用。
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一部小說自上個月出版以來就獲得了很好的評價。
3．現(xiàn)在完成時還可以用在時間和條件狀語從句中，表示將來某時完成的動作。
Please return the book to me when you have finished it.
當(dāng)你讀完這本書請歸還給我。

名師指津　(1)注意牢記以下固定句型：
①It is/has been＋時間段＋since...表示“自從……以來已經(jīng)……”。
It is/has been ten years since I graduated from the university.
我大學(xué)畢業(yè)已十年了。
②This/It/That is the first/second/third...time that...表示“這/那是(某人)第幾次做某事”，that從句中要用現(xiàn)在完成時。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
這是我第一次游覽這座城市。
③This is＋the＋形容詞最高級＋名詞＋that...結(jié)構(gòu)，that從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時。
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
這是我看過的最好的電影。
(2)注意避免思維定式：一看到for＋時間段，就用動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)。一定要看語境強調(diào)是“該動作曾經(jīng)做過多長時間”(一般過去時)，還是“該動作已經(jīng)做完多長時間”(現(xiàn)在完成時)。
Yang Zhenning lived in America for many years and now he lives in China.
楊振寧在美國定居多年，現(xiàn)在他生活在中國。
Dashan has lived in China for many years.
大山在中國住了許多年。

(二)過去完成時
1．謂語動詞的構(gòu)成：had＋done
2．基本用法
(1)表示到過去某一時間之前動作已經(jīng)完成即“過去的過去”，常見的時間狀語有by...，until...，when...，before...等。
When he was in Beijing，he visited places where he had played as a child.
他在北京的時候游覽了他兒時曾玩過的地方。
By the time Jack returned home from England，his son had already graduated from college.
杰克從英國回到家時，他的兒子已經(jīng)大學(xué)畢業(yè)了。
(2)表示意向的動詞，如hope，wish，expect，think，intend，mean，suppose 等，用過去完成時表示“原本……(事實上未能……)”。
[2019·天津卷]I had hoped to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldn't manage it.
我本希望送給彼得一個禮物祝賀他結(jié)婚了，但我沒能做到。
(3)表示一個過去的動作先于另一過去的動作發(fā)生，這種情況多見于賓語從句。
It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me.
過了好久我才能夠完全理解他們?yōu)槲易瞿切┦隆?br /> (4)過去完成時的常用句型
①It was the first/second...time that...
這是第一/第二……次……
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
這是那個男孩第三次遲到了。
②had hardly...when剛……就……；had no sooner...than一……就……。如：
I had hardly opened the door when he hit me.
我剛打開門，他就打了我。
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
他剛買了這輛車，轉(zhuǎn)眼又賣了。

(三) 現(xiàn)在完成進行時
1．謂語動詞的構(gòu)成：been＋doing
2．基本用法
(1)常用來表示開始于過去某個時間，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且會繼續(xù)進行下去的動作。
I'm tired out. I have been shopping all afternoon and I don't seem to have finished anything.
我累壞了。我整個下午都在購物，我好像什么事也沒完成。
Tom has been working in the library every night over the last three months.
在過去的三個月里，湯姆每天晚上都在圖書館工作。
(2)表示到目前為止的一段時間里一直在反復(fù)進行的動作。
I have been calling him many times this morning，but there's no answer.
今天早晨我一直給他打了很多電話，但是沒人接。


(單句語法填空)
1．[2020·浙江卷7月] By about 6000 BC, people ________ (discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
2．[2019·全國卷Ⅱ語法填空]I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I ________ (make) over the years. I work not because I have to，but because I want to.
3．[2021·高三八校第二次聯(lián)考]According to HuffPost, more than 3 million people in the United States are vegans. In the UK, about 542,000 people ________ (choose) veganism over the past decade.
4．[2021·安徽省高三聯(lián)考]Quanzhou is also known for its thriving private economy. The past four decades ________ (see) the birth of tens of thousands of private businesses and hundreds of famous brands.

考點四 一般將來時和過去將來時
(一)一般將來時
1．表示將來某一時刻的動作或狀態(tài)常用以下四種結(jié)構(gòu)
(1)will/shall＋動詞原形
(2)be going to＋動詞原形
(3)be to＋動詞原形
(4)be about to do sth.
2．基本用法
(1)一般將來時表示將來某一時刻的動作或狀態(tài)，即單純的將來事實。
He will graduate from Beijing University next year.
明年，他將畢業(yè)于北京大學(xué)。
(2)be going to do sth.表示計劃、打算要做某事或者有預(yù)兆要發(fā)生某事。
Look at the cloud. It is going to rain.
瞧那烏云，天要下雨了。
(3)be to do sth.表示按計劃或安排即將要做某事，或者按照職責(zé)、義務(wù)、規(guī)定等要做某事。
We are to obey these rules when we go into the library.
當(dāng)我們?nèi)D書館時，我們要遵守這些規(guī)章制度。
(4) be about to do sth.表示即將要發(fā)生某事。該結(jié)構(gòu)通常不與具體的時間狀語連用。
The train is about to leave.
火車即將開出。

(二)過去將來時
1．謂語動詞的構(gòu)成：
2．基本用法
過去將來時表示在過去某個時間看將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。即過去將來時是“立足過去，著眼未來”的一種時態(tài)，常用于賓語從句中。
The shops would soon close，and all the people would go home.
這個商店不久將關(guān)閉，所有的人將回家。


(單句語法填空)
1．[2019·浙江卷語法填空]When every pupil in the school wears the uniform，nobody ________ (have) to worry about fashion (時尚)．
2．[2021·浙江嘉興基礎(chǔ)測試]They made up their minds that they ________ (buy) a new house once Larry changed jobs.

考點五 語態(tài)
1.被動語態(tài)在各種時態(tài)中的運用

時態(tài)
被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成
一般現(xiàn)在時
am/is/are done
一般過去時
was/were done
一般將來時
shall/will be done
現(xiàn)在進行時
am/is/are being done
過去進行時
was/were being done
現(xiàn)在完成時
have/has been done
過去完成時
had been done
將來完成時
shall/will have been done
[2019·江蘇卷]They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals will have been installed by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics.
他們正在努力確保到2022年時為北京冬奧會安裝5G信號終端。
[2018·北京卷]A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who had been trapped in the mountains for two days.
一個救援人員冒著生命危險挽救了兩個被困在山里兩天的旅游者。
[2018·天津卷]My washing machine is being repaired this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
這周我的洗衣機正在維修，所以我不得不用手洗衣服。

2．不能用被動語態(tài)的特殊動詞
(1)系動詞類(look，seem，feel，taste，sound，prove，appear等)。
(2)表示主語特征的詞(read，wash，write，sell，wear，lock等)，常與not，hardly，well，easily，badly，nicely等副詞連用。
This kind of cloth washes easily.
這種布料容易洗。
(3)有些動詞及短語不能用于被動語態(tài)。常見的有：have, cost, own, belong to, take part in, come into being, date from, take place, run out等。

3．get構(gòu)成的表示被動的短語
此類短語主要有g(shù)et paid/lost/hurt等。
We get paid every week.
我們按周獲得薪酬。

4．主動形式表示被動意義
(1)在need，want，require，deserve，bear等動詞；worth等形容詞的后面，動名詞主動形式表示被動意義，其含義相當(dāng)于動詞不定式的被動形式。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired.
這房子需要修理。
(2)在某些“主語(人/物)＋be＋形容詞＋不定式”中不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。這些形容詞有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out.
這道題很難計算出。


(單句語法填空)
1．[2020·全國卷Ⅰ] “This really excites scientists，”Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon ________ (construct)．”
2．[2020·新高考Ⅰ卷]The parts of a museum open to the public ________ (call) galleries or rooms.
3．[2020·浙江卷7月] Farming produced more food per person than hunting and gathering, so people were able to raise more children. And, as more children were born, more food ________ (need)．
4．[2021·山東省濱州市一模]In those toughest days, donations in cash and kind ________ (make) to help battle the disease. Thanks to the joint efforts, everything is getting better and better.
5．[2021·河南省高三質(zhì)量檢測]Plastic microbeads or tiny solid plastic particles ________ (use)mostly in cosmetics production, face washes, toothpastes and other products. When we use these things, the plastic microbeads get into our pipes that carry water, and eventually end up in the ocean.
6．[2021·成都第二次診斷]Hot pot restaurants can ________ (find) on pretty much every street in Chengdu，but the quality and taste can vary hugely.

技法1　語法填空解題技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2020·天津卷]The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and ________ (remain) around that level ever since.
2．[2020·全國卷Ⅰ]The unmanned Chang'e-4 probe (探測器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess— ________ (touch) down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin.
3．[2021·山東?？季韂The way she held their hands, ________ (touch) their faces and just looked at them, you could tell they had such a special bond.
4．[2019·全國卷Ⅱ]Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene ________ (declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36-year-old business.
5．[2019·6月浙江卷]One study in America found that students' grades ________ (improve) a little after the school introduced uniforms.
6．[2021·沈陽監(jiān)測]This was the first time I ________ (experience) sandstorms and I don't ever want to be in one again.
7．[2021·濮陽市高三畢業(yè)班第二次模擬]Greta Thunberg, a 16-year-old Swedish climate change activist, ________ (elect) as 2019's “Person of The Year” last week.
8．[2021·江西省南昌市高三二模]Eggs are great for breakfast and can ________ (cook) in different ways. One topic of debate, however, is why brown chicken eggs usually cost more than white ones.

【答題微點】
搞定語法填空的“3原則”
原則1　慧眼識別標志詞
在高考語法填空中，有時會給出時間標志，考生可根據(jù)所給標志詞或時間狀語輕松得出答案。
原則2　細心辨語境，瞻前顧后找并列
1．細心辨語境：仔細分析設(shè)空處所在句前后句子中的謂語動詞的時態(tài)，弄清動作發(fā)生的時間及順序，確定所填謂語動詞的時態(tài)。
2．瞻前顧后找并列：
①可根據(jù)并列連詞and, but, or, rather than, neither ...nor ...，not only ...but also ...等前后的謂語動詞形式確定所填謂語動詞的時態(tài)；
②同一個主語連接兩個或兩個以上的并列謂語，謂語動詞時態(tài)要一致。
原則3　固定句式要牢記，主從時態(tài)要呼應(yīng)
1．was/were doing sth. when sb. did ...
2．It is/has been＋一段時間＋since sb./sth. did ...
3．This/It/That is/was the first/second ...time that ...從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時/過去完成時
4．It's (high) time that ...did/should do sth.
5．祈使句＋and/or ＋主語＋ 將來時
　把握邏輯關(guān)系，分析主動或被動
要確定謂語動詞的語態(tài)，分析語境，弄明白所給動詞與其對應(yīng)的主語之間的邏輯關(guān)系是確定謂語動詞語態(tài)的關(guān)鍵。

技法2　短文改錯解題技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2021·鄭州第一次質(zhì)量預(yù)測]Anyway，after we left Barcelona，we come to spend several days in Granada.________________
2．[2021·太原市高三年級模擬三]I have been learning English since I am in primary school，but the truth was that I was not so good at listening.________________
3．[2021·鄭州市第三次質(zhì)量檢測]After driving her to the bus station, he returned to the shop, buy a large bunch of flowers, and drove all the way to his mother's.________________
4．[2019·全國卷Ⅲ]I've had many dreams since I was a child. Now my dream is to open a cafe. Though it may appear simple，it required a lot of ideas and efforts.________________

【答題微點】
短文改錯題“3檢查”
1．查時態(tài)是否一致
(1)檢查文中每一個謂語動詞的時態(tài)與上下文語境及該句的時間狀語是否一致。
(2)檢查不規(guī)則動詞的過去式和過去分詞是否用錯。
(3)檢查情態(tài)動詞和have, has, had等助動詞后面的動詞形式是否用錯。
2．查語態(tài)是否正確
(1)檢查及物動詞之后是否有賓語，如無賓語應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)。
(2)不及物動詞(短語)不能用于被動語態(tài)。
(3)檢查被動語態(tài)中是否缺少be動詞。
（二）主謂一致

