形容詞
一、形容詞的定義、用法
表示人或事物的屬性或特征的詞叫形容詞(Adjective)。形容詞修飾名詞,它的基本用法就是為名詞提供更多的信息,它分為性質(zhì)形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類,一般放在所修飾的名詞之前;若修飾不定代詞,則需后置。???
????形容詞的判斷方法???
????判斷一個詞是不是形容詞,可以從其結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和句法特點(diǎn)兩方面來確定。???
????(1)結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)。???
????以-able,-al,-ful,-ic,-ish,-less,-ous,-y等后綴結(jié)尾的詞,一般是形容詞,如:changeable(多變的),medical(醫(yī)學(xué)上的),careful(仔細(xì)的),atomic(原子的),foolish(愚蠢的),careless(粗心的),delicious(美味的),healthy(健康的),rainy(下雨的)等。???
????(2)句法特點(diǎn)。???
????大多數(shù)形容詞都可以作定語;在be,look,seem等詞之后作表語;可用very來修飾,有比較級和最高級形式。
?形容詞的用法?????
1.形容詞用作定語???
????Li Mei is a beautiful city girl.李梅是一個漂亮的城市女孩。???
????The new student comes from Japan.那個新來的學(xué)生是日本人。???
2.形容詞用作表語???
????My father’s???car is very expensive.我父親的小車很貴。???
????The English story is very interesting.那個英文故事很有趣。???
?3.形容詞用作賓語補(bǔ)足語???
????Don’t??keep the door open. 別讓門敞著。???
????His success made him happy.他的成功讓他感到幸福。???
????We finally found the dictionaries very useful.我們最后發(fā)現(xiàn)詞典很有用。???
?4.“the+形容詞”用作主語及賓語???
????The old often think of old things.老年人經(jīng)?;叵胪?。???
????The new always take the place of the old.新生事物總是會取代舊的事物。???
?5.形容詞有時也可用作狀語或補(bǔ)語???
????Please speak loud and clear.請說話大聲一點(diǎn)、更清楚點(diǎn)。???
????These soldiers spent three days in the cold weather,cold and hungry.???
????士兵們又冷又餓在嚴(yán)寒的氣候中過了三天。???
????After seven days, the children came back from the forest safe.???
????七天之后,孩子們安全地從森林中返回。???
??6.少數(shù)形容詞只能作表語???
????這些形容詞包括 ill,asleep,awake,alone,well,worth,glad,unable,afraid等,只能作表語,不能作定語。例如:???
????(正)Don’t??be afraid.(誤)Mr Li is an afraid man.???
????(正)The old man was ill yesterday.(誤)This is an ill person.???
????(正)This place is worth visiting.(誤)That is a worth book.???
??7.少數(shù)形容詞只能作定語???
????這些形容詞包括 little,live(活著的),elder,eldest 等,只能作定語,不能作表語。例如:???
????(正)My elder brother is a doctor.(誤)My brother is elder than I.???
????(正)This is a little house.(誤)The house is little.???
????(正)Do you want live fish or dead one?(誤)The old monkey is still live.
二、形容詞的位置
1.形容詞一般放在名詞前作定語???
????單個形容詞修飾名詞時,一般要放在名詞的前面。它們的前面常常帶有冠詞、形容詞性物主代詞、指示代詞、數(shù)詞等。例如:???
????a red flower一朵紅花an interesting story一個有趣的故事???
????six blind men 六個盲人my own house我自己的房子???
1).當(dāng)形容詞所修飾的詞是由some,any,every,no等構(gòu)成的不定代詞時,形容詞必須置于名詞 之后。例如:???
????She has something new to tell me.她有一些新的情況告訴我。???
????I have nothing important to do today.今天我沒有重要的工作要做。???
????Do you know anybody else here?這兒你還有認(rèn)識的人嗎????
?2).形容詞后面有介詞短語或不定式短語時,形容詞必須置于名詞之后。例如:???
????It is a problem difficult to work out.這是一道難以解決的問題。???
????Edison is a student difficult to teach.愛迪生是個很難教的學(xué)生。???
