【高頻考點(diǎn)解密】2023年高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)講義完形填空解密04 生活常識(shí)和文化背景的復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)
【高考預(yù)測(cè)】縱觀近幾年全國(guó)高考試題,預(yù)測(cè)2023年全國(guó)高考試題還會(huì)①文章基本控制在4-5段, 250個(gè)詞左右,且趨于穩(wěn)定。②文體以記敘文、夾敘夾議為主,話題多樣,但均貼近生活。對(duì)于記敘文,要按照記敘文的6要素理順?biāo)鶖⑹虑榈拿}絡(luò),還要重視其背后的情感線索。文章均是正能量十足的好文章。③文章結(jié)構(gòu)大致相同,都是以“總-分”或“總-分-總”結(jié)構(gòu)為主,第一段是主旨段,提出話題,之后的幾個(gè)段落展開說明或深入議論。每個(gè)段落內(nèi)部也同樣基本采取“總-分”或“總-分-總”結(jié)構(gòu),段落開頭點(diǎn)明該段的大意,然后再展開詳細(xì)闡述,必要時(shí)再做一簡(jiǎn)單總結(jié)??键c(diǎn)4 生活常識(shí)和文化背景2023年命題解讀和近三年考點(diǎn)分布1.【2022·新高考I卷】We were stuck in the middle f the lake with a dead mtr. As we all sat there ____32____, a fisherman pulled up, threw us a rpe and twed (拖) us back. We were safe.32. A. patientlyB. tirelesslyC. dubtfullyD. helplessly32. D考查副詞詞義辨析。句意:當(dāng)我們無助地坐在那里時(shí),一個(gè)漁夫停了下來,扔給我們一根繩子并把我們拖了回來。A. patiently耐心地;B. tirelessly不知疲倦地;C. dubtfully懷疑地;D. helplessly無助地。根據(jù)上文“We were stuck in the middle f the lake with a dead mtr.”可推知,此處指在天氣惡劣的情況下船無法啟動(dòng)了,作者與家人十分無助地坐著。故選D。2.【2022·新高考I卷】The ___29___ picked up and thunder rlled.29. A. windB. niseC. temperatureD. speed29. A考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:狂風(fēng)大作,雷聲隆隆。A. wind風(fēng);B. nise噪音;C. temperature溫度;D. speed速度。根據(jù)上文“strms mve in fast in the muntains”可推知,此處指大風(fēng)刮了起來。故選A。
3.【2022·新高考全國(guó)Ⅱ】Like many yung peple, Jessica wants t travel the glbe. Unlike mst f them, this 25-year-ld is ding it full-time. She and her husband have spent the last tw years traveling the wrld, stpping everywhere frm Paris t Singapre. It might sund like ne lng, expensive ___22___ , but the cuple has an unusual way t make their travel affrdable.22.A.gameB.serviceC.vacatinD.prcedure22.考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:這聽起來像是一個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)而昂貴的假期,但這對(duì)夫婦有一種不同尋常的方式讓他們的旅行負(fù)擔(dān)得起。A. game游戲;B. service服務(wù);C. vacatin假期;D. prcedure手續(xù)。結(jié)合上文可知Jessica在環(huán)球旅行,所以是假期。故選C。【提示】25歲進(jìn)行為期2年的旅行,根據(jù)常識(shí)應(yīng)該是度假。不然25歲的年輕人要工作。4.【2022·新高考全國(guó)Ⅱ】They’re part f a new frm f the sharing ecnmy: an nline grup f huse sitters. Thrughut their n-cst stays in strangers’ hmes, they feed pets and water plants in the hmewner’s ___26___ .26.A.favrB.defenseC.hnrD.a(chǎn)bsence26.考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:在他們免費(fèi)住在陌生人家里的過程中,他們會(huì)在房主不在的時(shí)候喂寵物、給植物澆水。A. favr幫助;B. defense防御;C. hnr榮譽(yù);D. absence缺席。根據(jù)上文“they feed pets and water plants in the hmewner’s”指在房主不在的時(shí)候喂寵物、給植物澆水。故選D?!咎崾尽扛鶕?jù)常識(shí),只有主人不在家時(shí),才能給他們澆花、為寵物。故選absence。5.【2022·全國(guó)甲卷】Fr many years, I enjyed living with my dgs, Tilly and Chance. Their ___41___ was nearly enugh t keep my lneliness at bay.41. A. wnershipB. membershipC. cmpaninshipD. leadership41. C它們的陪伴幾乎足以讓我遠(yuǎn)離孤獨(dú)。A. wnership所有權(quán);B. membership會(huì)員;C. cmpaninship陪伴;D. leadership領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。根據(jù)上文中的“Fr many years, I enjyed living with my dgs, Tilly and Chance. 多年來,我喜歡和我的狗Tilly和Chance生活在一起,可知,狗狗陪伴著作者,讓作者遠(yuǎn)離孤獨(dú)。故選C。【提示】養(yǎng)狗作伴遠(yuǎn)離孤獨(dú)是常識(shí)。
