閱讀理解
解密01 主旨要義的復習要點
【構(gòu)建知識體系】
主旨大意題
考點1精確歸納標題
考點2概括文章大意
考點3總結(jié)段落大意

【英語學科素養(yǎng)解讀】
題型解讀
命題要求
素養(yǎng)解讀
要求考生閱讀4篇短文，從每題所給的4個選項中選出最佳選項。題材廣泛，包括科普、社會、文化、政治、經(jīng)濟等多方面內(nèi)容。體裁多樣，以記敘文、議論文、說明文為主。


考查主旨大意、細節(jié)理解、推理判斷、詞義猜測、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)等。
主旨大意題包括精確歸納標題、概括文章大意和總結(jié)段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主題和細節(jié)，是否具備提綱挈領(lǐng)的能力，也就是能否在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上運用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯方法對文章進行高度概括和總結(jié)，做這類題目時要高瞻遠矚，不可以以偏概全。









【解密新高考真題】——預(yù)測高考命題方向
閱讀理解之主旨要義高考解密
2023年命題解讀和近年考點再現(xiàn)
考點1精確歸納標題
1.【2022年新高考全國Ⅱ卷】C
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately."
"Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."
11．What is a suitable title for the text?
A．To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start
B．Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C．New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D．The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer-
【答案】11．B
【解析】本文一篇說明文。為解決司機在開車時使用手機造成“分神”，引發(fā)交通事故的問題，紐約的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信監(jiān)控器）的技術(shù)來監(jiān)控司機在開車的時候是否使用了手機。
11．主旨大意題?？v觀全文，第一段和第二段闡述的是“雖然大多數(shù)州已經(jīng)嘗試了各種各樣的方法來說服人們在開車時放下手機?？墒菃栴}卻越來越嚴重”。第三段中“That is partly because people are driving more.”（部分原因是開車的人越來越多）可知，解釋了該行為產(chǎn)生的部分原因。第四段至第五段講述的是為了解決該問題是紐約立法者提出了一個新的想法即利用Textalyzer技術(shù)，來監(jiān)控司機在開車的時候是否使用了手機。最后一段講述的是：相關(guān)人士呼吁該項技術(shù)能夠成為真正的法案由此才能真正的改變?nèi)藗兊男袨椤９蔅選項Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer（發(fā)短信還是在開車？防范短信監(jiān)控器。）適合文章的標題。故選B。
2.B【2022·全國甲卷】
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (對稱的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (線索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
27. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一種具有形狀識別的鳳頭鸚鵡。
27. D主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段中的“Coffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. 科芬的鳳頭鸚鵡是一種原產(chǎn)于大洋洲的小鸚鵡，它的形狀識別能力與兩歲的人類相似”可知，本文主要介紹了會識別形狀的鳳頭鸚鵡。故選D。
3.C【2022·全國高考乙卷】
Can a small group of drones(無人機)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效)across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
11. Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
【答案】8. A 9. C 10. B 11. D
【解析】本文是一篇說明文。應(yīng)用今天的“空中之眼”的技術(shù)，無人機能在保證鐵路安全可靠的同時又能幫助鐵路運營商每年節(jié)省數(shù)十億歐元。
11. D主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章主題段第一段“Can a small group of drones(無人機)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometers of rail tracks and infrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)worldwide are safe for trains on a24/7 basis.(一小群無人機能否在保證鐵路安全可靠的同時，幫助鐵路運營商每年節(jié)省數(shù)十億歐元?這很可能是應(yīng)用今天的“空中之眼”技術(shù)的未來，以確保全球數(shù)百萬公里的鐵路軌道和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施全天候安全運行。)”以及后文第二段講到了使用無人機檢查電力線路使無人機應(yīng)用于鐵路線路成為可能;第三段講到了使用無人機大幅節(jié)省維護成本和更好地保護鐵路人員安全；第四段講到了通過使用最新的技術(shù)，無人機還可以開始為鐵路提供更高的價值，可知文章主要講述了無人機將如何改變鐵路的未來，所以D項“無人機將如何改變鐵路的未來。”符合文章中心思想，適合作為本文的最佳標題。故選D。
4.C【2021·全國新高考II卷】
A British woman who won a S1 million prize after she was named the World's Best Teacher will use the cash to bring inspirational figures into UK schools.
Andria Zafirakou,a north London secondary school teacher, said she wanted to bring about a classroom revolution (變革). “We are going to make a change, ”she said.“I’ve started a project to promote the teaching of the arts in our schools.”
The project results from the difficulties many schools have in getting artists of any sort - whether an up-and-coming local musician or a major movie star - into schools to work with and inspire children.
Zafirakou began the project at Alperton Community School, her place of work for the past twelve years. “I've seen those magic moments when children are talking to someone they are inspired by - their eyes are shining and their faces light up,” she said. “We need artists . more than ever in our schools."
Artist Michael Craig-Martin said: “Andria's brilliant project to bring artists from all fields into direct contact with children is particularly welcome at a time when the arts are being downgraded in schools." It was a mistake to see the arts as unnecessary, he added.
