名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)
1．規(guī)則名詞的6種復(fù)數(shù)變化形式
變化規(guī)則
例詞
一般情況下
在詞尾直接加-s
mouth→mouths house→houses
以-s，-x，-ch，
-sh結(jié)尾的名詞
在詞尾加-es
glass→glasses match→matches
以輔音字母＋-y結(jié)尾的名詞
變y為i，再加-es
country→countries factory→factories
以元音字母＋-y結(jié)尾的名詞
在詞尾直接＋-s
holiday→holidays monkey→monkeys
以-o結(jié)尾的名詞
一般在詞尾加-s
piano→pianos photo→photos
有些在詞尾加-es
hero→heroes potato→potatoes
以-f, -fe結(jié)尾的名詞
一般要變f或fe為v＋-es
self→selves
wolf→wolves
少數(shù)直接加-s
roof→roofs belief→beliefs

①下列以-f結(jié)尾的名詞既可以變f為v后再加-es，也可以直接在f后加-s：
handkerchief→handkerchiefs/handkerchieves, scarf→scarfs/scarves
②巧記變-f或-fe為v＋-es的名詞：
[巧學(xué)助記]　為了自己(self)活命(life)，小偷(thief)和他的妻子(wife)手里拿著刀子(knife)和一片樹葉(leaf)站在架子(shelf)上，把狼(wolf)劈成兩半(half)。
2．不規(guī)則名詞的3種復(fù)數(shù)變化形式
變化規(guī)則
例詞
單復(fù)數(shù)同形
deer, sheep, means, series, works, Chinese, Swiss, aircraft, spacecraft
變內(nèi)部元音
foot→feet, tooth→teeth, goose→geese man→men, woman→women, mouse→mice
外來名詞
medium→media
phenomenon→phenomena
analysis→analyses
[名師指津]?、賔ish表示不同種類的魚時(shí)，其復(fù)數(shù)形式為fishes，而表示同一種魚時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同；②people指“人們”時(shí)單復(fù)數(shù)同形，指“民族”時(shí)，其復(fù)數(shù)為peoples。
3．合成名詞的2種復(fù)數(shù)形式
(1)若有主體名詞，則把主體名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)；若無主體名詞，則把最后一部分變成復(fù)數(shù)。
passer-by→passers-by, sister-in-law→sisters-in-law, grown-up→grown-ups, housewife→housewives
(2)“man/woman＋n.”變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，作定語的man/woman和主體名詞都要變復(fù)數(shù)：women engineers。
[命題點(diǎn)感悟]
單句語法填空
①(2018·全國卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all ________ (cause)．
解析：causes　此處的cause是可數(shù)名詞，表示“原因”。根據(jù)其前的all可知，應(yīng)該使用復(fù)數(shù)形式，故填causes。
②(2018·浙江11月高考)One study showed that ________ (woman) who drank a lot of coffee, like eight or more cups per day, while they were pregnant were more likely to have children with birth defects.
解析：women　根據(jù)該句后半部分的they可知，空格處應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)形式，故填women。
③(2018·浙江6月高考)Making Chinese ________ (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.
解析：dishes　此處表示“中國的飯菜”，當(dāng)然不止一種，因此該名詞應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)形式，故填dishes。
④(2017·浙江11月高考)You wouldn't think that a few ________ (month) of exercise in your teens would be enough ...
解析：months　空格前面有a few作限定詞且表示肯定，因此后面的名詞應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)形式，所以使用months。
⑤(2017·浙江6月高考)Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small _________(carrot) and was about to throw them away.
解析：carrots　根據(jù)空格前面的“a handful of”可知，此處要用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。
⑥(2017·全國卷Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community (醫(yī)學(xué)界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side________ (effect) such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
解析：effects　此處根據(jù)空格前面的some以及空格后面列舉的兩個(gè)例子“overweight and heart disease”可知，應(yīng)用effect的復(fù)數(shù)形式。
⑦(2017·全國卷Ⅱ)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible__________ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.
解析：crowds　根據(jù)空格前面的形容詞terrible可知此處填名詞，crowd表示“人群”，是可數(shù)名詞，前面沒有不定冠詞a，所以用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。
⑧(2017·全國卷Ⅰ)The instructor kept repeating the ________ (word)，“Speed up！”“Slow down！”“Turn left！”
解析：words　根據(jù)后面的舉例可知，此處應(yīng)用word的復(fù)數(shù)形式。
⑨(2016·全國卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few ________ (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, the other is with mum — she never suspects.
解析：days　every few days表示“每隔幾天”，此處應(yīng)該使用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式days。
⑩(2016·全國卷Ⅱ)Recent __________(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.
解析：studies　Recent是形容詞，修飾名詞，“Recent _______”在句中作主語，根據(jù)謂語動詞show可知，主語需要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

