?專題11閱讀理解說明文-2023年高考真題及模擬題匯編

2023年高考真題
Passage 1
【2023年新高考全國Ⅰ卷】The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培養(yǎng)) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (獨(dú)處) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.
8. What is the book aimed at?
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
9. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
10. What is presented in the final chapter of part one?
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
11. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two?
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
【答案】8. B 9. A 10. C 11. A
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了數(shù)字極簡主義生活方式的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，倡導(dǎo)簡單的數(shù)字生活方式。
【8題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. (這本書的目標(biāo)是為數(shù)字極簡主義辯護(hù)，包括詳細(xì)探索它的要求和為什么有效，然后如果你認(rèn)為它適合你，教你如何采用這種哲學(xué))”可知，這本書的目的是倡導(dǎo)簡單的數(shù)字生活方式。故選B。
【9題詳解】
詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線詞下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. (這個(gè)過程要求你在30天內(nèi)遠(yuǎn)離可選的在線活動(dòng)。在30天結(jié)束的時(shí)候，你再加上一些你認(rèn)為會(huì)給你所看重的東西帶來巨大好處的精心挑選的在線活動(dòng))”可推知，畫線詞“declutter”的意思是“清理”，對(duì)在線活動(dòng)進(jìn)行清理和挑選。故選A。
【10題詳解】
推理判斷題。通過文章第四段“In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我將指導(dǎo)您進(jìn)行自己的數(shù)字清理。在這樣做的過程中，我將借鑒我在2018年進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)，在該實(shí)驗(yàn)中，1600多人同意進(jìn)行數(shù)字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介紹了實(shí)驗(yàn)與數(shù)字清理的實(shí)際例子。故選C。
【11題詳解】
推理判斷題。通過文章最后一段“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. (你可以將這些實(shí)踐視為一個(gè)工具箱，旨在幫助你建立一種適合自己特定情況的極簡主義生活方式)”可推知，作者建議讀者根據(jù)需要與實(shí)際情況使用第二部分中提及的實(shí)踐。故選A。
Passage 2
【2023年新高考全國Ⅰ卷】On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (轉(zhuǎn)折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
13. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
14. What did the follow-up study focus on?
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
15. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies?
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
【答案】12. B 13. D 14. C 15. D
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】本文是說明文。沒有人是一座孤島，文章陳述了“群體智慧”效應(yīng)。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，在某些情況下大量獨(dú)立估計(jì)的平均值可能是相當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確的。
【12題詳解】
主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.(這種效應(yīng)利用了這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，即當(dāng)人們犯錯(cuò)誤時(shí)，這些錯(cuò)誤并不總是相同的。有些人常常會(huì)高估，或者低估。當(dāng)這些誤差中有足夠多的誤差被平均在一起時(shí)，它們會(huì)相互抵消，從而產(chǎn)生更準(zhǔn)確的估計(jì)。如果相似的人傾向于犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤，那么他們的錯(cuò)誤不會(huì)相互抵消。從更專業(yè)的角度來說，群眾的智慧要求人們的估計(jì)是獨(dú)立的。如果由于任何原因，人們的錯(cuò)誤變得相關(guān)或依賴，估計(jì)的準(zhǔn)確性就會(huì)下降。)”可知，本段闡述了人們所犯的錯(cuò)誤不總是相同的，各不相同的誤差平均在一起，相互抵消就會(huì)產(chǎn)生更準(zhǔn)確的估計(jì)，討論了獨(dú)立估計(jì)的平均如何由于誤差的消除而導(dǎo)致更準(zhǔn)確的預(yù)測(cè)。因此本段主要解釋了“群體智慧”效應(yīng)這一現(xiàn)象的基本邏輯。故選B。
【13題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.(從更專業(yè)的角度來說，群眾的智慧要求人們的估計(jì)是獨(dú)立的。)”和第三段的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.(這項(xiàng)研究的關(guān)鍵發(fā)現(xiàn)是，當(dāng)人群被進(jìn)一步劃分為允許進(jìn)行討論的小組時(shí)，這些小組的平均值比同等數(shù)量的獨(dú)立個(gè)體的平均值更準(zhǔn)確。例如，從四個(gè)五人討論組的估計(jì)中獲得的平均值明顯比從20個(gè)獨(dú)立個(gè)體獲得的平均值更準(zhǔn)確。)”可知，人們?cè)跊]有獨(dú)立的情況下，分成更小群體，平均值是更準(zhǔn)確的，說明即使在估計(jì)數(shù)字并非完全獨(dú)立的情況下，準(zhǔn)確率提高也是可以做到的。故選D。
【14題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? ( 在一項(xiàng)針對(duì)100名大學(xué)生的后續(xù)研究中，研究人員試圖更好地了解小組成員在討論中的實(shí)際行為。他們是否傾向于選擇那些對(duì)自己的估計(jì)最有信心的人？他們追隨那些最不愿意改變主意的人嗎？)”可知，在后續(xù)研究中，研究人員試圖更好地了解小組成員在討論中實(shí)際做了什么。結(jié)合兩個(gè)問題，因此可知后續(xù)研究的重點(diǎn)是小組內(nèi)的討論過程。故選C。
【15題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.(盡管Navajas領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究有局限性，仍存在許多問題，但對(duì)小組討論和決策的潛在影響是巨大的。)”可知，作者認(rèn)為雖然Navajas領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究有局限性也存在許多問題，但對(duì)小組討論和決策的潛在影響巨大。因此推斷作者對(duì)于Navajas的研究表示一定的贊許和支持。故選D。
Passage 3
【2023年新高考全國Ⅱ卷】Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描繪) alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
8. Where is the text most probably taken from?
A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings.
9. What are the selected artworks about?
A. Wealth and intellect. B. Home and school.
C. Books and reading. D. Work and leisure.
10. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Understand. B. Paint.
C. Seize. D. Transform.
11. What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader?
A. The printed book is not totally out of date.
B. Technology has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked.
D. People now rarely have the patience to read.
【答案】8. B 9. C 10. A 11. A
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了印刷書籍和閱讀對(duì)人類的重要意義。
【8題詳解】
推理判斷題。通讀全文，再根據(jù)文章第一段“Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. (Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers這一活動(dòng)是為書籍這一日常物品辦的典禮，這里有來自世界各地博物館的近三百件藝術(shù)品)”以及倒數(shù)第二段“Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. (在印刷機(jī)廣泛使用之前，書籍是珍貴的物品，它們本身就可以成為藝術(shù)品)”可推知，本文最有可能出自一篇關(guān)于著作藝術(shù)的文章。故選B。
【9題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。通過文章第二段“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. (藝術(shù)品的選擇和排列方式強(qiáng)調(diào)了不同時(shí)代和文化之間的聯(lián)系。我們看到孩子們?cè)诩依锘驅(qū)W校學(xué)習(xí)閱讀的場(chǎng)景，這本書是幾代人之間關(guān)系的焦點(diǎn))”可知，選定的藝術(shù)品是關(guān)于書籍和閱讀的。故選C。
【10題詳解】
詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線詞上文“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. (藝術(shù)品的選擇和排列方式強(qiáng)調(diào)了不同時(shí)代和文化之間的聯(lián)系。我們看到孩子們?cè)诩依锘驅(qū)W校學(xué)習(xí)閱讀的場(chǎng)景，這本書是幾代人之間關(guān)系的焦點(diǎn))”以及“These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments (這些場(chǎng)景可能是數(shù)百年前繪制的，但它們記錄了一些時(shí)刻)”可推知，此處指書籍是人類之間相互聯(lián)系和理解的紐帶，故與畫線短語“relate to”意思最相近的為A項(xiàng)“理解、認(rèn)識(shí)到”。故選A。
【11題詳解】
推理判斷題。通過文章最后一段“it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader (它仍然像任何電池供電的電子閱讀器一樣具有互動(dòng)性)”以及“printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity (印刷書籍仍然提供了完全私人的“離線”活動(dòng)的機(jī)會(huì))”可推知，本文作者提到電子閱讀器想表達(dá)的是印刷書籍并沒有完全過時(shí)。故選A。
Passage 4
【2023年新高考全國Ⅱ卷】As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (編碼) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “l(fā)istening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
12. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text?
A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature.
13. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories?
A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
14. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5?
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
15. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn?
A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication.