Historian Sir Simon Schama is also a supporter of the project. He said that arts education in schools was not just an add-on. “It is absolutely necessary. The future depends on creativity and creativity depends on the young. What will remain of us when artificial intelligence takes over will be our creativity, and it is our creative spirit, our visionary sense of freshness,that has been our strength for centuries."
11．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A．Bring Artists to Schools B．When Historians Meet Artists
C．Arts Education in Britain D．The World's Best Arts Teacher
【答案】11．A
【解析】這是一篇記敘文。文章講述了英國一名女子在被評為世界最佳教師后獲得了100萬英鎊的獎金，她將用這筆獎金發(fā)起一個項目，讓藝術(shù)家進入學校。
11．文章標題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Andria Zafirakou, a north London secondary school teacher, said she wanted to bring about a classroom revolution. “We are going to make a change,”she said.“I’ve started a project to promote the teaching of the arts in our schools.”（倫敦北部中學教師安德里亞·扎菲拉庫(Andria Zafirakou)表示，她想掀起一場課堂革命。“我們將做出改變，”她說?！拔乙呀?jīng)啟動了一個項目，以促進我們學校的藝術(shù)教學?！保笨芍?，文章講述了Andria Zafirakou用自己的獎金啟動了一個項目，將藝術(shù)家?guī)нM學校，促進藝術(shù)教學。故選A。
5.D【2021·英語全國甲卷】
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性別)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”
15．What is the best title for the text?
A．Geniuses Think Alike B．Genius Takes Many Forms
C．Genius and Intelligence D．Genius and Luck
【答案】15．B
【解析】這是一篇議論文。文章由問題“誰是天才？”引入，論述了世人對天才的狹隘定義，提出事實上“天才”有很多種形式，不要讓思維限制了我們的“天才”能力。
15．文章標題。根據(jù)文章的主要內(nèi)容，結(jié)合文章第一段提出問題“Who is a genius?（誰是天才）”和最后一段的“As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance, and simple geniuses, who are able to change the world.”(正如一位作家所說，未來的天才來自那些具有“智慧、創(chuàng)造力、毅力和那些能夠改變世界的簡單天才?！?”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大貢獻的人，他們也可以是某一方面比較突出的普通人。由此可知B項“天才有多種形式”可以作為本文最佳標題。故選B。
6.C【2021·全國新高考I卷】
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl ( 水 禽 ) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory ( 遷徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
31．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A．The Federal Duck Stamp Story B．The National Wildlife Refuge System
C．The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D．The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
【答案】31．A
【解析】本文是一篇說明文。本文講述了美國鴨票的故事，由于美國移民的大量流入，對于農(nóng)地和住房的急需大量的水禽棲息地被破壞導致美國水禽驟減，因此美國發(fā)行了鴨票，狩獵者只有購買了鴨票才能狩獵，而鴨票的部分收入進入到了用于購買水禽棲息地的基金，從而保護了水禽。
31．文章標題。根據(jù)全文可知，由于之前不恰當?shù)陌l(fā)展導致美國水禽驟減，因此美國發(fā)行了鴨票，狩獵者只有購買了鴨票才能狩獵，而鴨票的部分收入進入到了用于購買水禽棲息地的基金，從而保護了水禽，故可知，本文講述美國鴨票的故事，故選A。
7.C【2021·全國高考乙卷】
You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（來源）of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate（說明） a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped（傾倒） from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
31．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety
B．Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C．Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D．Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
【答案】31．D
【解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了藝術(shù)家Benjamin Von Wong用塑料垃圾制作了一個巨大的雕塑作品，讓人們通過這個雕塑重新審視自己與一次性塑料制品的關(guān)系。此外他在2018的一件作品“Truckload of Plastic”說明了每60秒，就有一卡車塑料進入海洋。Von Wong通過用塑料垃圾制造巨型雕塑來喚醒和提高人們的環(huán)保意識。
31．標題判斷題。通讀全文，結(jié)合第一段“But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.(但一根塑料吸管或一個塑料杯真的有什么區(qū)別嗎？藝術(shù)家本杰明·馮·王(Benjamin Von Wong)想讓你知道，它確實如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使觀眾重新審視他們與一次性塑料產(chǎn)品的關(guān)系。)”和倒數(shù)第二段“In a piece form 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate(說明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped(傾倒) from a truck all at once.(在2018年的一個作品中，馮·王(Von Wong)想要說明一個具體的統(tǒng)計數(shù)字：每60秒，就有一卡車塑料進入海洋。這項名為“一卡車塑料”的作品，馮·王和一組志愿者收集了一萬多塊塑料，然后把它們綁在一起，讓它們看起來像是同時從卡車上傾倒下來的。)”可知藝術(shù)家本杰明·馮·王(Benjamin Von Wong)通過利用塑料垃圾制作巨型雕塑的方法來提示人們重新思考與一次性塑料的關(guān)系，喚醒和提高人們循環(huán)利用的意識，促進環(huán)保的發(fā)展。由此可知，D項“海洋塑料變成雕塑”符合文章主旨，適合作為標題。故選D項。
8.B【2021·浙江卷】
We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parks less than 10 minutes' walk from home where neighbourhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen-any screen -and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.
