
形容詞
一、形容詞的定義、用法
表示人或事物的屬性或特征的詞叫形容詞(Adjective)。形容詞修飾名詞,它的基本用法就是為名詞提供更多的信息,它分為性質(zhì)形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類,一般放在所修飾的名詞之前;若修飾不定代詞,則需后置。???
????形容詞的判斷方法???
????判斷一個詞是不是形容詞,可以從其結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和句法特點(diǎn)兩方面來確定。???
????(1)結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)。???
????以-able,-al,-ful,-ic,-ish,-less,-ous,-y等后綴結(jié)尾的詞,一般是形容詞,如:changeable(多變的),medical(醫(yī)學(xué)上的),careful(仔細(xì)的),atomic(原子的),foolish(愚蠢的),careless(粗心的),delicious(美味的),healthy(健康的),rainy(下雨的)等。???
????(2)句法特點(diǎn)。???
????大多數(shù)形容詞都可以作定語;在be,look,seem等詞之后作表語;可用very來修飾,有比較級和最高級形式。
?形容詞的用法?????
1.形容詞用作定語???
????Li Mei is a beautiful city girl.李梅是一個漂亮的城市女孩。???
????The new student comes from Japan.那個新來的學(xué)生是日本人。???
2.形容詞用作表語???
????My father’s???car is very expensive.我父親的小車很貴。???
????The English story is very interesting.那個英文故事很有趣。???
?3.形容詞用作賓語補(bǔ)足語???
????Don’t??keep the door open. 別讓門敞著。???
????His success made him happy.他的成功讓他感到幸福。???
????We finally found the dictionaries very useful.我們最后發(fā)現(xiàn)詞典很有用。???
?4.“the+形容詞”用作主語及賓語???
????The old often think of old things.老年人經(jīng)?;叵胪?。???
????The new always take the place of the old.新生事物總是會取代舊的事物。???
?5.形容詞有時也可用作狀語或補(bǔ)語???
????Please speak loud and clear.請說話大聲一點(diǎn)、更清楚點(diǎn)。???
????These soldiers spent three days in the cold weather,cold and hungry.???
????士兵們又冷又餓在嚴(yán)寒的氣候中過了三天。???
????After seven days, the children came back from the forest safe.???
????七天之后,孩子們安全地從森林中返回。???
??6.少數(shù)形容詞只能作表語???
????這些形容詞包括 ill,asleep,awake,alone,well,worth,glad,unable,afraid等,只能作表語,不能作定語。例如:???
????(正)Don’t??be afraid.(誤)Mr Li is an afraid man.???
????(正)The old man was ill yesterday.(誤)This is an ill person.???
????(正)This place is worth visiting.(誤)That is a worth book.???
??7.少數(shù)形容詞只能作定語???
????這些形容詞包括 little,live(活著的),elder,eldest 等,只能作定語,不能作表語。例如:???
????(正)My elder brother is a doctor.(誤)My brother is elder than I.???
????(正)This is a little house.(誤)The house is little.???
????(正)Do you want live fish or dead one?(誤)The old monkey is still live.
二、形容詞的位置
1.形容詞一般放在名詞前作定語???
????單個形容詞修飾名詞時,一般要放在名詞的前面。它們的前面常常帶有冠詞、形容詞性物主代詞、指示代詞、數(shù)詞等。例如:???
????a red flower一朵紅花an interesting story一個有趣的故事???
????six blind men 六個盲人my own house我自己的房子???
1).當(dāng)形容詞所修飾的詞是由some,any,every,no等構(gòu)成的不定代詞時,形容詞必須置于名詞 之后。例如:???
????She has something new to tell me.她有一些新的情況告訴我。???
????I have nothing important to do today.今天我沒有重要的工作要做。???
????Do you know anybody else here?這兒你還有認(rèn)識的人嗎????
?2).形容詞后面有介詞短語或不定式短語時,形容詞必須置于名詞之后。例如:???
????It is a problem difficult to work out.這是一道難以解決的問題。???
????Edison is a student difficult to teach.愛迪生是個很難教的學(xué)生。???
