學(xué)生姓名

年 級(jí)
九年級(jí)上
上課時(shí)間

學(xué) 科
英語(yǔ)
課題名稱
Unit 5 The human brain Memory
教學(xué)目標(biāo)
掌握本單元基本詞匯和句型
教學(xué)重難點(diǎn)
If 和if…not 及 unless引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句

Ⅰ.Words
1. agree vi. 同意
He agrees with me. 他同意我的意見(jiàn)。
【指點(diǎn)迷津】agree with, agree to, agree on
(1) agree wit表示“同意…適合…”，后面一般接人作賓語(yǔ)。
I said that she’d better finish the work first. But she didn’t agree with me.
我說(shuō)她最好先完成工作，但她不同意我的話。
(2) agree to 也表示“同意…”，但氣候一般接辦法、計(jì)劃、提議或某件事作賓語(yǔ)。
We agreed to the plan. 我們同意那個(gè)計(jì)劃。
(3) agree on 表示“雙方就…達(dá)成協(xié)議，取得一致意見(jiàn)”
We agreed on the question. 我們就這個(gè)問(wèn)題取得了一致意見(jiàn)。

2. injure v. hurt; damage 損害，傷害
There were two people injured in the car accident. 又兩個(gè)人在車禍中受了傷。
She was injured badly in an accident during the work. 她在一次工傷事故中受了傷。
【指點(diǎn)迷津】injure, hurt, harm, damage, wound, destroy
(1) injure vt. 損害，傷害，毀壞，指在事故中受到的意外傷害或情感、名譽(yù)上的傷害。
Don’t injure his pride (reputation).
不要傷害他的自尊心（名譽(yù)）。
(2) hurt vt. & vi. 使受傷痛，損害，危害，指肉體或精神上的傷害、創(chuàng)傷，強(qiáng)調(diào)傷害造成的痛苦。
It hurts your eyes to read in bed. 在床上看書(shū)對(duì)眼睛有害。
(3) harm n. & vt. 傷害，損害，危害，指對(duì)人或事物的危害。
Animals are our friends. We can’t harm them. 動(dòng)物是人類的朋友，我們不要傷害他們。
（4）damage vt.& n. 損害，毀壞，破壞，指因損害二使之失去使用價(jià)值、用途等。
The acid rain damaged the crops. 酸雨毀壞了莊稼。
（5）wound vt.& vi. & n. 使受傷，打傷，傷口，指利器或子彈給身體造成的傷害。
The bullet wounded him in the shoulder. 子彈打傷了他的肩膀。
（6）destroy vt. 破壞，摧毀，毀壞，指有目的有意圖的破壞。
They had destroyed the bridge before the enemy came. 他們?cè)跀橙说絹?lái)之前已經(jīng)毀掉了這座橋。

3. afterwards adv. 然后，后來(lái)地
We saw the film and afterwards walked home together.
Soon afterwards, the balloon began to descend and it landed near an airfield.
過(guò)了一會(huì)兒，氣球開(kāi)始降落，并且在一個(gè)機(jī)場(chǎng)附近著陸了。
【知識(shí)拓展】-ward(s) (后綴) （1）構(gòu)成形容詞表示“向…的”；（2）構(gòu)成副詞表示“向”。
forwards向前 backwards 向后
downwards向下 upwards向上
northwards向北 southwards向南





4. basic adj. 基本的
basic data 基本數(shù)據(jù) basic industry 基礎(chǔ)工業(yè)
The basic reason why he made so many mistakes in his homework is that he didn’t go over his lessons yesterday.
在他的家庭作業(yè)中犯那么多錯(cuò)的根本原因是他昨天沒(méi)有復(fù)習(xí)功課。
【近義】essential adj. 基本的，必需的
【知識(shí)拓展】base n. 基礎(chǔ)
She used her family’s history as a base for her novel.
她把一家人的經(jīng)歷作為她小說(shuō)的素材。




5. improve v. 改善，改進(jìn)
He had a haircut to improve hia appearance. 為了改變形象，他理了發(fā)。
This is noe good enough. I want to improve it.
I am unable to improve on his suggestion. 我提不出比他更好的建議了。
【近義】get better 轉(zhuǎn)好 progress v. 進(jìn)步