In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago, film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three-year-old son's ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself "marketing director for Nature". He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.
"Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference," David Bond says. "There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be a habit for life." His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now: "We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while."
Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play.
24. What is the problem with the author's children?
A. They often annoy the neighbours. B. They are tired of doing their homework.
C. They have no friends to play with D. They stay in front of screens for too long.
25. How did David Bond advocate his idea?
A. By making a documentary film. B. By organizing outdoor activities.
C. By advertising in London media. D. By creating a network of friends.
26. Which of the following can replace the underlined word "charts" in paragraph 2
A. records B. predicts C. delays D. confirms
27. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Let Children Have Fun B. Young Children Need More Free Tire
C. Market Nature to Children D. David Bond: A Role Model for Children
【答案】C
【文章大意】本文是一篇記敘文。作者通過講述自己的孩子們總是盯著電腦等屏幕而不去戶外活動這一現(xiàn)象，引出了電影導演David Bond怎樣激勵自己的孩子們養(yǎng)成戶外活動、鍛煉身體的習慣的做法。
27.C 文章標題。作者通過回憶自己小時候在外面玩，以及現(xiàn)在自己的孩子花費在屏幕上時間太多，而不再出去玩了，過渡并敘述了很多人們意識到了這個問題，并且以電影導演 David Bond為例，拍攝紀錄片，倡導讓孩子們到戶外，到大自然中去等，因此C項符合題意。
9.D【2020·全國I】
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. ＂We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,＂explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow(發(fā)光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.
in the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off＂switch＂where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(電源)-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(傳輸).
Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.316
35．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Can we grow more glowing plants?
B．How do we live with glowing plants?
C．Could glowing plants replace lamps?
D．How are glowing plants made pollution-free?
【答案】35．C
【解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了綠色植物對人們很有好處，因此麻省理工學院的工程師開發(fā)了一種發(fā)光植物。文章介紹了他們發(fā)明這種植物的過程，以及這種植物的一些優(yōu)勢，指出在未來發(fā)光植物有可能取代路燈，達到節(jié)約能源的作用。
35．主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段中Lighting accounts for about 7%of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission. Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知照明約占美國總耗電量的7%。由于照明通常遠離電源，例如從發(fā)電廠到偏僻公路上路燈的距離，在傳輸過程中會損失大量能源。發(fā)光的植物可以縮短這段距離，從而幫助節(jié)約能源。結(jié)合文章主要說明了綠色植物對人們很有好處，因此麻省理工學院的工程師開發(fā)了一種發(fā)光植物，文章介紹了他們發(fā)明這種植物的過程，以及這種植物的一些優(yōu)勢，指出在未來發(fā)光植物有可能取代路燈，達到節(jié)約能源的作用。由此可知，C選項“發(fā)光的植物能取代路燈嗎？”最符合文章標題。故選C。
10. D【2020·全國新課標II】
I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.
My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old .It was a dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.
As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source(來源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.
I always read ,using different voices ,as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it !It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books .
Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of going to the library lives on form generation to generation.
As a novelist, I’ve found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can’t afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven(避風港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy(盜版行為) and 1 think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.335
35．Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Reading: A Source of Knowledge
B．My Idea about writing
C．Library: A Haven for the Young
D．My Love of the Library
【答案】35．D
【解析】本文是夾敘夾議文。文章講述了作者是一個熱情的讀者，孩提時熱衷讀書，第一份工作在圖書館。有了孩子以后，一家人去圖書館讀書，閱讀的習慣代代傳承下去。作為小說家，作者呼吁其他作家支持圖書館，宣傳圖書館。
35．主旨大意題?？v觀全文可知，文章講述了作者是一名熱情地讀者，孩提時喜歡閱讀，工作在圖書館。有了孩子以后，一家人去圖書館讀書，閱讀的習慣代代傳承下去，作為小說家，作者呼吁其他作家支持圖書館，宣傳圖書館。因此推斷全文圍繞“作者對圖書館的愛”展開講述。故D項“我對圖書館的愛”為最佳標題。故選D。
11. D【2020·全國新課標III】
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突變) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation - not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters. “They are simply a stranger to the land," said Redney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. "We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders," Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea."
In201, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. “it seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population," said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.299
35. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea B. Highlanders' Survival Skills
C. Basic Methods of Genetic Research D. The World's Best Divers
【答案】35.A
【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。最近一項對人類基因的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類的進化不僅僅發(fā)生在數(shù)十億年前，而且最近幾千年也有。Bajau人因為靠海為生，他們的身體已經(jīng)進化成更能適應(yīng)海洋生活。
35.主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章的主要內(nèi)容，尤其是第二段的On Thursday in an article published in?Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaption-not to air or to food, but to the ocean.(周四，在《細胞》雜志上發(fā)表的一篇文章中，一群研究人員報道了一種新的適應(yīng)——不是空氣也不是食物，而是海洋)可知，本文主要講述了一種新的進化，即長期生活在海邊，靠海為生的生活方式，讓Bajau人的身體進化成更適應(yīng)海洋生活。A. Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea.(身體為適應(yīng)海洋生活而重塑)可以作為本文標題，故選A項。
考點2概括文章大意
1.C【2022·全國甲卷】
As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins(企鵝) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career(職業(yè)) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.”
