（2024年新高考I卷高考真題）In the race t dcument the species n Earth befre they g extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have cllected billins f recrds. Tday, mst recrds f bidiversity are ften in the frm f phts, vides, and ther digital recrds. Thugh they are useful fr detecting shifts in the number and variety f species in an area, a new Stanfrd study has fund that this type f recrd is nt perfect.
“With the rise f technlgy it is easy fr peple t make bservatins f different species with the aid f a mbile applicatin,” said Barnabas Daru, wh is lead authr f the study and assistant prfessr f bilgy in the Stanfrd Schl f Humanities and Sciences. “These bservatins nw utnumber the primary data that cmes frm physical specimens (標本), and since we are increasingly using bservatinal data t investigate hw species are respnding t glbal change, I wanted t knw: Are they usable?”
Using a glbal dataset f 1.9 billin recrds f plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested hw well these data represent actual glbal bidiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in explring the aspects f sampling that tend t bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihd f a citizen scientist t take a picture f a flwering plant instead f the grass right next t it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number f bservatin-nly recrds did nt lead t better glbal cverage. Mrever, these data are biased and favr certain regins, time perids, and species. This makes sense because the peple wh get bservatinal bidiversity data n mbile devices are ften citizen scientists recrding their encunters with species in areas nearby. These data are als biased tward certain species with attractive r eye-catching features.
What can we d with the imperfect datasets f bidiversity?
“Quite a lt,” Daru explained. “Bidiversity apps can use ur study results t infrm users f versampled areas and lead them t places — and even species — that are nt well-sampled. T imprve the quality f bservatinal data, bidiversity apps can als encurage users t have an expert cnfirm the identificatin f their upladed image.”
1．What d we knw abut the recrds f species cllected nw?
A．They are becming utdated.B．They are mstly in electrnic frm.
C．They are limited in number.D．They are used fr public exhibitin.
2．What des Daru’s study fcus n?
A．Threatened species.B．Physical specimens.
C．Observatinal data.D．Mbile applicatins.
3．What has led t the biases accrding t the study?
A．Mistakes in data analysis.B．Pr quality f upladed pictures.
C．Imprper way f sampling.D．Unreliable data cllectin devices.
4．What is Daru’s suggestin fr bidiversity apps?
A．Review data frm certain areas.B．Hire experts t check the recrds.
C．Cnfirm the identity f the users.D．Give guidance t citizen scientists.
（2024年新高考II卷高考真題）We all knw fresh is best when it cmes t fd. Hwever, mst prduce at the stre went thrugh weeks f travel and cvered hundreds f miles befre reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a slid chice t reduce the jurney, Babyln Micr-Farm (BMF) shrtens it even mre.
BMF is an indr garden system. It can be set up fr a family. Additinally, it culd serve a larger audience such as a hspital, restaurant r schl. The innvative design requires little effrt t achieve a reliable weekly supply f fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies n new technlgy. By cnnecting thrugh the Clud, BMF is remtely mnitred. Als, there is a cnvenient app that prvides grwing data in real time. Because the system is autmated, it significantly reduces the amunt f water needed t grw plants. Rather than watering rws f sil, the system prvides just the right amunt t each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pd (容器) t get the next grwth cycle started.
Mrever, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zer emissins (排放) frm transprting plants frm sil t salad. In additin, there’s n need fr pesticides and ther chemicals that pllute traditinal farms and the surrunding envirnment.
BMF emplyees live ut sustainability in their everyday lives. Abut half f them walk r bike t wrk. Inside the ffice, they encurage recycling and waste reductin by limiting garbage cans and aviding single-use plastic. “We are passinate abut reducing waste, carbn and chemicals in ur envirnment,” said a BMF emplyee.
5．What can be learned abut BMF frm paragraph 1?
A．It guarantees the variety f fd.B．It requires day-t-day care.
C．It cuts the farm-t-table distance.D．It relies n farmer’s markets.
6．What infrmatin des the cnvenient app ffer?
A．Real-time weather changes.B．Current cnditin f the plants.
C．Chemical pllutants in the sil.D．Availability f pre-seeded pds.
7．What can be cncluded abut BMF emplyees?
A．They have a great passin fr sprts.
B．They are devted t cmmunity service.
C．They are fnd f sharing daily experiences.
D．They have a strng envirnmental awareness.
8．What des the text mainly talk abut?
A．BMF’s majr strengths.B．BMF’s general management.
C．BMF’s glbal influence.D．BMF’s technical standards.
（2023年新高考I卷高考真題）On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galtn published a paper which illustrated what has cme t be knwn as the “wisdm f crwds” effect. The experiment f estimatin he cnducted shwed that in sme cases, the average f a large number f independent estimates culd be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and sme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple’s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn.
But a new study led by Jaquin Navajas ffered an interesting twist (轉(zhuǎn)折) n this classic phenmenn. The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals. Fr instance, the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals.
In a fllw-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? This happened sme f the time, but it wasn’t the dminant respnse. Mst frequently, the grups reprted that they “shared arguments and reasned tgether”. Smehw, these arguments and reasning resulted in a glbal reductin in errr. Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain, the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus.
9．What is paragraph 2 f the text mainly abut?
A．The methds f estimatin.B．The underlying lgic f the effect.
C．The causes f peple’s errrs.D．The design f Galtn’s experiment.
10．Navajas’ study fund that the average accuracy culd increase even if ________.
A．the crwds were relatively smallB．there were ccasinal underestimates
C．individuals did nt cmmunicateD．estimates were nt fully independent
11．What did the fllw-up study fcus n?
A．The size f the grups.B．The dminant members.
C．The discussin prcess.D．The individual estimates.
12．What is the authr’s attitude tward Navajas’ studies?
A．Unclear.B．Dismissive.C．Dubtful.D．Apprving.
（2023年新高考I卷高考真題）The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism, including a detailed explratin f what it asks and why it wrks, and then t teach yu hw t adpt this philsphy if yu decide it’s right fr yu.
T d s, I divided the bk int tw parts. In part ne, I describe the philsphical fundatins f digital minimalism, starting with an examinatin f the frces that are making s many peple’s digital lives increasingly intlerable, befre mving n t a detailed discussin f the digital minimalism philsphy.
Part ne cncludes by intrducing my suggested methd fr adpting this philsphy: the digital declutter. This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days. At the end f the thirty days, yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value.
In the final chapter f part ne, I’ll guide yu thrugh carrying ut yur wn digital declutter. In ding s, I’ll draw n an experiment I ran in 2018 in which ver 1,600 peple agreed t perfrm a digital declutter. Yu’ll hear these participants’ stries and learn what strategies wrked well fr them, and what traps they encuntered that yu shuld avid.
