一、句子成分
（一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。
（二）主語：主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不疑問詞時）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：
During the 1990s, American cuntry music has becme mre and mre ppular.（名詞）
We ften speak English in class.（代詞）
One-third f the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞）
T swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
Smking des harm t the health.（動名詞）
The rich shuld help the pr.（名詞化的形容詞）
When we are ging t have an English test has nt been decided.（主語從句）
It is necessary t master a freign language.（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）
（三）謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：
1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如：He practices running every mrning.
2、復(fù)合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成。如：Yu may keep the bk fr tw weeks. He has caught a bad cld. （2）由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：We are students.
（四）表語：表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動詞（如be, becme, get, lk, grw, turn, seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如：
Our teacher f English is an American.（名詞）
Is it yurs?（代詞）
The weather has turned cld.（形容詞）
The speech is exciting.（分詞）
Three times seven is twenty ne?（數(shù)詞）
His jb is t teach English.（不定式）
His hbby（愛好）is playing ftball.（動名詞）
The machine must be ut f rder.（介詞短語）
Time is up. The class is ver.（副詞）
The truth is that he has never been abrad.（表語從句）
（五）賓語：賓語表示動作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如：
They went t see an exhibitin（展覽）yesterday.（名詞）
The heavy rain prevented me frm cming t schl n time.（代詞）
Hw many dictinaries d yu have? I have five.（數(shù)詞）
They helped the ld with their husewrk yesterday.（名詞化形容詞）
He pretended nt t see me.（不定式短語）
I enjy listening t ppular music.（動名詞短語）
I think（that）he is fit fr his ffice.（賓語從句）
賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：Lend me yur dictinary, please.（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)），例如：They elected him their mnitr.
（六）賓語補(bǔ)足語：英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個賓語補(bǔ)語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動詞（如make等+賓語+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如：
His father named him Dngming.（名詞）
They painted their bat white.（形容詞）
Let the fresh air in.（副詞）
Yu mustn’t frce him t lend his mney t yu.（不定式短語）
We saw her entering the rm.（現(xiàn)在分詞）
We fund everything in the lab in gd rder.（介詞短語）
We will sn make ur city what yur city is nw.（從句）
（七）定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示：
Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞）
China is a develping cuntry; America is a develped cuntry.（分詞）
There are thirty wmen teachers is ur schl.（名詞）
His rapid prgress in English made us surprised.（代詞）
Our mnitr is always the first t enter the classrm.（不定式短語）
The teaching plan fr next term has been wrked ut.（動名詞）
He is reading an article abut hw t learn English.（介詞短語）
（八）狀語：修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆?br>Light travels mst quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）
He has lived in the city fr ten years.（介詞短語）
He is prud t have passed the natinal cllege entrance examinatin.（不定式短語）
He is in the rm making a mdel plane.（分詞短語）
Wait a minute.（名詞）
Once yu begin, yu must cntinue.（狀語從句）
狀語種類如下：
Hw abut meeting again at six?（時間狀語）
Last night she didn’t g t the dance party because f the rain.（原因狀語）
I shall g there if it desn’t rain.（條件狀語）
Mr Smith lives n the third flr.（地點狀語）
She put the eggs int the basket with great care.（方式狀語）
She came in with a dictinary in her hand.（伴隨狀語）
In rder t catch up with the thers, I must wrk harder.（目的狀語）
He was s tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié)果狀語）
She wrks very hard thugh she is ld.（讓步狀語）
I am taller than he is.（比較狀語）
練習(xí)一
一、指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：
1. The students gt n the schl bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer yur questin after class.
4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5. They went hunting tgether early in the mrning.
6. His jb is t train swimmers.
7. He tk many phts f the palaces in Beijing.
8. There is ging t be an American film tnight.
9. He is t leave fr Shanghai tmrrw.
10. His wish is t becme a scientist.
11. He managed t finish the wrk in time.
12. Tm came t ask me fr advice.
13. He fund it imprtant t master English.
14. D yu have anything else t say?
15. T be hnest; yur prnunciatin is nt s gd.
16. Wuld yu please tell me yur address?
17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
18. It is ur duty t keep ur classrm clean and tidy.
19. He nticed a man enter the rm.
20. The apples tasted sweet.
二、用符號劃出下列短文各句中的主語（—）、謂語（＝）、賓語（～）：
I hpe yu are very well. I'm fine, but tired. Right nw it is the summer vacatin and I'm helping my Dad n the farm. August is the httest mnth here. It is the time f year fr the rice harvest, s every day I wrk frm dawn until dark. Smetimes we g n wrking after dark by the lights f ur tractrs. We grw rice in the suth f the States, but in the nrth where it is clder they grw wheat. We have a lt f machines n the farm. Althugh the farm is large, my Dad has nly tw men wrking fr him. But he emplys mre men fr the harvest. My brther takes care f the vegetable garden. It desn't ften rain in the summer here. As a result, we have t water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water frm a well. It then runs alng channels t different parts f the garden.