【答案】12. B 13. A 14. C 15. B
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。城市化讓人們?cè)絹碓诫y以接觸到自然，但一項(xiàng)新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)城市中的野生自然對(duì)人類健康和幸福感具有重要影響。研究團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)一座大型城市公園的游客進(jìn)行調(diào)查，發(fā)現(xiàn)與野生自然的互動(dòng)可以創(chuàng)造出一種可用的語言，幫助人們認(rèn)識(shí)和參與最令人滿意和有意義的活動(dòng)。該研究呼吁保護(hù)城市中的野生自然。
【12題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容“As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.(隨著城市的飛速發(fā)展，生活在城市地區(qū)的人們?cè)絹碓诫y以接近大自然。如果你幸運(yùn)的話，你住的地方附近可能會(huì)有一個(gè)袖珍公園，但在城市里找到相對(duì)天然的地方是罕見的)”可知，文章開頭作者講述了一種現(xiàn)象，在城市里，人們很難找到野生的自然。故選B。
【13題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (編碼) experiences into different categories. (他們調(diào)查了數(shù)百名公園游客，要求他們?cè)诰W(wǎng)上提交一份書面總結(jié)，描述他們?cè)诠珗@里與大自然有意義的互動(dòng)。然后，研究人員檢查了這些提交的信息，將體驗(yàn)分為不同的類別)”可知，研究人員按照公園游客提交的在公園里與大自然互動(dòng)的活動(dòng)把游客分類，再根據(jù)第四段“Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. (在這320份提交的作品中，一種被研究人員稱為“自然語言”的分類模式開始出現(xiàn)。在對(duì)所有提交的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行編碼后，有六個(gè)類別被認(rèn)為對(duì)游客最重要)”可推斷，給游客分類是為了區(qū)分不同的游客類別。故選A。
【14題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段內(nèi)容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. (命名每一種自然體驗(yàn)創(chuàng)造了一種可用的語言，這有助于人們認(rèn)識(shí)并參與到對(duì)他們來說最滿意和最有意義的活動(dòng)中。例如，沿著水邊散步的經(jīng)歷可能會(huì)讓一個(gè)年輕的專業(yè)人士在周末去公園徒步旅行時(shí)感到滿意。在工作日回到市中心，他們可以在午休時(shí)沿著噴泉散步，享受一種更居家的互動(dòng)方式)”可知，本段講述了自然體驗(yàn)創(chuàng)造一種可用的語言，有助于人們識(shí)別并參與對(duì)自己來說最滿意最有意義的活動(dòng)，接下來以一個(gè)年輕的專業(yè)人士參與自然的方式舉例說明，去公園時(shí)沿著水邊散步讓他感到滿意，回到市中心工作時(shí)他可以通過沿著噴泉散步獲得滿足。因此推知，從第五段的例子中我們可以知道一樣的自然體驗(yàn)可以呈現(xiàn)不同的形式。故選C。
【15題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段““We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. (“我們正試圖創(chuàng)造一種語言，幫助將人類與自然的互動(dòng)帶回我們的日常生活中。要做到這一點(diǎn)，我們還需要保護(hù)自然，這樣我們才能與它互動(dòng)，”該研究的資深作者彼得·卡恩說。)”可推斷，彼得·卡恩認(rèn)為在我們與大自然互動(dòng)之前我們應(yīng)該先要保護(hù)自然。故選B。
Passage 5
【2023年全國乙卷】What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (癡迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.
8. What do people usually think of British food?
A. It is simple and plain. B. It is rich in nutrition.
C. It lacks authentic tastes. D. It deserves a high reputation.
9. Which best describes cookery programme on British TV?
A. Authoritative. B. Creative. C. Profitable. D. Influential.
10. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now?
A. 20%. B. 24%. C. 25%. D. 33%.
11. What might the author continue talking about?
A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters.
【答案】8. A 9. D 10. D 11. B
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】本篇是一篇說明文，介紹英國人在英國烹飪節(jié)目的影響下改變對(duì)烹飪的看法，并嘗試新的烹飪習(xí)慣。
【8題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的“What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting?”（當(dāng)你想到英國食物時(shí)，你會(huì)想到什么？你可能想到的是炸魚薯?xiàng)l，或是一肉兩菜的周日晚餐。但是，英國食物真的如此無趣嗎？）可知，提及英國食物，大家往往只是想到炸魚薯?xiàng)l和周日烤肉，所以人們通常會(huì)覺得英國食物平平無奇。故選A項(xiàng)。
【9題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits.”（正是由于電視上的這些大廚，而不是憑借廣告宣傳活動(dòng)，英國人正在遠(yuǎn)離“一肉兩菜”和速食餐，而變得更加愿意探索新的烹飪習(xí)慣。）和“It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.”（似乎電視節(jié)目幫助改變了人們對(duì)烹飪的看法。）可知，英國的烹飪節(jié)目能夠改變英國人對(duì)烹飪的看法，嘗試從傳統(tǒng)的英式飲食走出來，嘗試新的烹飪習(xí)慣，由此推知英國的烹飪節(jié)目具有很大的影響力。故選D項(xiàng)。
【10題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的“Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before.”（幾乎三分之一的人表示他們現(xiàn)在使用的配料比以前更多，將近四分之一的人表示他們現(xiàn)在購買的配料質(zhì)量比以前更好。）可知，三分之一左右的人，也就是33%左右的人，使用的配料比以前更多。故選D項(xiàng)。
【11題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的最后一句“With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.”（隨著電視上出現(xiàn)越來越多男性廚師，男孩子喜歡烹飪不再是一件“不酷”的事了。）可知，接下來，文章應(yīng)該具體介紹電視上的男性廚師，從而與上文形成語義連貫。故選B項(xiàng)。
Passage 6
【2023年全國甲卷】I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy (哲學(xué)).
That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better than you — and then try to explain them.
Eric Weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love for philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an invitation to think and experience philosophy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a book about understanding philosophy, is a book abour learning to use philosophy to improve a life.
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding (解讀) their messages and adding his own interpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It’s worth your time, even if time is something we don’t have a lot of.
28. Who opened the door to philosophy for the author?
A. Foucault. B. Eric Weiner.
C. Jostein Gaarder. D. A college teacher.
29. Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4?
A. To compare Weiner with them.
B. To give examples of great works.
C. To praise their writing skills.
D. To help readers understand Weiner’s book.
30. What does the author like about The Socrates Express?
A. Its views on history are well-presented.
B. Its ideas can be applied to daily life.
C. It includes comments from readers.
D. It leaves an open ending.
31. What does the author think of Weiner’s book?
A. Objective and plain.
B. Daring and ambitious.
C. Serious and hard to follow.
D. Humorous and straightforward.
D. Humorous and straightforward.
【答案】8. C 9. D 10. B 11. D
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。作者在13歲時(shí)開始喜歡哲學(xué)，隨后Weiner的書The Socrates Express喚起了作者對(duì)哲學(xué)的熱愛。文章通過介紹了The Socrates Express這本書，倡導(dǎo)讀者花時(shí)間去讀這本書。
【8題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy(哲學(xué)).(我13歲的時(shí)候，一個(gè)叔叔給了我一本Jostein Gaarder的《 Sophie的世界》。書里面的觀點(diǎn)對(duì)我來說都很新奇，所以我整個(gè)夏天都在鉆研那本書。它對(duì)我說話，把我?guī)胍粋€(gè)哲學(xué)的世界。)”可知，Jostein Gaarder為作者打開了通往哲學(xué)的大門。故選C。
【9題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中“Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. (Weiner在每一章的開頭都描述了一個(gè)城市之間火車旅行的場(chǎng)景，然后將每一位哲學(xué)家的著作框定在一個(gè)他們能夠幫助我們做得更好的事情上。最終的結(jié)果是，我們學(xué)會(huì)了像蘇格拉底一樣思考，像梭羅一樣看，像叔本華一樣聽，像尼采一樣沒有遺憾。)”可知，作者在第四段開頭描寫了Weiner書的內(nèi)容，接著作者通過列舉了幾位偉大的哲學(xué)家來描寫讀完這本書后我們能從中學(xué)到的東西，由此可推知，作者列舉了幾位偉大的哲學(xué)家是為了幫助讀者理解Weiners的書。故選D。
【10題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“This, more than a book about undestanding philosophy, is a book abour learning to use philosophy to improve a life.(這不僅僅是一本關(guān)于理解哲學(xué)的書，更是一本關(guān)于學(xué)習(xí)運(yùn)用哲學(xué)來改善生活的書。)”可知，作者喜歡The Socrates Express這本書，是因?yàn)樗乃枷肟梢詰?yīng)用到日常生活中。故選B。
【11題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“He makes philosopical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor.(他使哲學(xué)思想成為一種有吸引力的練習(xí)，可以提高我們經(jīng)驗(yàn)的質(zhì)量，而且他在做這件事的時(shí)候充滿了幽默感。)”可知，Weiners的書很幽默，根據(jù)最后一段中“The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. (The Socrates Express是一本有趣而尖銳的書，它以其表面上的簡單吸引著讀者，并逐漸將他們拉進(jìn)對(duì)欲望、孤獨(dú)和衰老的深層思考中。)”可知，Weiners的書簡單易懂，由此可知，Weiners的書既幽默又簡單易懂。故選D。
Passage 7
【2023年全國甲卷】Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche — we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a grizzly bear.
“Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,” says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to de-list grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed.
Obviously, if precautions (預(yù)防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.
32. How do Americans look at grizzlies?
A. They cause mixed feelings in people.
B. They should be kept in national parks.
C. They are of high scientific value.
D. They are a symbol of American culture.
33. What has helped the increase of the grizzly population?
A The European settlers’ behavior.