The secnd part f this bk takes a clser lk at sme ideas that will help yu cultivate (培養(yǎng)) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the imprtance f slitude (獨處) and the necessity f cultivating high-quality leisure t replace the time mst nw spent n mindless device use. Each chapter cncludes with a cllectin f practices, which are designed t help yu act n the big ideas f the chapter. Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrks fr yur particular circumstances.
13．What is the bk aimed at?
A．Teaching critical thinking skills.B．Advcating a simple digital lifestyle.
C．Slving philsphical prblems.D．Prmting the use f a digital device.
14．What des the underlined wrd “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．Clear-up.B．Add-n.C．Check-in.D．Take-ver.
15．What is presented in the final chapter f part ne?
A．Theretical mdels.B．Statistical methds.
C．Practical examples.D．Histrical analyses.
16．What des the authr suggest readers d with the practices ffered in part tw?
A．Use them as needed.B．Recmmend them t friends.
C．Evaluate their effects.D．Identify the ideas behind them.
（2023年新高考II卷高考真題）As cities balln with grwth, access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find. If yu’re lucky, there might be a pcket park near where yu live, but it’s unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has fund health and wellness benefits f nature fr humans, but a new study shws that wildness in urban areas is extremely imprtant fr human well-being.
The research team fcused n a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-gers, asking them t submit a written summary nline f a meaningful interactin they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissins, cding (編碼) experiences int different categries. Fr example, ne participant’s experience f “We sat and listened t the waves at the beach fr a while” was assigned the categries “sitting at beach” and “l(fā)istening t waves.”
Acrss the 320 submissins, a pattern f categries the researchers call a “nature language” began t emerge. After the cding f all submissins, half a dzen categries were nted mst ften as imprtant t visitrs. These include encuntering wildlife, walking alng the edge f water, and fllwing an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps peple recgnize and take part in the activities that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them. Fr example, the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be satisfying fr a yung prfessinal n a weekend hike in the park. Back dwntwn during a wrkday, they can enjy a mre dmestic frm f this interactin by walking alng a funtain n their lunch break.
“We’re trying t generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactins back int ur daily lives. And fr that t happen, we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senir authr f the study.
17．What phenmenn des the authr describe at the beginning f the text?
A．Pcket parks are nw ppular.B．Wild nature is hard t find in cities.
C．Many cities are verppulated.D．Peple enjy living clse t nature.
18．Why did the researchers cde participant submissins int categries?
A．T cmpare different types f park-gers.B．T explain why the park attracts turists.
C．T analyze the main features f the park.D．T find patterns in the visitrs’ summaries.
19．What can we learn frm the example given in paragraph 5?
A．Walking is the best way t gain access t nature.
B．Yung peple are t busy t interact with nature.
C．The same nature experience takes different frms.
D．The nature language enhances wrk perfrmance.
20．What shuld be dne befre we can interact with nature accrding t Kahn?
A．Language study.B．Envirnmental cnservatin.
C．Public educatin.D．Intercultural cmmunicatin.
（2023年新高考II卷高考真題）Reading Art: Art fr Bk Lvers is a celebratin f an everyday bject — the bk, represented here in almst three hundred artwrks frm museums arund the wrld. The image f the reader appears thrughut histry, in art made lng befre bks as we nw knw them came int being. In artists’ representatins f bks and reading, we see mments f shared humanity that g beynd culture and time.
In this “bk f bks,” artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. Adults are prtrayed (描繪) alne in many settings and pses —absrbed in a vlume, deep in thught r lst in a mment f leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag, but they recrd mments we can all relate t.
Bks themselves may be used symblically in paintings t demnstrate the intellect (才智), wealth r faith f the subject. Befre the wide use f the printing press, bks were treasured bjects and culd be wrks f art in their wn right. Mre recently, as bks have becme inexpensive r even thrwaway, artists have used them as the raw material fr artwrks — transfrming cvers, pages r even cmplete vlumes int paintings and sculptures.
Cntinued develpments in cmmunicatin technlgies were nce believed t make the printed page utdated. Frm a 21st-century pint f view, the printed bk is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader. T serve its functin, a bk must be activated by a user: the cver pened, the pages parted, the cntents reviewed, perhaps ntes written dwn r wrds underlined. And in cntrast t ur increasingly netwrked lives where the infrmatin we cnsume is mnitred and tracked, a printed bk still ffers the chance f a whlly private, “ff-line” activity.
21．Where is the text mst prbably taken frm?
A．An intrductin t a bk.B．An essay n the art f writing.
C．A guidebk t a museum.D．A review f mdern paintings.
22．What are the selected artwrks abut?
A．Wealth and intellect.B．Hme and schl.
C．Bks and reading.D．Wrk and leisure.
23．What d the underlined wrds “relate t” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Understand.B．Paint.
C．Seize.D．Transfrm.
24．What des the authr want t say by mentining the e-reader?
A．The printed bk is nt ttally ut f date.
B．Technlgy has changed the way we read.
C．Our lives in the 21st century are netwrked.
D．Peple nw rarely have the patience t read.
（2022年新高考I卷高考真題）Like mst f us, I try t be mindful f fd that ges t waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was t make a nice green salad, runding ut a rast chicken dinner. But I ended up wrking late. Then friends called with a dinner invitatin. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even wrse, I had unthinkingly bught way t much; I culd have made six salads with what I threw ut.
In a wrld where nearly 800 millin peple a year g hungry, “fd waste ges against the mral grain,” as Elizabeth Ryte writes in this mnth’s cver stry. It’s jaw-drpping hw much perfectly gd fd is thrwn away — frm “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grcers t large amunts f uneaten dishes thrwn int restaurant garbage cans.
Prducing fd that n ne eats wastes the water, fuel, and ther resurces used t grw it. That makes fd waste an envirnmental prblem. In fact, Ryte writes, “if fd waste were a cuntry, it wuld be the third largest prducer f greenhuse gases in the wrld.”
If that’s hard t understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back f my refrigeratr. Mike Curtin sees my arugula stry all the time — but fr him, it's mre like 12 bnes f dnated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO f DC Central Kitchen in Washingtn, D．C．, which recvers fd and turns it int healthy meals. Last year it recvered mre than 807,500 punds f fd by taking dnatins and cllecting blemished (有瑕疵的) prduce that therwise wuld have rtted in fields. And the strawberries? Vlunteers will wash, cut, and freeze r dry them fr use in meals dwn the rad.