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience.
C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
C2【文章大意】本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了71歲的Ginni Balinton從小就熱愛旅行，渴望探險，她周游世界，并從2008年開始前往南極洲的旅行。
31. B主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段中的“These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.”和倒數(shù)第二段中的“From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has”可知，文章主要介紹了71歲的Ginni Balinton的難忘的南極洲之旅。故選B。
2. B【2020·全國新課標II】
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(認知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋轉(zhuǎn))and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.242
27．What is the text mainly about?
A．A mathematical method. B．A scientific study.
C．A woman psychologist D．A teaching program.
【答案】27．B
【解析】本文是說明文。是關(guān)于孩子們玩智力游戲的研究，介紹了研究考慮的因素，研究過程和結(jié)果。
27．主旨大意題。本文是關(guān)于孩子們玩智力游戲的研究，介紹了研究考慮的因素，研究過程和結(jié)果。所以是關(guān)于科學研究的。B. A scientific study(一項科學研究)符合以上說法，故選B項。
3.C【2020·全國新課標III】
With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤獨), more families are choosing to live together.
The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother-in-law, she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.
Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol — one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.
“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing at a house,” says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: “We spoke more with Nick because I think it’s a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law.”
And what does Nick think? “From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would.”
It’s hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2002 to 419,000 in 2013.
Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.
Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in with their husband’s family when they get married.318
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. Lifestyles in different countries. B. Conflicts between generations.
C. A housing problem in Britain. D. A rising trend of living in the UK.
【答案】31.D
【文章大意】本文是一篇新聞報道。短文報道了在英國，由于年輕人負擔不起離家的費用，而老年人又面臨著被孤立的風險，越來越多的家庭選擇住在一起，出現(xiàn)了多世同堂的現(xiàn)象。
31.主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其根據(jù)第一段“With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤獨), more families are choosing to live together.”可知，由于年輕人負擔不起離家的費用，而老年人又面臨著被孤立的風險，越來越多的家庭選擇住在一起。所以短文主要是關(guān)于英國生活方式的一種上升趨勢。故選D項。
考點3總結(jié)段落大意
1.D【2022·新高考I卷】
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (對齊), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (結(jié)構(gòu)), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
【答案】 14. A
【解析】本篇是一篇說明文。主要介紹因為飲食的改變導致了現(xiàn)在在世界上一半的語言中發(fā)現(xiàn)了新的語音。
14. A主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the so Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.（對語言數(shù)據(jù)庫的分析也證實，在新石器時代之后，世界語言的發(fā)音發(fā)生了全球性的變化，在過去幾千年里，“f”和“v”的使用顯著增加。這些聲音在今天許多狩獵采集者的語言中仍然沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)）”可知，第五段主要是通過列明數(shù)據(jù)分析結(jié)果來進一步證明研究結(jié)果。故選A。
2.D【2022·全國甲卷】
Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
“I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.
“How do you mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口號), and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解決).”
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. Sydney’s striking architecture. B. The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C. The key to Sydney’s development. D. Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s.
【文章大意】本文是一篇夾敘夾議文。文章作者和悉尼人士的交流反映了悉尼發(fā)展中面臨的問題——發(fā)展為一個傳統(tǒng)文化城市還是現(xiàn)代化城市。
32. C主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段中的“Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. 20世紀60年代初，澳大利亞悉尼發(fā)生了一件大事。這座城市發(fā)現(xiàn)了它的港口 ”以及“But it is the harbor that makes the city. 正是港口造就了這個城市”可知，本段的大意是悉尼發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵是港口。故選C。
3.B【2021·全國高考乙卷】
When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline（座機）?
These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter （29%） rely only on their smartphones according to a survey （調(diào)查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor（因素）— only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who’ve perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn’t the only factor; I’d say it’s also to do with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone（using Caller ID would take the fun out of it）.
How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries?
24．What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
A．Their target users. B．Their wide popularity.
C．Their major functions. D．Their complex design.
【答案】24．B
【解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了澳大利亞使用固定電話的情況，并且表達了固定電話是非必需品的觀點。
24．主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第二段“These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime. (現(xiàn)在你很難在澳大利亞找到15歲以上的沒有手機的人。事實上，很多年幼的孩子口袋里都有手機。幾乎每個人都可以隨時隨地撥打和接聽電話)”可推知，本段主要說明手機在澳大利亞廣受歡迎。故選B項。

4. D【2020·全國I】
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. ＂We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,＂explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow(發(fā)光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.
in the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off＂switch＂where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(電源)-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(傳輸).
Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.316
32．What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A．A new study of different plants.
B．A big fall in crime rates.
C．Employees from various workplaces.
