專(zhuān)題七情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與虛擬語(yǔ)氣

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞具有一定的詞義，沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化，必須和其他動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)，用來(lái)表示愿望、態(tài)度或推測(cè)等。
1．表示能力
(1)表示現(xiàn)在的能力
(2)表示將來(lái)的能力：will be able to
(3)表示過(guò)去的能力

I can't promise anything, but I'll do what I can.
我不能許諾什么，但我會(huì)盡力而為。(表示現(xiàn)在的能力)
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out.
盡管這場(chǎng)大火迅速蔓延到了這個(gè)賓館，但是每個(gè)人都逃了出去。(表示過(guò)去有能力做并且成功地做了)
I could have worked out the problem, but I was too nervous.
我本來(lái)可以解出這道題，但我太緊張了。(表示本來(lái)有能力做但未做)
2．表示推測(cè)(可能性)
可能性可分為客觀的可能性和具體事情實(shí)際發(fā)生的可能性?xún)煞N。
(1)客觀的可能性并不表示具體某事是否會(huì)發(fā)生，而用來(lái)說(shuō)明人或事物的特征。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can可用于肯定句中表示客觀的(或理論的)可能性，而表示具體事情實(shí)際發(fā)生的可能性時(shí)， can一般不用于肯定句。
Accidents can happen on such rainy days.
在這樣的多雨天氣里可能會(huì)發(fā)生事故。(表示客觀的可能性)
We may go to the cinema tonight, but we are not sure yet.　
今晚我們可能去看電影，但還沒(méi)確定。(表示實(shí)際可能性，不用can)
(2)表示具體事情實(shí)際發(fā)生的可能性
表示具體事情實(shí)際發(fā)生的可能性的層次(由強(qiáng)及弱)比較：
詞形
肯定式
否定式
疑問(wèn)式
must
必定，必然
/
/
should
按說(shuō)應(yīng)該
應(yīng)該不會(huì)
/
ought to
按說(shuō)應(yīng)該
應(yīng)該不會(huì)
/
can
/
不可能
有可能嗎？
could
微弱的可能
不可能
語(yǔ)氣比can弱
may
或許，也許，
也說(shuō)不定
可能不
/
might
比may還弱
比may not還弱
/

①在肯定句中表示推測(cè)(must/have to, should/ought to, may, might, could)
a．當(dāng)說(shuō)話(huà)者表達(dá)懷疑或猶豫之意時(shí)，需用may, might或 could, 其中might, could比may所表達(dá)的懷疑或猶豫之意更強(qiáng)。
That may be our taxi now!
現(xiàn)在那輛可能就是我們的出租車(chē)了！
That could/might be our taxi (but I doubt it)．
那輛有可能是我們的出租車(chē)(但我有所懷疑)。
b．當(dāng)說(shuō)話(huà)者表達(dá)毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的結(jié)論時(shí)，需用must和have to (較通俗)，意為“一定，肯定”；should和ought to所表達(dá)的程度不如must強(qiáng)，但比may, might和could強(qiáng)，should/ought to表示推測(cè)出合乎理想的情況或結(jié)果，意為“按說(shuō)應(yīng)該”。
He must/has to be the wanted man: He's exactly like the one in this picture.
他一定是被通緝的那個(gè)男子：他和這張照片上的人一模一樣。
He ought to/should be here on time — he started early enough.
他應(yīng)該按時(shí)到這里——他出發(fā)得夠早的。
②在否定句中表示推測(cè)(may not, might not, shouldn't, can't, couldn't)
否定語(yǔ)氣較弱時(shí)，常用should not (應(yīng)該不會(huì))，或用may not, might not (可能不，也許不)；否定語(yǔ)氣較強(qiáng)時(shí)，則用can't或couldn't (不可能)。
Don't worry. Your father may not have been hurt seriously.
別擔(dān)心，你父親也許傷得不厲害。
There shouldn't be any difficulty in getting you a visa.
給你弄個(gè)簽證應(yīng)該不會(huì)有什么困難。
③在疑問(wèn)句中表示推測(cè)(can, could)
can, could在疑問(wèn)句中，常表示困惑、不相信等。
There's someone outside — who can it be?
外面有人——會(huì)是誰(shuí)呢？
What can they be doing?
他們可能在干些什么呢？
Could he be serious?
他是當(dāng)真的嗎？
Where can she have put it?
她能把它放在哪兒呢？
3．表示必要性、義務(wù)、責(zé)任
(1)表示必要性