B. The expansion of bears’ range.
C. The protection by law since 1975.
D. The support of Native Americans.
34. What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from de-listing grizzlies?
A. The opposition of conservation groups.
B. The successful comeback of grizzlies.
C. The voice of the biologists.
D. The local farmers’ advocates.
35. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C. A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
【答案】12. A 13. C 14. A 15. B
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】本文是說明文，講述了美國灰熊從瀕危物種恢復(fù)到2000多頭，但也帶來了一些問題。
【12題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere them even as they give us frightening dreams. (灰熊可以長到2.5米長，體重超過400公斤，在美國人的心理中占據(jù)著一個(gè)矛盾的角落——即使它們給我們帶來可怕的夢(mèng)，我們也敬畏它們)”可知，美國人對(duì)灰熊既有害怕，又有敬畏，他們的情感是混合的。故選A項(xiàng)。
【13題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. (1975年，灰熊被列入《瀕危物種法》)”以及第四段“Today, there are about 2, 000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. (如今，美國大約有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它們的恢復(fù)非常成功，以至于美國魚類和野生動(dòng)物管理局兩次試圖將灰熊從名單上除名，這將放松對(duì)灰熊的法律保護(hù)，允許它們被獵殺)”可推知，由于1975年起受法律保護(hù)，灰熊的數(shù)量有了增長。故選C項(xiàng)。
【14題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed. (如今，美國大約有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它們的恢復(fù)非常成功，以至于美國魚類和野生動(dòng)物管理局兩次試圖將灰熊從名單上除名，這將放松對(duì)灰熊的法律保護(hù)，允許它們被獵殺。由于環(huán)保組織的訴訟，這兩項(xiàng)努力都被推翻了。目前，灰熊仍在名單上)”可知，是環(huán)保組織的的反對(duì)阻止了美國魚類和野生動(dòng)物管理局將灰熊從瀕危物種名單上除名。故選A項(xiàng)。
【15題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Obviously, if precautions aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,“ says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula. (顯然，如果不采取預(yù)防措施，灰熊會(huì)變得很麻煩，有時(shí)會(huì)殺死農(nóng)場(chǎng)動(dòng)物，或者在院子里尋找食物。如果人們把食物和引誘劑從他們的院子和露營地移走，灰熊通常會(huì)安然通過。在雞舍和其他農(nóng)場(chǎng)動(dòng)物生活區(qū)周圍設(shè)置電動(dòng)圍欄也能有效地趕走灰熊?！拔覀兿Ｍ幸粋€(gè)干凈，沒有誘餌的地方，熊可以通過，而不會(huì)養(yǎng)成壞習(xí)慣，”詹姆斯·瓊克爾說，他是一位長期管理米蘇拉及其周圍熊的生物學(xué)家)”可推知，灰熊數(shù)量增長，雖然會(huì)帶來一些麻煩，但是如果采取一些預(yù)防措施，人和灰熊可以和諧相處。故選B項(xiàng)。

2023年名校模擬題
Passage 1
（2023·陜西·統(tǒng)考三模）In a major step forward for monitoring the biodiversity of marine(海洋的)systems, a new study published in the journal Environmental DNA details how Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute(MBARI) researchers are using autonomous underwater robots to sample environmental DNA(eDNA), which allows scientists to detect the presence of aquatic species from the tiny bits of genetic(遺傳學(xué)的) material they leave behind. This “DNA soup” offers clues about biodiversity changes in sensitive areas and the presence of rare or endangered species-all critical to understanding and preserving a healthy ocean.
Researchers combined two novel autonomous platforms developed by MBARI for this study-the Long-Range Autonomous Underwater Vehicle(LRAUV) and the Environmental Sample Processor(ESP). The LRAUV can travel for weeks at a time and for hundreds of kilometers. It can enable more frequent sampling in remote sites than traditional research ships. The ESP is a robotic “l(fā)aboratory-in-a-can” that filters(過濾)??seawater and preserves eDNA for future study. By equipping an LRAUV with ESP technology, researchers can monitor the ocean better.
“We know that eDNA is an incredibly powerful tool for studying ocean communities, but we’ve been limited by what we can accomplish using expensive crewed research ships. Now, autonomous technology is helping us make better use of our time and resources to study previously unsurveyed regions of the ocean,” said Kobun Truelove, a biological oceanographer at MBARI and the lead author of the paper.
Marine biodiversity is a measure of the abundance of individuals and species in the ocean. This interconnected mixture of organisms supports food webs, produces the air we breathe, and regulates our climate. Autonomous tools like the LRAUV and ESP enable MBARI researchers to monitor changes in sensitive ecosystems in ways that were not possible previously.
“Ship-based research will continue to play an important role in oceanographic studies, but adding new autonomous technology to the toolkit will expand capacity for research, monitoring, and resource management,” said Truelove.
1．What do the underlined words “aquatic species” in paragraph 1 refer to?
A．Those living in water. B．Those growing near water.
C．Those becoming endangered. D．Those consuming eDNA．
2．What can the LRAUV do?
A．Filter seawater effectively.
B．Preserve eDNA for future study.
C．Travel for months at a time in the ocean.
D．Reach remote areas of the ocean frequently.
3．What can we infer from Truelove’s words?
A．Autonomous technology is more economical and efficient.
B．Ship-based research is more time-saving and energy-saving.
C．Autonomous robots have entirely replaced traditional research ships.
D．Crewed research ships help researchers study new parts of the ocean.
4．What can be the best title for the text?
A．Researchers Discover a “DNA Soup”
B．Autonomous Technology Needs Improving
C．Robots Sample eDNA to Monitor Ocean Health
D．The Biodiversity of the Ocean Needs Protection
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．C
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了對(duì)環(huán)境DNA進(jìn)行采樣以監(jiān)測(cè)海洋健康的最新技術(shù)。
1．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)上下文語境以及上文的“In a major step forward for monitoring the biodiversity of marine systems（這是監(jiān)測(cè)海洋生物多樣性的重要一步）”可知，科學(xué)家監(jiān)測(cè)的是海洋生物，所以畫線詞也應(yīng)該指的是“海洋中的生物”。故選A項(xiàng)。
2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“The LRAUV can travel for weeks at a time and for hundreds of kilometers. It can enable more frequent sampling in remote sites than traditional research ships.（LRAUV一次可以航行數(shù)周，航行數(shù)百公里。與傳統(tǒng)的科考船相比，它可以在偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)進(jìn)行更頻繁的采樣）”可知，遠(yuǎn)程自主水下航行器(LRA UV) 可以經(jīng)常到達(dá)海洋的偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)。故選D項(xiàng)。
3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的句子“Now, autonomous technology is helping us make better use of our time and resources to study previously unsurveyed regions of the ocean,” said Kobun Truelove, a biological oceanographer at MBARI and the lead author of the paper.（“我們知道eDNA是研究海洋群落的一個(gè)非常強(qiáng)大的工具，但我們一直受到使用昂貴的載人研究船所能完成的限制?，F(xiàn)在，自主技術(shù)正在幫助我們更好地利用我們的時(shí)間和資源來研究以前未調(diào)查的海洋區(qū)域”，MBARI的生物海洋學(xué)家、該論文的主要作者Kobun Truelove說）”可以推論出，自主技術(shù)更加經(jīng)濟(jì)、高效。故選A項(xiàng)。
4．主旨大意題。通讀全文，特別是根據(jù)第一段“In a major step forward for monitoring the biodiversity of marine systems, a new study published in the journal Environmental DNA details how Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute(MBARI) researchers are using autonomous underwater robots to sample environmental DNA(eDNA), which allows scientists to detect the presence of aquatic species from the tiny bits of genetic material they leave behind. ”（在監(jiān)測(cè)海洋系統(tǒng)生物多樣性方面邁出了重要一步，發(fā)表在《環(huán)境DNA》雜志上的一項(xiàng)新研究詳細(xì)介紹了蒙特利灣水族館研究所(MBARI)的研究人員如何使用自主水下機(jī)器人對(duì)環(huán)境DNA進(jìn)行采樣，這使得科學(xué)家能夠從水生物種留下的微小遺傳物質(zhì)中檢測(cè)到它們的存在。）可知，本文主要介紹了對(duì)環(huán)境DNA進(jìn)行采樣以監(jiān)測(cè)海洋健康的最新技術(shù)。所以，用C項(xiàng)“Robots Sample eDNA to Monitor Ocean Health”作為本文的題目，與文章主題相符合。故選C項(xiàng)。
Passage 2
（2023·湖北·校聯(lián)考模擬預(yù)測(cè)）“Towards thee I roll, thou all-destroying but unconquering whale; to the last I grapple with thee; from hell’s heart I stab at thee; for hate’s sake I spit my last breath at thee.” Captain Ahab’s dying declaration of defiance (抗?fàn)? is among the most famous passages in Herman Melville’s novel.
In reality, such victories of the hunted over the hunter were a fantasy in the cruel world of industrial whaling. The biggest cetacean of them all, the blue whale, had all but disappeared from the Southern Ocean by the time a ban on hunting it was introduced in 1967.
Sightings of the largest mammal ever to live on the earth had been rare in the region since then. Not any more. A survey of coastal waters around the island of South Georgia in the sub-Antarctic has had remarkable results.
In just over three weeks, in the krill-rich waters of what was once their main feeding ground, the movements of 55 Antarctic blues were recorded by the British Antarctic Survey. The finding was described as “truly, truly amazing” by one cetacean specialist. It suggests that when a comprehensive audit (審計(jì)), due in 2021, is carried out, there is a good chance that the species will prove to be in full recovery mode, as are humpbacks and other whales in the southern hemisphere.
Three years ago, the Natural History Museum established a 25m skeleton (骨架) of a blue whale and named it Hope, intending to inspire new generations to build a sustainable future.
The return of the world’s most splendid ocean travellers to southern waters should serve as an example for wider possibilities of conservation. Ecological wrongs can be righted, or at least mitigated, with sufficient will and organisations.