6.link v. 聯(lián)結(jié)，聯(lián)合
The two towns are linked by a railway. 這兩個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)由一條鐵路連接起來(lái)。
【常用搭配】link A to B / link A together with B 將A和B連接在一起
The new bridge will link the island to the mainland. 新的橋梁將把該島與大陸連接在一起。

7.method n. 方法
The best method of keeping fit is to exercise regularly.
【指點(diǎn)迷津】method, way
這兩個(gè)詞都有“方法”或“方式”的意思
(1) method 所表示的“方法”可以指做某件事的具體步驟或程序，也可指抽象概念“條理”。
To do this, scientists have to devise methods using radar and underwater television.
為此，科學(xué)家還要設(shè)計(jì)出使用雷達(dá)和水下電視的方法。
(2) way是個(gè)最通用的且不正式的詞，可以用阿里代替method。由于way常出現(xiàn)在許多固定的詞組中，可見(jiàn)這是個(gè)使用非常頻繁的詞；在不少含有way的詞組中，使用method或manner等可能表意更準(zhǔn)確些，但是那樣卻損害了生動(dòng)性。
He always has his own way. 他總是隨心所欲。
此句中的way就是manner的意思，因?yàn)檎f(shuō)的是“個(gè)人喜愛(ài)的方式方法”。
另外do sth in this way 中的way即method的意思， 但并不用method。其他如：
In time, all Sam’s money was paid back in this way. 最后，山姆的全部錢都是用這種方式付還的。
The only way to do this was to operate. 要做到這一點(diǎn)的唯一方法就是動(dòng)手術(shù)。
Civilized men like such a way of living. 文明人喜歡這樣的生活方式。

8.memorize v. 記住，記憶
He memorized the list of dates, but neglected the main facts corresponding to them.
他記住了那一系列日期，卻忽略了與其有關(guān)的主要事實(shí)。
【指點(diǎn)迷津】memorize, remember
(1) memorize 指的是“記住，熟記”，是將原本無(wú)記憶的東西通過(guò)某種手段二化作記憶。
Memorize these words and you will have a dictation tomorrow.
(2) remember 指的是“回憶，記起”，是將原來(lái)記憶中的東西挖掘出來(lái)。
Can you remember what happened yesterday?

9.silly adj. 愚蠢的，傻的
Don’t be silly, that insect won’t hurt you. 別傻了，那蟲(chóng)子不會(huì)傷你的。
Don’t stand there, you silly ass. 別站在那兒，你這笨蛋！
【近義】foolish adj. 愚蠢的，傻的，笨的
【反義】wise adj. 英明的，明智的，聰明的 clever adj. 聰明的，機(jī)靈的

10.colourful adj. 鮮艷的，彩色的；生動(dòng)的，刺激的
a colourful shirt 鮮艷的襯衫
a colourful story 饒有趣味的故事
She has a rather colourful past. 她過(guò)去的生活多姿多彩。


【知識(shí)拓展】colour n. 顏色
You need more colour in this room. 你這房間的色調(diào)需要豐富些。





11.imagine v. 想象，設(shè)想
Can you imagine what what it would be like to live without electricity?
I can’t imagine living anywhere but Shanghai. 我很難想象能到上海意外的地方去生活。
【近義】suppose v. 假設(shè)，推想，猜想 guess v. 猜測(cè)，猜想
【知識(shí)拓展】imagination n. 想象力，想象
His writing lacks imagination.
He is full of imagination.





12.connect v. 聯(lián)合，連接
Will you connect this wire to the television? 你要把電線接到電視機(jī)上嗎？
If it is built, it will connect Britain to Europe for the first time in history.
一旦建成，在歷史上第一次它把英國(guó)和歐洲連接起來(lái)。
【指點(diǎn)迷津】join, connect
兩詞都含有“聯(lián)合，結(jié)合，接合”的意思。
(1) join 常指把明顯分離的東西連接起來(lái)。
The new highway has joined the two cities. 新高速公路把兩個(gè)城市連接起來(lái)。
(2) connect 語(yǔ)氣較弱，連接的事物通常又直接接觸。
A minor road connects the highways. 一條小路同幾條公路相連。

13.dramatic adj. 戲劇性的，生動(dòng)的
The meeting between the mother and her son was dramatic indeed. 母子之間的見(jiàn)面真的很又戲劇性。
She made a dramatic speech at the meeting. 她在會(huì)上發(fā)表了激動(dòng)人心的演說(shuō)。
【知識(shí)拓展】drama n. 戲劇，戲劇藝術(shù)
My grandma prefers dramas to popular songs.
我奶奶喜歡戲劇而不喜歡流行歌。