6.【2021·全國(guó)新高考I卷】My life as a tax-paying emplyed persn began in middle schl, when, fr three whle days, I wrked in a baking factry. My best friend Betsy’s father was a manager at Hugh Bakeries, which, at Easter time, made little bunny ( 兔 子 ) cakes fr all its 42 thrughut Cleveland. 42.A.stresB.familiesC.schlsD.citizens【答案】A【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:我最好的朋友Betsy的父親是霍夫面包店的經(jīng)理,在復(fù)活節(jié)期間,這家面包店為克利夫蘭所有商店制作小兔子蛋糕。A. stres商店;B. families家庭; C. schls學(xué)校;D. citizens市民。根據(jù)“thrughut Cleveland”結(jié)合生活常識(shí),可知這里指的是這家面包店為克利夫蘭所有商店制作小兔子蛋糕。故選A。7.【2021·全國(guó)新高考I卷】Dad 53 . The sn f a grcer, he’d spent the summers f his childhd delivering fd in Benardsville, New Jersey. This was the srt f wrk that made yu appreciate the dllars yu earned and respect thse wh did the wrk, he tld me.53.A.criedB.smiledC.hesitatedD.refused【答案】B【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意:父親笑了。A. cried哭了; B. smiled微笑;C. hesitated猶豫; D. refused拒絕。根據(jù)“The sn f a grcer, he'd spent the summers f his childhd delivering fd in Bemardsville, New Jersey. This was the srt f wrk that made yu appreciate the dllars yu earned and respect thse wh did the wrk, he tld me.”結(jié)合生活常識(shí),可知父親看到我在第一次掙錢的經(jīng)歷中有所感悟和收獲,聯(lián)想到自己童年時(shí)類似的經(jīng)歷,父親會(huì)心的笑了。故選B。8.【2021·全國(guó)新高考I卷】This was the srt f wrk that made yu 55 the dllars yu earned and respect thse wh did the wrk, he tld me.55.A.withdrawB.dnateC.receiveD.a(chǎn)ppreciate【答案】D【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意:他告訴我,這種工作能讓你感激得到的報(bào)酬,并尊重那些從事這項(xiàng)工作的人。A. withdraw撤退;B. dnate捐贈(zèng); C. receive收到;D. appreciate欣賞。根據(jù)“the dllars yu earned”結(jié)合生活常識(shí),可知孩子們會(huì)感激并且非常珍惜自己勞動(dòng)得到的報(bào)酬。故選D。
9.【2021·英語(yǔ)全國(guó)甲卷】 It's the seaside birds that deserve at least part f the blame fr getting Nick Burchill blacklisted at the Fairmnt Empress Htel in Victria, Canada.Burchill was 21 at the htel n business and planning t visit sme friends in the area.21.A.studyingB.stayingC.lkingD.packing【答案】D【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意:Burchill出差,當(dāng)時(shí)正在酒店收拾行李,準(zhǔn)備去拜訪當(dāng)?shù)氐囊恍┡笥?。A. studying研究;B. staying停留;C. lking看;D. packing包裝。根據(jù)“Burchill was 21 at the htel n business and planning t visit sme friends in the area.”及生活常識(shí)可知,Burchill出差住在酒店,準(zhǔn)備去拜訪當(dāng)?shù)氐囊恍┡笥?,自然是在酒店收拾行李。故選D。10.【2021·英語(yǔ)全國(guó)甲卷】The seagulls immediately went wild . They rushed t the windw, 30 r 40 birds all trying t 33 at the same time, and pepperni—everywhere. The curtains were falling dwn, the lamps were falling dwn, It was a real mess.33.A.wake upB.get utC.take ffD.break in【答案】B 【解析】考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)辨析。