專(zhuān)題9 定語(yǔ)從句 備戰(zhàn)2022年高考英語(yǔ)精選考點(diǎn)專(zhuān)項(xiàng)突破(講解版)研究高考  明確考況考查點(diǎn)全國(guó)新高考卷全國(guó)卷命題分析20212020202120202019限制性定語(yǔ)從句浙江高考1,57I,39II40 I,63III61III,64定語(yǔ)從句是近幾年高考的考查熱點(diǎn),主要考查:1、關(guān)系代詞that、which、who、as以及關(guān)系副詞whenwhere的正確使用。2介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)介詞或關(guān)系代詞的選用等。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句    II62必備知識(shí)  整合提高考點(diǎn)1、關(guān)系代詞法分考點(diǎn)1. 關(guān)系代詞的用法who  用于指人,在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。His son, age 15, who had taken an art appreciation class, thought that there was something unusual about the one with a young girl sitting on a garden chair. 15歲的兒子曾上過(guò)藝術(shù)欣賞課,他認(rèn)為一位年輕女孩坐在花園椅子上的那幅畫(huà)不同尋常。(作主語(yǔ))、whom  用于指人在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ),可用who代替;但是,若從句中的介詞提到關(guān)系代詞前只能用whom直接跟在介詞后作賓語(yǔ),,不可用who代替In our class there are 48students, half of whom are girls.    我們班有48名學(xué)生,其中有一半是女生。(作賓語(yǔ))、which  用于指物在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students which allows them to communicate freely with each other.在為學(xué)生營(yíng)造自由交流的氛圍這方面她很有天賦。(作主語(yǔ))that  既可指人又可指物,指人時(shí)通??膳cwho,whom互換,指物時(shí)通常可與 which互換。在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。The old town has narrow streets and small houses that are built close to each other.這個(gè)古老的小鎮(zhèn)有狹窄的街道和建造得彼此靠得很近的小房子。(作主語(yǔ))Some people register a list of things that they want or need for their new home at a local store or stores.有些人會(huì)在當(dāng)?shù)氐募一蚨嗉疑痰昀餅樗麄兊男录业怯浰麄兿胍蛐枰臇|西清單。whose  表示所屬關(guān)系,既可指人又可指物,在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)。指物時(shí)相當(dāng)于of which;指人時(shí)相當(dāng)于of whom 。Dr. Rowan, whose secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.恩博士的秘書(shū)兩周前辭職了,他只能自己做所有的打字工作。、as  引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句作關(guān)系代詞,既可指人又可指物,在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu):①such+名詞+as…,意為像……一樣的;……之類(lèi)的”;②such(+代詞+as)  意為……一樣的……之類(lèi)的;③the same(+名詞+)as…,意為 ……一樣的。He is such a man as is always ready to help others..他是一個(gè)I have the same book as you(have).我有一本和你的as,樣的書(shū)。引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞為整個(gè)主句或主句中的一部分,意為正如;As he often did, he stopped by the“ after work auction' run by the Italian police where thingsfound on the trains were sold to the highest bidder..像往常一樣,他順便去了由意大利警方經(jīng)營(yíng)的下班后拍賣(mài)”,在像。火車(chē)上發(fā)現(xiàn)的東西會(huì)在這個(gè)拍賣(mài)會(huì)上賣(mài)給出價(jià)最高的競(jìng)標(biāo)人。(作賓語(yǔ))關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)一般可省略但其前有介詞時(shí)般不可省略。分考點(diǎn)2關(guān)系代詞thatwhich的特殊用Point1  限制性定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞只用that不用 which的情況。(1)先行詞是不定代詞all, few, little, much, none, something, everything,  nothing , anything等時(shí)。All that we have to do now is to practice English.    現(xiàn)在我們不得不做的就是練習(xí)英語(yǔ)。I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else' s fault.我拒絕接受因別人的錯(cuò)誤而對(duì)我進(jìn)行的指責(zé)。(2)先行詞被 the only,  the very , the last,  the same, the right, all, any,  every, each, few, little, no,some等詞修飾時(shí)。It is the very book that I want to read.   它正是我想讀的書(shū)。Please send us all the information that you have about the candidate for the position.請(qǐng)把你所掌握的有關(guān)這個(gè)職位的候選人的所有信息發(fā)給我們。【特別注意】先行詞被 the same修飾時(shí),如果表示同一事物應(yīng)用 the same...that;但如果表示相同種類(lèi)的事物則用thesame... as。This is the same pen that I used yesterday.  這就是我昨天用的那支鋼筆。(that表示同一支鋼筆)This is the same pen as I used yesterday.   這支鋼筆和我昨天用的那支一樣。(as表示同類(lèi)的鋼筆)(3)先行詞是序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí),或被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。