You needn't have worked that late last night. It was harmful to your health.
你昨晚本來(lái)不必工作到那么晚的。那對(duì)你的健康有害。
—Must I give up smoking?
—Yes, you must. /No, you needn't.
——我必須戒煙嗎？
——是的，你必須。/不，你不必。
(2)表示義務(wù)、責(zé)任
should意為“(義務(wù)上)應(yīng)該”，在語(yǔ)氣上比must (必須)弱?！皊hould＋動(dòng)詞原形”表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)應(yīng)該……；“should＋have＋過(guò)去分詞”表示過(guò)去本該……。
I should go and visit him this afternoon, but I wonder if I will be free.
今天下午我應(yīng)該去看望他，但我不知道我是否有空。(表示將來(lái)應(yīng)該)
You should have come to the conference yesterday. What was the reason for your absence?
你昨天本應(yīng)該參加那個(gè)會(huì)議。你缺席的原因是什么？(表示過(guò)去本該)
4．表示請(qǐng)求、建議、命令、允許、禁止
(1)表示請(qǐng)求、建議
①表示請(qǐng)求許可或提出建議時(shí)用：

—May I sit down？我可以坐下嗎？
—No, you mustn't.不，你不可以。
Shall the driver wait outside?
司機(jī)在外邊等著可以嗎？
Would you do me a favor?
請(qǐng)幫我一下，好嗎？
[名師指津]　請(qǐng)求對(duì)方許可時(shí)，could表示委婉的語(yǔ)氣，回答時(shí)要用can。
—Could I use your bike tomorrow morning?
—Yes, you can.(否定：No, I'm afraid not.)
——明天早晨我用一下你的自行車(chē)，行嗎？
——行，你用吧。(否定：不，恐怕不行。)
②主動(dòng)提出幫忙時(shí)用：Shall I/we ...?
—What's your name?
—Aaron. Shall I spell it for you?
——你叫什么？
——Aaron。我為你拼出來(lái)好嗎？
(2)表示命令、允許、禁止
must (必須), mustn't (禁止)可以表示說(shuō)話(huà)者的命令或指令，語(yǔ)氣比較強(qiáng)烈；should/ought to(應(yīng)該), shouldn't/oughtn't to (不應(yīng)該)也可表示說(shuō)話(huà)者的命令、指令，但暗含對(duì)對(duì)方是否聽(tīng)從并無(wú)把握；may/might, can 表示允許。
The children must be back by 4 o'clock.
孩子們必須在4點(diǎn)鐘以前回來(lái)。
You mustn't leave the gate open.
你不要讓大門(mén)敞開(kāi)著。
You ought to/should apologize.
你應(yīng)該道歉(雖然我不知道你是否會(huì)這樣做)。
You oughtn't to/shouldn't neglect the garden.
你不應(yīng)該疏于照管花園。
You may/can/might come if you wish.
你想來(lái)就來(lái)吧。
Passengers may/can/might cross by the footbridge.
乘客可通過(guò)步行橋穿過(guò)去。
5．表示意愿、意志、決心、允諾
(1)shall與第二、三人稱(chēng)連用，用于陳述句中，表示說(shuō)話(huà)者的意志，用來(lái)表達(dá)說(shuō)話(huà)者給對(duì)方以命令、指示或允諾。此外，當(dāng)宣布法律、規(guī)定時(shí)，也用shall來(lái)表達(dá)。
It has been announced that candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.
已宣布，在所有試卷收上來(lái)之前，應(yīng)試者必須留在自己的座位上。(規(guī)則或規(guī)定)
(2)will, would與各種人稱(chēng)連用，用于陳述句，表示主語(yǔ)的意愿、意志或決心。
You can stay here as long as you can, if you will.
如果你愿意，你想在這里待多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間就待多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。(表示主語(yǔ)的意愿)
—Mr. Gordon asked me to remind you of the meeting this afternoon. Don't you forget it!
—OK, I won't.
——戈登先生讓我提醒你今天下午有會(huì)議。你可別忘了！
——好的，我不會(huì)忘的。(表示決心)
6．表示習(xí)慣和傾向
will (won't)可用來(lái)敘述真理，還可敘述目前的習(xí)慣，would (wouldn't)可以用來(lái)敘述過(guò)去的習(xí)慣。
Engines won't run without lubricant.
沒(méi)有潤(rùn)滑劑發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)就不能運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。
She will listen to records alone in her room for hours.
她獨(dú)自一人在屋里聽(tīng)唱片，常常一聽(tīng)就是幾個(gè)小時(shí)。
He would spend hours in the bathroom or on the telephone.
他以前一進(jìn)洗澡間或是一打電話(huà)，往往就是幾個(gè)小時(shí)。
[名師指津]　would和used to都可表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣，但前者表示過(guò)去反復(fù)的動(dòng)作，常與every day, often, frequently等連用；后者表示過(guò)去的狀態(tài)或過(guò)去的習(xí)慣，但現(xiàn)在已不存在。
When he was abroad, he would read as many books as possible.
在國(guó)外時(shí)，他總是盡可能多讀書(shū)。
She doesn't get up so early as she used to.
她不像以前那樣起得那么早了。
7．need和dare的用法