D．Benefits from green plants.
【答案】32．D
【解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了綠色植物對人們很有好處，因此麻省理工學院的工程師開發(fā)了一種發(fā)光植物。文章介紹了他們發(fā)明這種植物的過程，以及這種植物的一些優(yōu)勢，指出在未來發(fā)光植物有可能取代路燈，達到節(jié)約能源的作用。
32．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段中A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example ,discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州揚斯敦進行的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，城市綠化較好的地區(qū)犯罪率較低。在另一項研究中，當員工的工作場所被室內(nèi)植物裝飾時，他們的工作效率會提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是關(guān)于綠色植物的益處。故選D。
5. B【2020·全國新課標III】
When "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" was first shown to the public last month, a group of excited animal activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they weren’t there to throw red paint on fur-coat-wearing film stars. Instead, one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: "Thanks for not using real apes (猿)!"
The creative team behind "Apes" used motion-capture (動作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that I records an actor’s performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (圖像). In this case, one of a realistic-looking ape.
Yet "Apes" is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment or animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2,000 productions this year. Already, a number of films, including "Water for Elephants," "The Hangover Part Ⅱ" and "Zookeeper," have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated properly.
In some cases, it’s not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; it’s the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the Sates.241
25. What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A. The cost of making "Apes."
B. The creation of digitalized apes.
C. The publicity about “Apes."
D. The performance of real apes.
【答案】25.B
【文章大意】本文是一篇新聞報道。短文報道了電影“猩球崛起”上個月首次與公眾見面。動物愛好者聚集在好萊塢前，感謝電影制作者，在電影拍攝時，沒有使用真的類人猿?，F(xiàn)在的動物拍攝使用的是數(shù)字化人猿的創(chuàng)造技術(shù)，而一些電影的拍攝卻存在著虐待動物的現(xiàn)象，這讓一個非盈利的組織密切關(guān)注此事。但有些拍攝也是不能夠被監(jiān)測到的。
25.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“The creative team behind "Apes" used motion-capture (動作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that I records an actor’s performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (圖像).?”可知，“人猿”背后的創(chuàng)作團隊利用動作捕捉技術(shù)創(chuàng)造數(shù)字化的動物，在記錄演員表演的技術(shù)上，花費數(shù)千萬美元，然后用電腦圖形處理，以產(chǎn)生最終的影像。由此可知，第二段主要是關(guān)于數(shù)字化人猿的創(chuàng)造。故選B項。

【高考預(yù)測】
縱觀近幾年全國高考試題，預(yù)測2023年全國高考試題還會
①Ⅰ卷在選材上繼續(xù)保持知識性和趣味性，語篇長度適中，題材與體裁廣泛，彰顯文化特色，重點考查考生快速獲取、處理、分析信息的能力。細節(jié)理解題占總量的60%左右，難度與上年持平，預(yù)計難度系數(shù)0.6。
②Ⅱ卷文章體裁繼續(xù)延續(xù)記敘文和說明文占主體的局面，另有一篇議論文和一篇廣告類說明文。題型以細節(jié)理解題為主，推理判斷題略有所增加，詞義猜測題1題左右。
【解密考場】——課堂講解突破關(guān)鍵能力　
主旨要義
解密①如何精確歸納標題？
【解題中發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)律】
【山東省百校聯(lián)盟大聯(lián)考2022-2023學年高三上學期12月月考】B
Housemates make posters to lighten the mood amid the challenges of the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak. Posters featuring a character that resembles the Disney robot Baymax have been making rounds on the internet and drawing praise from netizens for lightening the mood amid the epidemic.
Made by Chen Mengying, 32, and her American housemate Stacey Klinge, 33, the posters also feature humorous phrases related to lockdown life. The duo (搭檔), who live in Tianyuan housing community, say they came up with the poster after realizing how tense the mood in their community had become as it faced lockdown challenges. According to Chen and Klinge, their community, which has been under closed-loop (閉環(huán)) management since April 1, has had problems getting access to daily essentials, and this sparked several disagreements between residents and the management. Eager to help lighten the mood, the two sought to spread some cheer using their artistic skills.
Klinge says she was initially confused with her housemate’s suggestion to create a character based on dabai, a Chinese reference to pandemic workers in white protective suits. Chen says she was thinking about Baymax from the animated film Big Hero 6. Seeing how Baymax and the workers both play the role of protectors in their respective worlds, the two decided to use the character for their posters. Their posters, which contain multilingual updates about the latest pandemic measures and announcements for residents, have helped people develop a sense of optimism.
The posters have also drawn the attention of several local media outlets, which have interviewed the two. “I was seriously considering a return to the United States. But I’ve changed my mind after my fantastic experience in the community,” says Klinge. Besides creating the posters, Chen and Klinge have also been volunteering in the community since April 16 and they always focus on positive things at this difficult time.
7．What can be the best title for the passage?