????This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.這是一種易栽的花。???
?3).在以下特殊用法中,形容詞置于所修飾的名詞之后。???
????All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.???
????所有的人,無論老少,都應(yīng)該嚴(yán)格要求自己。???
????We are building a new school, modern and super.???
????我們正在建一所現(xiàn)代化的高檔次的新型學(xué)校。???
????All countries, rich and poor, should help one another.
所有的國家,無論窮富都應(yīng)該互相幫助。
4).有少數(shù)形容詞,如enough和possible,既可置于所修飾的名詞前面也可以置于它所修飾的名詞之后。例如:???
????Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足夠的時間做準(zhǔn)備嗎????
????Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you
.或許它將成為一次可能的機(jī)遇。???
?5).有些形容詞,置于名詞之前與之后,含義不盡相同。例如:???
????the writer present 出席的作者????the present writer 現(xiàn)在的作者???
2. 兩個以上的形容詞修飾一個名詞時的排列順序??????
????限定詞→一般描繪性形容詞→表示大小、長短、高低的形容詞→表示形狀的形容詞→表示年齡、新舊的形容詞→表示色彩的形容詞→表示國籍、地區(qū)、出處的形容詞→表示物質(zhì)、材料的形容詞→表示用途、類別的形容詞→名詞中心詞。例如:???
????an exciting international football match?????一場令人激動的國際足球賽???
????a new red sports shirt???一件新的紅色運(yùn)動衫???
????a light black plastic umbrella???把輕的黑塑料傘???
????a small old brown wooden house????一座小的舊的棕色的木頭房子???
????巧記形容詞的排列順序???
??即請你記住“限觀形令色國材”這幾個字,這似乎有點(diǎn)不大好記,那就請你記住“縣官行令謝國材”吧。其分別的含義是:?????
?“縣”(限)代表限定詞,包括:冠詞、指示代詞、形容詞性物主代詞、名詞所有格、
數(shù)詞等。?
“官”(觀)代表表示觀點(diǎn)的描繪性形容詞,如:fine,beautiful,interesting等。???
?“行”(形)代表表示大小、長短、高低及形狀的形容詞,如:small,tall,high,little, round等。 “令”(齡)代表表示年齡、新、舊的形容詞,如old,young等。???
?“謝”(“色”的近似音)代表表示顏色的形容詞,如:white,black,yellow等。???
?“國” 代表表示國籍、地區(qū)、出處的形容詞(名詞),如:English,American,mountain
等。???
?“材” 則代表形成中心名詞的材料的形容詞,如:stone,wooden,silk,plastic等。
?多個形容詞同時修飾同一個名詞時,就按上述順序排列,然后加上中心名詞。
????.a fine old stone bridge一座古老漂亮的石頭橋???
????. two big round new Chinese wooden tables?????兩張新的中國式的木制大圓桌???
????. his large new black foreign car???他那輛新的大型黑色外國進(jìn)口汽車?????
????特別連接.常見的后跟形容詞作表語的詞:???
????①become,come,fall,get,go,grow,make,turn,wear(表示“變成某種狀態(tài)”)???
????②continue,hold,keep,lie,remain,stay(表示“保持某種狀態(tài)”)???
????③appear,feel,look,smell,sound,taste,know,write(表示“感覺”)???
????He turned red when he heard the news.聽到這個消息,他的臉變紅了。???
????It’s???going to stay cold for some time.天氣還要冷一陣子。???
????The beer tastes very delicious.這啤酒嘗起來很可口。
三、形容詞的比較等級??
1.形容詞原級的用法?
??1.只能修飾原級的詞,very,quite,so,too
He is too tired to walk on.他太累了以至于不能再繼續(xù)走了。
My brother runs so fast that I can‘t follow him.我弟弟跑得那么快以至于我跟不上他。
????形容詞的原級常用于“as…as”及“not as(so) …as”兩種句型中。???
????1).句型“as…as”,表示兩者相比較,程度相同。例如:???
????The old man walks as fast as a young man.這位老人走路與青年人一樣快。???