不可數(shù)名詞

1．常見的不可數(shù)名詞
一般來說，物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞是不可數(shù)的，因此沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般也不能用a或an修飾。
通常只用作不可數(shù)的名詞有：milk, music, homework, housework, weather, news, butter, information, bread, advice, progress, orange (橙汁), equipment, meat, fun, luggage, luck, work (工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word (消息), room (空間), man (人類)等。
[名師指津]　word意為“消息”，room意為“空間”，man意為“人類”時(shí)通常不帶任何修飾詞。
2．抽象名詞的具體化
(1)具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、情感的抽象名詞在表示具體的概念時(shí)，可以與不定冠詞連用，?？嫉挠校?br /> 單詞
抽象名詞意義
具體化名詞意義
success
成功
成功的人或事物
pleasure
樂趣
令人感到高興的人或事物
attraction
吸引
有吸引力的人或事物
beauty
美；美麗
美麗的人或事物
comfort
安慰；慰藉
令人感到安慰的人或事物
danger
危險(xiǎn)
令人感到危險(xiǎn)的人或事物
delight
高興
令人感到高興的事
failure
失敗
失敗的人或事物
surprise
驚奇
令人感到驚奇的人或事物
shock
震驚
令人感到震驚的人或事物
pride
驕傲
令人感到驕傲的人或事物

I'm disappointed that the experiment turned out to be a complete failure again.
我很失望，這次試驗(yàn)證明又是一次完全的失敗。
(2)抽象名詞與a/an連用，淡化了抽象概念，轉(zhuǎn)化為似乎可以體驗(yàn)到的動作、行為或類別。
①Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.
在那些艱難的時(shí)期，能夠買得起一杯飲料都會是一件令人感到欣慰的事。
②—A serious fire broke out in the village.
—Yes, news came as a shock to me.
——那個(gè)村莊發(fā)生了一起嚴(yán)重的大火。
——是的，這對我來說是一件令人震驚的事情。



名詞所有格

1．有生命名詞的3種所有格
情況
構(gòu)成
示例
不以-s結(jié)尾的名詞
加-'s
Mary's e-mail children's books
以-s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞
加-'
the girls' dormitory the teachers' reading room
以-s結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞或?qū)Ｓ忻~
加-'s或-'
our boss' office Engels's works

2．無生命名詞的2種所有格
(1)通常用of所有格表示
The capital of Peru is Lima, which is in the west on the coast.秘魯?shù)氖锥际抢R，位于西部沿海地區(qū)。
(2)表示時(shí)間、距離、國家、城市、機(jī)構(gòu)、節(jié)日等的名詞通常用-'s所有格表示。
Beijing's parks北京的公園
the factory's output工廠的產(chǎn)量
3．雙重所有格
雙重所有格的構(gòu)成形式為：名詞＋of＋名詞的所有格/名詞＋of＋名詞性物主代詞。
He is a friend of my father's.他是我父親的一個(gè)朋友。
[名師指津]　名詞所有格作定語主要表示事物間的關(guān)系(如所屬關(guān)系、主謂關(guān)系、動賓關(guān)系等)，而名詞作定語則主要表示被修飾名詞的特征、性別、用途、功能、內(nèi)容等。