考點一 主謂一致的基礎(chǔ)“3原則”
主謂一致是指謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上和主語一致，一般遵循三個原則，即語法一致原則、就近一致原則和意義一致原則。
1．語法一致原則
主語后跟有with，together with，as well as，like，but，except，along with，rather than，including，in addition to等引起的短語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)要與前面的主語保持一致。
The leader and artist as well as some of our English teachers was given a chance to go abroad last year.
那位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)兼藝術(shù)家和我們的一些英語老師去年得到了一次出國的機會。
I think Tom，rather than you is to blame for the accident.
我認為是湯姆而不是你該為這起事故負責(zé)任。
2．就近一致原則
(1)由or，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...等連接的并列主語，謂語動詞的數(shù)常與最近的主語保持一致。
Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
要么是你要么是你的一名學(xué)生應(yīng)該出席明天的會議。
(2)由there, here引起的主語不止一個時，謂語動詞的數(shù)通常和最鄰近的主語保持一致。
There are three books and a pen on the desk.
桌子上有三本書和一支鋼筆。
3．意義一致原則
(1)由連詞and連接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出現(xiàn)(不可分割的整體)時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
The poet and writer has produced many works.
這位詩人兼作家寫出了許多作品。
(2)“no/each/every/many a＋單數(shù)名詞＋and＋no/each/every/many a＋單數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.
每一個人都有很好的理由為他們的父親所從事的職業(yè)感到驕傲。
(3)非謂語動詞、名詞性從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)。
Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.
聽音樂使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松。

考點二 主謂一致的3種特殊情況
1.“many a/more than one＋單數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
Many a parent has had to go through this same painful process.
很多父母都被迫經(jīng)歷了這一段痛苦的過程。
2．a(chǎn)ll，the rest，the remaining/part...＋主語，謂語動詞應(yīng)根據(jù)句子所表達的單復(fù)數(shù)意義而定。
The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining was dull.
講座的前半部分很生動，但后半部分非?？菰?。
3．“幾分之幾/百分之幾＋of＋名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時，一般根據(jù)of后的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。
About one third of the books are worth reading.
這些書中大約有1/3值得一讀。
Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.
昨天只做了60%的工作。


(單句語法填空/單句改錯)
1．[2020·新高考Ⅰ卷]Often, only a small part of a museum's collection ________ (be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.
2．[2019·天津卷]Amy，as well as her brothers, ________ (give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.
3．[2019·江蘇卷]The musician along with his band members ________ (give) ten performances in the last three months.
4．[2017·浙江卷]This isn't as hard as it ________ (sound)，and it is far better than any other method because you improve your vocabulary while reading an interesting piece of literature.
5．[2021·青島市高三統(tǒng)一質(zhì)量檢測]To stay healthy, the report ________ (suggest) that people do at least 150 minutes of moderate (適中的) physical activity or 75 minutes of intense physical activity every week.
6．[2018·全國卷Ⅲ]The classroom is a place for learning and that include learning from textbooks，and mistakes as well.________________
7．[2016·浙江卷]He would ask who we was and pretend not to know us.________________


技法1　語法填空解題技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2021·泰安市高三一輪檢測]The food waste in green bags ________ (be) processed on site into pieces to make biogas，which powers the city's buses.
2．[2021·濰坊市一中高三第一次模擬] They say having a large variety of plants also ________ (help) to protect against possible crop diseases and future crises.
3．[2021·山東省六地市部分學(xué)校高三聯(lián)考]In the past many years, the giant panda ________ (drive) out of the lowland areas where it once lived as a result of farming, deforestation and other development.
4．[2021·九江十校第二次聯(lián)考]However，thanks to the international agreement，there ________ (be) much less illegal hunting since 1990.

【答題微點】
“四看”定謂語單復(fù)數(shù)
1．看到主語為第一、二人稱還是第三人稱，確定謂語動詞形式。
2．看到主語為動名詞短語/to do不定式或從句，要想到謂語應(yīng)為第三人稱單數(shù)形式。
3．看到“分數(shù)/百分數(shù)＋of＋名詞”作主語，要想到謂語的數(shù)取決于名詞。
4．看到 there be 等結(jié)構(gòu)，要想到就近原則。

技法2　短文改錯解題技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2021　廣州二模]There was no noises or cars to break the silence.________________
2．[2021·惠州市高三模擬]I, together with my parents and cousins, were planning to have a fantastic beach day.________________
3．[2021·遼寧省重點中學(xué)協(xié)作體模擬]I happened to have read your advertisement and have decided to apply for the job. The following are my self-introduction.________________
4．[2021·長春外國語學(xué)校第二次質(zhì)量檢測]You are the most considerate person who know exactly what I need in our class.________________
5．[2021·甘肅蘭州一中高三月考]Each student learn a foreign language, mostly English, from Day One of their compulsory education.________________

【答題微點】
“三看”定謂語單復(fù)數(shù)
1．看主語為第幾人稱， 確定謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。
2．看到“分數(shù)/百分數(shù)＋of＋名詞”作主語， 要想到謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于名詞的數(shù)。
3．看到there be 等結(jié)構(gòu)， 要用就近一致原則。
（三）助動詞、情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣

考點一 助動詞
1.助動詞do/does/did主要幫助構(gòu)成疑問句、否定句及部分倒裝。助動詞do/does/did后只能跟動詞原形，助動詞不能用作實義動詞。
2．助動詞be/being/been主要幫助構(gòu)成進行時、完成進行時和各種被動語態(tài)。需注意be雖然沒有實際意義，但卻是結(jié)構(gòu)中不可缺少的。
3．助動詞have/has/had主要是幫助構(gòu)成完成時態(tài)和完成進行時態(tài)。需注意其構(gòu)成形式have/has/had done和have/has/had been doing。
I am Li Hua，a student from Class 2，Grade 3. I am writing to apply for the position as a student volunteer.
我是李華，三年級二班的一名學(xué)生。我寫信申請學(xué)生志愿者職位。
It is the third time that you have been late for work this week.
這是你這周第三次上班遲到。

考點二 9大情態(tài)動詞的基本用法
1.can/could
(1)表示能力(could常用于過去的能力)。
Many people can use the computer.
許多人會用電腦。
No one could answer this challenging question.
沒人能回答這個具有挑戰(zhàn)性的問題。
(2)表示客觀或理論上的可能性。
It can be very hot here in summer.
這里夏天有時會很熱。
Accidents can happen to any drunken driver.
醉酒的司機都有可能發(fā)生交通事故。
(3)表示請求或允許。在疑問句中could可以代替can，語氣更委婉。
Can I have a word with you？It won't take long.
我可以和你談?wù)剢?？不會花很多時間的。
(4)表示推測，意為“可能”，用于否定句和疑問句。can比could語氣強。
He can't be our manager.He has gone to Beijing.
他不可能是我們的經(jīng)理。我們經(jīng)理已經(jīng)去北京了。

2．may/might
(1)表示請求、允許、許可，might比may的語氣更委婉。
—Might I ask for a picture of your little daughter?
——我可以要一張你小女兒的照片嗎？
—Yes, you may.
——是的，可以。
(2)表示推測，意為“或許，可能”，通常用于肯定句和否定句。might比may語氣弱。
—I don't really like James. Why did you invite him?
——我真的不喜歡詹姆斯。為什么你邀請他？
—Don't worry. He might not come.He said he wasn't certain what his plans were.
——別擔(dān)心，他或許不會來。他說他還不能確定他的計劃。

3．must
(1)表示“必須；應(yīng)該”。
—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now?
——我該馬上通知他日程改了嗎？
—I am afraid you must, in case he comes late for the meeting.
——我想你必須(通知他)，以免他開會遲到。
(2)表示推測，意為“一定”，用于肯定句。
Someone must have used my umbrella yesterday.I found it wet.昨天一定有人用了我的雨傘，我發(fā)現(xiàn)它濕了。
(3)意為“偏要，非要……不可”。
If you must go, at least wait until the storm is over.
如果你非要走，至少要等到暴風(fēng)雨停止(再走)。
(4)mustn't表示禁止，意為“不得，不允許；一定不要”。
That car is my property; you mustn't use it without my permission.
那輛車是我的財產(chǎn)，你必須得到我的允許才能使用。

4．shall的用法
(1)用于第一、三人稱疑問句中，表示說話人征求對方的意見。
Shall we put off the sports meet till next month?
我們能否將運動會推遲到下個月？
Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow?
明天湯姆可以和我一起去那里嗎？
(2)用于第二、三人稱陳述句中，表示說話人的命令、警告、威脅、允諾、決心等；或用于條約、規(guī)定、法令、法律等，意為“必須”。
You shall be punished for what you have done.
你必須為你的所作所為受到懲罰。

5．should
(1)should表示責(zé)任、義務(wù)、勸告、建議等，意為“應(yīng)該”。
We should be strict with ourselves.
我們應(yīng)該嚴格要求自己。
(2)should表示出乎意料的口氣，意為“竟然，居然”。
Such a gentleman should do that.
這樣一位紳士竟然會做那種事。

6．will/would
(1)用于表示意志或意愿。
—Why didn't you come to my party last night?
——昨晚你為什么不參加我的晚會？
—I wanted to, but my mom simply would not let me out so late at night.
——我想?yún)⒓樱峭砩夏敲赐砦夷赣H就是不讓我出去。
(2)表示“請求；建議”。用would比will委婉、客氣。
Will/Would you please keep the door open?
請你把門開著好嗎？
(3)表示習(xí)慣，will可以表示現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣，意為“總是；習(xí)慣于”。表示過去的習(xí)慣性動作用would。
He would get up early when he lived in the country.
生活在農(nóng)村時他過去常常早起。

7．need
表示“需要；必要”，用于否定句、疑問句和條件從句中。
You needn't be told twice about one single thing.
同一件事不必對你說兩遍。
—Need I tell him everything that's happened to his parents?
——我有必要告訴他有關(guān)他父母發(fā)生的一切嗎？
—Yes, you must./No, you needn't.
——是的，必須。/不，沒必要。

名師指津　need還可以作實義動詞，此時有人稱和數(shù)的變化，后面可跟名詞、帶to的不定式或動名詞等作賓語，其否定形式、疑問形式都要通過助動詞do構(gòu)成。
Plants need light in order to survive.植物生長必須有光照。
Do I need to leave my telephone number and address?
我有必要把電話號碼和地址留下嗎？
You don't need to hand in your compositions today.
你們今天不必交作文。

8．dare
表示“敢；敢于”，主要用于疑問句、否定句和條件從句中，一般不用于肯定句。I dare say是習(xí)慣說法，意為“我想，大概”。
I dare not face the danger bravely.
我不敢勇敢地面對困難。

9．ought to
表示義務(wù)，意為“應(yīng)當(dāng)”，語氣比should強，表示不十分肯定或含蓄的推測，意為“應(yīng)是，應(yīng)該”。
You ought to work harder than before.
你應(yīng)當(dāng)比之前更努力地工作。
You ought not to be late for such an important meeting.
這么重要的會議你不應(yīng)該遲到的。


(單句語法填空)
1．[2020·天津卷]Jim says we ________ stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy.
2．[2016·天津卷]It was really annoying；I ________ not get access to the data bank you had recommended.
3．[2016·北京卷]I love the weekend，because I ________ not get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.
4．[2021·蘇錫常鎮(zhèn)教情調(diào)查]Ann said whenever her father was unhappy he ________ go out and buy something, usually something large and useless.










考點三 5大表示推測的情態(tài)動詞用法比較

情態(tài)動詞
適用句式
適用時態(tài)
意義
must
肯定句
一般時、進行時、完成時
一定，肯定
Jack described his father, who must have been a brave boy many years ago，as a strong willed man.
杰克描述了他的父親，他多年前一定是一個勇敢的男孩，是個意志堅強的人。
can
(could)
疑問句，否定句
一般時、進行時、完成時
可能，能夠
It can't be the postman at the door.It's only six o'clock.不可能是門口的郵遞員?，F(xiàn)在才六點鐘。
may (might)
否定句
一般時、進行時、完成時
也許，可能
—I left my handbag on the train，but luckily someone gave it to a railway official.
我把手提包落在火車上了，但幸運地是有人把它交給了鐵路官員。
—How unbelievable to get it back！I mean，someone might have stolen it.
能再得到它真不可思議！我的意思是，有人有可能已經(jīng)偷走了它。
should
(ought to)

否定句
一般時、完成時
確定或期待，“應(yīng)該”
I shouldn't have watched that movie—it'll give me horrible dreams.
我本不應(yīng)看那部電影，它會帶給我可怕的夢。
will (would)
肯定句，否定句，疑問句
一般時、進行時、完成時
大概
This will be the house you're looking for.
這大概就是你在尋找的那個房子。


(單句語法填空)
1．[2018·天津卷]I can't find my purse. I might ________ (leave) it in the supermarket yesterday, but I'm not sure.
2．[浙江卷]George ________ (not go) too far. His coffee is still warm.
3．[2021·天津河?xùn)|一模]—Where is my Chinese book? I remember I put it here yesterday.
—You ________ have put it in the wrong place.