句意:它們沖到窗口,30或40只鳥都想同時(shí)出去,到處都是意大利香腸。A. wake up醒來;B. get ut出去;C. take ff起飛;D. break in闖入。根據(jù)“They rushed t the windw”及生活常識(shí)可知,鳥看到人類很害怕,想同時(shí)從窗戶逃出去。故選B。11.【2021·英語(yǔ)全國(guó)甲卷】Older and wiser nw, Burchill chalked up the incident t yuthful indiscretin (莽撞).“I have matured and I admit respnsibility f my actins,” he said in the letter. “I cme t yu, 37 , t aplgize fr the-damage I had indirectly caused and t ask yu t recnsider my lifetime ban frm the htel.”37.A.hands in pcketB.nse in the airC.hat in handD.feet n the grund【答案】C【解析】考查固定短語(yǔ)辨析。句意:我來找你,恭恭敬敬地,為我間接造成的傷害道歉并請(qǐng)求您重新考慮我被終身禁止入住酒店的決定。A. hands in pcket手放在口袋里; B. nse in the air目中無人;C. hat in hand畢恭畢敬地;D. feet n the grund腳踏實(shí)地。根據(jù)“t aplgize fr the-damage I had indirectly caused and t ask yu t recnsider my lifetime ban frm the htel.”及生活常識(shí)可知,向別人道歉,應(yīng)該表明自己是畢恭畢敬地。故選C。
12. 【2021年1月浙江高考】But n the last night we were caught in a thunderstrm. I wke up at midnight t find a swimming pl in my tent. The temperature was clse t 31 . I had t spend the rest f the night trembling in the nly dry part f my tent.31.A.bilingB.a(chǎn)verageC.nrmalD.freezing【答案】D【解析】考查形容詞短語(yǔ)辨析。句意:溫度接近零度。A. biling煮沸的的;B. average平均的;C. nrmal正常的;D. freezing冰凍的。根據(jù)下文“trembling”得知溫度很低。故選D。13. 【2020·海南卷】Pulling up t the building, Grant saw flames(火焰)shting ut f a secnd-flr windw. Nt seeing r hearing any fire engines appraching Grant rushed t a side entrance and ran up the stairs. On the secnd flr, he 45 every apartment dr. "Get ut!" Grant shuted, N ne respnded and he assumed that peple had already escaped.45. A. lcked B. kicked C. cunted D. repaired【答案】B【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意:在二樓,他踢了每個(gè)公寓的門。A. lcked鎖;B. kicked踢;C. cunted計(jì)算;D. repaired修。根據(jù)上文可知,大樓著火了。格蘭特沖上樓去救火,所以踢門符合題意,是為了看里面是否有人。故選B。14. 【2020·山東省高考英語(yǔ)試卷(新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷)】 The slutin, f curse, was t plant trees s the animals culd seek shelter during the daytime. He turned t the 29 department fr help but was tld that nthing wuld grw there.29.A.labrB.pliceC.frestD.finance【答案】C【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:他向森林部門求助,但被告知那里什么也不長(zhǎng)。A. labr勞動(dòng);B. plice警察;C. frest森林;D. finance財(cái)政,金融。根據(jù)前一句中的”The slutin, f curse, was t plant trees”可知,Mlai想要種樹,所以他應(yīng)該向”森林”部門求助。故選C。
15. 【2020·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)II】It was just after sunrise n a June mrning. “Nicl,” whse real name cannt be 41 t the public because f Italy’s privacy laws, finished wrking the whle night at a factry in Turin.41.A.a(chǎn)ttachedB.a(chǎn)llcatedC.expsedD.submitted【答案】C【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意:Nicl完成了一整夜在Turin一家工廠的工作,他的真實(shí)名字因意大利的隱私法不能暴露給公眾。A. attached參加;B. allcated分配;C. expsed暴露;D. submitted上交。