The first letter that I get from him will be kept.   我收到的他的第一封來(lái)信將被保存起來(lái)This is the best waythat is used to solve the problem.    這是用來(lái)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的最好辦法(4)先行詞既有表示人又有表示物的名詞時(shí)。She took photographs of the things and people that she was interested in..她把她所感興趣的人和物拍攝下來(lái)。(5)、先行詞是主句的表語(yǔ),或關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。Shenzhen is no longer the city that it used to be.    深圳不再是過(guò)去的那個(gè)樣子了The school is quite different from the one that it used to be.    這所學(xué)校已經(jīng)與從前截然不同了。(6)當(dāng)主句是以whowhich開(kāi)頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)。Who is the man that is giving us the class?   給我們上課的那個(gè)人是誰(shuí)?Which of the books is the one that belongs to you?   這些書(shū)中哪一本是你的?(7)有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)如果一個(gè)從句用 which引導(dǎo),則另一個(gè)從句用that引導(dǎo)。They built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.他們建了一個(gè)工廠(chǎng),這個(gè)工廠(chǎng)生產(chǎn)的東西人們以前從未見(jiàn)過(guò)。(8)、主句是 there be句型且關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),如果先行詞指物、that,不用 which如果先行詞指人,常用who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。●There is a room in the building that is still free.   在這個(gè)大廈中,還有一個(gè)房間空著。● There is a girl who wants to see you.一個(gè)女孩想見(jiàn)你。Point 2  當(dāng)先行詞指物時(shí),定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞只用 which不用that的情況(1)、引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)只用 which,不用that。●A coin is put into the cake, which signifies success in the New Year for the person who receives it.往蛋糕里放一枚硬幣這表示收到這塊有硬幣的蛋糕的人在新的一年里會(huì)取得成功。(2)、關(guān)系代詞指物,且其前有介詞時(shí)只用 which,不用that●Protecting the mountain forests in which giant pandas live has been good for many other animals.保護(hù)大熊貓所生活的山地森林對(duì)許多其他動(dòng)物是有益的。(3)先行詞本身是that時(shí),只用 which●What is that which you have stuffed into the plastic cup.   你剛才塞進(jìn)塑料杯里的是什么東西分考點(diǎn)3  關(guān)系代詞aswhich的區(qū)別aswhich均可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞為整個(gè)主句或主句中的一部分內(nèi)容,可在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ),兩者均不可省略。Point 1  as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,既可放在主句前又可放在主句后,有時(shí)還可插人主句中which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能置于主句后。●As we know, Shakespeare is a famous writer.  正如我們所知,莎土比亞是一位著名的作家。●After graduating from college, I took some time off to go traveling, which turned out to be a wise decision.大學(xué)畢業(yè)以后,我抽出了些時(shí)間去旅行,后來(lái)證明這是個(gè)明智的決定。Point 2   aswhich引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),as引導(dǎo)的從句表達(dá)說(shuō)話(huà)人的觀(guān)點(diǎn)、看法,并指出主句內(nèi)容的根據(jù)或出處,意為正如”;;which意為這一點(diǎn)引導(dǎo)的從句在意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句,補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明事物的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。●As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.   正如我們所知,吸煙有害健康。●One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2,000 productions this year.負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)督動(dòng)物在電影行業(yè)中是怎樣被對(duì)待的一個(gè)非營(yíng)利組織今年正在密切關(guān)注2,000多部作品的制作。Point 3  當(dāng)指代先行詞的關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)且從句為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),常用as引導(dǎo)常用結(jié)構(gòu)有as is well-- known/ known to all   眾所周知as is expected/reported/ announced   正如所預(yù)料/報(bào)道/公布的那樣as has been said before  正如前面所述as is mentioned above   正如上面提到的但如果從句為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),一般用 which作主語(yǔ)。●He won first prize, as is expected.