考點四 狀語從句中虛擬語氣的用法
1.非真實條件句中虛擬語氣的用法

虛擬語氣
從句謂語動詞
主句謂語動詞
與現(xiàn)在事
實相反
過去式(be的過去式形式用were)
would/could/should/might＋動詞原形
與過去事
實相反
過去完成式
would/could/should/might＋have done
與將來事
實相反
①were to do
②should do
③過去式
would/could/should/might＋動詞原形
If my brother were here, everything would be all right.
要是我弟弟在這兒，一切都會好的。
If it should rain this afternoon，the basketball match would be put off.
要是今天下午下雨，籃球比賽就會被推遲。
[2016·北京卷單項填空]Why didn't you tell me about your trouble last week？If you had told me, I could have helped.
上個星期你為什么不把你的困難告訴我？如果你告訴我， 我會幫助你的。

名師指津　(1)在if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句中，條件句的謂語動詞中含有had/were/should時，可以把if省略，把had/were/should提到句首，變?yōu)榈寡b句。
Had you (＝If you had) come earlier, you would have caught the early bus.
如果你早點來，就能趕上早班車了。
Were I (＝If I were) twenty now, I would join the army.
如果我現(xiàn)在20歲，我就參軍。
Should he come(＝If he should come), tell him to ring me up.
他要是來了，讓他給我打個電話。
(2)如果主句和從句是對不同時間的事實的虛擬，則被稱為錯綜虛擬語氣。此時主句常有明顯的時間狀語。
Maybe if I had studied science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help now.
也許如果當(dāng)時我學(xué)的是理科不是文科的話，那么我現(xiàn)在就可以給你更多的幫助了。

2．虛擬語氣在含蓄條件句中的用法
有時假設(shè)的條件不通過條件狀語從句表達出來，而是隱含在某些詞或短語中，或隱含在上下文中，這種叫含蓄虛擬語氣。常見的這類詞或短語有：
without (要是)沒有
in case 萬一；以防
but for 要不是
supposing 假如
for fear that 以免
otherwise 否則
or 否則
We could not have stayed together for a single minute but for a phone call.
要不是一個電話，我們不可能在一起待一分鐘。

考點五 其他從句中虛擬語氣的用法
1.主語從句中的虛擬語氣
It is desired/suggested/proposed/necessary/important/strange/natural/essential/a pity＋that從句，從句中的謂語動詞用“(should＋)動詞原形”。
It is necessary that he (should) sort out the information for my reference.
他有必要整理些信息供我參考。
2．賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
(1)wish后面的賓語從句一般用虛擬語氣，表示一種不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望，其謂語動詞構(gòu)成形式如下表：

虛擬語氣
從句謂語動詞
與現(xiàn)在事實相反
過去式(be動詞一般用were)
與過去事實相反
had＋過去分詞
與將來事實相反
would/could/might＋動詞原形
I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.
我希望我是只小鳥，能在天空自由飛翔。
I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday.
我多希望昨天見到了那個影星。
(2)表示“建議；命令；要求”等意義時，賓語從句用“(should＋)動詞原形”。 常見的此類動詞有：
①堅持：insist；②命令：order, command；③建議：advise, suggest, recommend；④要求：request, require, demand, ask。
It is strongly recommended that the machines (should) be checked every year.
強烈建議將這些機器每年檢查一次。
She suggested that Dale join the debating team, believing that practice in speaking could give him the confidence and recognition that he needed.
她建議戴爾參加辯論隊，她認為辯論隊里的演講練習(xí)會給予他所需要的信心和認可。
(3)would rather/prefer＋that從句(從句用虛擬語氣)
①表示愿望與“現(xiàn)在事實或?qū)硎聦嵪喾础?，從句用一般過去時。
I would rather you were not here with me now.
我寧愿你現(xiàn)在不在我身邊。
②表示愿望與“過去事實相反”，從句用過去完成時。
I would rather you hadn't done that.
我寧愿你沒有做那件事。

3．表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬語氣
(1)在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, request, advice等名詞后的表語從句和同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣，其構(gòu)成是“(should＋)動詞原形”。
We followed his advice that we (should) ask our teacher for help.
我們接受了他要求我們向老師求助的建議。
(2)as if, as though引導(dǎo)的表語從句常用虛擬語氣，與現(xiàn)在事實相反用一般過去時；與過去事實相反用過去完成時。
She looks as if nothing had happened to her.
她看起來好像什么事都沒發(fā)生似的。

4．定語從句中的虛擬語氣
It's (about/high/very) time＋that從句(從句用虛擬語氣，謂語動詞用一般過去時或should＋動詞原形， should不能省略)，意為“某人該做某事了”。
It's time that we should go/went home.
該到我們回家的時間了。

5．if only從句中的虛擬語氣
if only引導(dǎo)的感嘆句，其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)與wish后接賓語從句中的虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)相同。
If only the driver hadn't driven so fast then!
要是司機那時沒開那么快就好了。


(單句語法填空)
1．[2021·湖北四地七校第一次聯(lián)考]It is high time that you ________ (consider) that if there were no stress in your life，you would achieve a little.
2．[2021·肇慶模擬]He was still running with a smile on his face，as if nothing ________ (happen)．
3．[2021·東北三校聯(lián)考]The order came that the medical supplies ________ (send) to the earthquake-stricken area soon.
4．[2021·甘肅天水一中段考]John wants to see me now，but I have so much work on hand that I would rather he ________ (come) tomorrow than today.


技法1　語法填空解題技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2017·北京卷]Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, ________ easily reach the books on the top shelf.
2．[2020·江蘇卷]If I hadn't been faced with so many barriers, I ________ (not be) where I am.
3．[2019·天津卷]The workers were not better organized，otherwise they ________ (accomplish)the task in half the time.
4．[2019·江蘇卷]What a pity！You missed the sightseeing，or we ________ (have) a good time together.
5．[2018·北京卷]They might have found a better hotel if they ________ (drive) a few more kilometers.
6．[2018·江蘇卷]There is a good social life in the village，and I wish I ________ (have) a second chance to become more involved.
7．[2018·天津卷]If we ________ (catch) the flight yesterday，we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now.

【答題微點】
語法填空解題“2注意”
1．若句中謂語動詞為原形，在其前設(shè)純空格題時，注意考慮情態(tài)動詞。然后根據(jù)句意或句式結(jié)構(gòu)填入恰當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動詞。
2．一旦判斷所給動詞在句中作謂語，就要考慮其時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣、主謂一致等，特別是注意虛擬語氣中的時態(tài)。判斷虛擬語氣，除了常見的if虛擬條件句，還應(yīng)注意其他常搭配虛擬語氣的標志詞， 如suggest, would rather, as if, wish, or, otherwise, but for等。技法2　短文改錯的解題技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2018·全國卷Ⅱ]As a kid, I loved to watch cartoons，but no matter how many times I asked to watch them，my parents would not to let me.________________
2．[2021·南昌十校二模]As a result，I suggest we are given less homework and more time for out-of-classroom activities.________________
3．[2016·全國卷Ⅱ]We can chose between staying at home and taking a trip.________________
4．[2016·全國卷Ⅱ]Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.________________

【答題微點】
短文改錯解題“2視角”
1．看句中情態(tài)動詞是否運用正確。
2．看是否考查虛擬語氣。若是考查虛擬語氣，注意分清主句與從句中的時態(tài)關(guān)系以及不同句式中的虛擬語氣構(gòu)成形式。

Ⅰ.語法填空
[2021·青島高三質(zhì)檢]Chinese museums might have been 1.________ (temporary) closed earlier this year, 2.________ many are still open to online visitors. A 3.________ (grow) number of Chinese museums are presenting their collection of artifacts (手工藝品) on the Internet. Since February, online platforms including Taobao and Douyin 4.________ (hold) live streaming (直播) events from China's museums. The programs, 5.________ have received more than 10 million 6.________ (day) visits, have proved popular according to media reports. Some live streaming hosts have become Internet celebrities. Bai Xuesong, the host of Xi'an Beilin Museum's live streaming event on Sunday, received more than 1.75 million “l(fā)ikes”. Avoiding boring description while introducing exhibits, his humorous tone and funny stories won the 7.________ (heart) of his audience. Instead of being laid aside and 8.________ (ignore), the cultural heritage should 9.________ (rich)the public's knowledge and expand their outlook. These live streaming events are 10.________ step forward in achieving that goal.
Ⅱ.短文改錯
[2021·成都高三第一次診斷]Last summer I decided to get my first job. This was possible one of the hardest tasks. For me, it was another step moved from a dependent child to a fairly independent adult. I had never hold a job before because of my parents wanted me to focus on school. So I had never worked the day in my life. At first, it is extremely tough. I sent applications hoping to get my first couple of choice. Yet I got neither calls or emails. Luckily, halfway through the third week, I finally got a call. It was not my first choice, but we could not say no. And after the interview, I was more than ready start working the following Monday.

















二　非謂語動詞

考點一 非謂語動詞作主語、賓語和表語
1.非謂語動詞
動名詞作主語通常表示抽象的或習(xí)慣性的動作，而不定式作主語則表示具體的、某一次的行為。
①As we all know, going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.
眾所周知，早睡早起是一個好習(xí)慣。
②To complete the program needs much effort.
完成這項計劃需要很大的努力。

2．it作形式主語，代替真正作主語的動詞不定式或動名詞。常見句型有：

It's important for the figures to be updated regularly.
定期更新數(shù)據(jù)是很重要的。

3．非謂語動詞作表語
非謂語動詞中能作表語的有現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、動名詞和不定式。
(1)現(xiàn)在分詞作表語意為“令人感到……的”，而過去分詞作表語意為“本身感到……的”。
The news was exciting and we were excited the whole night.
這則消息令人激動，我們激動了整整一晚上。
(2)不定式、動名詞都可以作表語，但動名詞作表語多指抽象的、經(jīng)常性的動作。
What he did in the meeting was chatting with Mary.
他在會議上所做的事情就是與瑪麗談話。
(3)不定式則多表示具體的動作，尤其是某一次的動作。
My job is to clean the house three times a week.
我的工作是每個星期打掃房子三次。
(4)get, become, look, seem, appear等系動詞后可跟過去分詞作表語，表示被動或主語的狀態(tài)。
This quotation from Winston Churchill tells us that we shouldn't get discouraged right after failures.
溫斯頓·丘吉爾的這句名言告訴我們，失敗后我們絕不能氣餒。

4．非謂語動詞作賓語
(1)若非謂語動詞作下列動詞或動詞短語的賓語，則只能用動名詞。
suggest, risk, imagine, mind, admit, practice, allow, avoid, delay, include, deny, escape, advise, finish, miss, insist on, look forward to, feel like, get down to, object to, devote one's time to等。
I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.
我回避提及這個話題，以免冒犯他。
(2)若非謂語動詞作下列動詞或動詞短語的賓語，則只能用不定式。
decide, refuse, promise, pretend, hesitate, manage, plan, fail, choose, would like等。
She will attempt to beat the world record.
她試圖要打破世界紀錄。
(3)有些動詞或動詞短語既可接不定式作賓語，也可接動名詞作賓語，但表示的含義不同。
mean
forget
regret
try
go on
remember
can't help
I regret to tell you that I can't come.
我很遺憾地告訴你我不能來了。
I still remember being taken to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.
我仍記得別人帶我去過法門寺，并記得在那里我所看到的一切。
(4)動詞作介詞的賓語時，要用動名詞形式，不能用動詞不定式。
The author begins his account of the tour in the forest mainly by describing various sounds.
作者主要是通過描繪各種聲音開始敘述自己的森林之旅的。


(單句語法填空/單句改錯)
1．[2021·煙臺市高考適應(yīng)性練習(xí)]Adults can note that ________ (make) personal sacrifices (犧牲)—such as postponing a vacation or staying home if we're not feeling well—helps to reduce the chance of carrying illness into our own communities.
2．[2021·銀川市普通高中學(xué)科教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測]When a game comes to an end, the winner is determined by ________ (count) each player's surrounded territories along with captured stones and komi (貼目)．
3．[2021·貴陽市高三適應(yīng)性考試一]He said he became crazy about calligraphy, so he decided ________ (establish) a calligraphic museum in Moscow.
4．[2021·贛州市高三年級適應(yīng)性考試]Food delivery and takeaway services will stop ________ (use)single-use plastic straws and cutlery (餐具) nationwide.
5．[2018·全國卷Ⅲ]I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel ________ (challenge)．
6．[2021·全國百校聯(lián)盟第一次聯(lián)考]Instead of seek a shelter，my parents suggested we help a couple of stall owners pack their books.________________

考點二 非謂語動詞作定語
定語形式
功能
現(xiàn)在分詞一般式doing
表示動作是主動進行的行為或者正在進行當(dāng)中
現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動結(jié)構(gòu)being done
表示動作是被動行為且正在進行當(dāng)中
過去分詞done
表示動作是被動完成的行為或者單純表示已經(jīng)完成
動詞不定式to do
表示將要發(fā)生的動作
動詞不定式一般式的被動結(jié)構(gòu)to be done
表示將要被做的動作
①We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday.
我們被邀請參加下星期五在我們俱樂部舉辦的晚會。
②He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.
他總是第一個到校，最后一個離校。
③[北京卷]The park was full of people, enjoying (who enjoyed) themselves in the sunshine.
公園里人山人海， 人們在陽光下玩得很快樂。
④Tsinghua University, founded (which was founded) in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.
清華大學(xué)建立于1911年，是許多杰出人物的搖籃。

名師指津　(1)準確判定非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語之間是主動關(guān)系還是被動關(guān)系。
(2)準確判定非謂語動詞表示的動作發(fā)生的時間，即是正在進行或已經(jīng)完成還是將要發(fā)生。
The problem discussed at the last meeting was of great importance.
The matter being discussed now is of great importance.
The problem to be discussed at the next meeting is of great importance.