????Science is as important as maths.自然科學(xué)與數(shù)學(xué)一樣重要。???
????This coat is as expensive as that one.這件上衣與那件一樣貴。???
????2).句型“not as(so) …as”,表示兩者相比較,程度不一樣。例如:???
????I’m??not as tall as Jack. 我不如杰克高。???
????She doesn’t??run so fast as I. 她不如我跑得塊。???
????This warship is not so big as that one.這條軍艦不如那條大。???
????同級比較歌訣?????
????同級比較用原級,as…as不分離;若是否定加not,as…as否前者。???
????as…as加not,只說兩者有區(qū)別。so…as加not,后者總是強(qiáng)前者。?????
????3).在使用“as…as”與“not as(so) …as” 句型,應(yīng)該特別注意“as…as”或“not as(so) …as”中間的形容詞必須是形容詞的原級。例如:???
????(正)Today is as warm as yesterday.(誤)Today is as warmer as yesterday.???
????(正)I’m??not so careful as my brother.(誤)I’m??not so more careful as my brother.???
??4).需要注意的原級形容詞用法:???
??①“數(shù)詞+times+as+形容詞原級+as”(是……的幾倍)。例如:???
????This tree is twice as short as that one.這棵樹比那棵樹矮兩倍。???
????My scores are three times as many as yours.我的比分是你的三倍。???
????This road is four times as wide as that one.這條馬路的寬度是那條的四倍。???
?②“half+as+形容詞原級+as”(……的一半……)。例如:???
????My English is not half as good as yours.我的英語不如你的一半好。???
????This town is half as big as ours.這個城鎮(zhèn)有我們的城鎮(zhèn)一半大。???
????The rivers in the north aren’t??half as many as those in the south.
北方的河流不如南方的一半多。
③“as…as”結(jié)構(gòu)中,若形容詞作定語修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),不定冠詞a(an)應(yīng)置于形容詞與名詞之 間。例如:???
????English is as important a subject as maths.英語和數(shù)學(xué)是同樣重要的一門學(xué)科。?Uncle Wang is as good a man as my father.王叔叔是與我父親同樣好的一個人。??This is as famous a school as ours.這是一所與我們學(xué)校同樣著名的學(xué)校。???
④“as…as”結(jié)構(gòu)若指同一個人或物,則并無比較意義,而只是說明某人或某物具有兩種性質(zhì)。譯為“又……又……”或“不但……而且……”。例如:???
????This computer is as good as it is cheap.這臺電腦質(zhì)量又好又便宜。???
????The boy is as strong as he is brave.這個男孩又健壯又勇敢。???
????The city of Suzhou is as beautiful as it is clean.蘇州城既美麗又干凈。
⑤The same as 表示與……相同。
The coat is the same as that one .
⑥表示比喻。 A +be = as + A +be = as +原級+ as +B
He is as busy as a bee .???
????2.形容詞的比較等級的構(gòu)成:比較級和最高級
1.一般在詞尾直接加er或est,例如,tall-taller-tallest,long-longer-longest
2.以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的單詞在詞尾直接加r或st,例如,nice-nicer-nicest
3.以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞,把y變?yōu)閕,再加er或est,例如,heavy-heavier-heaviest
4.重讀閉音節(jié),末尾只有一個輔音字母,雙寫這個輔音字母,再加er或est,例如,big-bigger-biggest
5.部分雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞分別在原級前加more構(gòu)成比較級和most構(gòu)成最高級,例如,slowly-more slowly-most slowly;beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful
  二、不規(guī)則變化

  下列單、雙音節(jié)詞只能加more和most.

??3.形容詞的比較級的用法???
????1)表示兩者之間比較時,用“形容詞比較級+than” 或more?(less)?….than…..?兩種句型。例如:???
????Your mother looks healthier than before.你媽媽看上去比以前健康了。???
????I’m??less interested in basketball than you.我對籃球的興趣不如你大。
2)“甲+be+(倍數(shù))+形容詞比較級+than+乙” “甲比乙…幾倍”
Tom is three years older than jim .