????This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.這是一種易栽的花。???
?3).在以下特殊用法中,形容詞置于所修飾的名詞之后。???
????All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.???
????所有的人,無論老少,都應(yīng)該嚴(yán)格要求自己。???
????We are building a new school, modern and super.???
????我們正在建一所現(xiàn)代化的高檔次的新型學(xué)校。???
????All countries, rich and poor, should help one another.
所有的國家,無論窮富都應(yīng)該互相幫助。
4).有少數(shù)形容詞,如enough和possible,既可置于所修飾的名詞前面也可以置于它所修飾的名詞之后。例如:???
????Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足夠的時間做準(zhǔn)備嗎????
????Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you
.或許它將成為一次可能的機(jī)遇。???
?5).有些形容詞,置于名詞之前與之后,含義不盡相同。例如:???
????the writer present 出席的作者????the present writer 現(xiàn)在的作者???
2. 兩個以上的形容詞修飾一個名詞時的排列順序??????
????限定詞→一般描繪性形容詞→表示大小、長短、高低的形容詞→表示形狀的形容詞→表示年齡、新舊的形容詞→表示色彩的形容詞→表示國籍、地區(qū)、出處的形容詞→表示物質(zhì)、材料的形容詞→表示用途、類別的形容詞→名詞中心詞。例如:???
????an exciting international football match?????一場令人激動的國際足球賽???
????a new red sports shirt???一件新的紅色運(yùn)動衫???
????a light black plastic umbrella???把輕的黑塑料傘???
????a small old brown wooden house????一座小的舊的棕色的木頭房子???
????巧記形容詞的排列順序???
??即請你記住“限觀形令色國材”這幾個字,這似乎有點(diǎn)不大好記,那就請你記住“縣官行令謝國材”吧。其分別的含義是:?????
?“縣”(限)代表限定詞,包括:冠詞、指示代詞、形容詞性物主代詞、名詞所有格、
數(shù)詞等。?
“官”(觀)代表表示觀點(diǎn)的描繪性形容詞,如:fine,beautiful,interesting等。???
?“行”(形)代表表示大小、長短、高低及形狀的形容詞,如:small,tall,high,little, round等。 “令”(齡)代表表示年齡、新、舊的形容詞,如old,young等。???
?“謝”(“色”的近似音)代表表示顏色的形容詞,如:white,black,yellow等。???
?“國” 代表表示國籍、地區(qū)、出處的形容詞(名詞),如:English,American,mountain
等。???
?“材” 則代表形成中心名詞的材料的形容詞,如:stone,wooden,silk,plastic等。
?多個形容詞同時修飾同一個名詞時,就按上述順序排列,然后加上中心名詞。
????.a fine old stone bridge一座古老漂亮的石頭橋???
????. two big round new Chinese wooden tables?????兩張新的中國式的木制大圓桌???
????. his large new black foreign car???他那輛新的大型黑色外國進(jìn)口汽車?????
????特別連接.常見的后跟形容詞作表語的詞:???
????①become,come,fall,get,go,grow,make,turn,wear(表示“變成某種狀態(tài)”)???
????②continue,hold,keep,lie,remain,stay(表示“保持某種狀態(tài)”)???
????③appear,feel,look,smell,sound,taste,know,write(表示“感覺”)???
????He turned red when he heard the news.聽到這個消息,他的臉變紅了。???
????It’s???going to stay cold for some time.天氣還要冷一陣子。???
????The beer tastes very delicious.這啤酒嘗起來很可口。
三、形容詞的比較等級??
1.形容詞原級的用法?
??1.只能修飾原級的詞,very,quite,so,too
He is too tired to walk on.他太累了以至于不能再繼續(xù)走了。
My brother runs so fast that I can‘t follow him.我弟弟跑得那么快以至于我跟不上他。
????形容詞的原級常用于“as…as”及“not as(so) …as”兩種句型中。???
????1).句型“as…as”,表示兩者相比較,程度相同。例如:???
????The old man walks as fast as a young man.這位老人走路與青年人一樣快。???