三、用符號劃出下列短文各句中的定語（—）、狀語（＝）、補(bǔ)語（～）：
Mst Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties ften make us very happy. We ck meat n an pen fire utside. It's great! Americans eat a lt f meat — t much in my pinin. Sme f my friends drink beer. I dn't, because I have t drive hme after the party. In yur letter yu asked abut the time in different areas f the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are furteen hurs behind Beijing time. Hw many different time areas d yu have in China? Well, I must stp and get sme sleep. Please give my best regards t yur parents.
四、選擇填空：
( )1. ____ will leave fr Beijing.
A. Nw there the man B. The man here nw
C. The man wh is here nw D. The man is here nw
( ) 2. The weather ____.
A. wet and cld B. is wet and cldC. nt wet and cldD. were wet and cld
( ) 3. The apple tasted ____.
A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet
( ) 4. He gt up ____ yesterday mrning.
A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter
( )5. The actr ______at the age f 70.
A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded
( )6. ____ were all very tired, but nne f ____ wuld stp t take a rest.
A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, ur D. We, we
( )7. He fund the street much ______.
A. crwd B. crwding C. crwded D. crwdedly
( ) 8.I think_____necessary t learn English well.
A. its B. it C. that D. that is
( ) 9. The dg____ mad.
A. lks B. is lked C. is being lked D. was lked
( )10.I will never frget the day ______ I jined the army.
A. that B. when C. in which D. where
二、簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句
（一）句子種類兩種分類法
1、按句子的用途可分四種：
1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years ld; She didn’t hear f yu befre.
2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：D they like skating? Hw ld is he? Is he six r seven years ld? Mary can swim, can’t she?
3）祈使句：Be careful, bys; Dn’t talk in class
4）感嘆句：Hw clever the by is!
2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：
1）簡單句：只有一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）。
e.g. He ften reads English in the mrning.
Tm and Mike are American bys.
She likes drawing and ften draws pictures fr the wall newspapers.
2) 并列句：由并列連詞（and, but, r等）或分號（；）把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成。
e.g. Yu help him and he helps yu.
The future is bright; the rad is trtuus. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
3）復(fù)合句：含有一個或一個以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）、定語從句和狀語從句等。
e.g. The freign visitrs tk a lt f pictures when they were at the Great Wall.
（二）簡單句的五種基本句型
1、主語+系動詞+表語：e.g. He is a student.
2、主語+不及物動詞：e.g. We wrk.
3、主語+及物動詞+賓語：e.g. Henry bught a dictinary.
4、主語+及物動詞+雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語）：e.g. My father bught me a car.
5、主語+及物動詞+復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)）：e.g. Tm made the baby laugh.
注：其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴(kuò)展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。
（三）并列句的分類
1、表示連接兩個同等概念，常用and, nt nly…but als…, neither…nr…, then等連接。e.g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is Jhn.
2、表示選擇，常用的連詞有r, either…r…, therwise等。e.g. Hurry up, r yu’ll miss the train.
3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but, still, hwever, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way f making his classes lively and interesting.
4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有s, fr, therefre等。e.g. August is the time f the year fr rive harvest, s every day I wrk frm dawn until dark.
（四）高考考點探討
1、簡單句的五大句型是最基本的句型。雖然近幾年單純考查這種基礎(chǔ)句型的題不多，但是在閱讀中有時需借助于劃分句子成分去理解，在書面表達(dá)中，沒有最基本的遣詞造句的能力是不可能用地道的英語句子來表達(dá)清楚的。
2、祈使句、反意疑問句和感嘆句是高考命題的熱點之一。有時把祈使句與反意疑問句結(jié)合于一體來考查。一個題目，幾個考點，是近幾年命題的發(fā)展趨勢。
3、高考對簡單句、并列句和各種復(fù)合句的考查常表現(xiàn)在對連詞的選擇和使用上。如：and, but, r, while，以及其它連接名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句的連接詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞。
4、各種主從復(fù)合句的考查常常與動詞的時態(tài)聯(lián)系在一起，以賓語從句與狀語從句最為明顯，時間從句與條件從句中，如果主句是將來時，從句則用一般式表將來，這一點在高考中經(jīng)?？疾?。
如：We will g uting if it desn’t rain tmrrw。
練習(xí)二、簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句
一、判斷下列句子是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：
1. We ften study Chinese histry n Friday afternn.
2. The by wh ffered me his seat is called Tm.
3. There is a chair in this rm, isn’t there?
4. My brther and I g t schl at half past seven in the mrning and cme back hme at seven in the evening.
5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Tw.