(單句語法填空/單句改錯)
1．[2021·河北衡水中學(xué)第三次聯(lián)考]The Terracotta Army, ________ (build) around 2,200 years ago, was intended to protect Emperor Qin Shi Huang in his afterlife.
2．[2021·山東省六地市部分學(xué)校高三聯(lián)考] The giant panda, also ________ (know) as panda bear or simply panda, is a bear native to south central China.
3．[2020·浙江卷7月]Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology ________ (change) lives.
4．[2020·全國卷Ⅱ]They represent the earth ________ (come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings.
5．[2021·河北衡水中學(xué)第二次聯(lián)考]Then, we picked pears, had a picnic and shared photos took in and around the orchards (果園)．________________

考點三 非謂語動詞作狀語
1.不定式作狀語
(1)原因狀語多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、樂等的形容詞后。
I'm very glad to be invited to attend the meeting.
我很高興被邀請參加這個會議。
(2)目的狀語可與so as to/in order to替換，但so as to一般不可置于句首。
[2016·北京卷]To make it easier to get in touch with us，you'd better keep this card at hand.
為了更容易與我們?nèi)〉寐?lián)系，你最好隨身帶著這張卡片。
(3)結(jié)果狀語常表示意想不到的結(jié)果，常用only to do。
He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.
他匆匆趕到車站結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)離開了。

名師指津　熟記固定結(jié)構(gòu)：
(1)only/just to...；too...to...；so/such as to...；...enough (for sb.) to...
(2)be＋adj.＋to do sth.
As far as I'm concerned, the book is very hard to learn.
就我個人而言，這本書很難理解。
2．分詞作狀語
(1)v.-ing形式：現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，用來表時間、條件、讓步、原因、伴隨、結(jié)果等?，F(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作與句子主語之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的主動關(guān)系，且含有進行之意。
Having worked for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.
已經(jīng)忙活了兩天，史蒂夫設(shè)法按時完成了他的報告。
Having been laughed at for his mistakes，the boy was ashamed and embarrassed.
那男孩因犯錯而被嘲笑，因此又羞愧又尷尬。(非謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之前)
(2)v.-ed形式：過去分詞作狀語，用來表時間、條件、讓步、原因、伴隨等。過去分詞所表示的動作與句子主語之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動關(guān)系，且含有完成之意。
Offered an important role in a new movie，Andy has got a chance to become famous.
由于在這部新電影中擔(dān)任重要角色，安迪有了出名的機會。
(3)源于系表結(jié)構(gòu)的部分過去分詞作狀語，表示句子主語所處的一種狀態(tài)。不表示被動關(guān)系，其前不用being，常見的有：seated(坐著的)、hidden(躲著)、devoted(專注的)、lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)、born in(出身于)、dressed in(穿著)、tired of(厭煩了)等。
Absorbed in his book，he didn't notice me enter the room.
他專注于讀書，沒注意到我進入房間。

名師指津　(1)把握分詞與句子邏輯主語之間的關(guān)系；區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動或正在進行，過去分詞表示被動或完成。
(2)現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式having done表示分詞的動作和句子主語之間是主動關(guān)系，同時分詞動作先于句子謂語動詞發(fā)生。
Having driven all day，we were rather tired.
開了一天的車，我們相當(dāng)累。
(3)不定式作結(jié)果狀語為主觀上意想不到的結(jié)果，現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語為客觀上順其自然而產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。
More highways have been built in China, making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
中國又建了很多高速公路，這使人們的出行變得更容易了。
3．有些分詞或不定式短語作狀語，構(gòu)成獨立結(jié)構(gòu)，其形式的選擇不受上下文的影響。常見的有：
generally speaking 一般來說
frankly speaking 坦白地說
judging from/by... 根據(jù)……來判斷
considering.../taking...into consideration 考慮到……
to tell the truth 說實話
compared to/with 與……相比較
to begin with 首先
seeing... 鑒于/由于……
supposing 假設(shè)，如果
assuming 假使
given 考慮到，鑒于
provided(that...) 如果
concerning 關(guān)于
Judging from what he said just now，he must be very satisfied with your performance.
根據(jù)他剛才說的判斷，他一定對你的演出很滿意。


(單句語法填空/單句改錯)
1．[2020·全國卷Ⅰ]Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang'e-4 ________ (find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.
2．[2020·山東高考模擬卷]________ (follow) by a wedding photographer, the couple made a surprise visit to the hospital before heading to the reception.
3．[2021·河南省高三質(zhì)量檢測]“The ban will stop billions of pieces of plastic entering our ecosystem, thus ________ (help) to conserve our precious seas and oceans，” Former Prime Minister Theresa May ever wrote on Twitter.
4．[2021·高三八校第二次聯(lián)考]Every year more than a billion animals are killed ________ (make) leather products from their skins.
5．[2021·江西五校第一次聯(lián)考]Locating in a beautiful and quiet neighborhood, the house is big enough to enable yo u to have a room of your own.________________

考點四 掌握非謂語動詞的幾種句型公式
1.不定式作賓語補足語
tell/order/persuade/force/warn/encourage/ask/invite＋sb.to do sth.
I'd like to invite you to take part in the activity.
我想邀請你參加這項活動。

2．后用省略“to”的不定式作賓語補足語的動詞：“五看；三使；二聽；一感覺”。
五看：look at/watch/notice/see/observe sb.do sth.；
三使：make/have/let sb.do sth.；
二聽：listen to/hear sb.do sth.；
一感覺：feel sb.do。
I like the film because it can make me laugh.
我喜歡這部電影，因為它能讓我笑。

3．用于it形式主語結(jié)構(gòu)中
It＋be＋名詞或形容詞(no good，no use，a pleasure，worthwhile，useless)＋動詞-ing；
It＋be＋形容詞(difficult/kind/clever等)＋for/of sb.to do sth.；
It＋takes＋sb.＋some time＋to do sth.
As is known to us, it's no use complaining without taking action.
眾所周知，只抱怨不采取行動沒用。

4．only to do結(jié)構(gòu)表示出乎意料的結(jié)果
He hurried to the station only to find the train had left.
他匆忙趕到車站結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)開走了。

5．with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中補足語的比較
with
With so many people looking at him，he felt very nervous.
那么多人看著他，他感到很緊張。
With the problem solved，the quality has been improved.
問題解決了，質(zhì)量也提高了。

6．有些非謂語動詞形式的固定結(jié)構(gòu)
considering that鑒于，考慮到
judging by/from從……來看
supposing/providing/provided/assuming that...假定，假設(shè)
compared with/to與……相比
Michael's new house is like a huge palace, compared with his old one.
與邁克的舊房子比起來，他的新房子像個大宮殿。


(單句語法填空/單句改錯)
1．[2020·北京卷]The problem of phone addiction (成癮) has been observed since a few years ago, with experts and psychologists ________ (try) to increase awareness about this problem.
2．[2020·全國卷Ⅲ]And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds ________ (surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears.
3．[2021·山東新高考質(zhì)量測評]They're neither medical workers in close contact with the novel coronavirus nor government officials who receive the latest updates of the situation—yet they're keeping us ________ (inform)of the development of the epidemic.
4．[2020·全國卷Ⅲ]I tell my mom that if we're forced eat things, we may become ill.________________
5．[2020·全國卷Ⅰ]My mom told me how to preparing it.________________

技法1　語法填空解題技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2020·1月浙江卷]Something significant is happening to the world population—it is aging. The median (中位數(shù)的) age of an American in 1950 was 30—today it is 41 and is expected ________ (increase) to 42 by 2050.
2．[2020·全國卷Ⅱ] They make great gifs and you see them many times ________ (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.
3．[2020·北京卷]And third, tiger sharks have teeth perfectly ________ (design) for cutting their food, so it is certain that the damage will be disastrous.
4．[2021·贛州市高三年級適應(yīng)性考試]China's National Development and Reform Commission is taking a number of measures ________ (design) to cut the production and use of plastics over the next five years.
5．[2021·濮陽市高三畢業(yè)班第二次模擬]The teen's act soon spread quickly, ________ (inspire) kids and adults worldwide to take action.
6．[2021·青島市高三統(tǒng)一質(zhì)量檢測]In richer countries, people are more likely to spend time ________ (sit) in offices.
7．[2021·衡陽市高三畢業(yè)班聯(lián)考三]It is obvious that ________ (grow) much full-sun coffee affects many aspects of life, from the local environment to the global ecology.

【答題微點】
語法填空解題“5要素”
1．非謂語動詞與邏輯主語之間表示主動、進行，要用現(xiàn)在分詞形式(doing)。
2．非謂語動詞與邏輯主語之間表被動、完成，要用過去分詞形式(done)。
3．非謂語動詞表將來的動作，作狀語表示目的；在喜怒哀樂的形容詞后作原因或意料之外的結(jié)果等，要用不定式形式(to do)。
4．掌握非謂語動詞的句型公式：
(1)It's＋形容詞＋(for/of sb.＋)to do sth.；
(2)It's no good/use/pleasure doing sth.
(3)find/think/believe/consider＋it＋adj.＋to do sth.。
5．牢記用動名詞或不定式作賓語的動詞。

技法2　短文改錯的解題技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2021·合肥市質(zhì)量檢測]Also, we should attempt to passing our fine culture down from generation to generation.________________
2．[2021·西安八校聯(lián)考]The flag-raising ceremony has been part of our life, and we get used to attend it.________________
3．[2021·惠州第二次調(diào)研]In the past, teachers were always explaining the points in class. But now we often discuss the problems being raised by the teachers or ourselves. ________________
4．[2020·全國卷Ⅰ]I like eating frying tomatoes with eggs, and I thought it must be easy to cook.________________
5．[2019·全國卷Ⅰ]All the football players on the playground cheered loudly, say that I had a talent for football.________________

【答題微點】
短文改錯解題“5標準”
1．理清to的兩種命題方式
①多余：感官動詞和使役動詞(get除外)后跟不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語。
②缺失：有些動詞，如want, decide, plan等后應(yīng)接帶to的不定式作賓語。
2．介詞后一般需要跟名詞或動詞-ing形式。
3．并列結(jié)構(gòu)中非謂語動詞形式是否一致。
4．作主語和賓語的非謂語動詞形式是否合適。
5．搞清動詞-ing形式與動詞-ed形式的區(qū)別。

Ⅰ.語法填空
[2021·廣州市綜合檢測二] It's just another day for William Lindesay. It begins by spending some time with his sons... and the Great Wall of China. He has lost count of the number of times he 1.________ (climb) the wall. However, he still remembers the day when he first saw 2.________.
The UK native first came to China in 1986 with one of the 3.________ (plan) to run the wall's entire 4.________ (long) — but it didn't quite work out that time. He came back a year later and fulfilled his dream, before finally settling in China in 1990. Lindesay has had eight books on the Great Wall 5.________ (publish) over the years. He has completed three photo projects that show 6.________ it has changed with the passage of time and led conservation efforts to protect it. Now he and his Chinese friends are using drones (無人機) 7.________ (film) the Great Wall, which provides a 8.________ (complete) new and fascinating perspective.
In many ways, the Great Wall has defined Lindesay's life. His solo adventure 9.________ (describe) as “the most successful foreign exploration of the Great Wall”. He even received a medal 10.________ the Chinese government for his conservation efforts.