????Science is as important as maths.自然科學(xué)與數(shù)學(xué)一樣重要。???
????This coat is as expensive as that one.這件上衣與那件一樣貴。???
????2).句型“not as(so) …as”,表示兩者相比較,程度不一樣。例如:???
????I’m??not as tall as Jack. 我不如杰克高。???
????She doesn’t??run so fast as I. 她不如我跑得塊。???
????This warship is not so big as that one.這條軍艦不如那條大。???
????同級比較歌訣?????
????同級比較用原級,as…as不分離;若是否定加not,as…as否前者。???
????as…as加not,只說兩者有區(qū)別。so…as加not,后者總是強(qiáng)前者。?????
????3).在使用“as…as”與“not as(so) …as” 句型,應(yīng)該特別注意“as…as”或“not as(so) …as”中間的形容詞必須是形容詞的原級。例如:???
????(正)Today is as warm as yesterday.(誤)Today is as warmer as yesterday.???
????(正)I’m??not so careful as my brother.(誤)I’m??not so more careful as my brother.???
??4).需要注意的原級形容詞用法:???
??①“數(shù)詞+times+as+形容詞原級+as”(是……的幾倍)。例如:???
????This tree is twice as short as that one.這棵樹比那棵樹矮兩倍。???
????My scores are three times as many as yours.我的比分是你的三倍。???
????This road is four times as wide as that one.這條馬路的寬度是那條的四倍。???
?②“half+as+形容詞原級+as”(……的一半……)。例如:???
????My English is not half as good as yours.我的英語不如你的一半好。???
????This town is half as big as ours.這個城鎮(zhèn)有我們的城鎮(zhèn)一半大。???
????The rivers in the north aren’t??half as many as those in the south.
北方的河流不如南方的一半多。
③“as…as”結(jié)構(gòu)中,若形容詞作定語修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),不定冠詞a(an)應(yīng)置于形容詞與名詞之 間。例如:???
????English is as important a subject as maths.英語和數(shù)學(xué)是同樣重要的一門學(xué)科。?Uncle Wang is as good a man as my father.王叔叔是與我父親同樣好的一個人。??This is as famous a school as ours.這是一所與我們學(xué)校同樣著名的學(xué)校。???
④“as…as”結(jié)構(gòu)若指同一個人或物,則并無比較意義,而只是說明某人或某物具有兩種性質(zhì)。譯為“又……又……”或“不但……而且……”。例如:???
????This computer is as good as it is cheap.這臺電腦質(zhì)量又好又便宜。???
????The boy is as strong as he is brave.這個男孩又健壯又勇敢。???
????The city of Suzhou is as beautiful as it is clean.蘇州城既美麗又干凈。
⑤The same as 表示與……相同。
The coat is the same as that one .
⑥表示比喻。 A +be = as + A +be = as +原級+ as +B
He is as busy as a bee .???
????2.形容詞的比較等級的構(gòu)成:比較級和最高級
1.一般在詞尾直接加er或est,例如,tall-taller-tallest,long-longer-longest
2.以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的單詞在詞尾直接加r或st,例如,nice-nicer-nicest
3.以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞,把y變?yōu)閕,再加er或est,例如,heavy-heavier-heaviest
4.重讀閉音節(jié),末尾只有一個輔音字母,雙寫這個輔音字母,再加er或est,例如,big-bigger-biggest
5.部分雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞分別在原級前加more構(gòu)成比較級和most構(gòu)成最高級,例如,slowly-more slowly-most slowly;beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful
二、不規(guī)則變化
下列單、雙音節(jié)詞只能加more和most.
??3.形容詞的比較級的用法???
????1)表示兩者之間比較時,用“形容詞比較級+than” 或more?(less)?….than…..?兩種句型。例如:???
????Your mother looks healthier than before.你媽媽看上去比以前健康了。???
????I’m??less interested in basketball than you.我對籃球的興趣不如你大。
2)“甲+be+(倍數(shù))+形容詞比較級+than+乙” “甲比乙…幾倍”
Tom is three years older than jim .