The more general comeback of the whale - for which environmental campaigners should take a great deal of credit — can be an inspiration for victories yet to be won. It could also act as an added motivation to action on the climate emergency.
5．What’s the author’s purpose of mentioning the famous passage in Herman Melville’s novel?
A．To describe a hunter’s bravery. B．To introduce the topic of the text.
C．To stress the popularity of the novel. D．To offer information about whale hunting.
6．Why was a 25m skeleton of a blue whale named Hope?
A．To attract tourists to visit the museum.
B．To show the unkindness of whale hunters.
C．To motivate humans to live harmoniously with nature.
D．To call on people to pay attention to the blue whales’ habitat.
7．What does the underlined word “mitigated” in paragraph 6 probably mean?
A．Developed. B．Promoted. C．Reduced. D．Solved.
8．What’s the best title of the text?
A．The blue whales’ comeback B．The cruelty of industrial whaling
C．The importance of protecting whales D．The sustainable development of the Antarctic area
【答案】5．B 6．C 7．C 8．A
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了在環(huán)保人士的努力下，更多的藍(lán)鯨正在逐步回歸海洋。
5．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段““Towards thee I roll, thou all-destroying but unconquering whale; to the last I grapple with thee; from hell’s heart I stab at thee; for hate’s sake I spit my last breath at thee.” Captain Ahab’s dying declaration of defiance (抗?fàn)? is among the most famous passages in Herman Melville’s novel.(“我向你滾來滾去，你這條毀滅一切卻又不可戰(zhàn)勝的大鯨；我要與你搏斗到底；我從地獄之心刺向你；為了仇恨，我向你吐出最后一口氣。”亞哈船長臨死前的反抗宣言是赫爾曼·梅爾維爾小說中最著名的段落之一)”以及第二段“In reality, such victories of the hunted over the hunter were a fantasy in the cruel world of industrial whaling. The biggest cetacean of them all, the blue whale, had all but disappeared from the Southern Ocean by the time a ban on hunting it was introduced in 1967.(實(shí)際上，在殘酷的工業(yè)捕鯨世界里，這樣的被捕者對(duì)獵人的勝利只是一種幻想。其中最大的鯨類動(dòng)物藍(lán)鯨，在1967年禁止捕獵藍(lán)鯨時(shí)，幾乎從南大洋消失了)”可推知，作者提到赫爾曼·麥爾維爾這部小說中最著名的橋段之一，是為了引出本文要討論的話題。故選B。
6．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段“Three years ago, the Natural History Museum established a 25m skeleton (骨架) of a blue whale and named it Hope, intending to inspire new generations to build a sustainable future.(三年前，自然歷史博物館建立了一具25米長的藍(lán)鯨骨架，并將其命名為“希望”，旨在激勵(lì)新一代建設(shè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的未來)”可知，一具25米長的藍(lán)鯨骨架被命名為“希望”是為了激勵(lì)人類與自然和諧相處，建設(shè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的未來。故選C。
7．詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線詞上文“Ecological wrongs can be righted, or at least”以及后文“with sufficient will and organisations.”可知，“at least”的語意比righted輕，說明只要有足夠的意愿和組織，生態(tài)錯(cuò)誤是可以糾正的，或者至少是可以減輕的。故畫線詞意思是“減少”。故選C。
8．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段“Sightings of the largest mammal ever to live on the earth had been rare in the region since then. Not any more. A survey of coastal waters around the island of South Georgia in the sub-Antarctic has had remarkable results.(從那以后，在這個(gè)地區(qū)很少能看到這種地球上最大的哺乳動(dòng)物?，F(xiàn)在不是了。對(duì)亞南極南喬治亞島周圍沿海水域的調(diào)查取得了顯著成果)”結(jié)合文章主要介紹了在環(huán)保人士的努力下，更多的藍(lán)鯨正在逐步回歸海洋。A選項(xiàng)“藍(lán)鯨的回歸”符合語境。故選A。
Passage 3
（2023·山東濟(jì)南·統(tǒng)考三模）For motorcycle enthusiasts, nothing beats the excitement of riding your motorcycle on the open highway with the wind on your back. With gas prices rising, riding motorcycles is economical and a much greener way to travel. Along with the benefits comes the risk of personal injury if an accident occurs. After all, you’re not protected by steel like you are while driving your car. Besides a helmet (頭盔), the latest safety innovations, new airbag jeans, are personal airbags that you can wear to better protect your life.
Airbags have been protecting people in car accidents for decades. Now, a Swedish company, Mo’cycle, teamed up with an airbag technology company which previously produced upper body protection for motorcycle riders, to design and produce the airbags jeans. This kind of airbag can offer protection for the motorcycle rider’s lower body, especially the tailbone, in case of an accident. According to the company, “It reformed the airbag technology to protect the first bone of the spinal column (脊柱), because spinal column injury is the leading cause of disability among motorcycle riders.”
The airbag jeans look like conventional trousers. Its component is removable and the jeans can be washed, dried, and worn again. The jeans are made of a fabric called Armalith which is stronger and weighs less than steel. Armalith helps to prevent riders from injuries caused by force of friction after a fall. The airbags fixed into the fabric help protect the rider if he or she falls off the motorcycle. If the rider is separated from the vehicle, the airbags are touched off in seconds. That’s because the mechanism is actually a chain that connects the jeans to the motorcycle.
Mo’cycle’s airbag jeans are available on the company’s crowdfunding campaign along with an airbag shirt and a complete protection package. Obviously, they can provide protection for more motorcycle riders. Making the roads safer for them is certainly a worthy effort.
9．What is the purpose of Paragraph 1?
A．To show the popularity of motorcycles. B．To stress the necessity of airbags jeans.
C．To state the importance of wearing helmets. D．To display the excitement of highway riding.
10．What can be inferred from Paragraph 2?
A．The tailbone injuries are hard to identify.
B．Airbags offer overall protection for riders.
C．Mo cycle is famous for airbag design and production.
D．The airbag jeans are based on the existing technology.
11．What is a feature of airbag jeans?
A．They lead a new fashion trend. B．They are comfortable to wear.
C．They are quick in response. D．They need fixing regularly.,
12．How does the author feel about the future of the airbag jeans?
A．Indifferent. B．Uncertain. C．Promising. D．Curious.
【答案】9．B 10．D 11．C 12．C
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了安全氣囊牛仔褲可以更好地保護(hù)人們的生命，文章介紹了安全氣囊牛仔褲的原理以及涉及的技術(shù)。
9．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“For motorcycle enthusiasts, nothing beats the excitement of riding your motorcycle on the open highway with the wind on your back. With gas prices rising, riding motorcycles is economical and a much greener way to travel. Along with the benefits comes the risk of personal injury if an accident occurs. After all, you’re not protected by steel like you are while driving your car. Besides a helmet (頭盔), the latest safety innovations, new airbag jeans, are personal airbags that you can wear to better protect your life.(對(duì)于摩托車愛好者來說，沒有什么比騎著摩托車在開闊的高速公路上迎風(fēng)而行更令人興奮的了。隨著汽油價(jià)格的上漲，騎摩托車是一種既經(jīng)濟(jì)又環(huán)保的出行方式。隨著這些好處而來的是，如果發(fā)生事故，人身傷害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。畢竟，你不像開車時(shí)那樣受到鋼鐵的保護(hù)。除了頭盔之外，最新的安全創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品——新型安全氣囊牛仔褲——是一種個(gè)人安全氣囊，你可以穿上它來更好地保護(hù)你的生命)”可推知，第一段的目的是強(qiáng)調(diào)安全氣囊牛仔褲的必要性。故選B。
10．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Now, a Swedish company, Mo’cycle, teamed up with an airbag technology company which previously produced upper body protection for motorcycle riders, to design and produce the airbags jeans. This kind of airbag can offer protection for the motorcycle rider’s lower body, especially the tailbone, in case of an accident. According to the company, “It reformed the airbag technology to protect the first bone of the spinal column (脊柱), because spinal column injury is the leading cause of disability among motorcycle riders.”(現(xiàn)在，一家瑞典公司Mo’cycle與一家安全氣囊技術(shù)公司合作，設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)安全氣囊牛仔褲。該公司之前為摩托車手生產(chǎn)上半身保護(hù)裝置。這種安全氣囊可以在發(fā)生事故時(shí)保護(hù)摩托車騎手的下半身，特別是尾骨。據(jù)該公司介紹，“它改革了安全氣囊技術(shù)，以保護(hù)脊柱的第一塊骨頭，因?yàn)榧怪鶕p傷是摩托車騎手致殘的主要原因?！?”可推知，安全氣囊牛仔褲是基于現(xiàn)有技術(shù)。故選D。
11．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“If the rider is separated from the vehicle, the airbags are touched off in seconds.(如果騎手與車輛分離，安全氣囊會(huì)在幾秒鐘內(nèi)被觸發(fā))”可知，安全氣囊牛仔褲的特點(diǎn)反應(yīng)迅速。故選C。
12．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Obviously, they can provide protection for more motorcycle riders. Making the roads safer for them is certainly a worthy effort.(顯然，他們可以為更多的摩托車騎手提供保護(hù)。讓道路對(duì)他們來說更安全當(dāng)然是值得的)”可推知，作者認(rèn)為安全氣囊牛仔褲的未來很有前途。故選C。
Passage 4
（2023·廣東東莞·校聯(lián)考模擬預(yù)測(cè)）As the costs of fuel, groceries and housing increase suddenly around the world, scientists are fighting inflation (通貨膨脹) at the bench. Almost all items needed to conduct science are more expensive than they were just a year ago. And that means that nearly every researcher is feeling the pressure. “Nobody is immune to this economy,” says Tola Olorunnisola, who leads innovation in the lab at Avantor, an international science-management company in Pennsylvania. Olorunnisola visited labs in the Netherlands, Switzerland and Ireland to help researchers find ways to enlarge their budgets. “Scientists are becoming more conscious of costs,” she says.