14.death n. 死，死亡
The death of her mother was sudden. 她母親的死很突然。
The accident was the death of him. 他因意外事故而死。
【指點(diǎn)迷津】death / die / dead / dying
(1) die v. 死亡 death n. 死亡
To die for the people is a glorious death! 為人民而死，雖死猶榮。
A bad driver was responsible for their deaths.
(2) dead adj. 死亡的，無(wú)生命的
My father has been dead for ten years.
(3) dying adj. 將死的
The wounded soldier was dying and said something in a low voice.
這個(gè)受傷的士兵奄奄一息，虛弱地說(shuō)著什么。

II. Phrases
(1)
I heard in a book that we have a short-term memory and a long-term memory.
short-term memory 短期記憶
long-term memory. 長(zhǎng)期記憶
You can’t rely on your short-term memory .you should study hard.
你不能依賴于短期記憶，你應(yīng)該努力學(xué)習(xí)。

1. When people get older, their short-term memory becomes worse, but we can still remember
things that happened a long time ago. 當(dāng)人們變老的時(shí)候，他們的短期記憶變得糟糕，但是我們?nèi)匀荒苡浀煤芫靡郧鞍l(fā)生的事。
Get和become都是系動(dòng)詞，后面加形容詞作表語(yǔ)。
Summer is coming. It is getting hotter and hotter.
夏天來(lái)臨了，天氣變得越來(lái)越熱。
The price of the gold is getting higher and higher.
黃金的價(jià)格越來(lái)越高。
The leaves became yellow. 葉子變黃了。
After 20 years’ hard work, he becomes rich.
在20年的努力工作后，他開(kāi)始變得富有了。

2. He said, ‘When you get old, three things start to go wrong.
他說(shuō)：“當(dāng)你老的時(shí)候，三件事開(kāi)始變得糟糕起來(lái)?！?br /> go wrong 變壞
go 作為聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞，意為“變?yōu)?，成為，處于…?.的狀態(tài)”
go mad 變瘋 go hungry 挨餓

3. First, you start to lose your memory. 首先，你開(kāi)始失去記憶。
lose one’s memory 失去記憶
He’s getting old and starts to lose his memory. 他變老了，開(kāi)始失去記憶。

4. Afterwards, he could not remember anything for longer than a few minutes.
后來(lái)，他記得的事不能超過(guò)幾分鐘。
afterwards ad. 后來(lái)，以后
-ward(s)（后綴）①構(gòu)成形容詞，表示“向…..的”②構(gòu)成副詞，表示“向…….”
forwards 向前 backwards 向后
downwards 向下 upwards 向上
northwards 向北 southwards 向南

5. I saw a programme on television about a man who had an accident and injured his brain.
我看了一個(gè)電視節(jié)目，說(shuō)有一個(gè)男人遇到車禍大腦受傷了。
injure, hurt, harm, damage, wound, destroy的區(qū)別(詳見(jiàn)words講解)。

6. He was often angry with because he thought that she never visited him.
他經(jīng)常對(duì)她生氣，因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為她從不去（醫(yī)院）看他。
be angry with sb 對(duì)某人生氣
She is angry with her husband because he lost 2,000 yuan.
她對(duì)丈夫生氣，因?yàn)樗麃G了2000元。

7. One basic way of improving your memory is to use the link method.
一個(gè)改善你記憶力的基本方法是使用聯(lián)系的方法。
improve one’s memory 改善某人的記憶力
Practice can help you improve your memory. 練習(xí)能幫助你改善你的記憶力。
link n. 相關(guān)，聯(lián)系
There is a new rail link between two towns.
method n. 方法，辦法，教學(xué)法，指系統(tǒng)的，理論上的方法。
A series of methods to get rid of pollution will be adopted.
【注意】way n.方法，手段，方式，通常不帶有系統(tǒng)性。
I’ve never tried to do this way.
8. Memory is connected with our feelings. 記憶和你的情感相關(guān)聯(lián)。
be connected with 與……相關(guān)聯(lián)
He was born in Canada, his family being closely connected with Canadian Army.
【注意】比較：be connected to 把……連接到
Thin wires are connected to cables.
細(xì)電線被連接到電纜上。
This dispute is nit directly connected to the negotiations.
這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)不直接與談判相關(guān)聯(lián)。