  This room is three times bigger than that one.這個房間比那個大三倍。
??3).形容詞的比較級還可以用于以下句型中。???
????①比較級+and +比較級, more and more+原級(越來越……)。例如:???
????The park is getting more and more beautiful.這個公園變得越來越美了。???
????China had become stronger and stronger.中國已變得越來越強(qiáng)大了。???
????②the +比較級,the+比較級(越……就越……)。例如:???
????The more books we read, the cleverer we will become.
我們讀的書越多,就會變得越聰明。???
????The more trees, the better. 樹越多越好。???
????The sooner, the better. 越早越好。???
????The more exercise we take, the healthier we are.我們越鍛煉,身體就越健康。???
????③“the+比較級+of the two……(兩個中較……的一個)”。例如:???
????I’d??like to go to the farther of the two places.
兩個地方相比較,我愿意去更遠(yuǎn)的一個。???
????She is the fatter of the two girls.她是那兩個女孩中較胖的一個。???
????④?比較級+than??any?other?+n.?(單)?(適用于范圍一致時)?
????????????????? ?(all)?other?+n.(復(fù))?
?????????????????? any?+n.(單)??(適用于范圍不一致時)?
  The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China.
=The Yangtze River is longer than any of the other rivers in China.
長江比中國的任何一條其他的河都長。
=The Yangtze River is longer than the other rivers in China.
長江比中國的其他所有的河都長。
=The Yangtze River is the longest river in China.長江是中國最長的河流???
注意:The Yangtze River is longer than any river in Japan.
長江比日本的任何一條河都長。
(5)“特殊疑問詞+be+形容詞比較級,甲o(hù)r乙?”
 Which is bigger,the earth or the moon?哪一個大,地球還是月球?
3).形容詞的比較級前還可以用much,a lot, far, even, still, a little, no, any等表示程度的詞來修飾.???
????I feel a little better than yesterday.我感覺比昨天好一點(diǎn)兒了。???
????The job is far more difficult than before.這工作比以前要難得多。
4.形容詞的最高級的用法???
????1)三者或三者以上相比較用 “主語+be+the+形容詞最高級+單數(shù)名詞+in/of/among短語”表示“…… 是……中最……的”。
Tom is the tallest in his class./of all the students.湯姆是他們班上/所有學(xué)生當(dāng)中最高的。
  This apple is the biggest of the five.這個蘋果是五個當(dāng)中最大的。例如:???
????This is the cleanest place of the city.這是這個城市最清潔的地方。???
????Hu Yun is the fastest of all the girls in our class.胡云是我們女生中跑得最快的。?2).表示“最……之一”,用“one of the+形容詞最高級+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”。例如:???
????The Great Wall of China is one of the greatest buildings in the world.
中國的長城是世界上最偉大的建筑之一。???
????This is one of the most interesting books that I’ve ever read.這是我讀過的最有趣的書之一。
3) 序數(shù)詞+最高級+名詞單數(shù) 表示第……
Yellow river is the second longest river in china .
4)特殊疑問詞+be+the+最高級+甲,乙,or丙?
Which is the biggest , Beijing , shanghai or Guangzhou ???
????注意. 形容詞的最高級前面必須加定冠詞the,但當(dāng)形容詞最高級前面有物主代詞,指示代詞,名詞所有格等修飾時,則不加the。例如:???
????(正)This is my best friend.??? (誤)This is my the(the my) best friend.???
????(正)Today is the happiest day of my life.(誤)Today is happiest day of my life.
?四.相關(guān)詞語辨析?
(1)和冠詞連用?
??the?+形容詞原級+v(復(fù)),指一類人或物?
??the?+?形容詞比較級,指兩者中“較…的”的那一個,?the?younger?of?the?two????
?a/?an?+形容詞比較級eg.?The?pen?is?expensive.?I?want?a?cheaper?one.????
?(?a)?+most+形容詞最高級?“非?!??a?most?beautiful?city?
2).very?和much??
A)very修飾形容詞、副詞的原級;
much修飾比較級;修飾動詞用much或very?much?,?