Such methds seem bvius, yet s ften we just dn’t think. “Everyne can play a part in reducing waste, whether by nt purchasing mre fd than necessary in yur weekly shpping r by asking restaurants t nt include the side dish yu wn’t eat,” Curtin says.
25．What des the authr want t shw by telling the arugula stry?
A．We pay little attentin t fd waste.B．We waste fd unintentinally at times.
C．We waste mre vegetables than meat.D．We have gd reasns fr wasting fd.
26．What is a cnsequence f fd waste accrding t the test?
A．Mral decline.B．Envirnmental harm.
C．Energy shrtage.D．Wrldwide starvatin.
27．What des Curtin’s cmpany d?
A．It prduces kitchen equipment.B．It turns rtten arugula int clean fuel.
C．It helps lcal farmers grw fruits.D．It makes meals ut f unwanted fd.
28．What des Curtin suggest peple d?
A．Buy nly what is needed.B．Reduce fd cnsumptin.
C．G shpping nce a week.D．Eat in restaurants less ften.
（2022年新高考I卷高考真題）The elderly residents (居民) in care hmes in Lndn are being given hens t lk after t stp them feeling lnely.
The prject was dreamed up by a lcal charity (慈善組織) t reduce lneliness and imprve elderly peple’s wellbeing. It is als being used t help patients suffering dementia, a serius illness f the mind. Staff in care hmes have reprted a reductin in the use f medicine where hens are in use.
Amng thse taking part in the prject is 80-year-ld Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used t keep hens when I was yunger and had t prepare their breakfast each mrning befre I went t schl. ”
“I like the prject a lt. I am dwn there in my wheelchair in the mrning letting the hens ut and dwn there again at night t see they’ve gne t bed.”
“It’s gd t have a different fcus. Peple have been bringing their children in t see the hens and residents cme and sit utside t watch them. I’m enjying the creative activities, and it feels great t have dne smething useful.”
There are nw 700 elderly peple lking after hens in 20 care hmes in the Nrth East, and the charity has been given financial supprt t rll it ut cuntrywide.
Wendy Wilsn, extra care manager at 60 Penfld Street, ne f the first t embark n the prject, said: “Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here.”
Lynn Lewis, directr f Ntting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy t be taking part in the prject. It will really help cnnect ur residents thrugh a shared interest and creative activities.”
29．What is the purpse f the prject?
A．T ensure harmny in care hmes.B．T prvide part-time jbs fr the aged.
C．T raise mney fr medical research.D．T prmte the elderly peple’s welfare.
30．Hw has the prject affected Ruth Xavier?
A．She has learned new life skills.B．She has gained a sense f achievement.
C．She has recvered her memry.D．She has develped a strng persnality.
31．What d the underlined wrds “embark n” mean in paragraph 7?
A．Imprve.B．Oppse.C．Begin.D．Evaluate.
32．What can we learn abut the prject frm the last tw paragraphs?
A．It is well received.B．It needs t be mre creative.
C．It is highly prfitable.D．It takes ages t see the results.
（2022年新高考I卷高考真題）Human speech cntains mre than 2,000 different sunds, frm the cmmn “m” and “a” t the rare clicks f sme suthern African languages. But why are certain sunds mre cmmn than thers? A grund-breaking, five-year study shws that diet-related changes in human bite led t new speech sunds that are nw fund in half the wrld’s languages.
Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and “v”, were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.
They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned (對齊), making it hard t prduce labidentals, which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure (結(jié)構(gòu)), making it easier t prduce such sunds.
The team shwed that this change in bite was cnnected with the develpment f agriculture in the Nelithic perid. Fd became easier t chew at this pint. The jawbne didn’t have t d as much wrk and s didn’t grw t be s large.
Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.
This research verturns the ppular view that all human speech sunds were present when human beings evlved arund 300,000 years ag. “The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,” said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.
33．Which aspect f the human speech sund des Damián Blasi’s research fcus n?
A．Its variety.B．Its distributin.C．Its quantity.D．Its develpment.
34．Why was it difficult fr ancient human adults t prduce labidentals?
A．They had fewer upper teeth than lwer teeth.
B．They culd nt pen and clse their lips easily.
C．Their jaws were nt cnveniently structured.
D．Their lwer frnt teeth were nt large enugh.
35．What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A．Supprting evidence fr the research results.
B．Ptential applicatin f the research findings.
C．A further explanatin f the research methds.
D．A reasnable dubt abut the research prcess.
36．What des Steven Mran say abut the set f human speech sunds?
A．It is key t effective cmmunicatin.B．It cntributes much t cultural diversity.
C．It is a cmplex and dynamic system.D．It drives the evlutin f human beings.
（2022年新高考II卷高考真題）Over the last seven years, mst states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range f methds t persuade peple t put dwn their phnes when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the prblem, by just abut any measure, appears t be getting wrse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using scial netwrks and taking phts. Rad accidents, which had fallen fr years, are nw rising sharply.
That is partly because peple are driving mre, but Mark Rsekind, the chief f the Natinal Highway Traffic Safety Administratin, said distracted（分心）driving was "nly increasing, unfrtunately."
"Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last mnth, referring bradly t the need t imprve rad safety. S t try t change a distinctly mdern behavir, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back t an ld apprach: They want t treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea frm lawmakers in New Yrk is t give plice fficers a new device called the Textalyzer. It wuld wrk like this: An fficer arriving at the scene f a crash culd ask fr the phnes f the drivers and use the Textalyzer t check in the perating system fr recent activity. The technlgy culd determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed r dne anything else that is nt allwed under New Yrk's hands-free driving laws.
"We need smething n the bks that can change peple's behavir,” said Félix W. Ortiz, wh pushed fr the state's 2001 ban n hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becmes law, he said, "peple are ging t be mre afraid t put their hands n the cell phne."
37．Which f the fllwing best describes the ban n drivers' texting in the US?
A．Ineffective.B．Unnecessary.
C．Incnsistent.D．Unfair.
38．What can the Textalyzer help a plice fficer find ut?
A．Where a driver came frm.B．Whether a driver used their phne.
C．Hw fast a driver was ging.D．When a driver arrived at the scene.
39．What des the underlined wrd "smething" in the last paragraph refer t?
A．Advice.B．Data.C．Tests.D．Laws.
40．What is a suitable title fr the text?
A．T Drive r Nt t Drive? Think Befre Yu Start
B．Texting and Driving? Watch Out fr the Textalyzer
C．New Yrk Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D．The Next Generatin Cell Phne: The Textalyzer-
（2022年新高考II卷高考真題）As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in prcessing xygen as it used t be. In mst peple the first signs shw up in their 50s r early 60s. And amng peple wh dn’t exercise, the changes can start even sner.