Ⅱ.短文改錯
[2021·合肥高三質(zhì)量檢測]I have been decided to become a pilot since I am a little kid. Each time I see a plane flying across sky, I feel extremely excited but want to fly it. That is why I believe it can make me happily and free. To make my dream come true, I have to be physically fit by keeping a healthy diet and work out regularly. Besides, I must work hard to make great progresses with my studies. Although it is not that easy to being a pilot, I'll never give up my dream and spare no effort to realize them.

二 理清常用句式
（一）　定語從句

考點一 關(guān)系代詞的用法
一、關(guān)系代詞指代的對象及其作用

關(guān)系代詞
指代對象
在從句中的作用
who
人
作主語、賓語、表語
whom
人
作賓語
which
事物
作主語、賓語
that
人或事物
作主語、賓語、表語
whose
人或事物
作定語
as
人或事物，一般用于“such ... as” “the same ... as” “as ... as”結(jié)構(gòu)中
作主語、賓語、表語
The TV organizers had planned to find four musicians who could act as well as sing.
電視制作人打算找4 位既能表演又能唱歌的音樂家。
She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before.
她帶著這些游客參觀了那座三年前建造的博物館。
[2017·天津卷]My eldest son, whose work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.
我的大兒子的工作需要他奔波于世界各地，他現(xiàn)在在紐約。
We have found such materials as are used in their factory.
我們已經(jīng)找到了像他們工廠里用的那種材料。
He is not the same man as he was.
他和過去不同了。

二、定語從句兩處關(guān)注點
(一)關(guān)系代詞that與which的區(qū)別
1．只用that不用which的情況
①先行詞為不定代詞anything，nothing，something，everything，all，some，none，little，few，the one等時。
I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else's fault.
我拒絕接受因別人的錯誤而對我進行的指責(zé)。
②先行詞是形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞，或先行詞前有形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾時。
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.
他們在桂林參觀的第一個地方是象鼻山。
③先行詞被the only，the very，the last，the same，any，every，each，few，little，no，some，all等修飾時。
The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert.
這頓飯只有甜點是我真正愛吃的。
④先行詞中既有表示人又有表示物的名詞時。
They will never forget the things and persons that they've seen or heard of during their long journey.他們將永遠不會忘記在他們的長途旅行中見到或聽說過的人和事。

2．只用which不用that的情況
(1)關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時
Spend five to ten minutes thinking about the candidates' experiences, and the ways in which they showed courage.
用5 到 10分鐘想想各位候選人的經(jīng)歷，以及他們是怎樣展示勇氣的。
(2)在非限制性定語從句中
[2018·北京卷]She and her family bicycle to work, which helps them keep fit.
她和她的家人騎自行車上班，這有助于他們保持健康。

3．在從句中作定語或介詞賓語時(如at which time/point，in which case)，只能用which。
Recently I bought a second-hand car, the price of which was reasonable.最近我買了一輛二手車，價格很公道。
She might possibly come, in which case I'll tell you.
她有可能會來，那樣的話我就告訴你一聲。

(二)關(guān)系代詞as和which的區(qū)別
關(guān)系代詞as和which都可用來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代主句或主句中的名詞或短語，一般情況下二者可互換使用，但有下列區(qū)別：
1．which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能位于主句之后，as引導(dǎo)的從句可位于主句之前、之中和之后。
As anybody can see, a computer can do almost everything people can.
＝A computer can do almost everything people can, as anybody can see.
任何人都明白，計算機幾乎能做人所能做的一切事。
[2017·全國卷Ⅰ書面表達]Therefore，this time I will introduce Tang Poetry to you, which is of great help in learning Chinese.
因此，這次我將向你介紹唐詩，這將有助于你學(xué)習(xí)漢語。

2．a(chǎn)s常用的這種類似插入語的句式有：as the saying goes，as is said above，as is mentioned above，as often happens，as is often the case，as is reported in the newspaper等。
She passed the exam, as was expected.
她通過了考試，這是預(yù)料之中的事。


(單句語法填空/單句改錯)
1．[2021·煙臺市高考診斷性測試]Then，inspired by his baseball coach，T. Williquette，and those ________ were active in charity，he decided to take action and help.
2．[2021·濰坊市高考模擬]Last year China's total ticket sales fell a bit short of the North American box office，　 ________ is a healthy showing for China.
3．[2021·成都市高中畢業(yè)班第三次診斷] If all goes as planned，Laos will be the first stop on one route of the Pan Asia Railway Network, ________ aim is to connect China with all of Southeast Asia.
4．[2021·山東省實驗中學(xué)高三模擬]Although she already had four cats she adopted another one ________ had been hurt by a bear and nursed it back to health.
5．[2020·全國卷Ⅲ]Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food what is provided by Mom with appreciation.________________
6．[2020·全國卷Ⅱ]Thank you for your letter, what really made me happy.________________



考點二 關(guān)系副詞的用法
關(guān)系副詞指代的先行詞及其作用

先行詞
關(guān)系副詞
在從句中的作用
與“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”的關(guān)系
表示時間的名詞：time，day，year等
when
作時間狀語
＝at/in/on/ during which
表示場所的名詞：park，place，country，house等
where
作地點狀語
＝in/at/to/ onwhich
表示理由的名詞：the reason
why
作原因狀語
＝for which
①We live in an age when more information is available with great ease than ever before.
我們生活在一個比以前任何時候都更容易獲得更多信息的時代。
②Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other.
古代中國是各諸侯國之間經(jīng)常發(fā)生戰(zhàn)爭的地方。
③Can you tell me the reason why (＝for which) you are late again?
你能告訴我你再次遲到的原因嗎？

名師點津　(1)先行詞為有地點含義的抽象名詞point，position，situation, stage, state, case, scene 等后也常用where引導(dǎo)定語從句。
He said if we ever got to the point where we needed to use life jackets, he would have already died of terror.
他說假定我們真的到了需要用救生衣的地步，他早就嚇死了。
(2)the reason作先行詞時，若引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作主語或賓語，定語從句要用that或which引導(dǎo)。
[2019·天津卷]Their child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences.
他們的孩子處于能說一些個別的單詞但不能說完整句子的階段。


(單句語法填空/單句改錯)
1．[2020·北京卷]Some university students carried out a campaign ________ they spent their whole day without cell phones.
2．[2021·甘肅第一次診斷]This is the reason ________ Jennifer and her colleagues have called for a global pause in any clinical application of the CRISPR technology in human embryos to give us time to really consider all of the various results of doing so.
3．[2020·天津卷5月]Mr. Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990s, ________ he gave it to his grandson.
4．[2021·錦州八縣市一中聯(lián)考]Nancy enjoyed herself very much last week where she visited her friends in Sydney.________________
5．[2021·咸陽模擬]The Song of China has set up a stage which some people can achieve their dreams.________________

考點三 “介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)
1.“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)的用法
“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”既能引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，又能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。先行詞指物時，關(guān)系代詞用which；先行詞指人時，關(guān)系代詞用whom；關(guān)系代詞whose與所修飾的名詞也可同時放在介詞之后。
The USA is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken.
美國是一個大國，有著許許多多不同的方言。
He is the person on whom you can depend.
他是你可以信賴的人。
He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag.
他就是被小偷從房間里偷走包的那個人。

2．“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的確定
(1)根據(jù)定語從句中動詞、形容詞所需要的某種習(xí)慣搭配來確定。
In the dark street，there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.
在黑暗的街道上，沒有一個她可以求助的人。(turn to sb. for help)
Physics is the subject in which every student in our school is interested.
物理是我們學(xué)校每個學(xué)生都很感興趣的課程。(be interested in)
(2)根據(jù)與先行詞搭配的具體含義而定。
I'll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永遠不會忘記我在鄉(xiāng)下度過我的童年的那段時光。(during that time)
(3)根據(jù)所表達的意思來確定。
The colorless gas without which we can't live is called oxygen.
這種無色的氣體就是氧氣，離了它我們無法生存。

3．“名詞/代詞/數(shù)詞＋介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)：
He told us a story in English, the meaning of which I couldn't understand completely.
他用英語給我們講了一個故事，我不能完全理解它的意思。
There are about 400 students in our grade, most of whom are from Haidian District.
我們年級大約有400名學(xué)生，其中大多數(shù)來自海淀區(qū)。


(單句改錯)
1．Above all, they hosted an American student last year, through that they gained lots of experience.________________
2．Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of them has been proved.________________

技法1　語法填空解題技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2021·昆明市“三診一?！盷Up till now，the website has been continuously updated, ________ gives lovers of the ancient language from all over the world free access to browsing (瀏覽) in their free time.
2．[2021·太原市高三年級模擬]Anyone ________ is caught providing food for San Francisco's pigeons could face a heavy fine.
3．[2021·鄭州市質(zhì)量檢測]All kinds of traditional Chinese herbal medicine can be found too，and there are Chinese tea shops, ________ visitors can taste and buy a variety of Chinese tea.
4．[2020·全國卷Ⅲ]In ancient China lived an artist ________ paintings were almost lifelike.
5．[2020·江蘇卷]Many lessons are now available online, from ________ students can choose for free.
6．[2019·全國卷Ⅱ]Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, ________ she opened with her late husband Les.
7．[2020·全國卷Ⅰ]China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot ________ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.

【答題微點】
語法填空解題策略
1．確定定語從句關(guān)系詞的解題要領(lǐng)：根據(jù)定語從句中所缺成分來確定是用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞。
2．關(guān)系詞應(yīng)遵循“缺什么，補什么”的原則。
(1)如果先行詞指人，定語從句中缺少主語，限制性定語從句中用who/that；非限制性定語從句中用who。
(2)如果先行詞指人，定語從句中缺少賓語，限制性定語從句中用who/that/whom；非限制性定語從句中用whom。
(3)如果先行詞指物，定語從句中缺少主語或賓語，限制性定語從句中用which/that；非限制性定語從句用which。
(4)如果先行詞指時間或地點，定語從句中缺少時間狀語或地點狀語，則用when或where；如果缺少主語或賓語，則用that或which。
(5)在“介詞＋關(guān)系詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中如果先行詞指人，則關(guān)系詞用whom；如果先行詞指物，則用which。

技法2　短文改錯解題技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2019·全國卷Ⅰ短文改錯]One afternoon where I was in primary school，I was walking by the school playground.________________
2．[2019·全國卷Ⅲ]In the cafe，customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is created for them.________________
3．[2018·全國卷Ⅰ]They also had a small pond which they raised fish.________________
4．[2021·合肥市質(zhì)量檢測]Others thought some courses should be offered in schools, which goal was to help students learn more about our customs, ways of life and so on.________________

【答題微點】
短文改錯解題策略
1．在短文改錯中重點考查“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”，關(guān)系副詞和關(guān)系代詞的混淆。
2．慧眼識別短文改錯中定語從句的4個易錯點。
(1)缺失關(guān)系詞；
(2)定語從句中沒有考慮關(guān)系詞充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑?br /> (3)定語從句中謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)弄錯；
(4)定語從句中介詞漏用或錯用，介詞后關(guān)系代詞的錯用。



Ⅰ.語法填空
[2021·長沙高三統(tǒng)一模擬]According to 1.________ new study by the WHO(World Health Organization), about 25 percent of adults worldwide do not get enough exercise. Because of this, about 1.4 billion people are 2.________ greater risk of developing 3.________ (dead) diseases such as heart disease and cancer.
When it comes to 4.________ (exercise) more, experts say that people needn't go to the gym every day. There are other ways to exercise. For example, we can take the stairs instead of taking an elevator. And standing on one leg for 30 seconds each day 5.________ (be) also good for our health.
The study also finds that women are less active than men because 6.________ (them) tend to spend more time at home taking care of 7.________ (child) and doing housework.
Countries with higher incomes show higher rates of inactivity. For example, people in Kuwait and the United States exercise less 8.________ people in Uganda and Nepal. This is partly because in 9.________ (develop)areas, desk jobs have taken the place of physical labor and cars 10.________ (replace) walking.
Ⅱ.短文改錯
[2021·西安五校高三聯(lián)考]I've been playing volleyball before three years ago. It started when teacher set up a volleyball club in our school, hope that more students would take part in the sport and keep fit. The club was such popular that many students signed up for it. To be honesty, at that time I just followed them without thinking too much. We practiced together on every Saturday morning. However, some of the students soon begin to get bored and dropped out of the club. So I found I was quite enjoying it and we carried on. After training for some time, I was selected for the school team. How exciting and proud I was.