6. He was fnd f drawing when he was yet a child.
7. Neither has he changed his mind, nr will he d s.
8. What he said at the meeting is very imprtant, isn’t it?
9. The farmer is shwing the by hw t plant a tree.
10. Bth Tm and Jack enjy cuntry music.
二、判斷下列短文中各句是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：
I hpe yu are very well（）.
I'm fine, but tired（）.
Right nw it is the summer vacatin and I'm helping my Dad n the farm（）.
August is the httest mnth here（）.
It is the time f year fr the rice harvest, s every day I wrk frm dawn until dark.（）
Smetimes we g n wrking after dark by the lights f ur tractrs（）.
We grw rice in the suth f the States, but in the nrth where it is clder they grw wheat（）.
We have a lt f machines n the farm（）.
Althugh the farm is large, my Dad has nly tw men wrking fr him（）.
But he emplys mre men fr the harvest（）.
My brther takes care f the vegetable garden（）.
It desn't ften rain in the summer here（）.
As a result, we have t water the vegetable garden（）.
Every evening we pump water frm a well（）.
It then runs alng channels t different parts f the garden（）.
Mst Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time（）.
These parties ften make us very happy（）.
We ck meat n an pen fire utside（）.
It's great（）!
Americans eat a lt f meat — t much in my pinin（）.
Sme f my friends drink beer（）.
I dn't, because I have t drive hme after the party（）.
In yur letter yu asked abut the time in different areas f the States（）.
There are five different time areas in the States（）.
In my state we are furteen hurs behind Beijing time（）.
Hw many different time areas d yu have in China（）?
Well, I must stp and get sme sleep（）.
Please give my best regards t yur parents（）.
三、選擇填空：
1. Give me ne mre minute ____ I’ll be able t finish it.
A. andB. rC. ifD. s
2. It’s the third time that Jhn has been late, ____?
A. hasn’t heB. isn’t he C. isn’t itD. hasn’t it
3. ____ jyful he was t meet his brther again!
A. HwB. WhatC. What aD. What an
4. Let us pass, ____?
A. shan’t weB. shall weC. wn’t weD. will yu
5. I suppse he’s serius, ____ ?
A. d IB. dn’t IC. is heD. isn’t he
6. Yu had better nt smke here, ____?
A. will yuB. had yuC. shall yuD. have yu
7. Train as hard as yu can ____ yu’ll win the swimming cmpetitin.
A. thenB. butC. andD. r
8. I’m srry t have t say this, ____ yu frgt t turn ff the lights when yu left the rm last night.
A. andB. butC. sD. because
9. Jhn has nt yet passed the driving test, and ____.
A. Henry hasn’t t B. Henry als has nt either C. neither Henry has D. neither has Henry
10. There are many sprts lvers in his ffice. Sme lve climbing, ____ thers enjy swimming.
A. rB. frC. whileD. s
11. ---- D yu feel like ging ut ____ wuld yu rather have dinner at hme?
---- I’d like t g ut.A. rB. andC. butD. s
12. ---- “____ is the temperature tday?”----“It’s 38 degrees.”
A. WhichB. Hw C. Hw htD. Hw high
13. ---- Yur uncle isn’t an engineer, is he?---- ____.
A. Yes, he isn’tB. N, he isn’tC. N, he isD. He is
14. ____ friendly ____ t everyne!
A. Hw, is sheB. What, is sheC. Hw, she isD. What, she is
15. Mary went t bed early, ____ she felt very tired.
A. rB. sC. frD. yet
16. Mther ____ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. was makingB. makesC. is makingD. made
17. He lay in bed ____ read smething brrwed frm library.
A. butB. andC. rD. yet
18. ---- I’d really like sme lunch but I have s much wrk t d.
---- ____ what yu want and I can get it fr yu.
A. Tell meB. If yu wuld say t meC. Yu will tell meD. If yu tell me
19. As he is strng, ____ can lift ne hundred punds.
A. yet heB. but heC. andD. he
20. ---- I thught yu had an umbrella.---- I had, ____ I’ve lst it.
A. sinceB. butC. becauseD. s
21. ____ dwn the radi ---- the baby’s asleep in the next rm.
A. Turning B. T turnC. Turned D. Turn
22. ---- I dn’t like chicken ____ fish.---- I dn’t like chicken ____ I like fish very much.
A. and, andB. and, butC. r, andD. r, but
23. ---- Wuld yu like t cme t dinner tnight?---- I’d like t, ____ I’m t busy.