“Think f a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer fr 20 years and it will becme dry and easily brken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University f Texas. That’s what happens t the heart. Frtunately fr thse in midlife, Levine is finding that even if yu haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape nw may help imprve yur aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected vlunteers aged between 45 and 64 wh did nt exercise much but were therwise healthy. Participants were randmly divided int tw grups. The first grup participated in a prgram f nnaerbic (無氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The secnd grup did high-intensity aerbic exercise under the guidance f a trainer fr fur r mre days a week. After tw years, the secnd grup saw remarkable imprvements in heart health.
“We tk these 50-year-ld hearts and turned the clck back t 30-r 35-year-ld hearts,” says Levine. “And the reasn they gt s much strnger and fitter was that their hearts culd nw fill a lt better and pump (泵送) a lt mre bld during exercise.” But the hearts f thse wh participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says.
“The sweet spt in life t start exercising, if yu haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-lds thrugh a yearlng exercise training prgram, and nthing happened t them at all.”
Dr. Nieca Gldberg, a spkeswman fr the American Heart Assciatin, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs t be repeated with far larger grups f peple t determine exactly which aspects f an exercise rutine make the biggest difference.
41．What des Levine want t explain by mentining the rubber band?
A．The right way f exercising.B．The causes f a heart attack.
C．The difficulty f keeping fit.D．The aging prcess f the heart.
42．In which aspect were the tw grups different in terms f research design?
A．Diet plan.B．Prfessinal backgrund.
C．Exercise type.D．Previus physical cnditin.
43．What des Levine’s research find?
A．Middle-aged hearts get yunger with aerbic exercise.
B．High-intensity exercise is mre suitable fr the yung.
C．It is never t late fr peple t start taking exercise.
D．The mre exercise we d, the strnger ur hearts get.
44．What des Dr. Nieca Gldberg suggest?
A．Making use f the findings.B．Interviewing the study participants.
C．Cnducting further research.D．Clarifying the purpse f the study.
參考答案：
1．B 2．C 3．C 4．D
【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了斯坦福大學的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，數(shù)字生物多樣性記錄存在偏見，建議應用程序引導公民科學家獲取更好的數(shù)據(jù)。
1．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Tday, mst recrds f bidiversity are ften in the frm f phts, vides, and ther digital recrds. (今天，大多數(shù)生物多樣性的記錄通常以照片、視頻和其他數(shù)字記錄的形式出現(xiàn)。)”可知，現(xiàn)在收集的物種記錄大多是以電子形式存在的。故選B。
2．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“These bservatins nw utnumber the primary data that cmes frm physical specimens (標本), and since we are increasingly using bservatinal data t investigate hw species are respnding t glbal change, I wanted t knw: Are they usable? (這些觀察結(jié)果現(xiàn)在超過了來自物理標本的原始數(shù)據(jù)，而且由于我們越來越多地使用觀察數(shù)據(jù)來研究物種如何應對全球變化，我想知道：它們有用嗎?)”和第四段““We were particularly interested in explring the aspects f sampling that tend t bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihd f a citizen scientist t take a picture f a flwering plant instead f the grass right next t it,” said Daru. (Daru說“我們特別感興趣的是探索取樣容易產(chǎn)生數(shù)據(jù)偏差的方面，比如公民科學家更有可能拍攝開花植物的照片，而不是它旁邊的草?！?”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于觀察數(shù)據(jù)，即人們通過移動應用記錄的物種觀察數(shù)據(jù)。故選C。
3．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段““We were particularly interested in explring the aspects f sampling that tend t bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihd f a citizen scientist t take a picture f a flwering plant instead f the grass right next t it,” said Daru. (Daru說“我們特別感興趣的是探索取樣容易產(chǎn)生數(shù)據(jù)偏差的方面，比如公民科學家更有可能拍攝開花植物的照片，而不是它旁邊的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense because the peple wh get bservatinal bidiversity data n mbile devices are ften citizen scientists recrding their encunters with species in areas nearby.( 這是有道理的，因為在移動設備上獲得觀察生物多樣性數(shù)據(jù)的人通常是公民科學家，他們記錄了他們在附近地區(qū)與物種的接觸。)”可知，導致數(shù)據(jù)偏差的原因是采樣方式的不當。故選C。
4．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Bidiversity apps can use ur study results t infrm users f versampled areas and lead them t places — and even species — that are nt well-sampled. T imprve the quality f bservatinal data, bidiversity apps can als encurage users t have an expert cnfirm the identificatin f their upladed image. (生物多樣性應用程序可以使用我們的研究結(jié)果來告知用戶樣本過多的地區(qū)，并將他們引導到樣本不足的地方，甚至是物種。為了提高觀測數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量，生物多樣性應用程序還可以鼓勵用戶讓專家確認他們上傳的圖像的身份。)”可知，Daru 建議生物多樣性應用應該給公民科學家提供指導。故選D。
【點睛】
5．C 6．B 7．D 8．A
【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了巴比倫微農(nóng)場（BMF）的一些主要優(yōu)勢，包括減少食物運輸距離、通過云技術(shù)遠程監(jiān)控、自動化系統(tǒng)節(jié)約水資源、減少化學污染、以及員工的環(huán)保生活方式等。
