
?第06講 構(gòu)詞法
【學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)】
1.掌握派生法、合成法、轉(zhuǎn)化法,掌握高中詞匯記憶法
2.側(cè)重培養(yǎng)通過語境上下文的推理判斷詞性的能力
3.注重高中詞匯積累
【基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)】
構(gòu)詞法主要包括派生、合成、轉(zhuǎn)化和截短縮略四大類。在近年高考中,直接體現(xiàn)在語法填空中的應(yīng)用主要有:給出形容詞提示詞,填寫副詞或名詞;給出動(dòng)詞,填寫名詞或形容詞;給出名詞,填寫形容詞。然而,構(gòu)詞法不僅僅體現(xiàn)在語法填空中,而是廣泛分布在閱讀、完形等各種題型中,是快速拓展詞匯量,深入理解語篇的法寶。
【考點(diǎn)剖析】
考點(diǎn)一:派生法
派生法就是由一個(gè)詞根加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成另一個(gè)詞。詞根是派生詞的基礎(chǔ),而詞綴起到?jīng)Q定派生詞的詞匯意義和語法屬性的作用。
(一)形容詞的后綴和前綴
1. 名詞+-cial--形容詞
benefit--beneficial 有益的 office--official 官方的 face--facial 面部的 race--racial 種族的
finance--financial 金融的 society--social 社會(huì)的
例1.【單句填空】
(全國(guó)卷乙卷) l provide ___________ (finance) aid and other benefits for local peoples.
【答案】financial
【解析】設(shè)空處后面有名詞aid,充當(dāng)provide的賓語,故修飾名詞應(yīng)當(dāng)使用形容詞作定語。
2.名詞+-al(表示“有……屬性或者與……有關(guān)”)--形容詞
agriculture--agricultural 農(nóng)業(yè)的 nature--national 國(guó)家的 education--educational教育的
3. 動(dòng)詞/名詞+-able/-ible--形容詞
accept--acceptable 可接受的 value--valuable love--lovable rely--reliable
4. 名詞+-ful--形容詞
care--careful 仔細(xì)的 beauty--beautiful 漂亮的 use--useful有用的
(全國(guó)卷II) Branches of Plum Blossoms: The_________(beauty) long branches covered with pink-colored buds(蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations.
【答案】beautiful
【解析】本題考查多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞。表示“漂亮的長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的枝條”。多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí),一般描繪性的形容詞放在表示大小、形狀的形容詞前面,容易被誤用為副詞。
5. 名詞+-y/-ly--形容詞
wealth--wealthy 富裕的 friend--friendly 友好的 dead--deadly 致命的 rain--rainy多雨的 noise--noisy 吵鬧的 luck--lucky幸運(yùn)的 elder--elderly上年紀(jì)的
【2021全國(guó)甲卷】 Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and __________ (watchtower) to fake pictures or just to watch the local people going about their _________ (day) routines.