A．Design a Sense of Cheer B．Create a New Lifestyle
C．Look on the Bright Side D．Face the Lockdown Challenges
【答案】??7．A
【文章大意】本文是一篇新聞報道。講述了在疫情封閉期間，兩個小女孩做海報來鼓勵人們的故事。
7．主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段話“Housemates make posters to lighten the mood amid the challenges of the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak.(在新冠肺炎疫情的挑戰(zhàn)下，室友們制作海報來緩解情緒。)”可知，這兩位室友做了個海報鼓勵疫情期間封閉的人們，A項“設(shè)計一種快樂的感覺”符合文意，故選A項。
【我的發(fā)現(xiàn)】規(guī)律方法1： 如何精確歸納標題？
1、利用主題段來概括標題
主題段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般來說第一段經(jīng)常提出文章的主題或最后一段總結(jié)文章的主題，知道了文章的主題也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句話或一個短語——文章的標題。
2、利用主題句來概括標題
解題的關(guān)鍵是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意貫穿文章始終的詞語。通過尋找文章的主題句，并對主題句進行概括和提煉，從而確定文章的標題。
做此類題時，要避免以下三種錯誤：
(1)概括不夠(多表現(xiàn)為部分替代整體，從而縮小了范圍)；
(2)過度概括(多表現(xiàn)為人為擴大范圍)；
(3)以事實、細節(jié)替代文章大意。

【變式精講】
【遼寧省名校聯(lián)盟2022-2023學年高三12月聯(lián)考】D
Food waste is both a problem for the industry and public health. Mori is considered as an “anti-waste company” and its mission is to make healthy food more accessible by keeping it fresher and longer. It is pioneering a natural, extremely-thin water-based coating that is applied to food to slow the exchange of gases that cause the food to go bad. About the thickness of two red blood cells, the coating is tasteless and unseeable, giving food a longer shelf life. The coating also enables less or alternative packaging.
Professors Fiorenzo Omenetto and Benedetto Marelli were investigating the power of silk to stabilize drugs when Marelli had the idea to stabilize something significantly larger: a strawberry. He coated the fruit with a silk solution and waited. Days later the strawberry still looked fresh—the coating worked.
When one compares a bunch of uncoated cabbage with those coated by the startup, the differences are striking. The uncoated cabbage is brown, dry, and uneatable. The coated foods look fresh and untouched.
What appears to be magic is thanks to the power of silk. Not silk threads like those used in the textile (紡織) industry, but a water-based solution made with silk molecules (分子). The startup’s core technology makes silk unseeable, but maintains its key molecular properties. Being a solution, the patent coating can be applied quickly and easily to any shape or size.
The technology Mori has developed works. But to make any progress in the global food waste problem, it must be able to come out in a massive way. Thankfully, silk is plentiful. The startup can use any grade of the natural material, including those rejected by the textile industry. As Marelli notes, “We could coat every apple in the U. S. today for only a small amount of the silk used in textile industry.” That’s a lot of apples.
15．What is the suitable title of the text?
A．Coated Vegetables Are More Suitable for Eating
B．Measures Have Been Taken to Handle Food Waste
C．Professors Have Developed New Medicine from Vegetables
D．A Natural Coating Reduces Food and Packaging Waste
【答案】????15．D
【文章大意】這是一篇說明文。Mori被認為是一家“反浪費公司”，其使命是通過保持食品更新鮮、更長久，讓人們更容易獲得健康食品。它開創(chuàng)了一種天然材料做成的涂料，用于食品，使食物的保質(zhì)期更長，該涂層還能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)更少或替代的包裝。
15．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Mori is considered as an “anti-waste company” and its mission is to make healthy food more accessible by keeping it fresher and longer. It is pioneering a natural, extremely-thin water-based coating that is applied to food to slow the exchange of gases that cause the food to go bad.”（Mori被認為是一家“反浪費公司”，它的使命是通過保持食物更新鮮更長久。它開創(chuàng)了一種天然的，極薄的水溶性涂層，應(yīng)用于食物以減緩導致食物變質(zhì)的氣體交換。）可知，本文是要介紹新型涂料用于保鮮食物和反對包裝浪費。故選D項。
解密②如何歸納文章大意
【解題中發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)律】
【安徽省皖北五校2022-2023學年高三上學期第一次聯(lián)考】
I was born in Karach?, Pakistan. After completing my bachelor’s degree in MBBS, I got a scholarship in 2016 from China Scholarship Council to do a master’s in Neurosurgery at Southeast University Nanjing, China. I couldn’t wait to start my postgraduate study in China. In my first year. I learned the Chinese language, and passed the HSK level 5. It helped me a lot as a volunteer during the COVID-19 pandemic(流行病).
In February 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic was on peak, the school chose me as a volunteer. which was a great honor for me. It was challenging to decide whether I should stay here or go back home because my family forced me to return home. At that time, I thought I must stand out in this critical moment so I was handed a lot of responsibilities related to the students’ daily needs.
Every day, I had to take an order from students for their dinners and brought food for them. Besides, I had to record their temperatures three times a day, for which the universities had given a thermometer(溫度計) to them all. Sometimes if. a student felt sick, it was my responsibility to accompany him to the hospital. Also, I had to go to the supermarket to bring groceries for them、 for which I had to ask every individual the daily necessities they needed. I provided psychological assistance, emotional comfort, and counseling to them. As the pandemic was getting better, I must stay at the dormitory gate to ensure that the students were wearing masks, having the permission cards to go out, and request them to come back on time.