5．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“While farmer’s markets are a slid chice t reduce the jurney, Babyln Micr-Farm (BMF) shrtens it even mre. (雖然農(nóng)貿(mào)市場是減少旅程的可靠選擇，但巴比倫微型農(nóng)場（BMF）甚至縮短了旅程)”可知，巴比倫微型農(nóng)場（BMF）進一步縮短了從農(nóng)場到餐桌的距離。故選C。
6．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Als, there is a cnvenient app that prvides grwing data in real time. (此外，還有一個便捷的應用程序，可以實時提供增長數(shù)據(jù))”可知，這個便捷的應用程序提供了植物生長的實時數(shù)據(jù)。故選B。
7．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“BMF emplyees live ut sustainability in their everyday lives. Abut half f them walk r bike t wrk. Inside the ffice, they encurage recycling and waste reductin by limiting garbage cans and aviding single-use plastic. “We are passinate abut reducing waste, carbn and chemicals in ur envirnment,” said a BMF emplyee. (BMF員工在日常生活中追求可持續(xù)發(fā)展。大約一半的人步行或騎自行車上班。在辦公室里，他們通過限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料來鼓勵回收和減少浪費。BMF的一名員工表示：“我們熱衷于減少環(huán)境中的廢物、碳和化學品?！?”可知，BMF員工具有強烈的環(huán)保意識。故選D。
8．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“While farmer’s markets are a slid chice t reduce the jurney, Babyln Micr-Farm (BMF) shrtens it even mre. (雖然農(nóng)貿(mào)市場是減少旅程的可靠選擇，但巴比倫微型農(nóng)場（BMF）甚至縮短了旅程)”、第三段“By cnnecting thrugh the Clud, BMF is remtely mnitred. Als, there is a cnvenient app that prvides grwing data in real time. Because the system is autmated, it significantly reduces the amunt f water needed t grw plants. Rather than watering rws f sil, the system prvides just the right amunt t each plant. (通過云連接，對BMF進行遠程監(jiān)控。此外，還有一個方便的應用程序可以實時提供不斷增長的數(shù)據(jù)。由于該系統(tǒng)是自動化的，因此大大減少了種植植物所需的水量。該系統(tǒng)不是給一排排土壤澆水，而是為每株植物提供合適的水量)”以及最后一段“BMF emplyees live ut sustainability in their everyday lives. Abut half f them walk r bike t wrk. Inside the ffice, they encurage recycling and waste reductin by limiting garbage cans and aviding single-use plastic. “We are passinate abut reducing waste, carbn and chemicals in ur envirnment,” said a BMF emplyee. (BMF員工在日常生活中追求可持續(xù)發(fā)展。大約一半的人步行或騎自行車上班。在辦公室里，他們通過限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料來鼓勵回收和減少浪費。BMF的一名員工表示：“我們熱衷于減少環(huán)境中的廢物、碳和化學品?！?”可知，文章主要介紹了巴比倫微農(nóng)場（BMF）的一些主要優(yōu)勢，包括減少食物運輸距離、通過云技術(shù)遠程監(jiān)控、自動化系統(tǒng)節(jié)約水資源、減少化學污染、以及員工的環(huán)保生活方式等。故選A。
【點睛】
9．B 10．D 11．C 12．D
【導語】本文是說明文。沒有人是一座孤島，文章陳述了“群體智慧”效應。實驗表明，在某些情況下大量獨立估計的平均值可能是相當準確的。
9．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容“This effect capitalizes n the fact that when peple make errrs, thse errrs aren’t always the same. Sme peple will tend t verestimate, and cme t underestimate. When enugh f these errrs are averaged tgether, they cancel each ther ut, resulting in a mre accurate estimate. If peple are similar and tend t make the same errrs, then their errrs wn’t cancel each ther ut. In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. If fr whatever reasns, peple s errrs becme crrelated r dependent, the accuracy f the estimate will g dwn. (這種效應利用了這樣一個事實，即當人們犯錯誤時，這些錯誤并不總是相同的。有些人常常會高估，或者低估。當這些誤差中有足夠多的誤差被平均在一起時，它們會相互抵消，從而產(chǎn)生更準確的估計。如果相似的人傾向于犯同樣的錯誤，那么他們的錯誤不會相互抵消。從更專業(yè)的角度來說，群眾的智慧要求人們的估計是獨立的。如果由于任何原因，人們的錯誤變得相關(guān)或依賴，估計的準確性就會下降)”可知，本段闡述了人們所犯的錯誤不總是相同的，各不相同的誤差平均在一起，相互抵消就會產(chǎn)生更準確的估計，討論了獨立估計的平均如何由于誤差的消除而產(chǎn)生更準確的預測。因此本段主要解釋了“群體智慧”效應這一現(xiàn)象的基本邏輯。故選B。
10．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“In mre technical terms, the wisdm f crwds requires that peple’s estimates be independent. (從更專業(yè)的角度來說，群眾的智慧要求人們的估計是獨立的)”和第三段的“The key finding f the study was that when crwds were further divided int smaller grups that were allwed t have a discussin, the averages frm these grups were mre accurate than thse frm an equal number f independent individuals. Fr instance, the average btained frm the estimates f fur discussin grups f five was significantly mre accurate than the average btained frm 20 independent individuals. (這項研究的關(guān)鍵發(fā)現(xiàn)是，當人群被進一步劃分為允許進行討論的小組時，這些小組的平均值比同等數(shù)量的獨立個體的平均值更準確。例如，從四個五人討論組的估計中獲得的平均值明顯比從20個獨立個體獲得的平均值更準確)”可知，人們在沒有獨立的情況下，分成更小群體，平均值是更準確的，說明即使在估計數(shù)字并非完全獨立的情況下，準確率提高也是可以做到的。故選D。
11．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的“In a fllw-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried t get a better sense f what the grup members actually did in their discussin. Did they tend t g with thse mst cnfident abut their estimates? Did they fllw thse least willing t change their minds? (在一項針對100名大學生的后續(xù)研究中，研究人員試圖更好地了解小組成員在討論中的實際行為。他們是否傾向于選擇那些對自己的估計最有信心的人？他們追隨那些最不愿意改變主意的人嗎)”可知，在后續(xù)研究中，研究人員試圖更好地了解小組成員在討論中實際做了什么。結(jié)合兩個問題，因此可知后續(xù)研究的重點是小組內(nèi)的討論過程。故選C。
12．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容“Althugh the studies led by Navajas have limitatins and many questins remain, the ptential implicatins fr grup discussin and decisin-making are enrmus. (盡管Navajas領(lǐng)導的研究有局限性，仍存在許多問題，但對小組討論和決策的潛在影響是巨大的)”可知，作者認為雖然Navajas領(lǐng)導的研究有局限性也存在許多問題，但對小組討論和決策的潛在影響巨大。因此推斷作者對于Navajas的研究表示一定的贊許和支持。故選D。
【點睛】
13．B 14．A 15．C 16．A