【答案】watchtowers;daily
【解析】句意“人們本該兩個(gè)小時(shí)就繞完城墻,但是我們停在不同的瞭望塔前拍照或者只是為了看看當(dāng)?shù)厝藗兊纳睢?。修飾名詞routines應(yīng)當(dāng)使用形容詞,表示“日常生活”。
6. 動(dòng)詞+ive--形容詞
act--active 積極的 create--creative有創(chuàng)造力的
7. 名詞+-ous--形容詞
anxiety--anxious 焦急的 variety--various 各種各樣的 glory--glorious光榮的
8.名詞+en(表示材料或質(zhì)地)--形容詞
gold--golden 金色的 wood--wooden 木制的
9. 動(dòng)詞+ent--形容詞
diffee--different 不同的 depend--dependent 依賴的
10.名詞+less--形容詞
home--homeless無家可歸的 use--useless無用的 care--careless粗心的
11.以-some結(jié)尾的形容詞
tiresome令人厭煩的 troublesome awesome
12.以a-開頭的形容詞
live--alive活著的 wake--awake醒著的 sleep--asleep睡著的 afraid害怕的 alone獨(dú)自的
(二)動(dòng)詞的前綴和后綴
1前綴en-+形容詞--動(dòng)詞
rich--enrich 使豐富 large--enlarge變大;擴(kuò)大
2.前綴en-名詞--動(dòng)詞
danger--endanger使危險(xiǎn)
3.形容詞/名詞+后綴-en--動(dòng)詞
short--shorten縮短 sharp--sharpen使尖銳 deep--deepen加深 dark--darken變暗 strength--strengthen加強(qiáng)
4.形容詞+-ify--動(dòng)詞
simple--simplify使簡(jiǎn)化 beauty--beautify使美化 clear-- clarify使凈化
5.以-ize結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞
real--realize意識(shí)到 memory--memorize記憶;識(shí)記
(三)名詞的后綴
后綴
例詞
--age (狀態(tài);集合)
shortage缺少;marriage婚姻
--an/-ian (人,……家)
American美國(guó)人;
musician音樂家
--ence/-ency (構(gòu)成抽象名詞)
dependence依靠;frequency頻率
--ance (性質(zhì),狀態(tài))
importance重要性
--ant/-ent (人)
assistant助手;student學(xué)生
--cion/-sion/-tion/-ation (動(dòng)作,狀態(tài))
suspicion懷疑;tension緊張;
repetition重復(fù); expect--expectation 期望
--ee (動(dòng)作承受者或受影響者)
employee受雇者;refugee難民
--er/or (人或物)
writer作家;actor演員
--ess (女性)
actress女演員;waitress女服
務(wù)員;hostess女主人
--ism (主義,……教)
communism共產(chǎn)主義
--ist (……主義者,……家)
communist共產(chǎn)主義者
--ment (行為;結(jié)果;狀態(tài);性質(zhì))
argument爭(zhēng)論;government政府;
development發(fā)展
--ship (關(guān)系,身份)
friendship友誼
--hood (身份;性質(zhì))
childhood童年
--th (結(jié)果,過程)
growth成長(zhǎng)
--ty (狀態(tài);性質(zhì))
anxiety焦慮
--ure (結(jié)果;行為;狀態(tài);實(shí)物)
pressure壓力;picture圖畫;
pleasure高興
--al (動(dòng)作過程;結(jié)果)
arrival到達(dá);approval同意
(全國(guó)卷II) Chinese New Year is a _______(celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.答案為celebration。
【答案】celebration
【解析】 主考察的英語構(gòu)詞知識(shí),由動(dòng)詞變?yōu)槊~的后綴-tion。改詞的變形規(guī)則是去掉原來動(dòng)詞celebrate 當(dāng)中不發(fā)音的e 字母,再加ion 就成了原動(dòng)詞的名詞形式。改句中 意思是“慶?;顒?dòng)”(英語解釋為an accasion or party when you celebrate something ),改空前面已經(jīng)有了不定冠詞a,故填celebration。
2.動(dòng)詞+-al--名詞
arrive--arrival 到達(dá) survive--survival 幸存 approve--approval 同意
(全國(guó)乙卷) It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the travelerto become ____61____ (educate) about the areas - both in terms ofgeographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the ____62____ (develop) of the local areas.