It has sharpened my skills in becoming in better fender and developed n sense of pride in contributing to community.
7．What message does the author convey in the text?
A．Two heads are better than one.
B．It’s easier said than done.
C．Roses given, fragrance in hand.
D．God helps those who help themselves.
【答案】??7．C
【文章大意】本文是一篇記敘文。敘述了巴基斯坦的留學生疫情期間在中國做志愿者的故事。
7．主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段“It has sharpened my skills in becoming in better fender and developed n sense of pride in contributing to community.(它提高了我成為更好的防御者的技能，并培養(yǎng)了為社區(qū)做出貢獻的自豪感。)”可知，在中國做志愿者使作者的防御技能得到了提升，也培養(yǎng)了為社區(qū)服務(wù)的自豪感，這就是“贈人玫瑰，手留余香”的最佳詮釋。故選C項。
【我的發(fā)現(xiàn)】規(guī)律方法：如何概括文章大意?
1、做概括文章大意題時，有效的方法就是辨認主題句。主題句具有簡潔性、概括性的特點，文章的中心思想往往是每段主題句的綜合。若文章無主題句，這就需要我們依據(jù)文中的事實、細節(jié)、觀點去進行分析、推斷和歸納，從而概括出文章大意。
2、在選擇答案時，根據(jù)自己總結(jié)的大意，就可以用排除法將干擾項逐個排除。
【變式精講】
【2023屆四川省資陽市高中高三上學期第一次診斷性考試】
Language is the bridge that connects people everywhere. On April 20, people around the world celebrated the United Nations Chinese Language Day. To mark the occasion, the UN Office at Geneva, Switzerland, organized the first Chinese Language Video Festival (CLVF).
Participants from 27 countries, including the US, the UK, France, Germany, Italy and Japan, took part in the one-hour special event, sharing their passion for the Chinese language and culture through short videos. Over 340 video submissions (提交) told touching stories about a civilized, modern and youthful China through participants’ personal experiences in the country.
Though some people find the language difficult to learn, most find it to be rewarding.
For M. Yousaf from Pakistan, learning Chinese gave him a better perspective (視角) and insight into the culture. “Learning Chinese is not just learning a language. It’s a language of one of the biggest populations in the world,” Yousaf said. “If you know this language, you know the civilization and mind of the people.”
Of course the language itself is unique, particularly considering it’s tonal (音調(diào)的) foundation. “Tones are important because a lot of Chinese syllables (音節(jié)) sound similar or even the same — the tone changes their meaning,” said Mike Fuksman, an American living in Beijing.
To remember Chinese characters, you can connect them with pictures and make some short stories. Many people find it is important to use imagination when learning Chinese. For example, the Chinese character for “tea” has some lines of grass, the roof of a house and people drinking tea.
Learning any language comes with benefits, particularly for those who are always looking to learn more. Since some languages have “l(fā)oanwords (外來詞)” from Chinese, it may be easier for one to pick up Korean or Japanese after studying Chinese. “It helped me so much when I started learning Japanese,” said Yerdana.
11．What is the text mainly about?
A．The method of learning Chinese.
B．How to write Chinese characters well.
C．The benefits of learning foreign cultures.
D．A new festival and some stories about learning Chinese.
【答案】??11．D
【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了聯(lián)合國駐瑞士日內(nèi)瓦辦事處舉辦了首屆中文影像節(jié)來慶祝聯(lián)合國中文日，來自27個國家的人們參加了這次特殊活動，并通過視頻的方式分享了他們學習漢語的經(jīng)歷和想法。
11．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段中“On April 20, people around the world celebrated the United Nations Chinese Language Day. To mark the occasion, the UN Office at Geneva, Switzerland, organized the first Chinese Language Video Festival (CLVF).(4月20日，全世界人民慶祝聯(lián)合國中文日。為紀念這一節(jié)日，聯(lián)合國駐瑞士日內(nèi)瓦辦事處舉辦了首屆中文影像節(jié))”及下文介紹可知，文章主要介紹了一個新節(jié)日和一些關(guān)于學習漢語的故事。故選D。
解密③如何歸納段落大意
【解題中發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)律】
【山東省百校聯(lián)盟大聯(lián)考2022-2023學年高三上學期12月月考】C
A newly developed disposable paper battery promises to make a big impact on single-use electronics. The battery that has been demonstrated by researchers is biodegradable (可生物降解的), made from sustainable materials, and cheap to put together. What’s more, it can be produced in a variety of shapes and sizes as needed.
To give an idea of the power, a two-cell battery was enough to power an LCD alarm clock. While it won’t be charging up your computer anytime soon, there’s lots of potential for low-powered sensors. “We present a printed paper battery developed to power single-use disposable electronics and to reduce their environmental impact to the lowest level,” write the researchers in their published paper.