【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了數(shù)字極簡主義生活方式的優(yōu)點，倡導簡單的數(shù)字生活方式。
13．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“The gal f this bk is t make the case fr digital minimalism, including a detailed explratin f what it asks and why it wrks, and then t teach yu hw t adpt this philsphy if yu decide it’s right fr yu. (這本書的目標是為數(shù)字極簡主義辯護，包括詳細探索它的要求和為什么有效，然后如果你認為它適合你，教你如何采用這種哲學)”可知，這本書的目的是倡導簡單的數(shù)字生活方式。故選B。
14．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞下文“This prcess requires yu t step away frm ptinal nline activities fr thirty days. At the end f the thirty days, yu will then add back a small number f carefully chsen nline activities that yu believe will prvide massive benefits t the things yu value. (這個過程要求你在30天內(nèi)遠離可選的在線活動。在30天結(jié)束的時候，你再加上一些你認為會給你所看重的東西帶來巨大好處的精心挑選的在線活動)”可推知，畫線詞“declutter”的意思是“清理”，對在線活動進行清理和挑選。故選A。
15．推理判斷題。通過文章第四段“In the final chapter f part ne, I’ll guide yu thrugh carrying ut yur wn digital declutter. In ding s, I’ll draw n an experiment I ran in 2018 in which ver 1,600 peple agreed t perfrm a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我將指導您進行自己的數(shù)字清理。在這樣做的過程中，我將借鑒我在2018年進行的一項實驗，在該實驗中，1600多人同意進行數(shù)字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介紹了實驗與數(shù)字清理的實際例子。故選C。
16．推理判斷題。通過文章最后一段“Yu can view these practices as a tlbx meant t aid yur effrts t build a minimalist lifestyle that wrds fr yur particular circumstances. (你可以將這些實踐視為一個工具箱，旨在幫助你建立一種適合自己特定情況的極簡主義生活方式)”可推知，作者建議讀者根據(jù)需要與實際情況使用第二部分中提及的實踐。故選A。
【點睛】
17．B 18．D 19．C 20．B
【導語】本文是一篇說明文。城市化讓人們越來越難以接觸到自然，但一項新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)城市中的野生自然對人類健康和幸福感具有重要影響。研究團隊對一座大型城市公園的游客進行調(diào)查，發(fā)現(xiàn)與野生自然的互動可以創(chuàng)造出一種可用的語言，幫助人們認識和參與最令人滿意和有意義的活動。該研究呼吁保護城市中的野生自然。
17．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容“As cities balln with grwth, access t nature fr peple living in urban areas is becming harder t find. If yu’re lucky, there might be a pcket park near where yu live, but it’s unusual t find places in a city that are relatively wild.(隨著城市的飛速發(fā)展，生活在城市地區(qū)的人們越來越難以接近大自然。如果你幸運的話，你住的地方附近可能會有一個袖珍公園，但在城市里找到相對天然的地方是罕見的)”可知，文章開頭作者講述了一種現(xiàn)象，在城市里，人們很難找到野生的自然。故選B。
18．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-gers, asking them t submit a written summary nline f a meaningful interactin they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissins, cding (編碼) experiences int different categries. (他們調(diào)查了數(shù)百名公園游客，要求他們在網(wǎng)上提交一份書面總結(jié)，描述他們在公園里與大自然有意義的互動。然后，研究人員檢查了這些提交的信息，將體驗分為不同的類別)”可知，研究人員按照公園游客提交的在公園里與大自然互動的活動把游客分類，再根據(jù)第四段“Acrss the 320 submissins, a pattern f categries the researchers call a “nature language” began t emerge. After the cding f all submissins, half a dzen categries were nted mst ften as imprtant t visitrs. (在這320份提交的作品中，一種被研究人員稱為“自然語言”的分類模式開始出現(xiàn)。在對所有提交的內(nèi)容進行編碼后，有六個類別被認為對游客最重要)”可知，研究人員對參與者提交的內(nèi)容進行了分類，以便在游客的總結(jié)中找到模式，并確定對游客最重要的自然體驗。通過這樣做，他們能夠創(chuàng)造一種“自然語言”，幫助人們認識并參與對他們來說最滿意和最有意義的活動。選項D準確地反映了這一目的。故選D。
19．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段內(nèi)容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps peple recgnize and take part in the activities that are mst satisfying and meaningful t them. Fr example, the experience f walking alng the edge f water might be satisfying fr a yung prfessinal n a weekend hike in the park. Back dwntwn during a wrkday, they can enjy a mre dmestic frm f this interactin by walking alng a funtain n their lunch break. (命名每一種自然體驗創(chuàng)造了一種可用的語言，這有助于人們認識并參與到對他們來說最滿意和最有意義的活動中。例如，沿著水邊散步的經(jīng)歷可能會讓一個年輕的專業(yè)人士在周末去公園徒步旅行時感到滿意。在工作日回到市中心，他們可以在午休時沿著噴泉散步，享受一種更居家的互動方式)”可知，本段講述了自然體驗創(chuàng)造一種可用的語言，有助于人們識別并參與對自己來說最滿意最有意義的活動，接下來以一個年輕的專業(yè)人士參與自然的方式舉例說明，去公園時沿著水邊散步讓他感到滿意，回到市中心工作時他可以通過沿著噴泉散步獲得滿足。因此推知，從第五段的例子中我們可以知道一樣的自然體驗可以呈現(xiàn)不同的形式。故選C。
20．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段““We’re trying t generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactins back int ur daily lives. And fr that t happen, we als need t prtect nature s that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senir authr f the study. (“我們正試圖創(chuàng)造一種語言，幫助將人類與自然的互動帶回我們的日常生活中。要做到這一點，我們還需要保護自然，這樣我們才能與它互動，”該研究的資深作者彼得·卡恩說。)”可推斷，彼得·卡恩認為在我們與大自然互動之前我們應該先要保護自然。故選B。
【點睛】
21．A 22．C 23．A 24．A
【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章是對一本書的介紹，主要介紹了印刷書籍和閱讀對人類的重要意義。
21．推理判斷題。In this “bk f bks,” artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. (在這本“書之書”中，藝術(shù)品的選擇和排列方式強調(diào)了不同時代和文化之間的聯(lián)系)”以及第三段“Bks themselves may be used symblically in paintings t demnstrate the intellect, wealth r faith f the subject. (書籍本身可以在繪畫中象征性地用來展示智慧，主體的財富或信仰)”和最后一段“Frm a 21st-century pint f view, the printed bk is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader. (從21世紀的角度來看，這本印刷書無疑是古老的，但它仍然像任何電池供電的電子閱讀器一樣具有互動性)”可推知，本文最有可能出自一本印刷書的扉頁，即對該書的介紹。故選A。
22．細節(jié)理解題。通過文章第二段“artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. (藝術(shù)品的選擇和排列方式強調(diào)了不同時代和文化之間的聯(lián)系。我們看到孩子們在家里或?qū)W校學習閱讀的場景，這本書是幾代人之間關(guān)系的焦點)”可知，選定的藝術(shù)品是關(guān)于書籍和閱讀的。故選C。