I?very?like?English.(×),因改為:I?like?English?very?much.?
B)?表示狀態(tài)的過去分詞前用very。a?very?frightened?boy,?a?very?tired?child?.一般的情況下,以-ed結(jié)尾的分詞多用much、very?much?/?greatly等修飾。?
如:We?were?greatly?/much?shocked?by?the?news?about?Tom..????
C)?已轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞的現(xiàn)在分詞前用very。?:very?interesting?/?worrying?/?exciting??
D)too前用much/?far?,不用very。?You?are?much?/?far?/?a?lot?too?nice.?
另外,在too?many????/?much,?too?few?/?little前用far。??
We’ve?got?far?too?many?eggs?and?far?too?few?egg?cups.???
??E)還有修飾詞既不用very,也不用much.?? ?be?well?worth?doing,?be?well?above?the?tree?
2.?so和such?
A)so?…?that?…?與such?…?that?…?的區(qū)別。?
so?+??形容詞?/?副詞?+??that?…??
so?+?形容詞?+?a(n)+?單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞?+?that?…
??so?+?many?/?much?/?little?/?few?+?名詞?+?that?…?
?such?+?a(n)+?形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞?+?that?…??
such?+?形容詞?+?不可數(shù)名詞?+?that?…?such?+?形容詞?+?復(fù)數(shù)名詞?+?that?…?
注意:?但當(dāng)little表示“小”時用such。?
如:These?are?such?little?boys?that?they?can’t?dress?themselves.?
下列so的用法是錯誤的:?
so?a?difficult?problem,?so?difficult?problems,?so?hot?weather。?
B)?some/?any/?every/?no/?each/?all/?another/?several/?few/?many/?one/?two?
+such+n.?eg.?no?such?word?
3.??be?too?much?+?n.?????be?much?too+?adj.?
????be?too?much?for?sb.?對…太過分了?
4.??can’t?be?too?+adj.=?can’t?be?+adj.+?enough?“無論…都不為過”?
??????????You?can?never?be?careful?enough.=?You?can?never?be?too?careful.你越小心越好
5. more…than…結(jié)構(gòu),其意往往是…rather?than…,可譯為“是……而不
是……”或顛倒詞序譯作“與其說是……,不如說是……”。?
That?little?girl?is?more?tired?than?hungry.??那個小姑娘是累了而不是餓了。??She?is?more?a?mother?than?a?wife或She?is?more?of?a?mother?than?a?wife.?
她是賢妻,更是良母。?
6.?A?is?to?B?what?C?is?to?D?? A和B的關(guān)系就像C和D的關(guān)系?
????Air?is?to?man?what?water?is?to?fish.?空氣?對于人類就像水和魚的關(guān)系。?
7. no?more?than=?only??“只不過”,言其少?
not?more?than=at?most??“不多于”,“至少”,指事實(shí)。?
no?more?…than…?和…一樣不…?????如單音節(jié)使用比較級形式????
?not?more…than…??不比…更…??
?no?less?than=?as?much?as???????“多達(dá)”???
?no?fewer?than=?as?many?as??
例:I?have?no?more?than?five?yuan?in?my?pocket.??我口袋里的錢只不過5元。??
I?have?not?more?than?five?yuan?in?my?pocket.??我口袋里的錢不多于5元。?????
?He?is?no?richer?than?I.他和我一樣窮。?
He?is?no?less?determined?than?you.??他的決心不亞于你。?(no?less?determined?than等于“其決心不亞于你”,言其大)??He?is?not?less?determined?than?you.??他的決心不比你小。?
(not?less?determined?than等于“其決心不小于”,無言其大或小的含義)??
8.farther與further都是形容詞和副詞far的比較級:??
far—farther—farthest??far—further—furtherst??但是它們在詞義和用法上卻有區(qū)別。?
(1)farther一般只用于表示有形距離的“較遠(yuǎn)”、“更遠(yuǎn)”:??
?On?the?farther?side?of?the?steet?there?was?a?large?shop.?在街的那一邊有一家大商店。??
? We?can't?go?any?farther?without?a?rest.?我們不休息就不能再走了。??