A. andB. sC. asD. but
24. Wuld yu like a cup f cffee ____ shall we get dwn t business right away?
A. andB. then C. rD. therwise
25. She set ut sn after dark ____ hme an hur later.
A. arrivingB. t arriveC. having arrivedD. and arrived
26. “Can’t yu read?” Mary said ____ t the ntice.
A. angrily pintingB. and pint angrilyC. angrily pintedD. and angrily pinted
27. She thught I was talking abut her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking abut my daughter.
A. whmB. whereC. whichD. while
28. ____ it with me and I’ll see what I can d.
A. When leftB. LeavingC. If yu leaveD. Leave
29. ---- Alice, yu feed the bird tday, ____?---- But I fed it yesterday.
A. d yuB. will yuC. didn’t yuD. dn’t yu
30. ____ him and then try t cpy what he des.
A. MindB. Glance atC. Stare atD. Watch

四、按要求完成下列句子：
1. He dares t tell the truth.（改為否定句）
2. They have lived here fr mre than ten years.（對畫線部分提問）
3. There will be a sprts meet at the end f this mnth, ____________?（完成反意疑問）
4. Yu must be careful with yur prnunciatin.（改為祈使句）
5. They went fr a walk after supper yesterday evening.(改為一般疑問句)
6. It is an interesting stry.（改為感嘆句）
7. This magazine cmes ut（出版）every ther week.（對畫線部分提問）
8. They culd hardly believe his wrds, ____________?（完成反意疑問）
9. The mn is shining brightly.（改為感嘆句）
10.Our English teacher is always encuraging us t speak English in class. （對畫線部分提問）
語法復(fù)習(xí)一：句子成分；簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句
練習(xí)一：
一、1、主語，定語；2、間接賓語；3、謂語，狀語；4、定語；5、狀語，狀語；6、定語，表語；7、賓語，狀語；8、謂語，主語；9、謂語；10、主語，表語；11、謂語，賓語；12、狀語；13、形式賓語，真正賓語；14、賓語、定語；15、插入語，狀語；16、賓語(間賓+直賓)；17、狀語，狀語；18、形式主語，表語，賓補(bǔ)；19、賓補(bǔ)；20、表語
二、略
三、略
四、1~5 CBDBB 6~10 ACBAB
練習(xí)二：
一、1、簡單句；2、復(fù)合句；3、簡單句；4、簡單句；5、并列句；6、復(fù)合句；7、并列句；8、復(fù)合句；9、簡單句；10、簡單句
二、
I hpe yu are very well（復(fù)合句）.
I'm fine, but tired（簡單句）.
Right nw it is the summer vacatin and I'm helping my Dad n the farm（并列句）.
August is the httest mnth here（簡單句）.
It is the time f year fr the rice harvest, s every day I wrk frm dawn until dark.（并列句）
Smetimes we g n wrking after dark by the lights f ur tractrs（簡單句）.
We grw rice in the suth f the States, but in the nrth where it is clder they grw wheat（并列復(fù)合句）.
We have a lt f machines n the farm（簡單句）.
Althugh the farm is large, my Dad has nly tw men wrking fr him（復(fù)合句）.
But he emplys mre men fr the harvest（簡單句）.
My brther takes care f the vegetable garden（簡單句）.
It desn't ften rain in the summer here（簡單句）.
As a result, we have t water the vegetable garden（簡單句）.
Every evening we pump water frm a well（簡單句）.
It then runs alng channels t different parts f the garden（簡單句）.
Mst Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time（簡單句）.
These parties ften make us very happy（簡單句）.
We ck meat n an pen fire utside（簡單句）.
It's great（簡單句）! Americans eat a lt f meat — t much in my pinin（簡單句）.
Sme f my friends drink beer（簡單句）.
I dn't, because I have t drive hme after the party（復(fù)合句）.
In yur letter yu asked abut the time in different areas f the States（簡單句）.
There are five different time areas in the States（簡單句）.
In my state we are furteen hurs behind Beijing time（簡單句）.
Hw many different time areas d yu have in China（簡單句）? Well, I must stp and get sme sleep（簡單句）.
Please give my best regards t yur parents（簡單句）.
三、1~5 ACADD 6~10 BCBDC 11~15 ADBCC 16~20 ABADB 21~25 DDDCD 26~30 ADDBD
四、1. He desn’t dare t tell the truth. 或He dare nt tell the truth.
2. Hw lng have they lived here?
3. wn’t there
4. Be careful with yur prnunciatin.
5. Did they g fr a walk after supper yesterday evening?
6. What an interesting stry (it is)! 或Hw interesting the stry is!
7. Hw ften des this magazine cme ut?
8. culd they
9. Hw brightly the mn is shining!
10. Wh is always encuraging us t speak English in class?
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