作實(shí)義
動(dòng)詞
有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化
后接to do
用于肯定句、否定句、疑問(wèn)句
構(gòu)成否定句、疑問(wèn)句時(shí)要用助動(dòng)詞
作情態(tài)
動(dòng)詞
無(wú)人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化
后接動(dòng)詞原形
多用于否定句與疑問(wèn)句
構(gòu)成否定句、疑問(wèn)句時(shí)不用助動(dòng)詞

He needn't do it.(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)
He doesn't need to do it.(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)
他不必做這件事。
I didn't know whether he dared say that to him.(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)態(tài)變化)
我不知道他是否敢對(duì)他說(shuō)那些。
[名師指津]　(1)dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，還可用于條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，過(guò)去式為dared；(2)作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，dare用于疑問(wèn)句或否定句，后面的to也可省略；(3)I dare say是習(xí)慣說(shuō)法，意為“我想，大概”；(4)need作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，還可表示“需要”，后接動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式或不定式的被動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。
He didn't dare (to) do it.(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)
He dared not do it.(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)
他不敢那么做。



[命題點(diǎn)感悟]
單句語(yǔ)法填空
①(2017·北京高考改編)Samuel, the tallest boy in our class，________ easily reach the books on the top shelf.
解析：can　句意：塞繆爾，我們班最高的男孩，能輕松地夠到書(shū)架頂層上的書(shū)本。can表示“能夠”。
②(2016·浙江高考)Then he and my mother ________ (have) a drink while she prepared dinner and they would talk about his day and hers.
解析：would have　根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，此處描述的是過(guò)去的一種習(xí)慣，故用would do表示“過(guò)去常常做”。
③(2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)We ________ find ways to protect our environment.
解析：must　情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must表示“必須”，強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀上。


情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋have done
1．對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情或狀態(tài)進(jìn)行推測(cè)
must have done sth.
“(過(guò)去)一定做了某事”；語(yǔ)氣比較肯定；用于肯定句
may (might)
have done sth.
“(過(guò)去)可能/也許做了某事”；語(yǔ)氣不確定；用于肯定句和否定句
can (could)
have done sth.
“本能夠做某事”；用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句，表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的行為的懷疑或不確定

Looking at the large empty apartment, I began aware of how lonely my mother must have been in Brazil herself.
看著這個(gè)又大又空的公寓，我開(kāi)始理解媽媽獨(dú)自一人在巴西一定也很孤單。
The boy might have known the truth, but I am not quite sure.
那個(gè)男孩也許知道了真相，但我不是很確定。
I didn't see her in the meeting room this morning. She couldn't have spoken at the meeting.
我今天上午在會(huì)議室時(shí)沒(méi)看見(jiàn)她，她不可能在會(huì)議上講話(huà)。
2．表示“與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反”
could have done sth.
過(guò)去本可以做某事但實(shí)際上沒(méi)做
needn't have done sth.
過(guò)去本不必做某事但實(shí)際上做了
ought to/should have done sth.
過(guò)去本應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上沒(méi)做
oughtn't to/shouldn't have done sth.
過(guò)去本不應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上做了
might have done sth.
過(guò)去可能做某事但實(shí)際上沒(méi)做