(2)(A)further既可表示有形距離的“較遠(yuǎn)”、“更遠(yuǎn)”:??
?There?is?a?cottage?on?the?further?side?of?the?hill. 在小山的那一邊有一個茅舍。??
?It?turned?out?a?further?distance?than?he?had?imagined.?原來距離比他想象的要遠(yuǎn)。??
?It's?not?safe?to?go?any?further.?再往遠(yuǎn)走,就不安全了。??
(B)further也還可表示“更多的”;“另一些”;“進(jìn)一步的”;“而且”;“此外”等等:??
.?Have?you?any?further?questions?to?ask??你們還有問題要問嗎???
?We?intend?to?stay?for?a?further?two?months.?我們打算再停留兩個月。??
?If?you?need?further?information,?I?suggest?you?go?to?the?library.?
如果你需要進(jìn)一步的資料,我建議你去圖書館查查。?
9. older、elder elderly
elder、older這兩個詞均是old的比較級,在用法上有所區(qū)別。elder本身也是形容詞。?
1).elder表示“前輩的”、“年紀(jì)較長的”,僅用于同一家庭成員的比較;older則不限于此。
My younger son is five and?my elder son?is nine。我的小兒子5歲,大兒子9歲。?
Tom is two years?older than?I.湯姆比我年長兩歲。?
2).elder在句中只用作定語,不作表語;older兩者皆可。
My elder sister?does her homework all by herself. 我的姐姐獨(dú)自做作業(yè)。?
His elder son?got married last week. 他的長子是上星期結(jié)婚的。?
I think his mother is?older. 我認(rèn)為他的母親年齡大引起。?
3.)elder只能用來指人;older既可修飾人,也可修飾物。例如:?
My elder brother?joined the army when he was only fifteen.我哥哥年僅15歲就參了軍。?
This dog is?older than?any other dogs here.這條狗在這里是最老的一條。?
I have a sister?older than?myself.我有位比我大的姐姐。?
It is said Mr Chen is over?ten years older than?Mrs Li.據(jù)說陳先生比李女士大10多歲。
4.)elderly是形容詞,“較老的”。elderly是委婉用語意為上了年紀(jì)的,一般不說old man而用elderly man代替,the elderly泛指老人。
His ?mother's ?elder ?sister?is?an ?elderly ?woman?now.
10. -ed形容詞與-ing 形容詞的用法區(qū)別
?1.?以后綴-ed結(jié)尾的形容詞(如ashamed, delighted, excited, frightened, interested, moved, pleased, surprised, worried等)通常用于說明人,不用于說明事物,即使它們所修飾的名詞是事物,那它們指的也是與該事物相關(guān)的人。如:
He had a pleased smile on his face. 他臉上露出了滿意的微笑。
He told me the news in a very excited voice. 他告訴了我這個消息,聲音很激動。
第一句中的a pleased smile 意為“滿意的微笑”,它指的是某人因感到滿意發(fā)出的微笑;第二句中的 excited voice 指的是“激動的聲音”,即指的是帶有這種聲音的某人感到激動。
原則上,-ed 形容詞通常直接用于說明人,若修飾事物,則多為 air(神態(tài)), appearance(外貌), cry(哭聲), face(表情), voice(聲音), mood(情緒)等與顯示某人的情感狀況的名詞。
2.?以后綴-ing結(jié)尾的形容詞(如delighting, exciting, frightening, interesting, moving, surprising, worrying 等)主要用于說明事物,表示事物的性質(zhì)或特征,若用它們說明人,則表示此人具有此性質(zhì)或特征。如(from www.yygrammar.com):
The story is very interesting. 這個故事很有趣。
The man is very interesting. 這個人很有趣。
11. One?Ones?That?Those在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的用法區(qū)別?
??在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中,為了避免重復(fù),常用替代詞替代名詞詞組或它的中心詞??梢赃@樣用的替代詞常用的且較難掌握的有one,ones,that和those。?
I.替代詞one和ones的用法:?