（2）
1.lose one’s memory 失去記憶
The boy lost his memory after the car accident.
2.be essential for 對(duì)…至關(guān)重要
Food is essential for life.
食物是維持生命不可或缺的。
3.in hospital 住院
I’ve never been in hospital 我從未住過(guò)院。
4.be angry with sb. 對(duì)某人生氣
He was often angry with his wife because she seldom visited him.
他經(jīng)常生他妻子的氣，因?yàn)樗苌賮?lái)看他。
【指點(diǎn)迷津】be angry with, be angry at
兩者都表示“對(duì)…生氣”的意思
前者常表示對(duì)“人”生氣，后者常表示對(duì)“事”或“物”生氣。
The mother was quite with the son.
The guests were quite angry at the terrible service in the restanrant.
5.be connected with…= be joined / linked with… 與……相連
France is connected with Britain by the Channel Tunnel. 英吉利海峽隧道將英國(guó)和法國(guó)連接在了一起。
That solitary old man was suspected to be connected with the crime. 那個(gè)孤獨(dú)的老頭被疑與犯罪事件有關(guān)。
Memory is connected with our feelings. 記憶力是和我們的情感相聯(lián)系的。
6.hear about 聽(tīng)說(shuō)，了解
98% old people in the USA can remember where they were when they heard about the death of President John F Kennedey in 1963.
美國(guó)有98%的老人都能記得當(dāng)他們?cè)?963年聽(tīng)到肯尼迪總統(tǒng)死訊時(shí)自己在哪里。
【指點(diǎn)迷津】hear about, hear, listen to
hear about 聽(tīng)說(shuō)； hear 聽(tīng)見(jiàn)，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果； listen to 聽(tīng)，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作
Have you heard about Julia coming to Geneva?
你有沒(méi)有聽(tīng)說(shuō)朱麗婭到日內(nèi)瓦來(lái)了？
I heard a loud noise. 我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)一聲巨響。
Listen to the noise of the wind in the trees. 傾聽(tīng)林間的風(fēng)聲。
【知識(shí)拓展】hear from sb. 收到某人的來(lái)信
I’m looking forward to hearing from you.
我正期待著收到你的來(lái)信。




III. Sentences
1….but we can still remember things that happened a long time ago.
…that happened a long time ago為定于從句，that為定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞。
【知識(shí)拓展】
在復(fù)合句中作定語(yǔ)，修飾主句中某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語(yǔ)從句。被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞，通常位于定語(yǔ)從句之前。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的是關(guān)系代詞that, which, who (whom, whose) 和關(guān)系副詞when, where, how, why。關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞位于先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句之間，它既起聯(lián)系作用，又充當(dāng)從句中的一個(gè)成分。定語(yǔ)從句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：先行詞+關(guān)系詞+定語(yǔ)從句。
Do you know the girl who /that is standing under a tree?
She got a computer which / that her parents bought for her.
The boy whose father is a doctor studies very hard.
The classroom whose window is open is mine.
I still remember the day when you leave for Beijing.
This is the school where my mother works.
Could you explain the reason why you were late?













2.When you get old, three things atart to go wrong.
此處get 和go都是聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞，意為“變得”，類似的動(dòng)詞還有turn, become
【指點(diǎn)迷津】become, get, turn
這幾個(gè)詞作為系動(dòng)詞，都可以表示“變成”之意，但其用法不同，become和get指變化過(guò)程已經(jīng)完成；become比較正式，get則更加口語(yǔ)化。Turn 則變成與原來(lái)完全不同。
He became very angry.
It’s getting dark.
Her love turned into hate.
Leaves turned yellow in autumn.