This room is three times bigger than that one.這個房間比那個大三倍。
??3).形容詞的比較級還可以用于以下句型中。???
????①比較級+and +比較級, more and more+原級(越來越……)。例如:???
????The park is getting more and more beautiful.這個公園變得越來越美了。???
????China had become stronger and stronger.中國已變得越來越強(qiáng)大了。???
????②the +比較級,the+比較級(越……就越……)。例如:???
????The more books we read, the cleverer we will become.
我們讀的書越多,就會變得越聰明。???
????The more trees, the better. 樹越多越好。???
????The sooner, the better. 越早越好。???
????The more exercise we take, the healthier we are.我們越鍛煉,身體就越健康。???
????③“the+比較級+of the two……(兩個中較……的一個)”。例如:???
????I’d??like to go to the farther of the two places.
兩個地方相比較,我愿意去更遠(yuǎn)的一個。???
????She is the fatter of the two girls.她是那兩個女孩中較胖的一個。???
????④?比較級+than??any?other?+n.?(單)?(適用于范圍一致時)?
????????????????? ?(all)?other?+n.(復(fù))?
?????????????????? any?+n.(單)??(適用于范圍不一致時)?
The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China.
=The Yangtze River is longer than any of the other rivers in China.
長江比中國的任何一條其他的河都長。
=The Yangtze River is longer than the other rivers in China.
長江比中國的其他所有的河都長。
=The Yangtze River is the longest river in China.長江是中國最長的河流???
注意:The Yangtze River is longer than any river in Japan.
長江比日本的任何一條河都長。
(5)“特殊疑問詞+be+形容詞比較級,甲o(hù)r乙?”
Which is bigger,the earth or the moon?哪一個大,地球還是月球?
3).形容詞的比較級前還可以用much,a lot, far, even, still, a little, no, any等表示程度的詞來修飾.???
????I feel a little better than yesterday.我感覺比昨天好一點(diǎn)兒了。???
????The job is far more difficult than before.這工作比以前要難得多。
4.形容詞的最高級的用法???
????1)三者或三者以上相比較用 “主語+be+the+形容詞最高級+單數(shù)名詞+in/of/among短語”表示“…… 是……中最……的”。
Tom is the tallest in his class./of all the students.湯姆是他們班上/所有學(xué)生當(dāng)中最高的。
This apple is the biggest of the five.這個蘋果是五個當(dāng)中最大的。例如:???
????This is the cleanest place of the city.這是這個城市最清潔的地方。???
????Hu Yun is the fastest of all the girls in our class.胡云是我們女生中跑得最快的。?2).表示“最……之一”,用“one of the+形容詞最高級+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”。例如:???
????The Great Wall of China is one of the greatest buildings in the world.
中國的長城是世界上最偉大的建筑之一。???
????This is one of the most interesting books that I’ve ever read.這是我讀過的最有趣的書之一。
3) 序數(shù)詞+最高級+名詞單數(shù) 表示第……
Yellow river is the second longest river in china .
4)特殊疑問詞+be+the+最高級+甲,乙,or丙?
Which is the biggest , Beijing , shanghai or Guangzhou ???
????注意. 形容詞的最高級前面必須加定冠詞the,但當(dāng)形容詞最高級前面有物主代詞,指示代詞,名詞所有格等修飾時,則不加the。例如:???
????(正)This is my best friend.??? (誤)This is my the(the my) best friend.???
????(正)Today is the happiest day of my life.(誤)Today is happiest day of my life.
?四.相關(guān)詞語辨析?
(1)和冠詞連用?
??the?+形容詞原級+v(復(fù)),指一類人或物?
??the?+?形容詞比較級,指兩者中“較…的”的那一個,?the?younger?of?the?two????
?a/?an?+形容詞比較級eg.?The?pen?is?expensive.?I?want?a?cheaper?one.????
?(?a)?+most+形容詞最高級?“非?!??a?most?beautiful?city?
2).very?和much??
A)very修飾形容詞、副詞的原級;
much修飾比較級;修飾動詞用much或very?much?,?