23．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞上文“artwrks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these cnnectins between different eras and cultures. We see scenes f children learning t read at hme r at schl, with the bk as a fcus fr relatins between the generatins. (藝術(shù)品的選擇和排列方式強調(diào)了不同時代和文化之間的聯(lián)系。我們看到孩子們在家里或?qū)W校學習閱讀的場景，這本書是幾代人之間關(guān)系的焦點)”以及“These scenes may have been painted hundreds f years ag, but they recrd mments (這些場景可能是數(shù)百年前繪制的，但它們記錄了一些時刻)”可推知，此處指書籍是人類之間相互聯(lián)系和理解的紐帶，故與畫線短語“relate t”意思最相近的為A項“理解、認識到”。故選A。
24．推理判斷題。通過文章最后一段“it remains as interactive as any battery-pwered e-reader (它仍然像任何電池供電的電子閱讀器一樣具有互動性)”以及“printed bk still ffers the chance f a whlly private, “ff-line” activity (印刷書籍仍然提供了完全私人的“離線”活動的機會)”可推知，本文作者提到電子閱讀器想表達的是印刷書籍并沒有完全過時。故選A。
【點睛】
25．B 26．B 27．D 28．A
【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪械氖澄锢速M現(xiàn)象以及華盛頓DC中央廚房的首席執(zhí)行官科廷為解決食物浪費而采取的努力。
25．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Like mst f us, I try t be mindful f fd that ges t waste.(像我們大多數(shù)人一樣，我努力關(guān)注那些被浪費的食物)”及“But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even wrse, I had unthinkingly bught way t much; I culd have made six salads with what I threw ut.(但隨著時間的推移，芝麻菜變壞了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地買了太多東西；我扔掉的東西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通過講述芝麻菜的故事來表明我們有時會無意間浪費食物。故選B項。
26．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Prducing fd that n ne eats wastes the water, fuel, and ther, resurces used t grw it. That makes fd waste an envirnmental prblem. In fact, Ryte writes, “if fd waste were a cuntry, it wuld be the third largest prducer f greenhuse gases in the wrld.”(生產(chǎn)沒人吃的食物會浪費用于種植食物的水、燃料和其他資源。這使得食物浪費成為一個環(huán)境問題。事實上，羅伊特寫道，“如果食物浪費是一個國家，它將是世界上第三大溫室氣體排放國?！?”可知，浪費食物的一個后果是對環(huán)境的危害。故選B項。
27．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“Curtin is CEO f DC Central Kitchen in Washingtn. D.C., which recvers fd and turns it int healthy meals. Last year it recvered mre than 807,500 punds f fd by taking dnatins and cllecting blemished (有瑕疵的) prduce, that therwise wuld have rtted in fields. And the strawberries? Vlunteers will wash, cut, and freeze r dry them fr use in meals dwn the rad.(科廷是華盛頓DC中央廚房的首席執(zhí)行官，該公司把食物復原，變成健康的食物。去年，該組織通過接受捐贈和收集有瑕疵的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，收回了超過807500磅的食物，否則這些農(nóng)產(chǎn)品就會在地里腐爛。草莓呢？志愿者們將清洗、切割、冷凍或干燥它們，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人們不想要的食物重新制作食物。故選D項。
28．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的““Everyne can play a part in reducing waste, whether by nt purchasing mre fd than necessary in yur weekly shpping r by asking restaurants t nt include the side dish yu wn’t eat,” Curtin says.(“每個人都可以在減少浪費方面發(fā)揮作用，無論是在每周的購物中不購買不必要的食物，還是要求餐館不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷說)”可知，科廷建議人們只買需要的東西來避免浪費食物。故選A項。
【點睛】
29．D 30．B 31．C 32．A
【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了旨在減少孤獨，改善老年人的健康狀況的項目。
29．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“The prject was dreamed up by a lcal charity (慈善組織) t reduce lneliness and imprve elderly peple’s wellbeing (該項目由當?shù)匾患掖壬茩C構(gòu)構(gòu)想，旨在減少孤獨，改善老年人的健康狀況。)”可知，這個項目的目的是為了減少孤獨和提高老年人的幸福感。故選D項。
30．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段““It’s gd t have a different fcus. Peple have been bringing their children in t see the hens and residents cme and sit utside t watch them. I’m enjying the creative activities, and it feels great t have dne smething useful.” (有不同的關(guān)注點很好。人們把自己的孩子帶進來看母雞，居民們也來外面坐著看它們。我喜歡創(chuàng)造性的活動，做一些有用的事情的感覺很好。)”可知，Ruth Xavier很享受做這些事，她覺得自己在做有用的事，這能夠給她來良好的感覺，因此可知通過該項目她獲得了一種成就感。故選B項。
31．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Wendy Wilsn, extra care manager at 60 Penfld Street, ne f the first t embark n the prject, said: “Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here.” (彭福街60號的額外護理經(jīng)理Wendy Wilsn是第一批參與該項目的人之一，她說：“居民們非常歡迎該項目的想法和創(chuàng)意會議。我們期待這個項目能給這里的人們帶來好處和樂趣。”)”可知，Wendy Wilsn是著手這項工程的人之一，也是做這個項目的創(chuàng)始人之一，因此可知，畫線處embark n意為“開始著手做某事”，與C項“Begin (開始)”含義相近。故選C項。
32．推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here. (居民們非常歡迎該項目的想法和創(chuàng)意會議。我們期待這個項目能給這里的人們帶來好處和樂趣。)”以及最后一段“Lynn Lewis, directr f Ntting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy t be taking part in the prject. It will really help cnnect ur residents thrugh a shared interest and creative activities.” (“諾丁山路徑”的負責人林恩·劉易斯說：“我們很高興能參與這個項目。它將通過共同的興趣和創(chuàng)造性活動真正幫助我們的居民聯(lián)系起來?！?”可知，該項目得到了居民們的認可，大家很歡迎這個項目，而且這個項目將會帶來一些好處，因此可知這個項目的反響很好，很受歡迎。故選A項。
【點睛】
33．D 34．C 35．A 36．C
【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹因為飲食的改變導致了現(xiàn)在在世界上一半的語言中發(fā)現(xiàn)了新的語音。
33．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的“Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and “v”, were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.(30多年前，學者Charles Hckett注意到，被稱為唇齒音的語音，如“f”和“v”，在吃軟食物的社會的語言中更常見。現(xiàn)在，瑞士蘇黎世大學的Damian Blasi領(lǐng)導的一組研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了這一趨勢產(chǎn)生的方式和原因)”可知，Damian Blasi的研究關(guān)注的是這一趨勢是如何產(chǎn)生的以及產(chǎn)生的原因，可知他的研究重點是在語言的演變上。故選D項。