The increase in lab costs has forced scientists to make some difficult choices. Scientific budgets are pretty fixed. If they pay double for something, it means they’re not buying something else. Scientists can keep their research projects moving forward, but to avoid overspending on their budgets, they’ll probably need to adjust their buying habits and take steps to make their labs more efficient.
Julien Sage, a cancer researcher and geneticist at Stanford University in California, estimates that lab supplies historically account for roughly 20%of his overall budget, but he says that the balance is shifting.
Without significant boosts in funding to keep pace with inflation, it’s up to scientists to find creative ways to diminish costs. One option is to rethink experimental design.
“It will probably take more than discounts from lab-supply companies to truly protect scientists from the impact of rising prices,” Sage says. “Unless something is done on a large scale to either stabilize costs or increase funding, science is likely to suffer. If you have less money, you’re going to have fewer people or be less productive, which means you’re going to have fewer grants (撥款) which means you’re going to have fewer people. That’s probably happening to a lot of labs these days, and the question is: When is it going to stop?”
13．For what did Olorunnisola visit some labs in different places?
A．Seeing how researchers struggle against inflation.
B．Proving everyone has to face the rising price.
C．Learning about the pressure of researchers.
D．Helping researchers overcome economic difficulty.
14．What is paragraph 2 mainly about?
A．The cause of increasing lab costs. B．The effects of the rising lab costs.
C．The tough choices of researchers. D．The ways of making labs efficient.
15．What does the underlined word “diminish” mean in paragraph 4?
A．Reduce. B．Calculate. C．Restore. D．Keep.
16．Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Scientists face many problems B．The price of goods is rising quickly
C．Labs have to tighten supplies budgets D．People hold different opinions of price
【答案】13．D 14．B 15．A 16．C
【導(dǎo)語】本文是說明文。隨著世界各地燃料、商品和住房成本的激增，實(shí)驗(yàn)室的科研人員不得不削減成本以應(yīng)對(duì)通貨膨脹。
13．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Olorunnisola visited labs in the Netherlands, Switzerland and Ireland to help researchers find ways to enlarge their budgets.(Olorunnisola訪問了荷蘭、瑞士和愛爾蘭的實(shí)驗(yàn)室，幫助研究人員找到擴(kuò)大預(yù)算的方法)”可知，Olorunnisola訪問了荷蘭，瑞士和愛爾蘭的實(shí)驗(yàn)室，其目的是幫助科研人員克服經(jīng)濟(jì)困難。故選D。
14．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“The increase in lab costs has forced scientists to make some difficult choices. Scientific budgets are pretty fixed. If they pay double for something, it means they’re not buying something else. Scientists can keep their research projects moving forward, but to avoid overspending on their budgets, they’ll probably need to adjust their buying habits and take steps to make their labs more efficient.(實(shí)驗(yàn)室成本的增加迫使科學(xué)家們做出了一些艱難的選擇?？茖W(xué)預(yù)算是相當(dāng)固定的。如果他們花雙倍的錢買東西，這意味著他們沒有買別的東西。科學(xué)家們可以繼續(xù)推進(jìn)他們的研究項(xiàng)目，但為了避免預(yù)算超支，他們可能需要調(diào)整他們的購買習(xí)慣，并采取措施提高實(shí)驗(yàn)室的效率)”可知，本段主要講述了實(shí)驗(yàn)室成本的增加給科研人員帶來的一系列問題及其影響。故選B。
15．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線詞上文“Without significant boosts in funding to keep pace with inflation, it’s up to scientists to find creative ways to”可知，如果不大幅增加資金以跟上通貨膨脹的步伐，那么科研人員就必須找到創(chuàng)造性的方法來削減成本。故劃線詞意思是“減少”。故選A。
16．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“As the costs of fuel, groceries and housing increase suddenly around the world, scientists are fighting inflation (通貨膨脹) at the bench. Almost all items needed to conduct science are more expensive than they were just a year ago. And that means that nearly every researcher is feeling the pressure.(隨著燃料、食品雜貨和住房成本在世界范圍內(nèi)的突然上漲，科學(xué)家們正在板凳上與通貨膨脹作斗爭。幾乎所有進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究所需的物品都比一年前貴了。這意味著幾乎每個(gè)研究人員都感到了壓力)”結(jié)合文章主要說明了隨著世界各地燃料、商品和住房成本的微增，實(shí)驗(yàn)室的科研人員不得不削減成本以應(yīng)對(duì)通貨膨脹。C選項(xiàng)“實(shí)驗(yàn)室必須收緊供應(yīng)預(yù)算”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選C。
Passage 5
（2023·河南·校聯(lián)考模擬預(yù)測(cè)）The invasive (入侵的) species, also called introduced species or foreign species, is any nonnative species that significantly changes or damages the ecosystem it invades. Such species may arrive in new areas through natural migration, but they are often introduced by the activities of other species. Human activities, such as those involved in global commerce and the pet trade, are considered to be the most common ways in which invasive plants, animals, microbes, and other organisms are transported to new habitats.
Most introduced species do not survive extended periods in new habitats, because they do not possess the necessary adaptations to adjust to the challenges posed by their new surroundings. Some introduced species may become invasive when they possess a built-in competitive advantage over native species in invaded areas. They change native food chains and in some cases even get to the top of the food chains, which means the ecosystem lacks natural enemy capable of keeping them in check. Under these circumstances, new arrivals can get the chance to reproduce in large numbers.
The ecological damage that tends to follow such invasions often reduces the ecosystem’s biodiversity and causes economic harm to people who depend on the ecosystem’s biological resources. Invasive species may be so good at catching preys that victim populations decline over time, and many victim species die out in the affected ecosystem. Other invasive species, in contrast, may prevent native species from obtaining food, living space, or other resources. Over time, invasive species can effectively replace native ones, often forcing the localized extinction of many native species. Invasive plants and animals may also serve as disease carriers that spread parasites (寄生蟲) and viruses that may further do harm to the invaded area.
17．How do introduced species mainly travel to a new place?
A．Through natural reproduction. B．Through natural migration.
C．Through human activities. D．Though social interactions.
18．What happens to most introduced species in new habitats?
A．They become extinct worldwide. B．They survive from any challenges.
C．They dominate the new world. D．They die off in a short period.
19．What does the underlined word “preys” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Creatures that are hunted and eaten.
B．Species that die out in a new place.
C．Species at the top of food chains.
D．Creatures at the bottom of food chains.
20．Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Invasive Species Around the World
B．Invasive Species and Their Impact
C．The Ways Invasive Species Spread
D．The Classification of Introduced Species
【答案】17．C 18．D 19．A 20．B
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要講的是外來物種的定義及其對(duì)新環(huán)境的影響。
17．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Human activities, such as those involved in global commerce and the pet trade, are considered to be the most common ways in which invasive plants, animals, microbes, and other organisms are transported to new habitats.(人類活動(dòng)，例如涉及全球商業(yè)和寵物貿(mào)易的活動(dòng)，被認(rèn)為是入侵植物、動(dòng)物、微生物和其他生物被轉(zhuǎn)移到新棲息地的最常見方式)”可知，引進(jìn)的物種主要是通過人類活動(dòng)傳播到一個(gè)新的地方，故選C。
18．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“Most introduced species do not survive extended periods in new habitats, because they do not possess the necessary adaptations to adjust to the challenges posed by their new surroundings.(大多數(shù)引進(jìn)的物種不能在新的棲息地長時(shí)間生存，因?yàn)樗鼈儧]有必要的適應(yīng)能力來適應(yīng)新環(huán)境帶來的挑戰(zhàn))”可知，進(jìn)入新棲息地的大多數(shù)引進(jìn)物種會(huì)在短時(shí)間內(nèi)死亡。故選D。
19．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線詞上文“Invasive species may be so good at catching(入侵物種可能非常善于捕捉)”和下文定語從句“that victim populations decline over time, and many victim species die out in the affected ecosystem.(隨著時(shí)間的推移，受害物種數(shù)量減少，許多受害物種在受影響的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中滅絕)”可知，preys指的是被獵殺和吃掉的生物。故選A。
20．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段的“The invasive (入侵的) species, also called introduced species or foreign species, is any nonnative species that significantly changes or damages the ecosystem it invades.(入侵物種，也被稱為引進(jìn)物種或外來物種，是任何非本地物種顯著改變或破壞其入侵的生態(tài)系統(tǒng))”和第二段的“They change native food chains and in some cases even get to the top of the food chains, which means the ecosystem lacks natural enemy capable of keeping them in check.(它們改變了當(dāng)?shù)氐氖澄镦湥谀承┣闆r下甚至到達(dá)了食物鏈的頂端，這意味著生態(tài)系統(tǒng)缺乏能夠控制它們的天敵)”及第三段的“The ecological damage that tends to follow such invasions often reduces the ecosystem’s biodiversity and causes economic harm to people who depend on the ecosystem’s biological resources.(這種入侵往往會(huì)造成生態(tài)破壞，往往會(huì)減少生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的生物多樣性，并對(duì)依賴生態(tài)系統(tǒng)生物資源的人們?cè)斐山?jīng)濟(jì)損害)”可知，本文主要講的是外來物種的定義及其對(duì)新環(huán)境的影響。由此可知，B選項(xiàng)“Invasive Species and Their Impact(入侵物種及其影響)”適合作本文標(biāo)題。故選B。
Passage 6
（2023·浙江·校聯(lián)考模擬預(yù)測(cè)）A growing body of research suggests that the gut microbiome (消化道菌群) could play a major role in a rising chronic disease that makes us physically weaker. The illness, which is commonly called chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), is characterized by intense fatigue, gastrointestinal (胃腸道的) issues, muscle pain, and cognitive challenges such as headaches and difficulty concentrating, among other symptoms. It often follows a viral infection which can lead to a “disruption” in a balanced gut ecosystem. Actually, an increasing number of Americans have been the sufferers since the outbreak of COVID-19.