二　名詞性從句

考點一 主語從句
1.引導(dǎo)主語從句的詞有：連接詞that，whether；連接代詞what，who，whose，whatever，whichever，whoever 等；連接副詞 when，where，why，how。
①When the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.
延遲的飛機何時起飛在很大程度上取決于天氣。
②That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial similarity between them.
從她們的面貌相似度就能清楚地看出是親姐妹。
③What struck me most in the movie was the father's deep love for his son.
影片中最打動我的是父親對兒子深厚的愛。
易混辨析　whether與if引導(dǎo)主語從句的區(qū)別：
主語從句位于主句謂語動詞前，表示“是否”，只能用whether而不能用if引導(dǎo)；若用it作形式主語，則if與whether可互換。
④Whether we can have clean drinking water lies in what effective measures will be taken by the government about water pollution.我們能否有干凈的飲用水依賴于政府將采取什么樣的有效措施處理水污染問題。
⑤It remains to be seen whether or not this idea can be put into practice.這一想法能否付諸實施還有待觀察。

2．it作形式主語的主語從句
(1)it作形式主語，從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)的從句作真正的主語。
①It＋be＋形容詞(obvious，true，natural，surprising，good，wonderful，funny，possible，likely，certain，probable等)＋that從句。
It isn't likely that I should accept such an offer as that.
我不可能接受那樣的幫助。
②It＋be＋名詞詞組(no wonder，an honor，a good thing，a pity，no surprise等)＋that從句。
It's no wonder that he didn't want to go.
難怪他不想去。
③It＋be＋過去分詞(said，reported，thought，expected，decided，announced，arranged等)＋that從句。
It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday.
會議被推遲到下周一召開已經(jīng)定下來了。
④It＋動詞/動詞短語(seem，appear，happen，matter，turn out，occur to，make no difference等)＋that從句。
It suddenly occurred to her that Joe was afraid of being alone.
她突然想到喬害怕獨自一個人待著。
(2)it作形式主語，連接代詞、連接副詞或whether/if引導(dǎo)的主語從句作真正的主語。
It is uncertain what side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it.
盡管大約兩千名患者已經(jīng)服用了這種藥，但是它會帶來什么樣的副作用還不清楚。
It is not immediately clear whether/if the financial crisis will soon be over.
經(jīng)濟危機是否會很快結(jié)束，短時間內(nèi)不會很明顯。


(單句語法填空)
1．[2020·江蘇卷]It is not a problem ________ we can win the battle; it's just a matter of time.
2．[2021·鄭州市質(zhì)量檢測]But perhaps ________ many tourists and San Franciscans treasure most about Chinatown is its food.
3．[2021·合肥市質(zhì)量檢測]It is estimated ________ coral reefs contribute billions of dollars to the world economy annually, providing food，protection of shorelines，and jobs.

考點二 表語從句
1.引導(dǎo)表語從句的詞有：連接詞that，whether；連接代詞what，who，whose，whatever，whichever，whoever 等；連接副詞when，where，why，how，從句用陳述語序。
Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt that he could have expressed it differently.
杰里不后悔給出評論，但是覺得自己本來可以用不同的方法來表達。
I'd like to start my own business－that's what I'd do if I had the money.
我愿意自己創(chuàng)業(yè)——那就是如果我有錢將會做的事情。

2．a(chǎn)s if/as though引導(dǎo)的表語從句
as if/as though引導(dǎo)的表語從句常跟在be動詞seem，look，taste，sound，feel，appear等動詞之后。
The thick smog covered the whole city. It was as if a great black blanket had been thrown over it.
厚重的煙霧覆蓋著整個城市。好像把一個厚厚的黑色的毯子扔到它的上面。

3．because，why引導(dǎo)的表語從句
because，why也可引導(dǎo)表語從句，但because引導(dǎo)的表語從句，主語不能是reason或cause(該結(jié)構(gòu)常用that引導(dǎo))。常用于以下句型。
(1)This is because...這是因為……(強調(diào)原因)
(2)The reason why...is that...……的原因是……
(3)That is why...那就是……的原因(強調(diào)結(jié)果)
From space，the earth looks blue.This is because about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.
從太空中看，地球是藍色的。這是因為地球表面大約71%被水所覆蓋。
The reason why he didn't pass the exam was that he was too careless.
他沒有通過考試的原因是他太粗心了。

名師指津　常見的表語從句句型：
(1)It looks/seems as if...好像……；仿佛……
The question/problem is whether/when/where...問題是……
(2)His dream/suggestion/aim/purpose is that...
他的夢想/建議/目標/目的是……
(3)what從句＋be＋that從句
What surprised us most was that he came late again.
最讓我們驚訝的是他又遲到了。


(單句語法填空)
1．[2021·高三八校第二次聯(lián)考]Another reason is ________ many of today's young people believe it's wrong to kill animals for food.
2．[2018·北京卷]This is ________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.

考點三 賓語從句
1.that連接賓語從句時通常可以省略(但多個并列的賓語從句中只能省略第一個that)，沒有具體的意思，不充當(dāng)句子成分，只是起連接作用。what引導(dǎo)時，在從句中充當(dāng)成分，且有意義。
[全國卷Ⅰ]I'm writing to tell you that my uncle Li Ming is going to your city for a conference.
我寫信是想告訴你，我叔叔李明要去你的城市開會。
2．在whether/if連接的賓語從句中，whether/if意為“是否”，但在whether...or not結(jié)構(gòu)中，或者whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句作介詞的賓語時，以及whether＋to do結(jié)構(gòu)中和whether引導(dǎo)的從句作少數(shù)動詞(如leave，put，discuss，doubt，know等)的賓語時，只能用whether，不能用if來替換。
We've offered her the job，but I don't know whether she'll accept it.
我們已經(jīng)為她提供了這份工作，但我不知道她是否會接受。
I don't know whether to set off for Beijing or not.
我不知道是否出發(fā)去北京。
3．連接代詞、連接副詞引導(dǎo)賓語從句時不能省略，并在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。
We promise whoever attends the party will have a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.
我們保證，任何參加這個聚會的人都有機會與那個電影明星合影。
4．有些動詞或動詞短語，如like，hate，appreciate，depend on，see to等，一般不直接跟從句，需要借助it。
You may depend on it that she will go with you.
你可以相信她會與你一起去。
5．當(dāng)主句的主語是第一人稱時，在think，believe，suppose，expect等動詞后的賓語從句若是否定的，就運用否定轉(zhuǎn)移，將否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語動詞上。
I don't believe she will attend the meeting.
我認為她不會來參加該會議。
6．it作形式賓語，真正的賓語后置，常用此種結(jié)構(gòu)的及物動詞有find，make，think，feel，consider等。
I find it important that we should keep calm in danger.
我發(fā)現(xiàn)我們在危險中保持鎮(zhèn)靜是很重要的。
7．不論主句為何種句型，賓語從句都用陳述語序。


(單句語法填空)
1．[2020·天津卷]The student completed this experiment to make come true ________ Professor Joseph had said.
2．[2019·北京卷] What students do at college seems to matter much more than ________ they go.
3．[2018·全國卷Ⅲ]I'm not sure ________ is more frightened, me or the female gorilla (大猩猩) that suddenly appears out of nowhere.

考點四 同位語從句
1.同位語從句通常用that引導(dǎo)，that無詞義也不作成分，但是不能省略，從句用陳述語序。同位語從句還可用whether，when，where，why，how等引導(dǎo)。
2．接同位語從句的常見名詞：fact，news，idea，truth，hope，problem，information，belief，thought，doubt，promise，question等。
I made a promise to myself that this year，my first year in high school，would be different.
我對自己做出承諾：今年，是我上高中的第一年，將會與以往不同。
I have no idea where the journalist could have got his information from.
我不知道那個記者從哪里得到的消息。

◎題組微練(單句語法填空)
1．[2019·全國卷Ⅰ]The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland. While they are rare north of 88°， there is evidence ________ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.
2．[2021·湖北部分重點中學(xué)聯(lián)考]This should serve as a warning ________ people should be aware of their surroundings, especially when crossing roads.

技法1　語法填空解題技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2020·浙江卷7月] Over thousands of years, they began to depend less on ________ could be hunted or gathered from the wild, and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
2．[2021·福州市畢業(yè)班適應(yīng)性練習(xí)卷]However，the fact is ________ bats play a significant role in keeping a balanced ecosystem.
3．[2021·河南省高三質(zhì)量檢測]And ________ we do now is to deal with the plastic that causes great damage to our sea life.
4．[2021·安徽黃山二模]While visiting Hangzhou's West Lake and its surrounding beautiful hills，you'll understand ________ it's been a great source of inspiration for artists，poems and philosophers throughout Chinese history.

【答題微點】
語法填空解題“3步驟”
1．根據(jù)兩句之間的意義和邏輯關(guān)系，或者根據(jù)句式結(jié)構(gòu)判斷是否是名詞性從句。
2．一旦判斷是名詞性從句，就根據(jù)名詞性從句中缺少什么句子成分來確定選用什么連接詞。若從句中缺少主語、賓語或表語，用連接代詞；若缺少狀語就用連接副詞。
3．如果不缺少成分則要考慮意思是否完整，是否需要用whether/if; 如果不缺少成分且意思完整用that。

技法2　短文改錯解題技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2021·山西五地市高三聯(lián)考]When we arrived at the park, we were amazed at that we saw.________________
2．[2021·衡水中學(xué)第三次聯(lián)考]Firstly, good social skills and strong organizing ability are that I have acquired in high school thanks to the experience of serving as monitor.________________
3．[2021·昆明市三診一模]The next day, Lucy got a letter from Doug thanking her for recognizing which he had done and the importance of his job.________________
4．[2016·全國卷Ⅰ]My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.________________
5．[2016·全國卷Ⅱ]My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.________________

【答題微點】
短文改錯解題“3視角”
1．檢查連接詞是否誤用： 尤其注意容易混淆的that與what，that與which，which與what，if與whether;
2．檢查連接詞是否漏掉或多余，以及使用連接代詞時從句中是否存在多余的句子成分；
3．檢查賓語從句與主句的時態(tài)呼應(yīng)是否正確。

Ⅰ.語法填空
[2021·昆明“三診一?！蹦M]Because of Richard Sears' enthusiasm for 1.________ (tradition) Chinese culture, he began learning Chinese in 1972. 2.________ (attract) by the ancient language, Sears often went back and forth between China and America. In 1994, after his recovery from a severe heart attack, he made a 3.________ (decide) to make the ancient Chinese characters, Jiaguwen, available online.
From then on, Sears started programming and building a database of Jiaguwen. 4.________ took him seven years to scan the characters in Chinese ancient books. In 2002, the Jiaguwen enthusiast's website 5.________ (create), though with only a few page views per day in the beginning. It rose to 600,000 per day in 2011 after a blogger recommended the site 6.________ a Chinese social media platform. “I became famous 7.________ (instant) and was given a nickname ‘Uncle Hanzi’”， Sears said with a smile. Up till now, the website has been continuously updated, 8.________ gives lovers of the ancient language from all over the world free access to browsing (瀏覽) in their free time.
At present, the 70-year-old American has made his home in China. Apart from 9.________ (take) part in some social 10.________ (activity), Sears devotes all his efforts to the study of Chinese characters.
Ⅱ.短文改錯
[2021·沈陽教學(xué)質(zhì)量監(jiān)測]One day my friend took me to a Korean restaurant, where she often visited. I looked at the menu all writing in Korean. Since I couldn't read them, I glanced over the pictures and picked out what I want. I ordered a dish with beef and vegetables. It was very spicy food I had never had before. Therefore, I drank a glass of water immediate. I thought the beef was the spicy part, but when I started eating the cabbage, it only got worst！The waitress had refilled in my glass after I knew it and I drank it quickly. Turned around, I could see that the waitresses were having good laugh.