不定冠詞的用法及固定搭配

1．不定冠詞的基本用法
(1)表示類指，或指某類中的“任何一個(gè)”。
A virus is a very small living thing that causes disease.
病毒是一種引發(fā)疾病的微生物。
(2)表示泛指。當(dāng)說話人第一次提及某人或某物時(shí)通常用不定冠詞，因此由不定冠詞構(gòu)成的名詞詞組往往帶有不確定的含義，相當(dāng)于“a certain”。
The story happened in a small town in Victoria.
故事發(fā)生在維多利亞的一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)上。
(3)表示量指。不定冠詞表示“一”這個(gè)數(shù)量，但數(shù)的概念沒有one強(qiáng)烈。
I watch TV for six or seven hours a day.
我一天要看六七個(gè)小時(shí)的電視。
(4)表示“每一”，相當(dāng)于per，用在表示價(jià)格、速度、頻率等的短語中。
Prices start at ￡13.95 a yard for printed cotton.
印花棉布以每碼13.95英鎊的價(jià)格起售。
(5)表示“同一，相同”，相當(dāng)于“the same”。
They happen to be of an age and wear clothes of a color.
他們碰巧同齡而且穿著同樣顏色的衣服。
2．不定冠詞用于固定搭配中
as a result因此，結(jié)果　　　　 as a rule通常
as a whole大體上 as a matter of fact事實(shí)上
at a loss不知所措 in a hurry匆忙
in a word總之 in a sense在某種意義上
in a way在某種程度上 in a short while不久
keep an eye on照看，留意 pay a visit to拜訪
put an end to結(jié)束 once in a while偶爾
once upon a time從前 all of a sudden突然
be on a diet節(jié)食 have a gift for在某方面有天賦
have/catch a cold感冒 make a living謀生
have/take a rest休息 give sb. a lift讓某人搭便車

[命題點(diǎn)感悟]
單句語法填空
① (2017·浙江11月高考)Like many things in life, it's ________ ongoing process, and the best part of the process is that there's enough room for improvement.
解析：an　process為可數(shù)名詞，表示“過程”，此處為泛指，又因空格處后面有一個(gè)限定詞ongoing，其發(fā)音以元音音素開頭，故應(yīng)填不定冠詞an。
②(2017·浙江6月高考)For Pahlsson, its return was _______wonder.
解析：a　wonder為可數(shù)名詞，表示“奇跡，奇事”，此處為泛指，故要用不定冠詞a。
③(2017·全國卷Ⅲ)Instead, she is earning ￡6,500 a day as ________ model in New York.
解析：a　此處意為“作為紐約的一名模特”，在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞model前應(yīng)該使用不定冠詞a，表示“一，一名”。
④(2017·全國卷Ⅱ)They live far from the school, and it takes them about ________ hour and a half to go to work every day.
解析：an　hour的讀音以元音音素開頭，且是可數(shù)名詞，所以填an。
⑤(2016·全國卷Ⅱ)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for _______ while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.
解析：a　for a while為固定搭配，意為“一會兒”。
⑥(2015·浙江高考)On the right side of the class was the road.I was always interested to see the drivers in ________ hurry in the morning.
解析：a　in a hurry“匆匆忙忙”，為固定短語。


定冠詞the的用法及固定搭配

1．定冠詞the的用法
(1)表示特指的人或物，或者雙方都知道的或心中都明白的人或物，或者指上文已經(jīng)提到過的人或事物。
Do you know the man standing at the gate of the door?
你認(rèn)識那個(gè)站在門口的人嗎？
(2)用在世界上獨(dú)一無二的名詞前。
The earth goes around the sun.
地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。
(3)用于序數(shù)詞、形容詞的最高級前。
Is this the first time you have visited Qingdao?
這是你第一次游覽青島嗎？
China is one of the richest countries in natural resources in the world.在自然資源方面，中國是世界上最富有的國家之一。
(4)用在表示姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前，表示一家人或夫妻倆；或用于形容詞/分詞前，表示一類人或物。
the wounded 傷員　the rich 富人
(5)用在逢十的年代前，表示“在某世紀(jì)幾十年代”。
in the 1990's在20世紀(jì)90年代
(6)用在“by＋the＋單位計(jì)量詞”中。
I hired the car by the hour.
我按小時(shí)租車。
(7)用在表示身體部位的名詞前，表示“打、抓住某人身體的某個(gè)部位”。
The police caught the thief by the arm.
警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。
(8)與形容詞或副詞的比較級連用，一般用于以下兩種情況：
①用于“the＋比較級．..，the＋比較級．..”結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示“越……越……”之意。
The more we do for the people, the happier we'll be.
我們?yōu)槿嗣褡龅迷蕉嗑驮叫腋！?br /> ②用在“the＋比較級＋of the two”結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示“兩個(gè)中較……的一個(gè)”。
She is the taller of the two girls.
她是兩個(gè)女孩子中個(gè)子較高的那一個(gè)。
2．定冠詞the用于固定搭配中
make the most/best of充分利用　 in the end最后
by the way順便說一下 in the distance在遠(yuǎn)處
in the way擋道 on the whole總的來說
at the same time同時(shí) on the other hand另一方面
to tell the truth說實(shí)話 for the time being暫時(shí)
on the spot在現(xiàn)場 not in the least一點(diǎn)也不
the other day前幾天 take the place of代替
at the moment此刻，目前 to the point中肯，切題
in the middle of在……中間 all the best一切順利