正如預(yù)料的那樣,他得了一等獎(jiǎng)。【特別注意】as的習(xí)慣用語(yǔ):as is often the case…是常有的事●There is no simple answer, as is often the case in science.  科學(xué)中沒(méi)有簡(jiǎn)單的答案,這是常有的事分考點(diǎn)4  介詞+關(guān)系代詞的用法Point 1  介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),介詞的賓語(yǔ)只能用 whichwhom且不能省略。She still remembers the day on which she won the prize.    她仍然記得她獲獎(jiǎng)的那一天。The man with whom she entered the hall was her husband.   和她一起走進(jìn)大廳的那位男士是她的丈夫。【特別注意】(1)在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,若介詞不提前位于定語(yǔ)從句的末尾時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞that/which/who/whom作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。This is the boy( that/whom/who) his parents are proud of.    這就是他父母引以為豪的那個(gè)男孩。This is the pen( that/which) I wrote my homework with.     這就是我寫(xiě)作業(yè)用的那支鋼筆。(2)在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,介詞+關(guān)系代詞中的介詞不能移到從句的后面。【歸納總結(jié)】介詞+ which/whom”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中介詞的確定、根據(jù)從句中動(dòng)詞、形容詞等與介詞的習(xí)慣搭配來(lái)確定Do you know the girl with/to whom the teacher talked just now?你認(rèn)識(shí)剛才和老師談話(huà)的那個(gè)女孩嗎?(talk交談講時(shí),常與withto搭配)根據(jù)語(yǔ)意表達(dá)的需要來(lái)確定。Knowledge is the wings with which we realize our dreams.知識(shí)是我們借以實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想的翅膀。(with表示用某種手段、工具)Point 2   介詞短語(yǔ)+關(guān)系代詞 which'"結(jié)構(gòu)在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí),從句常用倒裝語(yǔ)序。He is studying in the classroom now, in front of which stand two trees.他現(xiàn)在正在那間教室里學(xué)習(xí),教室前面有兩棵樹(shù)。Point 3  介詞+ which+名詞結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)有:during which time在此期間               at which time在這時(shí)            at which point在這一時(shí)刻  for which reason由于這個(gè)原因            in which case在這一情況Mother is preparing lunch, during which time children are playing outside.媽媽在準(zhǔn)備午餐,在此期間,孩子們?cè)谕饷嫱妗?/span>He may win the competition, in which case he is likely to get into the national team.他可能會(huì)贏(yíng)得這場(chǎng)比賽那樣的話(huà),他就有可能進(jìn)入國(guó)家隊(duì)。Point 4  “the+名詞+ of which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,一般為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。該結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞和后面的關(guān)系代詞為所屬關(guān)系。The newly-built cafe, the walls of which are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work.建成的咖啡館,墻被刷成了淺綠色對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō),真是一個(gè)安靜的去處特別是在辛苦工作后。Point 5  表示全部或部分的詞語(yǔ)+ of which / whom結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。常見(jiàn)的表示部分的詞或結(jié)構(gòu)有定代詞(all, both, none, some, most, several);數(shù)詞(基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞、百分?jǐn)?shù)、分?jǐn)?shù));the+形容詞最高級(jí)/比較級(jí)。The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, most of which are beyond our control.植物的生長(zhǎng)速度受很多因素的影響,其中大部分因素是我們無(wú)法控制的。John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of whom are family members.約翰邀請(qǐng)了大約40人參加他的婚禮,其中大部分是家族成員。考點(diǎn)2  關(guān)系副詞當(dāng)關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),要用關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系副詞有時(shí)可以用介詞+關(guān)系代詞替換。Point 1  關(guān)系副詞when指時(shí)間在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于表示時(shí)間的介詞(in, at, on, during)+ which”He lived in the times when =in which the blind couldn't get much education.在他生活的那個(gè)時(shí)代盲人沒(méi)受過(guò)多少教育。The days are gone when =during which)physical strength was all you needed to make a living.完全靠體力謀生的時(shí)代已經(jīng)一去不復(fù)返了。