【答案】educated; development
【解析】 61空內(nèi)為動(dòng)詞, 考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換, 謂語或者非謂語形式。此題為固定搭配, become/be + ~ed + 介詞; 故答案為: educated. [拓展]此題為常見考法, be interested in, be amazed at, be concerned about 這些詞組必須記牢。62空內(nèi)為動(dòng)詞, 考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換, 設(shè)空前為定冠詞the后面應(yīng)當(dāng)使用名詞。此題為 the + 名詞 + of 結(jié)構(gòu), 故填development。
(四)副詞的后綴
1.形容詞+-ly--副詞(以某種方式)
slow--slowly緩慢地 extreme--extremely極度地 complete--completely完全地
2.以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的單詞,改y為i,加-ly
happy--happily高興地 merry--merrily快樂地
3.去e加-ly
true--truly真正地
4.以-le結(jié)尾的形容詞去e加ly
simple--simply簡(jiǎn)單地 gentle--gently溫柔地 terrible--terribly糟糕地 possible--possibly可能地
(五)表示否定或相反意義的意義
1.un-/dis-/in-/im-/ir-/il-/non-不,非
able--unable不能夠 cover--uncover揭露 polite--impolite不禮貌的 honest--dishonest不誠(chéng)實(shí)的 patient--impatient不耐煩的 regular--irregular不規(guī)則的 legal--illegal非法的
2.mis-錯(cuò)誤地
lead--mislead誤導(dǎo) take--mistake誤會(huì);誤解 understand--misunderstand誤解
3.-less表示否定或相反意義的后綴
use-useless無用的 hope--hopeless毫無希望的 home--homeless無家可歸的
總結(jié):
常用前綴
1. 表否定
un-: unhappy, uncomfortable, unconscious, undoubtedly(毋庸置疑地), unlock(開··...·鎖), undress(脫衣), unpack(打開行李),unsay(收回說過的話)
in-: incorrect, informal, indifferent(漠不關(guān)心的), invaluable(極有價(jià)值的;極寶貴的)
im-: impossible,impolite,imperfect,impatient,immoral(不道德的)
il-: illegal(違法的),illogical(不合邏輯的)
ir-: irregular(不規(guī)則的), irresistible(不可抗拒的),irrelevant(不相關(guān)的)
dis-: discover, disagree, disappear, dislike, disbelief, dishonest, dishonorable(不體面的)
mis-: misunderstand,misjudge, misread,mislead(誤導(dǎo)), misfortune (不幸)
non-: non-smoker, nonstop, nonsense(胡說), non-drinker不喝酒的人
2. 表重復(fù) re-: retell, reconsider,rearrange,react(作出反應(yīng)),renew(更新),reusable(可再用的),refresh(使恢復(fù)精力)
3. 表中間 mid-: midnight,midpoint(中點(diǎn)),midway(中途),mid-July(七月中旬)
4. 表超出 extra- : extraordinary,extracurricular(課外的),extra-official(非官方的)
5. 表超級(jí) super- : supermarket,superstar(超級(jí)明星),superpower(超級(jí)大國(guó))
6. 表微小 micro-: microscope(顯微鏡),microcomputer(微機(jī))
7. 表小的 mini- : miniskirt,minibus(小型巴士:面包車)
8. 表遠(yuǎn) tele-: telescope,telephone,television,telephotograph(傳真照片)
9. 表千 kilo- : kilometer(千米),kilogram(千克),kilowatt(千瓦)
10. 表變化 trans- : translate,transform,transport,transformer(變壓器)
11. 表后于 post-: postpone(延遲),postgraduate(研究生),postwar(戰(zhàn)后的)
12. 先于 pre-: pre-school(學(xué)齡前的),pre-war(戰(zhàn)前的),prehistoric(史前的)
13. 相互 inter- : international,interview,interchange(互換)
14. 前部; 預(yù)先 fore-: forehead,foreword(序言),foreman(領(lǐng)班),forearm(前臂),foresee,forecast,foretell(預(yù)言;預(yù)料)
15. 自動(dòng) auto- : automatic,automobile(汽車),autopilot(自動(dòng)駕駛儀)
16. 半 semi-: semicircle,semisolid(半固體的),semiconductor(半導(dǎo)體)
17. 副 vice-: vice-chairman,vice-manager,vice-president(副總統(tǒng))