The battery is based on a metal-air electrochemical cell. Made from sodium chloride salt-diffused (氯化鈉鹽擴散的) paper, it can measure as little as one square centimeter, and is based on printed inks. All that’s needed, then, is a small amount of water, as little as two drops. This dissolves the salts within the paper, and then activates the battery as they travel. The battery starts producing power around 20 seconds after water is added, according to the experiments carried out by the team.
Although the performance decreases over time as the paper dries out, it can be topped up to some extent with more water. The researchers say they want to improve the efficiency of the battery in the future, and get it working for longer.
“With a rising awareness of the e-waste problem and the emergence of single-use electronics for applications, there is a growing need for low environmental impact batteries,” write the researchers.
9．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?
A．How the paper battery works. B．What the paper battery consists of.
C．Why the paper battery is popular. D．Where the paper battery can be applied.
【答案】????9．A???
【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了一種新開發(fā)的一次性紙電池。
9．主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第三段“The battery is based on a metal-air electrochemical cell. Made from sodium chloride salt-diffused (氯化鈉鹽擴散的) paper, it can measure as little as one square centimeter, and is based on printed inks. All that’s needed, then, is a small amount of water, as little as two drops. This dissolves the salts within the paper, and then activates the battery as they travel(這種電池是基于金屬—空氣電化學電池。它由氯化鈉鹽擴散紙制成，最小可達一平方厘米，并以印刷油墨為基礎(chǔ)。那么，所需要的只是少量的水，只有兩滴。這會溶解紙中的鹽，然后在它們移動的過程中激活電池)”可知，本段主要講解的是紙電池的工作原理。故選A。
【我的發(fā)現(xiàn)】規(guī)律方法：如何總結(jié)段落大意？
段落大意即某一段的中心思想，通常中心思想會在首句體現(xiàn)出來，這就是常說的段落主題句。主題句具有鮮明的概括性，句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，段落中其他句子均用來解釋、支撐或擴展主題句所表達的主題思想。主題句通常位于段首，也可位于段尾、段中。有時作者沒有寫出明顯的主題句，要學會根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容去概括主題句。
【變式精講】
【遼寧省名校聯(lián)盟2022-2023學年高三12月聯(lián)考】B
The Colorado 8-year-old will set out Tuesday to become the youngest person to reach the top of El Capitan in California’s Yosemite National Park. He will climb the rock face with the help of the hanging ropes. The journey is expected to take four days “of hanging from your fingers or hanging from your anchors(錨),”??Sam’s dad Joe Baker told CNN’s Fredricka Whitfield on Sunday. They’ll camp one night on the top of El Capitan.
Sam and Joe Baker will climb in a four-person team. It is a Class 5 climb, the highest and most difficult of classifications. The routes are for expert climbers who train regularly and have a lot of natural ability.
“Sam has been training to take on El Capitan every day for the last at least 18 months,” his father said. In addition to physical training, planning how much equipment-including 200 pounds of water-to take for the daylong hike is among the challenges. “You can’t just turn on the water,” Joe said. “You have to carry it with you.”
While making it to the top of El Capitan would set records, that’s not Sam’s motivation for attempting the climb. “I’m most excited to climb with Daddy,” Sam told CNN.
Hanging from the rock face thousands of feet in the air, the climbers will dine on lasagna (意面) they cook from little packets on a gas stove. Sam is also planning a movie night while pausing from the side of the rock. In addition to his climbing accomplishments, Sam is getting really good at chess, so a travel chess set will be along for the climb too.
Aside from the lasagna, watching a movie and playing chess, Sam said “getting to the top” is his favorite part of climbing.
Joe and his wife fell in love while climbing, and Sam did well in a climbing harness (背帶) “before he could walk”. When he was 6, Sam took on Lost Arrow Spire, a three-pitch climb that starts 2, 500 feet above Yosemite Valley. Only one other 6-year-old-world-class professional climber Tommy Caldwell, had ever done it.
5．What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A．Sam’s advantages as a climber.
B．Difficulties Sam will encounter.
C．Sam’s hobbies besides climbing.
D．Things Sam will do while climbing.
【答案】?5．D
【導語】本文是一篇記敘文?？屏_拉多州的8歲Sam將于周二出發(fā)，成為登上加利福尼亞州約塞米蒂國家公園El Capitan山頂?shù)淖钅贻p的人。
5．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第五段“Hanging from the rock face thousands of feet in the air, the climbers will dine on lasagna (意面) they cook from little packets on a gas stove. Sam is also planning a movie night while pausing from the side of the rock. In addition to his climbing accomplishments, Sam is getting really good at chess, so a travel chess set will be along for the climb too.(登山者們懸掛在數(shù)千英尺高的巖壁上，吃著他們在煤氣爐上用小袋子煮的意面。Sam也在計劃一個電影之夜，同時從巖石的一側(cè)停下來。除了攀巖的成就，Sam還非常擅長下棋，所以他也會帶一套旅行象棋。)”可知，本段講述了爬山過程中Sam要做的三件事：吃面、看電影和下棋。故選D。


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