Point 2  關(guān)系副詞 where指地點(diǎn),在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于表示地點(diǎn)的介詞(in, at, on, under)+ which'”I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, where (=at which)we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.我和朋友一起登上了山頂,在那里我們欣賞到了壯麗的湖光美景。Many of these bags end up in the ocean where( =in which)larger ones can trap sea creatures,such as turtles and dolphins.這些袋子中很多的最終歸宿是大海,在那里,大一些的袋子會(huì)困住海洋生物,如海龜和海豚。【特別注意】若先行詞為一些表示地點(diǎn)的抽象名詞situation, point, stage, position,且引詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)則常用關(guān)系副詞 where介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。如果引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ),則用關(guān)系代詞that/ which引導(dǎo)。I have come to the point where=at which I can't stand him.我已經(jīng)到了無(wú)法容忍他的地步。He's got into the situation where=in which he is in debt.他已經(jīng)陷入負(fù)債累累的境地。At last he got the position that/which) he had been dreaming of.    他最終得到了他夢(mèng)寐以求的那個(gè)職位。Point 3  關(guān)系副詞why指原因,在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于for which.Is this the reason why=for which he refused our offer?    這就是他拒絕我們的提議的理由嗎?Do you know the reason why=for which he didn't attend the meeting?     你知道他沒(méi)參加會(huì)議的原因嗎?核心考法  重難突破考法1 考查關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法關(guān)系代詞that/ which/who/whom/as在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ);whose作定語(yǔ),表示所屬關(guān)。關(guān)系副詞 where/when/why在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)。做題首先要找準(zhǔn)先行詞,然后分析定語(yǔ)從句的成分如果從句缺主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ),則用關(guān)系代詞;如果從句缺狀語(yǔ),則用關(guān)系副詞或介詞+關(guān)系代詞另外,考生應(yīng)重點(diǎn)掌握thatwhich、aswhich引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別。全國(guó)新高考I 2020·39The80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum __________opened in 1759【解析】句意為:例如,漢斯·斯隆爵士收藏的8萬(wàn)件藏品是1759年開(kāi)放的大英博物館的核心藏品。分句子成分可知,設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞 the British Museum(指物)且在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ),故填 whichthat全國(guó)I 2020·63 Because the moon'' s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot ______it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.【解析】句意為:由于月球自身遮擋了(地球)與探測(cè)器之間直接的無(wú)線(xiàn)電通信,中國(guó)必須先將一顆衛(wèi)星送入月球上方軌道的一個(gè)位置,在那里它能夠向航天器和地球發(fā)送信號(hào)。分析句子成分并結(jié)合句意可知,設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞spot,且引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),應(yīng)用 where引導(dǎo),故填 where全國(guó) 2020·61 In ancient China lived an artist ________paintings were almost lifelike.【解析】句意為:中國(guó)古代有一位畫(huà)家,他的畫(huà)作幾乎栩栩如生。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)并結(jié)合句意可知,設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞 artist,,且在從句中作 paintings的定語(yǔ),兩者之間是所屬關(guān)系,應(yīng)用 whose引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。故填 whose.。考法2考查“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句解答此類(lèi)題注意兩點(diǎn):(1)、選擇介詞時(shí),主要看與先行詞、從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或形容詞的搭配;(2)、選擇關(guān)系代詞時(shí)先行詞是物,則只能用 which先行詞是人,則只能用whom。表所屬關(guān)系時(shí),whose【考法訓(xùn)練】1. Detectives are investigating the company, three of _whose__senior executives have already been under arrest.2. During the visit, I tasted various delicious local foods,among___which____I liked seafood most.3. Unusually, high passive exposure-2. 1 hours per day or more-was particularly associated with sleep disturbance,especially when it was adult shows to____which_____the kids were exposed.4. The land is known for a historic site with beautifully colored walls,on____which____are painted the events of the past.  

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