Two recent studies published in Cell Host &Microbe point to changes in the microbiome as a possible cause of CFS. Research groups at Columbia University and the Jackson Laboratory performed detailed analyses of the microbes in stool (糞便) samples from patients with CFS and compared them to healthy controls.
The two groups found similar bacteria species were less present in CFS patients compared to control patients. They focused on bacteria that produce butyrate, a fatty acid involved in regulating metabolism and the immune system. “Butyrate plays several roles in directing the body’s response to infections, while also protecting the barrier between the intestine (腸) and the circulatory system, regulating genetic changes in cells, and more,” says Brent Williams, lead author on the Columbia study. Williams and his colleagues extensively analyzed the role of butyrate in CFS patients’ guts, even identifying a correlation between low levels of bacteria that produce this acid and more severe symptoms.
Parallel findings from the Jackson Laboratory team suggest the bacteria that produce butyrate could be used to diagnose CFS. Previous research has identified microbiome issues in CFS patients, but the new findings help clarify which microbes could be related to the illness.
More research on butyrate-producing bacteria and other species identified in the studies is necessary to investigate these potential biomarkers of CFS, the authors say. If the findings are replicated, specific gut bacteria could be used to diagnose the illness, which is currently identified based on symptoms alone.
The findings additionally point toward possible treatments, such as probiotics or microbiome-focused diet adjustments—though patients who have been sick for long periods may require drugs that alleviate the damage done to their metabolism or immune system.
21．What do we know about CFS?
A．It is caused by COVID-19 only. B．It is an illness with systemic symptoms.
C．It breaks the balance of the gut ecosystem. D．The number of the infected is on the decrease.
22．How did the researcher carry out the recent studies?
A．By controlling data. B．By identifying genes.
C．By analyzing samples. D．By comparing symptoms.
23．Which of the following is NOT the significance of the recent researches?
A．Butyrate’s multiple functions are promoted.
B．Targeted gut microbes may be used to diagnose CFS.
C．Certain microbes responsible for CFS are narrowed down.
D．Probiotics supplement with drugs can be a treatment for CFS.
24．What is the text mainly about?
A．Gut microbiome may be the key to CFS. B．Microbes help digest food and aid absorption.
C．Man’s gut is a rich, diverse tropical rainforest. D．New method for diagnosing CFS are provided.
【答案】21．B 22．C 23．A 24．A
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。越來越多的研究表明，腸道微生物群可能在越來越多的慢性疾病中發(fā)揮重要作用。文章介紹了研究開展的過程以及其研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的意義。
21．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“The illness, which is commonly called chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), is characterized by intense fatigue, gastrointestinal (胃腸道的) issues, muscle pain, and cognitive challenges such as headaches and difficulty concentrating, among other symptoms.(這種疾病通常被稱為慢性疲勞綜合征（CFS），其特征是強(qiáng)烈的疲勞、胃腸道問題、肌肉疼痛和認(rèn)知挑戰(zhàn)，如頭痛和注意力不集中等癥狀)”可知，慢性疲勞綜合癥是一種有全身性癥狀的疾病。故選B。
22．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Research groups at Columbia University and the Jackson Laboratory performed detailed analyses of the microbes in stool (糞便) samples from patients with CFS and compared them to healthy controls.(哥倫比亞大學(xué)和杰克遜實(shí)驗(yàn)室的研究小組對(duì)慢性疲勞綜合癥患者糞便樣本中的微生物進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)分析，并將其與健康對(duì)照進(jìn)行了比較)”可知，研究人員通過分析樣本進(jìn)行的研究。故選C。
23．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段“Parallel findings from the Jackson Laboratory team suggest the bacteria that produce butyrate could be used to diagnose CFS.(杰克遜實(shí)驗(yàn)室團(tuán)隊(duì)的類似發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，產(chǎn)生丁酸鹽的細(xì)菌可以用來診斷慢性疲勞綜合癥)”；倒數(shù)第二段“If the findings are replicated, specific gut bacteria could be used to diagnose the illness, which is currently identified based on symptoms alone.(如果這些發(fā)現(xiàn)被復(fù)制，特定的腸道細(xì)菌可以用來診斷疾病，目前僅根據(jù)癥狀來識(shí)別疾病)”以及最后一段“The findings additionally point toward possible treatments, such as probiotics or microbiome-focused diet adjustments—though patients who have been sick for long periods may require drugs that alleviate the damage done to their metabolism or immune system.(研究結(jié)果還指出了可能的治療方法，比如益生菌或以微生物群為重點(diǎn)的飲食調(diào)整——盡管長期患病的患者可能需要藥物來減輕對(duì)新陳代謝或免疫系統(tǒng)的損害)”可知，A選項(xiàng)“促進(jìn)丁酸鹽的多種功能”不是研究的意義。故選A。
24．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“A growing body of research suggests that the gut microbiome (消化道菌群) could play a major role in a rising chronic disease that makes us physically weaker. The illness, which is commonly called chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), is characterized by intense fatigue, gastrointestinal (胃腸道的) issues, muscle pain, and cognitive challenges such as headaches and difficulty concentrating, among other symptoms.(越來越多的研究表明，腸道微生物群可能在越來越多的慢性疾病中發(fā)揮重要作用，這些疾病會(huì)使我們的身體變得更弱。這種疾病通常被稱為慢性疲勞綜合征（CFS），其特征是劇烈疲勞、胃腸道問題、肌肉疼痛和認(rèn)知挑戰(zhàn)，如頭痛和注意力不集中等癥狀)”結(jié)合文章介紹了一項(xiàng)研究開展的過程以及其研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的意義可知，這篇文章的主要講述腸道微生物群可能是慢性疲勞綜合癥的關(guān)鍵。故選A。
Passage 7
（2023·山東日照·統(tǒng)考三模）A new wearable device that wraps around your finger like a plaster can harvest sweat while you sleep and use it to generate electricity, according to the developers from University of California, San Die go.
Most power producing wearable device require wearers to perform intense exercise or depend on external sources such as sunlight or large changes in temperature. But the new strip uses a passive system to generate electricity from sweat in your fingertips, even if you are sleeping or sitting completely still. This is because the finger tips are the sweatiest part of the body. So, thanks to a smart sponge material, this can be collected and processed by conductors.
The energy harvester produced small amounts of electricity when the wearer presses down or starts to sweat, or from light finger tapping. It does this by converting activities like typing, texting, or playing the piano into extra charge.
Finger tips have one of the highest concentrations of sweat grands in the body, with coach finger producing between 100 and 1,000 times more sweat than most other areas, according to the researchers.
Co-first author doctoral student Mr. Bin said: “The reason why we feel sweatier on other parts of the body is that those spots are not well ventilated (通風(fēng)的). By contrast, the finger tips are always exposed to air, so the sweat evaporated as it comes out. So rather than letting it evaporate, we use our device to collect this sweat, and it can generate a significant amount of energy.”
The device is equipped with electrical conductors or electrode (電極) made from a carbon foam, which absorbs any finger sweat. Enzyme (酶) on the electrode then cause a chemical sweat molecule to generate electricity.
The device only stores up a little bit power at the moment, and would take about three weeks of constant wear to power a smart phone, but the researchers hope to increase capacity in future.
25．How is the new device different from other wearables?
A．It is cost-effective. B．It is harmless to skin.
C．It required no exercise. D．It produced electricity.
26．What does the underlined word “evaporate” in paragraph 5 mean?
A．Changes into a gas. B．Freezes in the air.
C．Drops to the ground. D．B c comes bigger in amount.
27．What is the disadvantage of the device?
A．It is extremely small in size. B．It is very difficult to operate.
C．It has a very limited power capacity. D．It relies much on temperature changes.