I?very?like?English.(×),因改為:I?like?English?very?much.?
B)?表示狀態(tài)的過去分詞前用very。a?very?frightened?boy,?a?very?tired?child?.一般的情況下,以-ed結(jié)尾的分詞多用much、very?much?/?greatly等修飾。?
如:We?were?greatly?/much?shocked?by?the?news?about?Tom..????
C)?已轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞的現(xiàn)在分詞前用very。?:very?interesting?/?worrying?/?exciting??
D)too前用much/?far?,不用very。?You?are?much?/?far?/?a?lot?too?nice.?
另外,在too?many????/?much,?too?few?/?little前用far。??
We’ve?got?far?too?many?eggs?and?far?too?few?egg?cups.???
??E)還有修飾詞既不用very,也不用much.?? ?be?well?worth?doing,?be?well?above?the?tree?
2.?so和such?
A)so?…?that?…?與such?…?that?…?的區(qū)別。?
so?+??形容詞?/?副詞?+??that?…??
so?+?形容詞?+?a(n)+?單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞?+?that?…
??so?+?many?/?much?/?little?/?few?+?名詞?+?that?…?
?such?+?a(n)+?形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞?+?that?…??
such?+?形容詞?+?不可數(shù)名詞?+?that?…?such?+?形容詞?+?復(fù)數(shù)名詞?+?that?…?
注意:?但當(dāng)little表示“小”時用such。?
如:These?are?such?little?boys?that?they?can’t?dress?themselves.?
下列so的用法是錯誤的:?
so?a?difficult?problem,?so?difficult?problems,?so?hot?weather。?
B)?some/?any/?every/?no/?each/?all/?another/?several/?few/?many/?one/?two?
+such+n.?eg.?no?such?word?
3.??be?too?much?+?n.?????be?much?too+?adj.?
????be?too?much?for?sb.?對…太過分了?
4.??can’t?be?too?+adj.=?can’t?be?+adj.+?enough?“無論…都不為過”?
??????????You?can?never?be?careful?enough.=?You?can?never?be?too?careful.你越小心越好
5. more…than…結(jié)構(gòu),其意往往是…rather?than…,可譯為“是……而不
是……”或顛倒詞序譯作“與其說是……,不如說是……”。?
That?little?girl?is?more?tired?than?hungry.??那個小姑娘是累了而不是餓了。??She?is?more?a?mother?than?a?wife或She?is?more?of?a?mother?than?a?wife.?
她是賢妻,更是良母。?
6.?A?is?to?B?what?C?is?to?D?? A和B的關(guān)系就像C和D的關(guān)系?
????Air?is?to?man?what?water?is?to?fish.?空氣?對于人類就像水和魚的關(guān)系。?
7. no?more?than=?only??“只不過”,言其少?
not?more?than=at?most??“不多于”,“至少”,指事實(shí)。?
no?more?…than…?和…一樣不…?????如單音節(jié)使用比較級形式????
?not?more…than…??不比…更…??
?no?less?than=?as?much?as???????“多達(dá)”???
?no?fewer?than=?as?many?as??
例:I?have?no?more?than?five?yuan?in?my?pocket.??我口袋里的錢只不過5元。??
I?have?not?more?than?five?yuan?in?my?pocket.??我口袋里的錢不多于5元。?????
?He?is?no?richer?than?I.他和我一樣窮。?
He?is?no?less?determined?than?you.??他的決心不亞于你。?(no?less?determined?than等于“其決心不亞于你”,言其大)??He?is?not?less?determined?than?you.??他的決心不比你小。?
(not?less?determined?than等于“其決心不小于”,無言其大或小的含義)??
8.farther與further都是形容詞和副詞far的比較級:??
far—farther—farthest??far—further—furtherst??但是它們在詞義和用法上卻有區(qū)別。?
(1)farther一般只用于表示有形距離的“較遠(yuǎn)”、“更遠(yuǎn)”:??
?On?the?farther?side?of?the?steet?there?was?a?large?shop.?在街的那一邊有一家大商店。??
? We?can't?go?any?farther?without?a?rest.?我們不休息就不能再走了。??