[命題點(diǎn)感悟]
單句語法填空
①(2018·全國卷Ⅱ)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ________ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
解析：the　此處特指過去的25年，故用the。
②(2018·全國卷Ⅲ)Unexpectedly, I'm face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at ________ top of her lungs.
解析：the　at the top of one's lungs為固定搭配，意為“盡量大聲地，聲嘶力竭地”。
③(2017·全國卷Ⅰ)I still remember how hard ________ first day was.
解析：the/my　表示第幾天，序數(shù)詞前要加定冠詞the或者用限定詞進(jìn)行修飾。
④(2017·全國卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over _______ top.
解析：the　top是名詞，前面要用冠詞，此處特指在(地鐵的)頂部建造一個(gè)結(jié)實(shí)的頂，所以用定冠詞the。
⑤(2016·浙江高考)Every time he arrived home at ________ end of the day, we'd greet him at the door.
解析：the　at the end of“在……結(jié)束時(shí)”，為固定搭配。
⑥(2016·全國卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, ________ other is with mum — she never suspects.
解析：the　此處表示雙胞胎大熊貓中的另一只，兩者之間的“另一個(gè)”應(yīng)該使用the other。
⑦(2016·全國卷Ⅱ)But in that case, we will learn little about ________ world.
解析：the　此處特指我們所生活的這個(gè)世界。
⑧(2015·全國卷Ⅱ)The adobe dwellings (土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even________ most modern of architects and engineers.
解析：the　在形容詞最高級的前面用定冠詞the。



零冠詞的用法及固定搭配

1．零冠詞的用法
(1)專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞、人名、地名等名詞前，一般不加冠詞。
He is living in Canada now.
他現(xiàn)在住在加拿大。
(2)季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)日、假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠詞。
We usually have breakfast at 7 o'clock.
我們通常7點(diǎn)吃早飯。
(3)在學(xué)科名稱、球類運(yùn)動、棋類游戲等名詞前不用冠詞。
I'm interested in English.我對英語很感興趣。
He is fond of playing chess.他喜歡下棋。
(4)表示頭銜和職務(wù)的名詞作表語、同位語或賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，其前通常不用冠詞。
Dr. Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, “A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”
這所學(xué)校的校長彼得·斯彭思博士告訴我們說：“這里五分之一的學(xué)生都會到牛津大學(xué)或者劍橋大學(xué)繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)。”
(5)用于與by連用的表示交通工具、通信工程的名詞前。
Are you going there by plane or by ship?
你是乘飛機(jī)還是乘船去那里？
(6)系動詞turn(變成)后跟單數(shù)名詞作表語時(shí)不用冠詞。
His brother has turned writer.
他弟弟已成為一名作家。
(7)在as/though引導(dǎo)的部分倒裝句中，“零冠詞＋單數(shù)名詞＋as/though＋主語＋謂語”意為“盡管……但是……”。
Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings.
盡管他是個(gè)英雄，但是他也有一些缺點(diǎn)。
(8)用在“名詞＋介詞短語”的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中。
The teacher came in, book in hand.
老師手里拿著一本書走進(jìn)來。
2．零冠詞用于固定搭配中
at present目前 　　　　　 take part in參加
in peace平靜 by chance/accident碰巧
on purpose故意 on second thoughts再一想
ahead of time提前 in advance提前
by law根據(jù)法律 by mistake由于差錯(cuò)
under repair處于維修中 lose heart灰心
day and night整日整夜 from morning till night從早到晚
out of control失控 out of work失業(yè)
in danger處于危險(xiǎn)之中 at risk有危險(xiǎn)