34．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned, making it hard t prduce labidentals, which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure , making it easier t prduce such sunds.(他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，古人類的上門牙和下門牙是對齊的，因此很難產(chǎn)生唇齒音，唇齒音是通過下唇接觸上牙齒而形成的。后來，我們的下顎變成了覆蓋咬合結(jié)構(gòu)，更容易發(fā)出這樣的聲音)”可知，因為古代成年人因為上下門牙是對齊的，他們的下顎結(jié)構(gòu)跟現(xiàn)在的我們不一樣，這就導致他們發(fā)不出這個唇齒音，也就是說他們的下顎結(jié)構(gòu)使他們很難發(fā)出唇齒音。故選C項。
35．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第五段中的“Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the s Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.(對語言數(shù)據(jù)庫的分析也證實，在新石器時代之后，世界語言的發(fā)音發(fā)生了全球性的變化，在過去幾千年里，“f”和“v”的使用顯著增加。這些聲音在今天許多狩獵采集者的語言中仍然沒有發(fā)現(xiàn))”可知，此段主要是通過介紹語言數(shù)據(jù)庫的分析結(jié)果來證實語音是發(fā)生了很大變化，有些以前使用的語音，現(xiàn)在不一定找得到，因此此處主要是通過相關(guān)證據(jù)進一步證明研究結(jié)果。故選A項。
36．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中““The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,” said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.(研究小組成員Steven Mran說：“自從人類出現(xiàn)以來，我們使用的語音不一定保持穩(wěn)定，我們今天發(fā)現(xiàn)的各種語音都是生物變化和文化進化等復雜相互作用的產(chǎn)物?！?”可知，人類的語意一直在發(fā)展變化中，并不會一成不變，而且會因生物變化和文化變化等進行復雜的相互作用而改變，因此可知Steven Mran認為語音是一個復雜的動態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選C項。
【點睛】
37．A 38．B 39．D 40．B
【導語】本文一篇說明文。為解決司機在開車時使用手機造成“分神”，引發(fā)交通事故的問題，紐約的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信監(jiān)控器）的技術(shù)來監(jiān)控司機在開車的時候是否使用了手機。
37．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“Over the last seven years, mst states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range f methds t persuade peple t put dwn their phnes when they are behind the wheel.”（在過去的七年里，大多數(shù)州都禁止司機發(fā)短信，公共服務活動也嘗試了各種各樣的方法來說服人們在開車時放下手機。）以及第二段中“Yet the prblem, by just abut any measure, appears t be getting wrse.”（然而，無論以何種標準衡量，這個問題似乎都在惡化。）可知，大多數(shù)州使用了各種各樣的方法說服司機們在開車的時候放下手機，可是情況卻越來越糟糕。所以各種方法是無效的。A選項ineffective意為“無效的”，與此相符。故選A。
38．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“The technlgy culd determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed r dne anything else that is nt allwed under New Yrk's hands-free driving laws.”（這項技術(shù)可以確定司機是否發(fā)了短信、發(fā)了郵件，或者做了紐約免提駕駛法不允許的其他事情。）可知，Textalyzer能夠確定的是司機是否使用了手機發(fā)短信、郵件以及其他駕駛法不允許的行為。B 選項意為“是否司機使用了手機?！迸c此相符，故選B。
39．詞義猜測題。根據(jù)句中的“We need smething n the bks that can change peple's behavir.”（我們需要一些能改變?nèi)藗冃袨榈臇|西，）可知，smething是能夠改變?nèi)藗兊男袨榈氖虑?。根?jù)下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becmes law, he said, "peple are ging t be mre afraid t put their hands n the cell phne.”（他說，如果Textalyzer法案成為法律，“人們會更害怕拿起手機。）可知，人們的行為會改變的條件是當Textalyzer法案成為法律。受到法律的約束和懲罰，司機們才不會在開車的時候使用手機。故smething指代的是法律。故選D。
40．主旨大意題。縱觀全文，第一段和第二段闡述的是“雖然大多數(shù)州已經(jīng)嘗試了各種各樣的方法來說服人們在開車時放下手機?？墒菃栴}卻越來越嚴重”。第三段中“That is partly because peple are driving mre.”（部分原因是開車的人越來越多）可知，解釋了該行為產(chǎn)生的部分原因。第四段至第五段講述的是為了解決該問題是紐約立法者提出了一個新的想法即利用Textalyzer技術(shù)，來監(jiān)控司機在開車的時候是否使用了手機。最后一段講述的是：相關(guān)人士呼吁該項技術(shù)能夠成為真正的法案由此才能真正地改變?nèi)藗兊男袨椤９蔅選項Texting and Driving? Watch Out fr the Textalyzer（發(fā)短信還是在開車？防范短信監(jiān)控器。）適合文章的標題。故選B。
41．D 42．C 43．A 44．C
【導語】本文是一篇說明文，主要講的是鍛煉對于心臟的好處。
41．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的““Think f a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer fr 20 years and it will becme dry and easily brken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University f Texas. That’s what happens t the heart.(“想想橡皮筋。一開始，它是靈活的，但把它放在抽屜里20年，它就會變得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克薩斯大學的心臟專家本·萊文博士說。這就是心臟的變化。)”可知，萊文想通過提到橡皮筋來解釋心臟的老化過程，故選D。
42．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的“The first grup participated in a prgram f nnaerbic exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The secnd grup did high-intensity aerbic exercise under the guidance f a trainer fr fur r mre days a week.(第一組每周參加三次非有氧運動——平衡訓練和重量訓練。第二組在教練的指導下每周進行4天或更多的高強度有氧運動。)”可知，兩組在研究設計上的不同在于運動類型的不同，故選C。
43．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的“The secnd grup did high-intensity aerbic exercise under the guidance f a trainer fr fur r mre days a week. After tw years, the secnd grup saw remarkable imprvements in heart health.(第二組在教練的指導下每周進行4天或更多的高強度有氧運動。兩年后，第二組的心臟健康狀況有了顯著改善。)”和第四段的““We tk these 50-year-ld hearts and turned the clck back t 30-r 35-year-ld hearts,” says Levine.(萊文說:“我們把這些50歲的心臟的時鐘撥回30或35歲的心臟?！?”可知，萊文的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了通過有氧運動，中年人的心臟會變得更年輕，故選A。
44．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的“But the study was small and needs t be repeated with far larger grups f peple t determine exactly which aspects f an exercise rutine make the biggest difference.(但這項研究的規(guī)模很小，需要在更大的人群中重復進行，以確定日常鍛煉的哪些方面會產(chǎn)生最大的影響。)”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建議進行進一步的研究。故選C。

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