3.If you want to memorize something, you must make a picture in your mind.
If the picture is silly, strange and colorful, you will remember it better.
If someone says …, you will …
劃線部分是由if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，事態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，而主句則使用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。
If it rains tomorrow, I’ll stay at home.
If you feel cold, put on the warm coat.
如表示自然規(guī)律，客觀事實(shí)，主句和從句都為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
If you take a fish out of water, it dies.
4.An easy way to do this is to imagine there…
這句話中又兩個(gè)不定式短語(yǔ)，但它們起的作用不同。to do this作定語(yǔ)修飾an easy way, 而to imagine there…在整句話中作的是表語(yǔ)。
5.單詞way在句中的不同意思
（1）One basic way of improving your memory is to use the link method. An easier way to do this is to imagine there is a ‘mile’ between the first letter and the last letter.
In this way, you can work out the problem. (方式，方法)
（2）On the way to the office, he came across an old friend. （在去某地的路上）
（3）By the way, have you been there? （順便問(wèn)一下）
（4）Water is very important in many ways. （方面）
（5）Excuse me, could you tell me the way to the theatre? （路線）

More practice語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)解讀
Ⅰ.Words
1.various adj. 各種各樣的，不同種類的
Their hobbies are many and various. 它們的業(yè)余愛(ài)好五花八門。
2.focus vt. 聚焦，集中
If you focus the sun’s rays through a manifying glass on a dry leaf, it will start to burn.
用放大鏡把陽(yáng)光聚到葉子上，葉子就能燃燒。
3.concentrate v. 集中（思想、注意力等）
其后跟賓語(yǔ)時(shí)要加介詞on / upon.
I must concentrate on my new job. 我必須專注于我的新工作。
He concentrated his energies on his study. 他把精力專注于研究。
I can’t concentrate on my studies with all that noise going on. 吵鬧聲不絕于耳，我精神無(wú)法集中于學(xué)習(xí)。
4.thought n. 思想，想法
That boy hasn’t a though in his head. 那孩子沒(méi)腦子。
Didn’t you have some thoughr of going to Spain this summer?
你想過(guò)今年夏天去西班牙嗎？
5.technique n. 技術(shù)，技巧
applying modern techniques to a traditioal craft
將現(xiàn)代技術(shù)用于傳統(tǒng)手工業(yè)
6.maintain vt. 維持，保持
Maintain your speed at 60 mph.
你要保持每小時(shí)60英里的速度。
7.store v. 儲(chǔ)存，貯藏
have a good store of food in the house.
家里儲(chǔ)備了大量食物。
8.prevent vt. 防止，阻止
Your prompt action prevented a serious accident.
你由于動(dòng)作敏捷而防止了一次嚴(yán)重事故。
Ⅱ. Phrases
1.as well as 也，還，而且
He grows flowers as well as vegetables. 他既種菜也種花。
【指點(diǎn)迷津】as well, as well as
（1）as well 的同義詞為too, 意為“也”
He can speak French as well. 他也會(huì)說(shuō)法語(yǔ)。
（2）as well as 意為“同，和，也”。用來(lái)連接名詞和代詞等。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)還是用復(fù)數(shù)形式，要根據(jù)as well as 前的名詞或代詞來(lái)確定。與動(dòng)詞連用時(shí)，用v-ing形式。As well as同義詞組為not only…but also, 但側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同。
Tom is as strong as Jack. 湯姆和杰克一樣結(jié)實(shí)。
He draws as well as his cousin. 他和他表哥畫(huà)得一樣好。
2.in addition 另外
In addition (to the names on the list) there are six other applicants.
除此（名單上的名字）之外，還有六個(gè)申請(qǐng)人。