[專題過關(guān)訓(xùn)練]
Ⅰ.單句語法填空
1．And it evaluates how well you combine your listening, reading, speaking and writing skills (skill) to perform academic tasks.
2．Many of these had benefited from the government's special new policies encouraging people to start their own businesses (business)．
3．My immediate excitement gave in to excuses (excuse) as the weeks passed.
4．The British have many traditions_(tradition) but there is nothing more quintessential (典型的) than taking afternoon tea.
5．Some people are so rude. Who sends an e-mail or a text message that just says “Thank you”？
6．The teacher decided to teach us a very important lesson.
7．We also visited the Three Gorges Dam, a symbol of Chinese pride and power.
8．No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer.
9．Personally, I think teachers and parents should take measures (measure) to limit their children's Internet time.
10．This isn't the first time technology has changed our manners (manner)．
11．Antarctica, the coldest place on Earth, is the fifth largest continent in the world.
12．When my father bought me a computer as a birthday present last year, I felt very excited.
13．The camp is at the bottom of a mountain close to a beautiful river.
14．It is a great honour for me to take part in the volunteer work, and I learn the significance of helping others.
Ⅱ.運(yùn)用語法寫靚句
1．被邀請來參加這次聚會我深感榮幸。(consider, honor)
I_consider_it_a_great_honor_to_be_invited_to_this_party.
2．如果您能幫我，我將感激不盡。(appreciate, hand)
I_would_appreciate_it_if_you_could_give_me_a_hand.
3．作為一名英語方面的專家，您能否就如何提升英語寫作技能給我一些建議？(expert, give sb. some advice on)
As_an_expert_in_English,_can_you_give_me_some_advice_on_how_to_improve_my_writing_skills?
4．都說老師們過著簡樸的生活，但我認(rèn)為當(dāng)老師很有意義。(be said to, live, meaningful)
Teachers_are_said_to_live_a_simple_life,_but_I_think_being_a_teacher_is_meaningful.
5．張華，我們班的班長，昨天被選為我們學(xué)校的學(xué)生會主席。(monitor, elect, the Students' Union)
Zhang_Hua,_monitor_of_our_class,_was_elected_chairman_of_the_Students'_Union_of_our_school_yesterday.
6．我寫信是想讓您幫我個(gè)忙。(favor)
I_am_writing_to_ask_you_to_do_me_a_favor.
Ⅲ.語法填空
(2019·青島調(diào)研)The tea culture of China is __1__ (amaze) and has a long history.Tea drinking was widespread in China for about one thousand years before __2__ (appear) in Europe.
Tea drinking in China enjoys wide popularity.Many people nowadays go to expensively decorated teahouses __3__ (talk) business.However, tea drinking is very complex.Many factors contribute to __4__ enjoyable experience.It starts with the surroundings.In the past, tea drinking took place in a setting __5__ “spring water runs oil marble”．At present, in order to create such atmosphere, teahouses __6___ (decorate) with traditional paintings and furniture.Besides, there is always a __7__ (perform) of a traditional Chinese musical instrument, such as the guzheng, pipa and erhu.
Black tea, together __8__ green tea, oolong tea and pu'er tea __9__ (rank) the top four favourites.The first three types of tea are processed using similar methods but pu'er tea uses a __10__ (total) different method.

1．a(chǎn)mazing　應(yīng)用形容詞形式作表語，amazing“令人吃驚的”。
2．a(chǎn)ppearing　介詞before后應(yīng)用動名詞形式。
3．talking/to talk　此處表示伴隨或目的，故用現(xiàn)在分詞或動詞不定式。
4．a(chǎn)n　experience此處作“經(jīng)歷”講，為可數(shù)名詞，用不定冠詞表示泛指；又因enjoyable的讀音是以元音音素開頭的單詞，故用an。
5．where　先行詞為setting，在定語從句中關(guān)系詞作地點(diǎn)狀語，故用where。
6．a(chǎn)re decorated　主語teahouses與decorate之間為被動關(guān)系，根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語“At present”可知應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動語態(tài)。
7．performance　不定冠詞后應(yīng)用名詞形式。
8．with　together with為固定搭配，意為“與……一起”。
9．ranks　together with連接名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞與第一個(gè)名詞保持一致，故此處的動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。
10．totally　修飾形容詞different應(yīng)用副詞形式。


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