28．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A．Sweats Fingertips B．Power from Fingertips
C．An Electrical Conductor D．A Rechargeable Device
【答案】25．C 26．A 27．C 28．B
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一種新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，研發(fā)人員發(fā)明了一種新型的可穿戴設(shè)備，該設(shè)備可以像膏藥一樣纏在手指上，在你睡覺時(shí)收集汗水，并利用它來發(fā)電。
25．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Most power producing wearable device require wearers to perform intense exercise or depend on external sources such as sunlight or large changes in temperature. But the new strip uses a passive system to generate electricity from sweat in your fingertips, even if you are sleeping or sitting completely still.(大多數(shù)產(chǎn)生能量的可穿戴設(shè)備都需要佩戴者進(jìn)行劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)，或者依賴于外部資源，如陽光或溫度的巨大變化。但這款新產(chǎn)品采用了一種被動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，即使你在睡覺或坐著不動(dòng)，也能從你指尖的汗液中發(fā)電。)”可知，這種設(shè)備即使是在你不運(yùn)動(dòng)的情況下，也可以從你指尖的汗液中發(fā)電。故選C。
26．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線單詞上一句“The reason why we feel sweatier on other parts of the body is that those spots are not well ventilated (通風(fēng)的).(我們身體其他部位出汗更多的原因是這些部位通風(fēng)不佳。)”可推斷，他的意思是我們身體的其他部位出汗多是因?yàn)槟切┎课徊煌L(fēng)。而對(duì)比之下，“the finger tips are always exposed to air(指尖總是暴露在空氣中)”可推測(cè)，指尖沒有多少汗水，由此推斷，指尖沒有汗水是因?yàn)楹顾怀鰜砭驼舭l(fā)了。所以劃線單詞的意思和“蒸發(fā)”相似。選項(xiàng)A“Changes into a gas. (變成氣體)”，符合意思。故選A。
27．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“The device only stores up a little bit power at the moment, and would take about three weeks of constant wear to power a smart phone, but the researchers hope to increase capacity in future.(該設(shè)備目前只能儲(chǔ)存一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)能量，并且需要持續(xù)佩戴大約三周才能為智能手機(jī)供電，但研究人員希望將來能增加容量。)”可知，該設(shè)備的容量不夠大。故選C。
28．主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段“A new wearable device that wraps around your finger like a plaster can harvest sweat while you sleep and use it to generate electricity, according to the developers from University of California, San Die go.(加州大學(xué)圣迭戈分校的研發(fā)人員日前表示，一種新型可穿戴設(shè)備可以像膏藥一樣纏在手指上，在你睡覺時(shí)收集汗水，并利用它來發(fā)電。)”以及整篇文章內(nèi)容可知，文章主要介紹了一種新型的可穿戴設(shè)備，該設(shè)備可以佩戴在手指并收集汗水，用來發(fā)電。所以“Power from Fingertips(來自指尖的電能)”作為文章標(biāo)題最為合適。故選B。
Passage 8
（2023·廣東廣州·廣州六中校考三模）We often find ourselves struggling to control our thoughts, but why is it so hard to stop our minds wandering? Research found our thoughts are less focused and under less control than we realize. In a 1996 study, participants reported more than 4,000 thoughts daily, each lasting no more than five seconds. In a 1987 study, people perceived 22% of their thoughts as strange, unacceptable or wrong. Then, is it possible to avoid unwanted thoughts, whether it’s an upcoming exam or an unpleasant conversation? The answer is: maybe.
In a 2022 study, the researchers showed paid volunteers a series of slides displaying different nouns. Each noun was repeated on five different slides. As they viewed the slides, the participants wrote down a word they associated with each given noun — for example, “road” in response to “car.” Only the experimental group were told they wouldn’t get paid for repeated words. With this method, the researchers sought to create a situation when someone experiences unwanted thoughts.
When the experimental group saw each noun for a second time, they took longer than the control group to come up with a new association, suggesting their first response popped into their mind before they replaced it. However, they got quicker each time they viewed the same slide, indicating that their association between the given word and their first response — the thought they were trying to avoid — was weakening.
“We didn’t find evidence that people can entirely avoid unwanted thoughts,” said research leader Isaac Fradkin. “But the results suggest that practice can help people get better.”
Not everyone agrees that a slideshow of random words can tell how people stop emotional thoughts. Other research suggests that avoiding thoughts can backfire. When we do it, we’re sending our brains a message. This effort labels them as something to be feared, making them more powerful.
In the end, it might make more sense to take a mindful approach. “We can allow these thoughts to just be in our minds, not holding onto them too tightly and not trying to fight them,” said Fradkin.
29．What can we learn about our thoughts from paragraph 1?
A．Most of our thoughts are valueless.
B．We tend to focus more on negative thoughts.
C．Our thoughts can occur and disappear easily.
D．We can’t keep our thoughts for over five seconds.
30．Why were the experimental group told not to repeat the related words?
A．To collect more associations.
B．To make the task more challenging.
C．To create a competitive atmosphere.
D．To set up a desired experimental context.
31．What does the underlined word “backfire” mean in paragraph 5?
A．Have an opposite effect. B．Take back the wrong message.
C．Reveal hidden problems. D．Cause a mental breakdown.
32．What does Fradkin advise us to do with unwanted thoughts?
A．Drive them away. B．Try to understand them.
C．Leave them alone. D．Learn to control them.
【答案】29．C 30．D 31．A 32．C
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了人們很難控制自己的思想，經(jīng)常會(huì)有奇怪的、不可接受的或錯(cuò)誤的想法。雖然沒有證據(jù)表明人們可以完全避免這些不必要的想法，但研究表明，練習(xí)可以幫助人們變得更好。我們不應(yīng)該逃避，或試圖與它們作斗爭，而是要順其自然。
29．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“We often find ourselves struggling to control our thoughts, but why is it so hard to stop our minds wandering?...In a 1996 study, participants reported more than 4,000 thoughts daily, each lasting no more than five seconds.(我們常常發(fā)現(xiàn)自己很難控制自己的思想，但是為什么我們很難停止思想的游蕩呢？……在1996年的一項(xiàng)研究中，參與者每天報(bào)告超過4000個(gè)想法，每個(gè)想法持續(xù)不超過5秒鐘)”可知，我們很難停止思想游蕩，這說明我們的想法很容易出現(xiàn)；參與者的每個(gè)想法持續(xù)不超過5秒鐘，這說明我們的想法很容易消失。故選C。
30．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Only the experimental group were told they wouldn’t get paid for repeated words. With this method, the researchers sought to create a situation when someone experiences unwanted thoughts.(只有實(shí)驗(yàn)組被告知他們不會(huì)因?yàn)橹貜?fù)的話而得到報(bào)酬。用這種方法，研究人員試圖創(chuàng)造一種情況，當(dāng)有人經(jīng)歷不想要的想法)”可知，實(shí)驗(yàn)組被告知不要重復(fù)相關(guān)的單詞這是為了創(chuàng)設(shè)理想的實(shí)驗(yàn)環(huán)境。故選D。
31．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線單詞下文“When we do it, we’re sending our brains a message. This effort labels them as something to be feared, making them more powerful.(當(dāng)我們這么做的時(shí)候，我們?cè)谙蛭覀兊拇竽X傳遞一個(gè)信息。這種努力給它們貼上了令人畏懼的標(biāo)簽，使它們變得更加強(qiáng)大)”可知，逃避這些想法會(huì)給大腦傳遞一個(gè)信息，這會(huì)讓這些想法變得更加強(qiáng)大，這說明逃避這些想法并不會(huì)使想法停止，反而使它們愈加強(qiáng)大。由此推知，逃避這些想法會(huì)產(chǎn)生使適得其反的結(jié)果，劃線單詞“backfire”意為“產(chǎn)生適得其反的結(jié)果”。故選A。
32．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中““We can allow these thoughts to just be in our minds, not holding onto them too tightly and not trying to fight them,” said Fradkin.(“我們可以讓這些想法只存在于我們的頭腦中，而不是緊緊抓住它們不放，也不要試圖與它們作斗爭，”Fradkin說)”可知，F(xiàn)radkin建議我們不要管這些我們不想要的想法，應(yīng)該順其自然。故選C。
Passage 9
（2023·江蘇泰州·統(tǒng)考模擬預(yù)測(cè)）When you enjoy your morning cup of tea, you are probably not aware that those tea leaves can mean injury, or even death, for Asian elephants wandering Indian tea gardens.
In the Indian state of Assam, growing numbers of tea farms are destroying the Asian elephant’s habitats and endangering their population. Much of the forest land where tea is grown in Assam is flat and thus farmers must dig drainage trenches or small channels to prevent water from accumulating and hurting the plants. The trenches, however, can be death traps for the elephants.
Since the elephants need to use tea plantations as landmarks when traveling in forests, they almost unavoidably have to move through the farms. Moreover, because there are fewer humans around, pregnant females often use tea-growing areas as safe shelters to give birth. But baby elephants, still not used to rough ground may easily fall into the trenches and get hurt. Once injured, they might not be able to climb out. When mothers try to dig their babies out, both may be trapped in thick mud, even be killed. Furthermore, elephants are known to resist leaving their sick or dying behind, and a group may stay at a trench with a trapped baby for hours, unwilling to move on until all hope is lost.
Is there possibility for elephants to live in harmony with the booming tea business? Elephant Friendly Tea is an organization that takes the initiative to make it possible. The organization encourages consumers to choose brands that take an active part in elephants protection, and has established a certification program to reward tea growers who are doing it right. Until now, only smaller tea brands have been certified, but awareness is growing. The organization believes that people may be encouraged to buy elephant-friendly brands when they know more about the risk tea can cause to these endangered animals.
33．Why do farmers in Assam dig trenches?