18. 過多 over- :overeat(吃得過多),overexcited,overpopulated(人口過多的)
19. 使成為; 把...放入: en- : encourage(鼓勵(lì)),endanger(危及),enable(使能夠),enrich(使富裕),empower(授權(quán)), encase(把······裝入箱),encage(把······關(guān)在籠)
20. 構(gòu)成形容詞或副詞 a-: asleep, alive, alike, awake, alone, apart, aloud, ahead
常用名詞后綴
1. 表示行為者
-er: worker, teacher, painter,waiter, performer, winner, Londoner(倫敦人), northerner(北方人),container(容器),cooker(炊具),opener(開啟的人或工具),heater(取熱器),timer(計(jì)時(shí)員;計(jì)時(shí)器),cutter(切割者;切割工具)
-or : visitor, actor, sailor, inventor, conductor, director, translator, operator,survivor(幸存者)
-ar: liar(說謊者),beggar(乞丐),scholar(學(xué)者)
-ist: scientist, physicist, artist, tourist, novelist,specialist,medalist(獎(jiǎng)牌獲得者)
-ant/ent: assistant, accountant, president
-(i)an: librarian(圖書管理員), historian(史學(xué)家), politician(政治家), musician(音樂家),African,American
-ee : employee(受雇者),trainee(受訓(xùn)者),interviewee(被面試者)
2. 表過程性質(zhì)狀態(tài)結(jié)果等抽象概念
-ation: information, invitation, education, explanation, motivation, hesitation(猶豫)
-(t)ion: action, construction, direction, introduction, invention, collection, attraction, connection
-sion : conclusion, division, discussion, expression, possession
-ssion: permission, admission
-ance : allowance, importance, appearance, assistance, performance, resistance
-ence: existence, preference, reference, difference, existence, absence, independence
-ment: advertisement, agreement, amusement, argument, arrangement, development
-ness: illness, sickness,happiness, kindness, sadness, goodness(善良;美德)
-hood : childhood,neighbourhood(鄰居關(guān)系),brotherhood(兄弟關(guān)系;手足之情)
-th : truth,strength,depth,length,growth,warmth,width(寬度)
-ship: friendship, relationship, scholarship, membership, citizenship(國(guó)籍;公民的身份)
-(a)bility : possibility,disability,responsibility,flexibility(靈活性;柔韌性)
-y: difficulty, recovery
-(i)ty : reality,nationality,safety,cruelty(殘酷行為), certainty(確實(shí)的事情)
-ery: bravery,bakery(面包房),cookery(烹調(diào)法)
-al : approval,arrival,survival,refusal(拒絕)
-age: marriage, shortage(不足;短缺 ), storage(儲(chǔ)存)
-ing : feeling,hearing, building,meeting,opening,suffering,cooling(冷卻)
-ful :handful,spoonful,mouthful(一口),glassful(一杯的容量)plateful(滿盤;一盤)
-cy: fluency, accuracy(準(zhǔn)確性)
-dom: freedom; wisdom, kingdom(王國(guó))
常用形容詞后綴
-ful: successful, careful, hopeful, helpful, useful, harmful, beautiful, wonderful,colourful
-y: guilty, stormy, healthy, wealthy, dirty, noisy, sleepy,foggy,muddy
-less : breathless, tasteless, useless, hopeless, helpless, endless, stainless, meaningless
-able: comfortable, reasonable, suitable, admirable, knowledgeable, remarkable(不尋常的)
-al: personal, national, traditional, natural, cultural, agricultural, fictional, additional, musical
-ical: political,physical,practical,grammatical,historical(歷史上的)
-ly: friendly(友好的), monthly(每月的),daily(日常的), timely(及時(shí)的)