He could have gone on regretting it, as too many of us do.
他本可以繼續(xù)為此而遺憾，正如我們中很多人一樣。
I needn't have taken the umbrella, for the weather is fine.
天氣這么好，我本沒(méi)必要帶雨傘的。
You ought to have done this exercise more carefully.
你本應(yīng)該更仔細(xì)地做這個(gè)練習(xí)。
You might have given him more help, though you were busy.
你本可以給他更多幫助，雖然你當(dāng)時(shí)很忙。
[命題點(diǎn)感悟]
單句語(yǔ)法填空
①(2015·天津高考改編)I needn't ________ (worry) before I came to the new school, for my classmates here are very friendly to me.
解析：have worried　needn't have done表示“本沒(méi)有必要做”。
②(2013·浙江高考改編)I ________ (enjoy) myself more — it was a perfect day.
解析：couldn't/can't have enjoyed　句意：我玩得再開(kāi)心不過(guò)了——這是完美的一天?！癱an't/couldn't ... more”表示最高級(jí)的意思；根據(jù)題干中的was可知設(shè)空處表示“對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情的態(tài)度”，故答案為couldn't/can't have enjoyed。
③(2013·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ改編) Since nobody gave him any help, he ________ have done the research on his own.
解析：must　句意：既然沒(méi)有人幫助他，他一定是獨(dú)自完成了這項(xiàng)研究。根據(jù)題干中“Since nobody gave him any help”可判斷設(shè)空處表示肯定的推測(cè)。


虛擬語(yǔ)氣
1．虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于條件狀語(yǔ)從句中
(1)虛擬語(yǔ)氣在非真實(shí)條件句中的運(yùn)用
類(lèi)別
從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反
過(guò)去式(be用were)
should/would/could/might＋動(dòng)詞原形
與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反
had＋過(guò)去分詞
should/would/could/might＋have＋過(guò)去分詞
與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反
過(guò)去式(be用were)
should/would/could/might＋動(dòng)詞原形
should＋動(dòng)詞原形
were to＋動(dòng)詞原形

If my brother were here, everything would be all right.
要是我哥哥在這兒的話(huà)，一切都沒(méi)問(wèn)題了。
If it should rain this afternoon, the basketball match would be put off.
要是今天下午下雨，籃球比賽就會(huì)被推遲。
If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the exams.如果你早聽(tīng)了我的建議，你考試就能通過(guò)了。
(2)虛擬條件句中的省略與倒裝
如果虛擬條件句中含有were/had/should，有時(shí)可把if省略，把were/had/should提到主語(yǔ)之前形成倒裝；若為否定形式，not不可提前。
Had he caught the morning train, he would not have been late for the meeting.
要是他趕上了早晨的火車(chē)，那他就不會(huì)開(kāi)會(huì)遲到了。
(3)錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句
有時(shí)條件句的動(dòng)作與主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致，這時(shí)動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)根據(jù)它們各自表示的時(shí)間加以調(diào)整。
If we had booked a table earlier, we wouldn't be standing here in a queue.
如果我們?cè)缧┯單蛔?，現(xiàn)在也就不用站在這里排隊(duì)了。(if條件句是對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬，而主句是對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬。)
(4)含蓄條件句
①有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況不用條件句表達(dá)，而是用but for, without等介詞(短語(yǔ))或上下文來(lái)表示。
We wouldn't have finished the project on time without your timely help.
如果沒(méi)有你的及時(shí)幫助，我們就不能按時(shí)完成那項(xiàng)工程了。
②用連詞otherwise, or等暗示后文與前面的情況相反，從而引出后文的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meeting.
我那天病了，否則，我就參加運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)了。
③虛擬條件通過(guò)but暗示出來(lái)，模式為“虛擬情況＋but＋真實(shí)情況”。
I would have delivered a speech, but I had a cold that day.
我本來(lái)可以做演講，但是那天我感冒了。
2．虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于名詞性從句中
(1)在“It is＋important/necessary/natural/strange/essential/vital/a pity＋that ... ”句型中，that從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“(should＋)動(dòng)詞原形”。
It's vital that we (should) take our safety driving along the road seriously.
認(rèn)真對(duì)待我們?cè)诼飞祥_(kāi)車(chē)時(shí)的安全非常重要。
(2)在would rather (that)后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；如果表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
I'd rather he had gone to the seaside with me the day before yesterday.
要是他前天和我去海邊就好了。
(3)句中含有以下單詞或變形時(shí)，該句中的名詞性從句(賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、主語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句)部分常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為“should＋動(dòng)詞原形”，其中should可以省略。