根據(jù)下文的because f Italy's privacy可知此處用be expsed t“暴露”符合語(yǔ)境,故選C。16. 【2020·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)III】They’ll have ut half the 45 in the shp, and want the nly style yu dn’t have left in a particular clur. I d knw hw upset the shp staff can get, but I try t persuade them(售貨員) t keep smiling.45. A. fdsB. catalguesC. belngingsD. gds【答案】D【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:他們會(huì)試用商店里一半的商品,只想要一種你沒有那種特別顏色的存貨。A. fds食物;B. catalgues目錄;C. belngings所有物;D. gds商品。結(jié)合后文in the shps可知此處指的是商店里的商品。其它選項(xiàng)不符合語(yǔ)境。故選D。
【精講研法】——課堂講解突破核心考點(diǎn) 考點(diǎn)4 生活常識(shí)和文化背景【做題實(shí)踐中找規(guī)律】1.【2023·云南省昆明市第一中學(xué)第五次二輪復(fù)習(xí)檢測(cè)】What I determined t d was t be a medical dctr. Nt nly am I learning medical knwledge and skills, but als hw t understand the needs and ___29___ f patients.29.A.preferencesB.cncernsC.talentD.histry【答案】B【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:我不僅在學(xué)習(xí)醫(yī)學(xué)知識(shí)和技能,還在學(xué)習(xí)如何理解病人的需求和擔(dān)憂。A. preferences偏愛;B. cncerns擔(dān)憂;C. talent天資;D. histry歷史。根據(jù)空前“the needs”及常識(shí)可知,此處指理解病人的需求和擔(dān)憂。故選B。2.【廣東省東莞市2022-2023學(xué)年第一學(xué)期教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢查】I had just stpped by the lcal grcery stre t pick up a few items. Only ne cashier was wrking and the small stre was almst empty. I pulled up at her passage and waited while the guy in frnt f me was ____23____ a full cart f fd. After payment, he put grceries back int his shpping cart and asked if he culd push the cart up t his apartment a quarter mile away, unpack it and bring it back.23.A.exchangingB.packingC.hidingD.unlading【答案】D【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意:我停在她的通道上,等著我前面那個(gè)男人取出滿滿的購(gòu)物車?yán)锏臇|西。A. exchanging交換;B. packing打包;C. hiding隱藏;D. unlading取出。結(jié)合常識(shí)可知,在商店結(jié)賬時(shí)需要把購(gòu)物車?yán)锏臇|西取出來掃碼才能付款,“取出”符合句意。故選D。
3.【2023·廣東省東莞市教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢查】If yu spend yur lve helping thers, sner r later yur heart wuld be empty like yur _____32_____ . Thankfully, lve desn’t wrk like that. When we share ur lve, it desn’t decline. Instead, we find that we have even mre lve t share. Always remember the mst priceless thing n earth is FREE. 32.A.pcketB.rmC.streD.wallet【答案】D【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:如果你把你的愛花費(fèi)在幫助別人身上,遲早你的心也會(huì)像你的錢包一樣空。A. pcket口袋;B. rm房間;C. stre商店;D. wallet錢包。根據(jù)前文“If yu spend yur lve helping thers sner r later yur heart wuld be empty like yur ________”可知,這里是比喻把花錢和花費(fèi)在他人身上的愛相比較,根據(jù)常識(shí)可知愛是裝在心里的而錢是裝在錢包里的,如果裝在心里的愛會(huì)花光那么裝在錢包里的錢也會(huì)花光。故選D。規(guī)律方法:完形填空技巧之生活常識(shí)和文化背景跨文化思考意識(shí)是中學(xué)英語(yǔ)《新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》中要求的基本準(zhǔn)則之一。因此考生在備考過程中,應(yīng)該有意識(shí)地利用有關(guān)資料,了解一些有關(guān)中西方文化差異的知識(shí)來完善自己的知識(shí)系統(tǒng)。