1.one只能替代單數(shù)名詞,one的復(fù)數(shù)形式ones只能替代復(fù)數(shù)名詞。例如:?
My?child?doesn't?like?this?book.Show?her?a?more?interesting?one.?
2.替代詞one或ones必須帶有一個限定或修飾詞,它們和所替代的名詞中心詞所指不一定是同一對象,這是替代詞one或ones在用法上的一個重要特征。例如:?
I?don't?like?this?book.I'd?like?a?more?interesting?one.?
3.當(dāng)替代詞one或ones帶有后置修飾語時,它們前面總有定冠詞。例如:?
Our?new?cassette?is?more?expensive?than?the?one?we?had?before.
?4.當(dāng)替代詞one或ones在形容詞比較級、最高級以及某些限定詞如this,that,which和序數(shù)詞等之后,可以省略。例如:?This?book?is?much?better?than?that(one).?
5.替代詞one或ones通常不用在物主代詞和名詞所有格之后。如不可說my?one(s),your?one(s),Peter's?one(s)等等。one或ones也不能用在own之后。?
但是,如果有了形容詞,one(s)可以和物主代詞及名詞所有格連用。如:?
My?cheap?camera?seems?to?be?just?as?good?as?John's?expensive?one.?
6.one作替代詞時,在of前面不能用the?one來表示所屬關(guān)系和類似概念。如不可說:?
*He?put?down?his?gun?and?picked?up?the?one?of?Henry.?該用一個所有格來表示He?picked?up?Henry's.?
7.當(dāng)兩個形容詞表示對照的意思時,不能使用替代詞one。僅在其中一個形容詞后加上名詞即可。例如:?
Don't?praise?the?younger?child?in?the?presence?of?the?elder.
?8.替代詞one如果不帶任何前置修飾語,即它的前面既沒有限定詞,又沒有形容詞時,便不是替代名詞詞組的中心詞,而是替代整個名詞詞組。這時,one=a+單數(shù)名詞。例如:?
A?cake?made?of?wheat?costs?less?than?one?made?of?rice.(one=a?cake)?
one的這種用法是泛指同類事物中的任何一個,相當(dāng)一個不定冠詞,因此它沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。要泛指復(fù)數(shù)事物,只能用some。例如:?
Here?are?a?few?apples.Would?you?like?some(=some?of?them)?
?II.替代詞that和those的用法:?
1. that和those通常用作指使代詞,也可用作替代詞。它們總是伴隨著限定性的后置修飾語,分別等于the?one和the?ones。
?The?houses?of?the?rich?are?generally?larger?than?those?of?the?poor.?
2.that也可替代不可數(shù)名詞,但是the?one則不能。例如:?
The?resistance?of?a?thicker?wire?is?less?than?that?of?a?thin?one.?以上兩例中的that都不能換成the?one。?
3.that作替代詞,只能指物,不能指人。those作替代詞,既可指物,也可指人。例如:?
The?blonde?girl?I?saw?was?older?than?the?one?you?were?dancing?with.?該句中的the?one不能換成that。?
4.that用作替代詞和它所替代的名詞詞組的中心詞的“數(shù)”可以不一致。替代單數(shù)名詞時,只替代“the+單數(shù)名詞”,不可替代“a+單數(shù)名詞”。例如:?
The?song?by?Schubert?is?more?tuneful?than?that?by?Britain.(that=the?song。song為可數(shù)名詞。)?
請注意,這里說的that只替代“the+單數(shù)名詞”,不可替代“a+單數(shù)名詞,系指that在句子中實(shí)際的作用,并非要求它在句子中所代表的前面出現(xiàn)的詞組必須是“the+單數(shù)名詞。例如:?In?those?days?they?lived?a?life?worse?than?that?of?a?beast?of?burden.?在該句中,前面出現(xiàn)的詞組為a?life,但that替代的卻是the?life。?that作為替代詞,它不能用于零關(guān)系分句(即沒有關(guān)系代詞的定語從句)之前。例如:?
The?problem?confronting?us?today?is?not?dissimilar?from?that?which?the?nation?confronted?in?the?1930s
?


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