He suggested that we (should) start off early the next day.
他建議我們第二天早點(diǎn)出發(fā)。
[名師指津]　當(dāng)suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“堅(jiān)持說(shuō)”之意時(shí)，suggest/insist后的賓語(yǔ)從句不使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，而使用陳述語(yǔ)氣。
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.
他臉上的微笑表明他對(duì)我們的工作很滿(mǎn)意。
The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.
那個(gè)人堅(jiān)持說(shuō)他從沒(méi)有偷過(guò)那筆錢(qián)。
(4)wish后賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

虛擬語(yǔ)氣
從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反
過(guò)去式(be動(dòng)詞一般用were)
與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反
had＋過(guò)去分詞
與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反
would/could＋動(dòng)詞原形

I wish (that) I were ten years younger.
但愿我能年輕十歲。
I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday.
我多希望昨天見(jiàn)到了那個(gè)影星。
(5)as if/though引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句和方式狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
as if/though引導(dǎo)的從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式及使用情況與wish后賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞及使用情況相同。
She looks as if nothing had happened to her.
她看起來(lái)好像什么事都沒(méi)有發(fā)生似的。
[名師指津]　如果從句中描述的事情可能會(huì)發(fā)生，那么從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用陳述語(yǔ)氣。
It sounds as if it is raining.
聽(tīng)起來(lái)像是在下雨。
3．2個(gè)特定句式中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

句型結(jié)構(gòu)
過(guò)去虛擬
現(xiàn)在虛擬
將來(lái)虛擬
if only引導(dǎo)的條件句及感嘆句
had＋過(guò)去分詞
過(guò)去式(be動(dòng)詞一般用were)
would/could/should/might＋動(dòng)詞原形
It is (high/
about/very)
time (that) ...
過(guò)去式或“should＋動(dòng)詞原形”



If only I had seen the film.
要是我看過(guò)那部電影就好了。
It is high time that we should start/started out.
我們?cè)摮霭l(fā)了。