完形填空題中有時(shí)就滲透著相關(guān)的,如科學(xué)、歷史、文化、風(fēng)俗民情等方面的知識(shí)。如果考生掌握了豐富的文化背景知識(shí)和生活常識(shí),就具備了一定的判斷能力,可以大大簡(jiǎn)化復(fù)雜的分析過程和判斷過程。這就要求考生平時(shí)既要多體驗(yàn)生活,又要擴(kuò)大閱讀面,增強(qiáng)自己這方面的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備,避免常識(shí)性錯(cuò)誤。同時(shí),還要注意中西方文化的差異,避免出現(xiàn)漢語(yǔ)式表達(dá)或理解。完形填空題所選的文章多是具有一定故事情節(jié)和教育意義的記敘文,這些語(yǔ)篇都非常貼近學(xué)生的生活,涉及日常生活常識(shí)的試題就在所難免。所以考生在解題時(shí),可以根據(jù)這些常識(shí)做出正確選擇。完形填空的語(yǔ)篇信息常交織滲透著各類相關(guān)的文化背景知識(shí):有些選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置與文化背景有關(guān),這就要求考生有較寬的知識(shí)面,同時(shí)具備一定的文化意識(shí),特別要有對(duì)英語(yǔ)國(guó)家文化的敏感性和鑒別力,只有這樣才能既快又準(zhǔn)確地解題。
【變式精講】【例1】【2023·甘肅省蘭州市等4地高三一模】After she grew up, Anne Sullivan hped t help thers, just as the kind ld nurse helped her. She became the____32____f Helen Keller. 32.A.classmateB.teacherC.neighbrD.bss【答案】B【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:她成了海倫凱勒的老師。A. classmate 同學(xué) B. teacher老師C. neighbr 鄰居D. bss老板。根據(jù)下文結(jié)合常識(shí)可知,Sullivan 是Helen Keller的老師,故選B?!纠?】【2023·遼寧省葫蘆島市協(xié)作校第二次考試】Abut 10 minutes befre we left, I happened t lk in the mirrr, seeing tw girls cme in. They sat near me. They started t ____23____ the menu and I culd hear what they said. They whispered. “It’s s expensive!”23.A.readB.findC.typeD.cllect【答案】A【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意:她們開始讀菜單,我能聽到她們說什么。A. read讀;B. find找;C. type打字;D. cllect收集。根據(jù)空后“the menu”及常識(shí)可知,吃飯之前要點(diǎn)菜,所以要看菜單。故選A。
【例3】【2023屆高三第一次學(xué)業(yè)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)(T8聯(lián)考)】A yung wman sitting next t the by nticed him rubbing his arms. She immediately asked him: “Dn’t yu have a jacket?” “N, smene stle it,” he replied. She inquired and learned he was n a schl trip and was tld t meet his teacher at the bus stp. She asked him the name f his schl and where he was frm as she ____26____ draped(披上) her wn cat arund his shulders. 26.A.sympatheticallyB.pretendinglyC.tiredlyD.casually【答案】A【解析】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意:她問他學(xué)校的名字,從哪里來,同時(shí)同情地把自己的外套搭在他肩上。A. sympathetically同情地;B. pretendingly假裝地;C. tiredly累地;D. casually隨意地。結(jié)合常識(shí)可知,天氣寒冷,年輕女子不顧自己受凍給男孩披上外套,是富有同情心的行為。故選A。【例4】【2023屆高三第一次學(xué)業(yè)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)(T8聯(lián)考)】Actually, Jhanne’s experience was an experiment by Nrwegian charity SOS Children’s Villages. Carried ut by a _____30_____ camera, it was part f their winter campaign t gather dnatins f much-needed cats and blankets t help Syrian children thrugh the winter. 30.A.ptentialB.publicC.hiddenD.mbile【答案】C【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意:由一個(gè)隱藏的攝像機(jī)拍攝,這是他們冬季活動(dòng)的一部分,目的是籌集急需的外套和毯子,幫助敘利亞兒童過冬。A. ptential可能的;B. public公開的;C. hidden藏起來的;D. mbile移動(dòng)的。結(jié)合常識(shí)可知,社會(huì)實(shí)驗(yàn)一般都是在被拍攝人不知情的情況下,用隱藏式攝像機(jī)拍攝的。故選C。

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