（三）　并列句和狀語從句
,2020年高考增加對狀語從句從屬連詞的考查。并列句


用法
連詞
例句
表并列、遞進或順承關(guān)系
and, both... and..., neither... nor...，
not only... but also...，
as well as
During the first three years, children learn the basic skills they will use in all their later learning both at home and at school.
在前3年，孩子們學(xué)會了以后在家里和在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)中所需要用的基本技能。
表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系
but, yet, nevertheless(后兩個為非課標詞匯)
What we are about to do is perfectly legal. But please don't discuss it with anyone.
我們要做的事完全合法，但請不要與任何人討論這件事。
表選擇關(guān)系
either... or...，
not... but..., or,
or else, rather than
Now you can have a rest or you can go to the cinema.
現(xiàn)在你可以休息，或者去看電影。
表因果關(guān)系
for(表“由于”，一般不放在句首), so
He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to fail.
由于他的視力下降，他發(fā)現(xiàn)讀書越來越困難了。
and與or用于并列句
祈使句＋and＋陳述句，and表順承
Find ways to praise your children often, and you'll find they will open their hearts to you.
設(shè)法常常表揚你的孩子，這樣你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)他們樂意向你敞開心扉。
表對比
祈使句＋or＋陳述句，or表轉(zhuǎn)折
while強調(diào)對比關(guān)系，意為“然而；而”
I like English while my little sister is fond of art.
我喜歡英語而我的妹妹熱愛藝術(shù)。


(單句語法填空/單句改錯)
1．[2021·安徽省示范高中皖北協(xié)作區(qū)高三聯(lián)考]They serve as an important driving force for local economic and social development, while acting as a bridge between Quanzhou ________ the wider world.
2．[2021·河北省衡水中學(xué)第一次模擬]Some people are able to lose weight on high-protein diets in the short-term but this weight loss is not due to eating more animal protein, ________ simply due to consuming fewer calories.
3．[2021·邯鄲一模]Life isn't perfect and it's always hard, ________ we need reminders in our life from friends, authors, bloggers, pastors or our inner spirits to refocus on the things that matter and make us live positively.
4．[2020·全國卷Ⅰ]First I cut the tomatoes into pieces but put them aside.________________
5．[2019·全國卷Ⅰ] Suddenly a football fell just in front of me but almost hit me.________________
6．[2018·全國卷Ⅰ]At the end of our trip，I told my father that I planned to return every two years，but he agreed.________________


技法1　語法填空解題技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2020·新高考Ⅰ卷]They kept their collection at home until it got too big ________ until they died, and then it was given to a museum.
2．[2020·浙江卷1月]It's also that they are on average healthier ________ more productive for longer.
3．[2019·全國卷Ⅱ]Irene said，“I don't see any reason to give up work.I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I have made over the years.I work not because I have to, ________ because I want to.”
4．[2016·全國卷Ⅲ]In much of Asia, especially the so-called “rice bowl” cultures of China，Japan，Korea, ________ Vietnam，food is usually eaten with chopsticks.
5．[2016·全國卷Ⅱ]So，get an early start and try to be as productive ________ possible before lunch.

【答題微點】
語法填空解題“2策略”
1．分析單詞、短語或句子的邏輯關(guān)系或句式結(jié)構(gòu)
(1)完整的句子中，如果兩個單詞或短語并列，要填并列連詞；
(2)若兩個句子(兩個主謂結(jié)構(gòu))之間沒有句號或分號，也沒有連詞，空格處必定填連詞。
2．注意固定句式中的連詞

技法2　短文改錯解題技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2021·高考壓軸卷]Every time we get on a plane, we're asked to neither turn off our phones or change it to flight mode－it's for “security reasons”. ________________
2．[2021·東北三省四市二模]On the positive side, people will be able to escape from the crowding cities, but will have clear views of the earth and stars. ________________
3．[2021·吉林市畢業(yè)班第三次調(diào)研]Last Friday, the English class was going on while our English teacher suddenly slipped and fell off the stage, which shocked all the students.________________
4．[2021·蘭州高三診斷考試]I covered my ears with hands, buried my head in books, and even tried to recite English texts and it was no use. ________________

【答題微點】
短文改錯解題“3視角”
1．根據(jù)句意、前后的邏輯關(guān)系去判斷連詞是否正確。
2．根據(jù)短語搭配和固定句式判斷連詞。
3．注意排查中式英語，如將although/though和but, because和so連用。遇到此種情況，一般刪除后面的but和so，以免影響一個句子的第一個單詞首字母大寫的原則。
狀語從句

考點一 常見的狀語從句
1.時間狀語從句
(1)when, while與as引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句

連詞
從句的謂語動詞
用法
when
延續(xù)性動詞；非延續(xù)性動詞
從句的動作和主句的動作可以同時發(fā)生，也可以先后發(fā)生
while
延續(xù)性動詞
從句的動作與主句的動作同時發(fā)生
as
延續(xù)性動詞
強調(diào)主從句動作相伴發(fā)生，可譯為“一邊……一邊……；隨著”
We will ensure that people from Taiwan will enjoy the same treatment as local people when they pursue their studies or seek jobs in mainland.
我們將確保臺灣同胞在大陸求學(xué)或就業(yè)時，享有與當(dāng)?shù)厝送鹊拇觥?br /> (2)before與since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句
①before與since的常用句式
連詞
詞義
常用句式
before
在……之前，還未……就……；……才……；趁……還沒有來得及……
It will (not) be＋一段時間＋before“(沒有)過……(時間)才……”
It was not/won't be long before...
“不久……就……”
It was＋時間段＋before...
“過了……(時間)才……”
since
自從……以來
It is/has been＋一段時間＋since ...(從句用一般過去時)
It won't be long before we meet again.
過不了多長時間我們就又見面了。
②since引導(dǎo)的從句如果用非延續(xù)性動詞，所表示的是自從句謂語動作開始算起；若用延續(xù)性動詞或狀態(tài)動詞，所表示的就是自動作或狀態(tài)的完成或結(jié)束時算起。
As is reported，it is over 100 years since Tsinghua University was founded.
據(jù)報道，清華大學(xué)已經(jīng)建立了100多年了。
(3)表示“一……就……”含義的詞(短語)引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句
①引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，且表示“一……就……”含義的詞或短語有as soon as，the moment，the minute, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, hardly/scarcely ...when ...，no sooner ...than ...等。
Directly I received his letter I went to see him.
我一收到他的信就去看他。
②hardly/scarcely ... when ...，no sooner ...than ...中主句應(yīng)用過去完成時，從句應(yīng)用一般過去時；當(dāng)no sooner ... 和hardly/scarcely ...位于句首時，主句要用部分倒裝。
Hardly had she heard the sad story when she burst out crying.
她一聽到這個悲傷的故事就哭了。
(4)until與till引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句

連詞
位置
用法
注意事項
until
可以放在句首
not ... until可用于強調(diào)句型
①until/till用于肯定句時主句的謂語動詞是延續(xù)性動詞，用于否定句時主句的謂語動詞是非延續(xù)性動詞
②not until位于句首時，主句要用部分倒裝
till
不可放在句首
一般不用于強調(diào)句型

It was not until he told me about it again that I had any idea of it.
直到他再次告訴我這件事，我才有了這個想法。
(5)引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的其他常見連詞(短語)
①其他常見的引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的連詞(短語)還有 after, whenever, every time, each time, next time, the first/last time, any time, by the time, the day/year 等。
Every time I express my opinion, she always argues back.
每次我發(fā)表意見，她總是反駁。
②by the time引導(dǎo)的時間狀語，從句如果用一般現(xiàn)在時，主句用將來完成時；從句如果用一般過去時，主句用過去完成時。

2．條件狀語從句
(1)條件狀語從句的常見引導(dǎo)詞if，unless，as/so long as, in case (萬一), once, on condition that, provided/providing (that), supposing (that)等。
My parents don't mind what job I do as long as I am happy.
只要我高興，我的父母不在意我從事什么工作。
(2)條件狀語從句的時態(tài)
用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時，用一般過去時代替過去將來時。
If everyone does his part, the project will surely be a success.
如果每個人都盡自己的一份力，這個項目一定會成功。
3．讓步狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞
從句位置
語序
語氣
注意事項
although
靈活
正常
陳述
①although與
though都可以與yet，still，nevertheless連用，但不能和but連用。
②though還可以作副詞，意為“可是；然而”，置于句末。
③whoever，whatever，
whomever, whichever還可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，但“no matter＋疑問詞”不可以。
though
靈活
正?；虻寡b
陳述
as
句首
倒裝(即從句中的表語、狀語或動詞原形置于句首，若表語是單數(shù)名詞，前置時要省略冠詞)
陳述
while
句首
正常
陳述
even if/ though
靈活
正常
虛擬或陳述
no matter
＋疑問
詞/疑問
詞＋ever
靈活
正常
陳述
whether
...or not
句首
正常
陳述

Much as/though I have traveled, I have never seen anyone who's as capable as John.
雖然我經(jīng)常旅行，但我從未見過像約翰那樣能干的人。

4．原因狀語從句
(1)because用來回答why的提問，語氣最強，一般放在主句之后。
The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair because he wanted to sit next to his wife.
老人讓露西挪到另一把椅子上，因為他想坐在妻子旁邊。
(2)since/now that表示已知的理由、稍加分析即可表明的原因，多放在句首；as引導(dǎo)的從句常放在句首，說明次要的原因，主句說明結(jié)果，常用于口語中。

名師點津　when, seeing that, considering that 表示“既然；考慮到”，也可引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。
She is very active, considering that she is getting in years.
考慮到她已年事漸高，她還是很活躍的。


(單句語法填空)
1．[2021·云南省七校高考適應(yīng)性考試三]________ he wants to convey，the writer is expected to be good at summarization and Chinese to produce a couplet with a few characters that is excellent in both content and language.
2．[2021·陜西咸陽二模]Researchers have found, in their experiment, that a baby's cries can cause unique emotional responses in the brain, making it impossible for us to ignore them ________ we are parents or not.
3．[2021·太原二模]I had hardly sat down on the train and opened a bar of chocolate ________ a really old man with huge bags sat down across from me.
4．[2021·山東省濟南市高三模擬]The doctor was certain I would test positive for coronavirus, but gave me the option to test ________ I wanted to know for sure. I opted to be tested.
5．[2018·江蘇卷]________ you can sleep well，you will lose the ability to focus, plan and stay motivated after one or two nights.

考點二 其他狀語從句
1.地點狀語從句
where與wherever意義基本相同，但后者語氣較強，多用于書面語。同時地點狀語從句在句首時常兼有抽象條件意味。
When solving the problem a second time，you'd better be more careful where you made a mistake.
＝When solving the problem a second time，you'd better be more careful in the place where you made a mistake.
再次解決這個問題時，你最好在上次出錯的地方更仔細一些。
Where there's a will, there's a way.有志者，事竟成。

2．目的狀語從句
(1)so that/in order that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中需用情態(tài)動詞can，could 等；in order that引導(dǎo)的從句可位于主句之前或之后，so that引導(dǎo)的從句只能位于主句之后；
(2)for fear that (唯恐；以防)與in case引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，謂語動詞有時也用should/might/could＋動詞原形。
The boy hid himself behind the tree for fear that his father might see him.男孩躲在樹后，怕他父親看見他。

3．結(jié)果狀語從句
(1)so that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句時，從句中一般不用情態(tài)動詞，從句前可加逗號。
We turned up the radio, so that everyone heard the news.
我們把收音機音量調(diào)大，這樣每個人都能聽到新聞。
(2)so ... that中so后面跟形容詞或副詞；such...that中such后面跟名詞。
Jack is so honest a worker that we all believe him.
＝Jack is such an honest worker that we all believe him.
杰克是一個非常誠實的工人，我們都相信他。

4．方式狀語從句
(1)as引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句，意為“按照”。
Will you please do the experiment as I am doing?
請你像我一樣做這個實驗好嗎？
(2)as if或as though的意義和用法基本一樣；從句中可以用陳述語氣表示可能符合事實，也可以用虛擬語氣表示與事實相反。
Jack wasn't saying anything but the teacher smiled at him as if he had done something very clever.杰克什么也沒說，但老師朝他笑了笑，好像他做了件很聰明的事。

5．比較狀語從句
as ... as; not so/as ... as; the same ... as表示相同程度的比較，肯定句用as ...as，否定句可用not as ... as或not so ... as。
He doesn't run so/as fast as Jack (does)．
他跑得沒有杰克快。


(單句語法填空)
1．[2018·天津卷]Let's not pick these peaches until this weekend so ________ they get sweet enough to be eaten.
2．[2021·濟南市高三針對性練習(xí)] The Chinese have such a close relationship with tea ________ they have developed an entire “Tea Culture”．

技法1　語法填空解題技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2021·河北衡水中學(xué)一調(diào)]The song “A little bit longer” by Nick Jonas is ________ an emotional and inspiring song that whenever I hear it, I always come close to dropping down tears.
2．[2020·全國卷Ⅲ]________ he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (傳奇的) artist, they smiled and pointed down the river.
3．[2019·天津卷]Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents' opinion ________ he wants their support.
4．[2018·北京卷]________ we don't stop climate change，many animals and plants in the world will be gone.
5．Bach died in 1750, but it was not ________ the early 19th century ________ his musical gift was fully recognized.