[命題點(diǎn)感悟]
單句語(yǔ)法填空
① (2018·浙江6月高考改編)If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you ________ (go) to your mum's home for dinner.
解析：(should) go　suggest 表“建議”時(shí)，其后的謂語(yǔ)用should 加動(dòng)詞原形，should可以省略。
②(2017·北京高考改編)If the new safety system________(put) to use, the accident would never have happened.
解析：had been put　句意：如果新的安全系統(tǒng)被投入使用，這次事故就不會(huì)發(fā)生了。由句意和主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式可知，此句是對(duì)發(fā)生在過(guò)去的事情的假設(shè)，條件狀語(yǔ)從句中應(yīng)該使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
③(2015·四川高考)If you ________ (be) me, would you talk to them?
解析：were　根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，此處是虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示與現(xiàn)在情況相反，應(yīng)用were。
[專(zhuān)題過(guò)關(guān)訓(xùn)練]
Ⅰ.用適當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞填空
1．When I was a child, I could watch TV whenever I wanted to.
2．—What are you doing this Saturday?
—I'm not sure, but I might go to the Rolling Stones concert.
3．The door won't (not) open, no matter how hard she pushed.
4．One of our rules is that every student shall wear school uniform while at school.
5．They _should have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed.
6．—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now?
—I am afraid you must,_in case he comes late for the meeting.
7．We needn't (not) have bought so much food now that Suzie won't be with us for dinner.
8．—Who can be phoning us at this time of night?
—It might be your sister.
9．We can't imagine that two children should be killed by the washing machine of their house.
10．—The deadline is drawing, but I failed to challenge the task a third time.
—Shall my brother have a try?
Ⅱ.用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空
1．It is required by law that a driving test (should)be_taken (take) before a man gets a license.
2．He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would_have_known (know) nothing about it.
3．The national smog serves as a constant reminder, indicating that it's high time we reflected (reflect) on ourselves.
4．—It would_be (be) cool if I won this contest. I don't think I'm good enough, though.
—Give it a shot. You never know.
5．The Antarctica is so mystically described by some people. If only I had_been (be) there before.
6．—Did you make it at last?
—Yes. But for your help, it would/could_have_caused (cause) a serious loss.
7．Most citizens in Hong Kong strongly insisted that those who attacked the police with violence (should)be_put (put) into prison.
8．I wish I had_shared (share) the car journey home with my friends. Now they are watching the football match at home.
Ⅲ.運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法寫(xiě)靚句
1．我家鄉(xiāng)春天的天氣相當(dāng)暖和，但有時(shí)也會(huì)非常冷。(fairly warm, extremely cold)
The_weather_in_my_hometown_is_fairly_warm_in_spring,_but_it_can_be_extremely_cold_sometimes.
2．你在山路上開(kāi)車(chē)時(shí)一定要小心，因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)可能很危險(xiǎn)。(drive down, the mountainous road)
You_must_be_careful_when_you_drive_down_the_mountainous_road,_because_it_can_be_dangerous_sometimes.
3．她不敢單獨(dú)在夜里出去。(dare)
She_daren't_go_out_at_night_alone./She_doesn't_dare_to_go_out_at_night_alone.
4．現(xiàn)在，他不可能正在和他的同學(xué)一起旅游。相反，他一定是在家里學(xué)習(xí)。(tour with)
At_the_moment,_he_can't_be_touring_with_his_friends._On_the_contrary,_he_must_be_studying_at_home.
5．是因?yàn)槲覍W(xué)習(xí)不夠努力，還是因?yàn)槲覍W(xué)習(xí)方法不當(dāng)？(work hard, in the right way)
Can_it_be_because_I_haven't_worked_hard_enough_or_because_I_haven't_studied_in_the_right_way?
6．那天上學(xué)我遲到了。我可能把鬧鐘關(guān)掉后又睡著了。(turn off, fall asleep)
I_was_late_for_school_that_day._I_might_have_turned_off_the_alarm_clock_and_fallen_asleep_again.
7．我多么希望我能更聰明一些，精力更充沛一些！(how, wish, intelligent, energetic)
How_I_wish_I_were_more_intelligent_and_more_energetic!
8．要是我上初中時(shí)沒(méi)把時(shí)間浪費(fèi)在看小說(shuō)上該多好啊。(if only, waste time in doing)
If_only_I_hadn't_wasted_the_time_in_reading_novels_when_I_was_in_junior_high_school.
Ⅳ.語(yǔ)法填空
(2019·臨沂模擬)Etiquette (禮儀) is to society __1__ clothing is to the individual. Without clothes men would go in shameful nudity which would __2__ (certain) lead to the corruption of morals, and without etiquette society would be in a pitiable state and the necessary __3__ (communicate) between its members would be disturbed by needless offence and troubles.
If society moved like a train, the etiquette would be the __4__ (track), along which only the train could go forth; if society __5__ (be) a coach, the etiquette would be the wheels, on which only the coach could roll forward.
The lack of etiquette would make __6__ best friends turn to be the most decided enemies and the __7__ (friend) countries declare war against each other. We can find many examples in the history of mankind. Therefore I __8__ (advice) you to stand on ceremony before anyone else and to take pains not __9__ (do) anything against etiquette __10__ case you give offence or make enemies.

1．what　句意：禮儀之于社會(huì)猶如衣著之于個(gè)人。“A is to B what C is to D”為固定句型，意為“A之于B猶如C之于D”。
2．certainly　設(shè)空處作“l(fā)ead to”的狀語(yǔ)，故用副詞形式。
3．communication　設(shè)空處作主語(yǔ)，故用名詞形式(communication)。
4．tracks　根據(jù)常識(shí)可知，火車(chē)要在雙軌上行進(jìn)，故設(shè)空處填名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式(tracks)。
5．were　本句表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，if從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去式，be動(dòng)詞用were。
6．the　設(shè)空處后為形容詞最高級(jí)，表示“最好的朋友”。故設(shè)空處填定冠詞the。
7．friendly　設(shè)空處后為名詞，設(shè)空處作定語(yǔ)，故用形容詞(friendly)作定語(yǔ)。
8．a(chǎn)dvise　設(shè)空處在句中作謂語(yǔ)，故需用謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，這里講述的是客觀事實(shí)，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
9．to do　take pains to do sth.為固定短語(yǔ)，意為“努力做某事”。
10．in　in case為固定短語(yǔ)，意為“以防，以免”。


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