-en: golden,woollen,wooden,earthen(泥土做的)
-ous : dangerous, anxious, famous, poisonous, religious, mountainous,nervous,ambitious
-ive: active, expensive, attractive, subjective, representative, creative, impressive
-ish : foolish, selfish, childish, British
-some: troublesome,fearsome(可怕的),burdensome(難于負(fù)擔(dān)的)
-ed: interested, ashamed, disappointed, furnished, talented, aged,strong-minded(意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的)
-ing :amazing, boring, interesting, surprising, disturbing, freezing(冰冷的), shocking
常用動(dòng)詞后綴
-en: deepen,sharpen,shorten,lessen(變少),worsen(使惡化),strengthen,weaken
-ize: realize, apologize, recognize, modernize, legalize, commercialize,popularize
-(i)fy : satisfy,beautify,simplify,signify(表示;意味),terrify(使害怕)
常用副詞后綴
-ly: quickly, simply, angrily, stupidly,hopefully,hopelessly,truly,smilingly,decidedly(堅(jiān)決地;斷然地),namely(即;就是), scientifically
-ward(s): upward(s), downward(s), forward (s), backward(s), Southward(s),inward(s)outward(s),homeward(s)(向家:在歸途上)
考點(diǎn)二:合成法
合成法就是把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的獨(dú)立的詞結(jié)合在一起構(gòu)成新詞,這樣的詞一般稱為合成詞或復(fù)合詞。
復(fù)合名詞的主要構(gòu)成方式
1.名詞+名詞
silkworm蠶 classroom教室 daybreak佛曉 flashlight手電筒 necklace項(xiàng)鏈
2.合成形容詞
good-looking好看的 hard-working勤奮的 cold-blooded冷血的 newborn新生的
bittersweet苦樂參半的 airsick暈飛機(jī)的 homesick想家的 easygoing隨和的
3.合成動(dòng)詞
名詞+動(dòng)詞
broadcast播送 babysit看孩子
副詞+動(dòng)詞
overcome克服 undergo經(jīng)歷 downfall垮臺(tái);
例2.【猜一猜】
haircut理發(fā) energy-saving節(jié)能的 breakthrough突破 outbreak爆發(fā)
總結(jié):
合成名詞:bookmark (書簽);guidebook (指南手冊(cè));workshop (研討會(huì);車間);sunset (日落)
合成形容詞 :lifelong (終身的;畢生的);heartbreaking (令人心碎的);absent-minded (心不在焉的)
合成動(dòng)詞:whitewash (用石灰水刷白);overcome (戰(zhàn)勝);overthrow (推翻)
合成副詞:anyway (無論如何);everywhere (到處);however (盡管如此);forever (永遠(yuǎn))
合成介詞:inside (在......里);outside (在......外);throughout (遍及);within (在......之內(nèi))
考點(diǎn)三:轉(zhuǎn)化法
一個(gè)單詞由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種或幾種詞性,稱之為轉(zhuǎn)化法。單詞轉(zhuǎn)化后的意義往往與轉(zhuǎn)化前的意義有密切聯(lián)系,但其拼寫形式不變。
名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞
face臉—face面對(duì)
形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞
dirty臟的—dirty弄臟
動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
design設(shè)計(jì)—design圖案
形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
daily每日的—daily日?qǐng)?bào)
形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞
deep深的—deep深深地
例3.【猜一猜】
hand clean stress value wide high
deep gradate straight right empty down
總結(jié):
1. 轉(zhuǎn)化法
動(dòng)詞→名詞:change 改變;找零 →變化 ;walk 步行→散步;stop 停止→車站 ;record 錄音 →記錄
名詞→動(dòng)詞:place 地點(diǎn) → 放置;taste 味道→ 嘗起來;hand 手 → 傳遞;遞交;seat 座位 → 使……坐下??????????
形容詞→動(dòng)詞:clean 干凈→使干凈,打掃;clear 清楚→清理;dirty 臟→弄臟;dry 干燥→烘干,曬干;empty 空的→倒空 ??????????????