【答題微點】
語法填空解題“3牢記”
1．牢記連詞詞義并能熟練運用是解答題目的先決條件；
2．牢記固定句式結(jié)構(gòu)，確定從屬連詞；
3．根據(jù)主從句的邏輯關(guān)系確定狀語從句的連接詞。
如果主從句是因果關(guān)系，則要考慮用because, as, since; 如果主從句有時間先后之分，則要考慮用時間狀語從句的連接詞；如果從句為主句的條件， 則要考慮用if; 如果從句表示讓步， 則要考慮用although, though, while。

技法2　短文改錯解題技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2021·沈陽市教學(xué)質(zhì)量監(jiān)測一]The waitress had refilled my glass after I knew it and I drank it quickly.________________
2．[2021·鄭州市質(zhì)量檢測]He was about to enter the shop while he saw a little girl crying by the roadside.________________
3．[2020·全國卷Ⅱ]Then I can spare some time to learn it again, such that we can practice together on every day.________________
4．[2018·全國卷Ⅱ]The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.________________

【答題微點】
短文改錯解題“3步驟”
第1步：分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，弄清邏輯關(guān)系；
第2步：判斷狀語從句類型；
第3步：鎖定從屬連詞。

Ⅰ.語法填空
[2021·沈陽教學(xué)質(zhì)量監(jiān)測]Weddings are generally considered personal events, but some couples in India are more than happy to have strangers all over the world attend 1.________ (they) traditional weddings, for a fee.
2．________ (pay) hundreds of dollars to attend the wedding of two strangers in a 3.________ (total) foreign country may seem strange to some people, but according to a company specializing in wedding tourism, it is “the 4.________ (culture) immersion (沉浸)” for tourists to experience many elements of Indian culture. Customers get to put on traditional Indian clothing, taste local food, and experience Indian wedding customs, which will usually create 5.______ unique atmosphere for the customers. As for the couples getting married, they get to share the happiest day of their lives not just with family and friends, 6.________ with the world.
Tourists 7.________ (interest) in attending a traditional Indian wedding through Join My Wedding have to pay a fee of $150 for the one-day attendance, or $250 for two days, 8.________ covers the entrance to the wedding plus food and drinks as well as a person to welcome them and explain all the traditional customs.
So far, feedback from both tourists and Indian couples 9.________ (appear) to be very positive. “The 10.________ (contribute) I made was the best and easiest way to thank the couple for their hospitality and this extraordinary experience，” one Hungarian tourist said. Couples, on the other hand, are excited to know people from other countries.
Ⅱ.短文改錯
[2021·湖北八校第一次聯(lián)考]As it is known to all, the Great Wall is the most famous places of interest in China. Everybody wants to go there, but I am no exception. Then, this summer vacation, the day I have been looking forward to coming at last. I got up very early that day and set off with my brother Tim followed behind. After two hours' bus ride, we arrived at which looked like the large market, where there were millions of people talking, pushing and photographing. Looking at that, my enthusiasm immediate disappeared. Indeed, the Great Wall is really something must be experienced with a little ease and privacy.
第四講　特殊句式
特殊句式作為英語表達的一種特殊形式，在某些場合會起到強調(diào)、簡潔、有力、表述地道的作用，在高考試題中不乏對此的考查，考生在備考過程中要關(guān)注這種句式結(jié)構(gòu)的用法。

考點一 強調(diào)句式
1.強調(diào)句式的常用結(jié)構(gòu)
陳述句：It is/was＋被強調(diào)部分＋that/who...
一般疑問句：Is/Was＋被強調(diào)部分＋that/who...?
特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞＋is/was＋it＋that...?
It is/was not until...＋that...直到……才
It is only by listening to and understanding each other that problems between parents and children can be settled.
只有通過傾聽和相互理解，孩子和父母之間的問題才可能被解決。
It was not until twelve o'clock last night that I went to bed.
昨天晚上我一直到十二點才上床睡覺。
Was it yesterday that you met your old friend in the supermarket?
你是昨天在超市遇到你的老朋友的嗎？
2．強調(diào)句式
強調(diào)謂語動詞時，要在所強調(diào)的謂語動詞前加助動詞do，does或did。
The family did manage to send him to a technical school.
家里的確設(shè)法讓他上技術(shù)學(xué)校。

考點二 倒　裝
1.在下列情形下需要使用部分倒裝
(1)當(dāng)否定詞或帶有否定意義的詞或短語位于句首時，常用部分倒裝。這類詞或短語有：little，few，never，seldom，rarely，by no means，not only，not until，at no time，under/in no circumstances，in no case，in no way，no sooner，hardly，scarcely等。
Not only will help be given to people to find jobs，but also medical treatment will be provided for people who need it.
不僅要給那些找工作的人提供幫助，而且也要給那些有需要的人提供藥物治療。
Neither do I know it，nor do I care about it.
我不知道這件事，也不關(guān)心。
(2)當(dāng)only修飾的副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句位于句首時，用部分倒裝。
[湖南卷改編]Only when you can find peace in your heart will you keep good relationships with others.
只有當(dāng)你找到內(nèi)心的平靜時你才能與他人保持良好的關(guān)系。
(3)so/neither/nor置于句首時，用部分倒裝。
They love having lots of friends, so do those with disabilities.
他們喜歡交很多朋友，那些身有殘疾的人也是如此。
(4)在so/such...that...結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)“so＋形容詞/副詞”或“such＋名詞”位于句首時，用部分倒裝。
So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.
他說英語說得如此清晰，以至于別人都能聽得懂。
(5)在as/though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，當(dāng)從句的表語/狀語/動詞位于句首時，用部分倒裝。如果位于句首的是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，其前不加冠詞。
Hard as they tried，they couldn't make her change her mind.
盡管他們盡力了，但他們還是沒能讓她改變主意。

2．在下列情形下需要使用完全倒裝
(1)表示時間、地點和動作轉(zhuǎn)移的副詞，如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，out等置于句首時，且主語是名詞，謂語動詞是不及物動詞，句子需用完全倒裝。此時，句子多用一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時。
The moment the bell rang, out rushed the children.
鈴一響，孩子們沖了出去。
(2)當(dāng)?shù)攸c狀語位于句首時，且主語是名詞，謂語動詞是不及物動詞，為了避免頭重腳輕，句子需進行完全倒裝。
Next door to ours live a foreign couple, who seem to have settled into life in China.
我們隔壁住著一對外國夫婦，他們看起來已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了中國的生活。

考點三 祈使句及其他
1.祈使句
祈使句表“請求、命令、叮囑、邀請、勸告”等?；窘Y(jié)構(gòu)為：“動詞(短語)原形＋連詞＋句子(一般用將來時)”。
有時為了加強感情色彩或特別指明向誰發(fā)出命令或要求時，可以加上you，Mary，girls等作為稱呼。
Tom, water the flowers today!
湯姆，今天澆花！

2．反意疑問句
反意疑問句由兩部分組成：前一部分用陳述句形式，后一部分是一個附加在前一部分上的簡單問句，本著“前肯后否，前否后肯”的原則，附加問句部分的動詞以及主語取決于陳述句。
Your parents had a long talk with you last weekend，didn't they?
你的父母上周末和你進行了一次長談，是嗎？
注意：祈使句的反意疑問句一般用will you或者won't you的形式。Let's開頭的祈使句，反意疑問句用shall we；Let us開頭的祈使句，反意疑問句用will you。

3．There...結(jié)構(gòu)
(1)There be/stands/lies...有……
(2)There is no possibility that...沒有可能性……
(3)There is no sense of doing sth.做……沒有意義
(4)There seems to be...看起來似乎……
(5)There is no need to do sth.做某事沒有必要
The Public Square is an eye-catching sight of the city. There stand many stone sculptures of famous historical figures.
大眾廣場是這個城市引人注目的景點，許多歷史名人的石雕像矗立在那里。

4．感嘆句
(1)what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句
①What＋a/an＋adj.＋單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(＋主語＋謂語)!
What a good heart you have!
你的心腸真好！
②What＋adj.＋不可數(shù)名詞/可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)！
What interesting stories he's told us!
他給我們講的故事真有趣！
(2)how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句
①How＋adj./adv.(＋主語＋謂語)!
How clever the boy is!
這男孩真聰明！
②How＋adj.＋a/an＋單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(＋主語＋謂語)!
How clever a boy he is!
這男孩真聰明！


(完成句子)
1．[2020·新高考Ⅰ卷讀后續(xù)寫]正是因為約翰的好主意，這個小男孩才能夠幫助養(yǎng)家。
_________________________________ this little boy could help support his family.
2．[2019·天津卷]教授警告學(xué)生在他的課上決不能使用手機。
The professor warned the students that on no account ________________ mobile phones in his class.
3．[2016·江蘇卷]直到最近他們才鼓勵在農(nóng)村地區(qū)發(fā)展與旅游相關(guān)的項目。
Not until recently ________________ the development of tourist-related activities in the rural areas.
4．[2020·全國卷Ⅱ滿分作文]我們度過了多么美好的時光??！
________________________________________________________________________!
5．[2020·全國卷Ⅱ滿分作文]我們剛到農(nóng)場，就看到許多橘子掛滿枝頭。
________________________ we saw many oranges hanging from the branches.


技法1　語法填空解題技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2018·全國卷Ⅱ]China's approach to protecting its environment while ________ (feed) its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide”．
2．[全國卷Ⅱ]It could be anything－gardening, cooking, music, sports but whatever it is, ________ (make) sure it's a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.

【答題微點】
語法填空解題“2步驟”
第1步：分析句式結(jié)構(gòu)，確定是何種特殊句式；
第2步：根據(jù)特殊句式的結(jié)構(gòu)特點填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~。

技法2　短文改錯解題技法
【典例感悟】
1．[2017·全國卷Ⅰ]The instructor kept repeating the words, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turning left！”________________
2．[全國卷Ⅰ]At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.________________
3．[全國卷Ⅱ]There have three lessons in the morning and two in the afternoon.________________

【答題微點】
利用特殊句式用法規(guī)則解題
(1)祈使句的謂語動詞一律用動詞原形。
(2)there be句型表“有”，there不能與have(有)連用。
(3)強調(diào)句型中，要用that/who做連接詞，不能用which或其他詞，且不能省略。
(4)利用句中的時態(tài)、時間狀語或語境確定助動詞/情態(tài)動詞/系動詞的正確使用。
Ⅰ.語法填空
[2021·廣東七校聯(lián)合體第二次聯(lián)考]The origin of tea is lost among history and tales. 1.________ can be roughly confirmed is that tea originated in the southwest of China. According to ancient stories, the first person 2.________ (discover) the effects of tea is said to be Shennong—3.________ ancient figure devoted to agriculture and herbal medicine in China. Shennong once tried 74 different kinds of poisonous plants in a day and he 4.________ (lie) on the ground, barely alive. At this moment, he noticed several rather fragrant 5.________ (leaf) dropping from the tree beside him. Out 6.________ curiosity and habit, Shennong put those fragrant ones into his mouth and chewed 7.________ (they) slowly. After a little while, he felt well and 8.________ (energy) again, so he picked more to eat and thus cleared poison off his body.
The ancient Chinese medical book called Shennong Bencaojing states that “Tea tastes bitter. Drink it, 9.________ you will think quicker, move more swiftly and even see more clearly.” This is the 10.________ (early) book to record the medicinal effects of tea.
Ⅱ.短文改錯
[2021·東北三省四市高考模擬二]I have many hobbies and I think fishing put at the top of the list. It is for fishing that has helped me improve my self-control.
My study was not satisfactory because of my impatience three years ago. When seeing that, my father comes up with a good idea and taught me why to fish to overcome my shortcoming. Telling that fishing was full of funs, I followed him without hesitation. Actually, fishing turned out to be more difficult than I had expected. To catch a fish, I tried hardly and became a skilled fisher. It is amazed that I can focus on my study now. I'd like to share my experience with those who have a same trouble, encouraging them to study with our full devotion and attention.

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