(2)(A)further既可表示有形距離的“較遠(yuǎn)”、“更遠(yuǎn)”:??
?There?is?a?cottage?on?the?further?side?of?the?hill. 在小山的那一邊有一個茅舍。??
?It?turned?out?a?further?distance?than?he?had?imagined.?原來距離比他想象的要遠(yuǎn)。??
?It's?not?safe?to?go?any?further.?再往遠(yuǎn)走,就不安全了。??
(B)further也還可表示“更多的”;“另一些”;“進(jìn)一步的”;“而且”;“此外”等等:??
.?Have?you?any?further?questions?to?ask??你們還有問題要問嗎???
?We?intend?to?stay?for?a?further?two?months.?我們打算再停留兩個月。??
?If?you?need?further?information,?I?suggest?you?go?to?the?library.?
如果你需要進(jìn)一步的資料,我建議你去圖書館查查。?
9. older、elder elderly
elder、older這兩個詞均是old的比較級,在用法上有所區(qū)別。elder本身也是形容詞。?
1).elder表示“前輩的”、“年紀(jì)較長的”,僅用于同一家庭成員的比較;older則不限于此。
My younger son is five and?my elder son?is nine。我的小兒子5歲,大兒子9歲。?
Tom is two years?older than?I.湯姆比我年長兩歲。?
2).elder在句中只用作定語,不作表語;older兩者皆可。
My elder sister?does her homework all by herself. 我的姐姐獨(dú)自做作業(yè)。?
His elder son?got married last week. 他的長子是上星期結(jié)婚的。?
I think his mother is?older. 我認(rèn)為他的母親年齡大引起。?
3.)elder只能用來指人;older既可修飾人,也可修飾物。例如:?
My elder brother?joined the army when he was only fifteen.我哥哥年僅15歲就參了軍。?
This dog is?older than?any other dogs here.這條狗在這里是最老的一條。?
I have a sister?older than?myself.我有位比我大的姐姐。?
It is said Mr Chen is over?ten years older than?Mrs Li.據(jù)說陳先生比李女士大10多歲。
4.)elderly是形容詞,“較老的”。elderly是委婉用語意為上了年紀(jì)的,一般不說old man而用elderly man代替,the elderly泛指老人。
His ?mother's ?elder ?sister?is?an ?elderly ?woman?now.
10. -ed形容詞與-ing 形容詞的用法區(qū)別
?1.?以后綴-ed結(jié)尾的形容詞(如ashamed, delighted, excited, frightened, interested, moved, pleased, surprised, worried等)通常用于說明人,不用于說明事物,即使它們所修飾的名詞是事物,那它們指的也是與該事物相關(guān)的人。如:
He had a pleased smile on his face. 他臉上露出了滿意的微笑。
He told me the news in a very excited voice. 他告訴了我這個消息,聲音很激動。
第一句中的a pleased smile 意為“滿意的微笑”,它指的是某人因感到滿意發(fā)出的微笑;第二句中的 excited voice 指的是“激動的聲音”,即指的是帶有這種聲音的某人感到激動。
原則上,-ed 形容詞通常直接用于說明人,若修飾事物,則多為 air(神態(tài)), appearance(外貌), cry(哭聲), face(表情), voice(聲音), mood(情緒)等與顯示某人的情感狀況的名詞。
2.?以后綴-ing結(jié)尾的形容詞(如delighting, exciting, frightening, interesting, moving, surprising, worrying 等)主要用于說明事物,表示事物的性質(zhì)或特征,若用它們說明人,則表示此人具有此性質(zhì)或特征。如(from www.yygrammar.com):
The story is very interesting. 這個故事很有趣。
The man is very interesting. 這個人很有趣。
11. One?Ones?That?Those在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的用法區(qū)別?
??在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中,為了避免重復(fù),常用替代詞替代名詞詞組或它的中心詞??梢赃@樣用的替代詞常用的且較難掌握的有one,ones,that和those。?
I.替代詞one和ones的用法:?