A．To trap elephants. B．To mark boundaries.
C．To protect tea trees. D．To expand tea farms.
34．What can we say about baby elephants?
A．They get stuck by the sharp branches of the tea trees.
B．They have difficulty moving around the uneven fields.
C．They might miss the landmarks while travelling in forests.
D．They fail to find a safe shelter when climbing out of trenches.
35．What does “it” underlined in the last paragraph refer to?
A．Encouraging consumers to choose high-quality brands.
B．Rewarding tea growers for protecting the environment.
C．Promoting elephant-friendly trenches and organizations.
D．Creating a win-win situation for elephants and tea farms.
36．Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A．The Trenches Pose Threats to Elephants
B．Habitat Loss Affects Endangered Animals
C．Growth of Tea Gardens Benefits Plantation
D．Farms Sponsor Environmental Organizations
【答案】33．C 34．B 35．D 36．A
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。主要介紹了茶葉種植對(duì)亞洲象的生存環(huán)境造成威脅及Elephant Friendly Tea組織為保證大象安全和茶葉生意的發(fā)展做出的努力。
33．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Much of the forest land where tea is grown in Assam is flat and thus farmers must dig drainage trenches or small channels to prevent water from accumulating and hurting the plants.”（大部分阿薩姆邦種植茶葉的林地都是平坦的，因此農(nóng)民必須挖排水溝或小渠道，以防止雨水積聚和傷害植物。）可知，茶農(nóng)挖溝渠是為了避免雨水集聚而損害茶樹。故選C項(xiàng)。
34．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“But baby elephants, still not used to rough ground may easily fall into the trenches and get hurt.”（但是小象還不習(xí)慣粗糙的地面，很容易掉進(jìn)溝渠里受傷。）可知，在不平整的地面上行走，小象面臨許多困難，很容易掉進(jìn)溝渠里。故選B項(xiàng)。
35．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Is there possibility for elephants to live in harmony with the booming tea business? Elephant Friendly Tea is an organization that takes the initiative to make it possible.”（大象有可能與蓬勃發(fā)展的茶業(yè)和諧相處嗎?Elephant Friendly Tea是一個(gè)主動(dòng)采取行動(dòng)使it成為可能的組織。）可知，該組織采取行動(dòng)，致力于保證大象安全和茶葉生意的發(fā)展，此處it指代上文提到的“elephants to live in harmony with the booming tea business”，即大象保護(hù)和茶業(yè)發(fā)展的雙贏局面。故選D項(xiàng)。
36．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段中“In the Indian state of Assam, growing numbers of tea farms are destroying the Asian elephant’s habitats and endangering their population.”（在印度阿薩姆邦，越來越多的茶園正在破壞亞洲象的棲息地，并危及它們的數(shù)量。）及“The trenches, however, can be death traps for the elephants.”（然而，溝渠對(duì)大象來說可能是死亡陷阱。）并結(jié)合下文茶農(nóng)挖的溝渠對(duì)大象的具體危害的描述可知，本文主要介紹了茶葉種植尤其是茶園內(nèi)的溝渠對(duì)亞洲象的生存環(huán)境造成了威脅。故選A項(xiàng)。
Passage 10
（2023·山東聊城·統(tǒng)考三模）Researchers at North Carolina State University are proposing an additional white traffic light that will act as a sign to human drivers and passengers that they should follow the lead of self-driving vehicles moving through intersections (十字路口).
Driving is fundamentally changing. In the future, human drivers will be sharing the road with autonomous vehicles. The transition to autonomous vehicles is progressing with each passing year and humans are no longer the only ones sitting behind an automobile’s steering wheel. This makes it urgent for traffic lights with a fourth color to become a reality.
The white traffic light would be equipped with wireless Bluetooth technology and would engage when the number of autonomous vehicles driving on the road at any given time exceeds a certain threshold (閾值). Autonomous vehicles would be in communication with each other and with the traffic lights at intersections, within a certain range. Any human drivers in the mix would be informed to follow the lead of the vehicle in front of them via the white light: stop if it stops, continue if it continues.
In simulation models, autonomous vehicles were shown to improve traffic flow on their own. The higher the percentage of autonomous vehicles at an intersection, the faster the traffic moved, with improvements of about 40 to 99 percent in terms of total delay reductions possible. “The white light can be used to coordinate (協(xié)調(diào)) traffic in any situation involving autonomous vehicles and tells human drivers what’s going on, so that they know what they are supposed to do as they approach the intersection,” says civil engineer Ali Hajbabaie.
As an example, most recently, Tesla’s problematic full-self-driving vehicles have been at the forefront of public criticism after a car crashed into a fire truck. Consequently, the potential risks linked to autonomous driving are what made North Carolina State University researchers suggest adding a fourth color to traffic lights in the coming years.
37．What does the underlined word “This” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Strict traffic rules.
B．The upgrade of road system.
C．Increasing autonomous vehicles.
D．The high cost of self-driving technology.
38．What does paragraph 3 mainly tell us about the white traffic light?
A．Its signal meaning. B．Its working principle.
C．Its complex database. D．Its potential applications.
39．What does Ali Hajbabaie convey in his words?
A．The white traffic light can help improve the flow of traffic.
B．Autonomous vehicles are potential threats to road safety.
C．It is difficult for elderly drivers to adapt to white traffic lights.
D．People had to be trained before driving on the roads with white traffic lights.
40．Why does the author mention the example of Tesla in the last paragraph?
A．To stress the popularity of driverless vehicles.
B．To prove the necessity of adding white traffic lights.
C．To call on the public to pay close attention to road safety.
D．To present the hidden dangers of using white traffic lights.
【答案】37．C 38．B 39．A 40．B
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了隨著駕駛正在發(fā)生根本性變化，研究人員提出了設(shè)立一個(gè)額外的白色交通信號(hào)燈，它將作為一個(gè)標(biāo)志，告訴人類司機(jī)和乘客，他們應(yīng)該跟隨自動(dòng)駕駛汽車通過十字路口。
37．詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線單詞上文“Driving is fundamentally changing. In the future, human drivers will be sharing the road with autonomous vehicles. The transition to autonomous vehicles is progressing with each passing year and humans are no longer the only ones sitting behind an automobile’s steering wheel.This makes it urgent for traffic lights with a fourth color to become a reality. (駕駛正在發(fā)生根本性的變化。在未來，人類駕駛員將與自動(dòng)駕駛汽車共享道路。向自動(dòng)駕駛汽車的過渡每年都在推進(jìn)，人類不再是唯一坐在汽車方向盤后面的人。這使得第四種顏色的交通信號(hào)燈迫切需要成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。)”可知，代詞“this”指代的是上文提到的駕駛發(fā)生的變化，在未來，人類駕駛員將與自動(dòng)駕駛汽車共享道路，道路上會(huì)不斷增加自動(dòng)駕駛汽車。故選C。
38．主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第三段“The white traffic light would be equipped with wireless Bluetooth technology and would engage when the number of autonomous vehicles driving on the road at any given time exceeds a certain threshold (閾值). Autonomous vehicles would be in communication with each other and with the traffic lights at intersections, within a certain range. Any human drivers in the mix would be informed to follow the lead of the vehicle in front of them via the white light: stop if it stops, continue if it continues.(白色交通燈將配備無線藍(lán)牙技術(shù)，當(dāng)任何時(shí)間行駛在道路上的自動(dòng)駕駛車輛數(shù)量超過一定閾值時(shí)，它就會(huì)啟動(dòng)。在一定范圍內(nèi)，自動(dòng)駕駛汽車可以相互通信，也可以與十字路口的交通燈通信。車輛中的任何人類駕駛員都將被告知通過白燈跟隨前面車輛的指示：如果它停下來，就停下來，如果它繼續(xù)行駛，就繼續(xù)行駛。)”可知，第三段主要介紹了白色交通燈運(yùn)行的原理，故選B。
39．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段““The white light can be used to coordinate (協(xié)調(diào)) traffic in any situation involving autonomous vehicles and tells human drivers what’s going on, so that they know what they are supposed to do as they approach the intersection,” says civil engineer Ali Hajbabaie.(土木工程師Ali Hajbabaie說：“在任何涉及自動(dòng)駕駛汽車的情況下，白色交通燈都可以用來協(xié)調(diào)交通，并告訴人類司機(jī)正在發(fā)生什么，這樣他們就知道在接近十字路口時(shí)應(yīng)該怎么做。”)”可知，Ali Hajbabaie認(rèn)為白色交通燈可以幫助協(xié)調(diào)交通，從而使交通更順暢。故選A。
40．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“As an example, most recently, Tesla’s problematic full-self-driving vehicles have been at the forefront of public criticism after a car crashed into a fire truck. Consequently, the potential risks linked to autonomous driving are what made North Carolina State University researchers suggest adding a fourth color to traffic lights in the coming years.(舉個(gè)例子，最近，一輛特斯拉全自動(dòng)駕駛汽車撞上一輛消防車后，成為公眾批評(píng)的焦點(diǎn)。因此，與自動(dòng)駕駛相關(guān)的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)促使北卡羅來納州立大學(xué)的研究人員建議在未來幾年為交通信號(hào)燈增加第四種顏色。)”可知，文章舉特斯拉的例子，是為了證明下文，也就是增加白色交通信號(hào)燈的必要性。故選B。

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