2. 截短法縮略法
截短法:telephone→phone, aeroplane→plane, advertisement→ad. , laboratory→lab, influenza→flu , smog (smoke + fog) 煙霧;brunch (breakfast +lunch) 早午餐;newscast (news + broadcast) 新聞廣播;sci-fi (science + fiction) 科幻小說
縮略法:television→ TV (讀字母音)電視;very important person→ VIP (讀字母音)要人;Testing of English as a Foreign Language→ TOEFL(作為一個(gè)單詞讀音)托福
【真題演練】
單句填空
1. (2021年全國(guó)甲卷·70) Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and watchtowers to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their __________ (day) routines.
2. (2021年全國(guó)乙卷·68) Provide __________ (finance) aid and other benefits for local peoples.
3. (2020年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷·62)Landing on the moon's far side is ___________ (extreme) challenging.
4. (2020年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷·61) Chinese New Year is a _____________ (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.
5. (2020年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷·69) The __________ (beauty) long branches covered with pink-colored buds (蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations.
6. (2020年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷·66) ___________(certain) during the holiday period, this plant is a must.
單句語法填空
1. daily 考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。在名詞routines前作定語,用形容詞,daily routines表示“日常生活”。
2. financial考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換??崭裰兴顔卧~在句中作定語,修飾名詞aid,故需用finance的形容詞形式。
3. extremely考查副詞。修飾形容詞challenging應(yīng)用副詞, 故填extremely。
4. celebration考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換??崭袂暗牟欢ü谠~a提示我們此處應(yīng)用名詞形式。
5. beautiful考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。與long并列修飾名詞branches,應(yīng)用形容詞。
6. Certainly考查副詞。位于句首,修飾整個(gè)句子,應(yīng)用副詞作狀語。
根據(jù)語境猜測(cè)劃線詞的詞性和詞義
7. When it comes to insect pests, red fire ants would probably top everyone's list.
8. First, you should take an active part in the discussions and freely voice your opinion.
9. Yes, I was blessed; it wasn’t a material one, but the kind that will warm my heart forever.
10. Suddenly she felt tears flooded her eyes.
11.In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant haze(霾)that mirrors Our fear of the dark.
12. Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness.
13. Surround yourself with people who uplift, encourage and understand you! Group exercise is challenging, yet fun and empowering!
14. So one day, just to see what she would do, I gently placed one on top of the groundhog’s head, Again, not a move.
15. Then make sure the people you surround yourself with are supportive. Don’t let negativity ruin your motivation.
答案:
7. vt. 居······之首,為······之冠
8. vt. 用語言表達(dá),說出
9. vt. 使溫暖
10. vt. 大量涌出
11. v. 使成為空的,把··.···弄空; v. 反射,反映
12. n. 團(tuán)結(jié)和睦
13. v. 使上升,振作; adj. 使有能力的,給予力量的
14. v. 放置 ;n. 移動(dòng)
15. n. 消極性
【過關(guān)檢測(cè)】
單句語法填空
1.Therefore, let's take the ________ (responsible) to build up a low-carbon city by riding bicycles. Come on and join us!
2.As far as I am concerned, my ________ (suggest) is that we should always have a notebook and a Chinese-English dictionary within easy reach.
3.My presence is something they can draw real ________ (strong) and hope from.
4.Life is a ________ (mix) of good times and bad times, and happy moments and unhappy moments.
5.After some time, when both of you have renewed your ________ (confident) in each other, go back to the time when you nearly fell apart.
6.The Forbidden City attracts visitors because of its long history and ________ (culture) significance, but perhaps it should add one more thing to its list of attractions: earthquake shelter.
7.Many fads are ________ (harm). Back in my day, people cut the sleeves and collars of sweat shirts off and wore them inside out. No big deal.
8.While your IQ tells you how ________ (intelligence) you are, your EQ tells you how well you use your intelligence.
9.The old people there were talkative and they told us their ________ (person) stories cheerfully.
10.My little boy, do you feel more ________ (comfort) now than before?
答案:1.responsibility 2.suggestion 3.strength 4.mixture 5.confidence 6.cultural 7.harmless 8.intelligent 9.personal 10.comfortable
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