1.one只能替代單數(shù)名詞,one的復(fù)數(shù)形式ones只能替代復(fù)數(shù)名詞。例如:?
My?child?doesn't?like?this?book.Show?her?a?more?interesting?one.?
2.替代詞one或ones必須帶有一個限定或修飾詞,它們和所替代的名詞中心詞所指不一定是同一對象,這是替代詞one或ones在用法上的一個重要特征。例如:?
I?don't?like?this?book.I'd?like?a?more?interesting?one.?
3.當(dāng)替代詞one或ones帶有后置修飾語時,它們前面總有定冠詞。例如:?
Our?new?cassette?is?more?expensive?than?the?one?we?had?before.
?4.當(dāng)替代詞one或ones在形容詞比較級、最高級以及某些限定詞如this,that,which和序數(shù)詞等之后,可以省略。例如:?This?book?is?much?better?than?that(one).?
5.替代詞one或ones通常不用在物主代詞和名詞所有格之后。如不可說my?one(s),your?one(s),Peter's?one(s)等等。one或ones也不能用在own之后。?
但是,如果有了形容詞,one(s)可以和物主代詞及名詞所有格連用。如:?
My?cheap?camera?seems?to?be?just?as?good?as?John's?expensive?one.?
6.one作替代詞時,在of前面不能用the?one來表示所屬關(guān)系和類似概念。如不可說:?
*He?put?down?his?gun?and?picked?up?the?one?of?Henry.?該用一個所有格來表示He?picked?up?Henry's.?
7.當(dāng)兩個形容詞表示對照的意思時,不能使用替代詞one。僅在其中一個形容詞后加上名詞即可。例如:?
Don't?praise?the?younger?child?in?the?presence?of?the?elder.
?8.替代詞one如果不帶任何前置修飾語,即它的前面既沒有限定詞,又沒有形容詞時,便不是替代名詞詞組的中心詞,而是替代整個名詞詞組。這時,one=a+單數(shù)名詞。例如:?
A?cake?made?of?wheat?costs?less?than?one?made?of?rice.(one=a?cake)?
one的這種用法是泛指同類事物中的任何一個,相當(dāng)一個不定冠詞,因此它沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。要泛指復(fù)數(shù)事物,只能用some。例如:?
Here?are?a?few?apples.Would?you?like?some(=some?of?them)?
?II.替代詞that和those的用法:?
1. that和those通常用作指使代詞,也可用作替代詞。它們總是伴隨著限定性的后置修飾語,分別等于the?one和the?ones。
?The?houses?of?the?rich?are?generally?larger?than?those?of?the?poor.?
2.that也可替代不可數(shù)名詞,但是the?one則不能。例如:?
The?resistance?of?a?thicker?wire?is?less?than?that?of?a?thin?one.?以上兩例中的that都不能換成the?one。?
3.that作替代詞,只能指物,不能指人。those作替代詞,既可指物,也可指人。例如:?
The?blonde?girl?I?saw?was?older?than?the?one?you?were?dancing?with.?該句中的the?one不能換成that。?
4.that用作替代詞和它所替代的名詞詞組的中心詞的“數(shù)”可以不一致。替代單數(shù)名詞時,只替代“the+單數(shù)名詞”,不可替代“a+單數(shù)名詞”。例如:?
The?song?by?Schubert?is?more?tuneful?than?that?by?Britain.(that=the?song。song為可數(shù)名詞。)?
請注意,這里說的that只替代“the+單數(shù)名詞”,不可替代“a+單數(shù)名詞,系指that在句子中實(shí)際的作用,并非要求它在句子中所代表的前面出現(xiàn)的詞組必須是“the+單數(shù)名詞。例如:?In?those?days?they?lived?a?life?worse?than?that?of?a?beast?of?burden.?在該句中,前面出現(xiàn)的詞組為a?life,但that替代的卻是the?life。?that作為替代詞,它不能用于零關(guān)系分句(即沒有關(guān)系代詞的定語從句)之前。例如:?
The?problem?confronting?us?today?is?not?dissimilar?from?that?which?the?nation?confronted?in?the?1930s
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