Grammar: 由if, if…not, unless引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句
（一）條件狀語(yǔ)從句的含義
由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成的句子叫復(fù)合句，在復(fù)合句中修飾主句中的動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞等的從句叫做狀語(yǔ)從句。狀語(yǔ)從句根據(jù)它表達(dá)的意思可分為很多種，if 引導(dǎo)的句子在復(fù)合句中表示條件，做主句的條件狀語(yǔ)，因此稱為條件狀語(yǔ)從句。
If you don’t hurry, you’ll be late.
（二）if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句與主句事態(tài)的一致性
在復(fù)合句中，從句中的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)在一定程度上受到主句中動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的制約，英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中稱為時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)。
1.在含有條件狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中，如果主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句則用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。
If it rains, I will stay at home.
I’ll go with you if you don’t want to go alone.
2.如果主句含有must,may, can等青苔動(dòng)詞，從句也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
If you drive too fast, you may have an accident.
You must stop if the traffic light is red.
3.如果主句是祈使句，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
Don’t go and play football if you don’t finish your homework.
（三）unless除非，如果不，可替換if …not
If you don’t keep ice-cream in a fridge, it melts quickly.
= Unless you keep ice-cream in a fridge, it melts quickly.
If you don’t invite me, I will not go to the party.
= Unless you invite me, I will not go to the party.
If the thief isn’t caught red-handed, he will not admit anything.
= Unless the thief is caught red-handed, he will not admit anything.
如果這個(gè)小偷不是被當(dāng)場(chǎng)抓獲，他就什么也不承認(rèn)。
狀語(yǔ)從句
　　用一個(gè)句子(從句)來(lái)作另一個(gè)句子(主句)的狀語(yǔ)，用作狀語(yǔ)的句子就叫作狀語(yǔ)從句。作什么樣的狀語(yǔ)就叫什么類型的狀語(yǔ)從句。狀語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞等。狀語(yǔ)從句可以表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、地點(diǎn)、目的、結(jié)果、讓步、方式、比較等意義。
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：?when, while, as, as soon as, since, until, after, before
Whenever he comes, he brings a friend. 他每次來(lái)都帶個(gè)朋友。
1）when 意為“當(dāng)……時(shí)”，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，表示主句的動(dòng)作和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或先后發(fā)生。eg：I feel very happy when you come to see me. 你（們）來(lái)看我時(shí)，我感到很高興。
When you are crossing the street, you must be careful. 你（們）過(guò)街道時(shí)，一定要小心。
【注】when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，when的從句可以用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，也可以用點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞。
eg： He was working at the table when I went in. 當(dāng)我進(jìn)去的時(shí)候，他正在桌旁工作。
　　 Someone knocked at the door when I was sleeping. 當(dāng)我正在睡覺(jué)時(shí)，有人敲門。
【注】when也可以作并列連詞，表示一個(gè)動(dòng)詞正在進(jìn)行的時(shí)候，突然間發(fā)生了另外一件事。eg：I was fishing by the river , when someone called for help.
　　我正在河邊釣魚(yú)，就在那時(shí)有人求救。
　　We were working in the chemistry lab, when the lights went out.
　　我們正在化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室工作，突然燈都熄滅了。
2） before 意為“在……之前”，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，表示主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句的動(dòng)作之前。
eg: We cleaned the classroom before we left school yesterday.
昨天離開(kāi)學(xué)校之前，我們打掃了教室。
　　 He had been a cook before he went to college. 他上大學(xué)前曾當(dāng)過(guò)廚師。
after 意為“在……之后”，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，表示主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句的動(dòng)作之后。
eg: After you use plastic bags, you mustn't throw them about.
你（們）用過(guò)了塑料袋之后，不準(zhǔn)到處亂扔。
3) since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，譯為“自從……”，主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
eg: We have made many dumplings since we began to cook.
自從我們開(kāi)始做飯起，我們已經(jīng)包了許多餃子了。
　　 We haven't seen each other since we parted . 我們自從分手以后一直沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)面。
【注】常用句型：It is +時(shí)間段+since從句?? 譯為：自從……有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。
eg：It is six years since she graduated from the university.
自從她大學(xué)畢業(yè)已有六年的時(shí)間了。
4） until 意為“直到……時(shí)”，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，表示主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句的動(dòng)作之前。當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，主句常用肯定形式；當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，從句常用否定形式, not... until... 意為“直到……才……”，這時(shí)的until可以用before 來(lái)替換。
　eg: I'll stay here until you come back. 我會(huì)呆在這里，直到你回來(lái)。
　　 He didn't go to bed until he finished his homework.他直到做完作業(yè)才睡覺(jué)。
5) as soon as 意為“一……就……”，表示從句的動(dòng)作一發(fā)生，主句的動(dòng)作馬上就發(fā)生
eg:　I'll tell him about it as soon as he comes back.他一回來(lái)我就告訴他這件事。
6) while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，常譯為“與……同時(shí)，在……期間”，while的從句中常用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表示狀態(tài)的詞。
eg: They rushed in while we were discussing problems.
當(dāng)我們正在討論問(wèn)題時(shí)，他們沖了進(jìn)來(lái)。
　　 Father was cleaning the car while I was playing computer games.
當(dāng)我正在打電子游戲時(shí)，爸爸正在清洗汽車。
　【注】while也可以作并列連詞，表轉(zhuǎn)折的關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于but，譯為“然而”。
eg： I like listening to music, while my brother likes doing sports.
我喜歡聽(tīng)音樂(lè)，而我的兄弟愛(ài)好運(yùn)動(dòng)。
7） till和until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，譯為“直到……為止”，not … till / until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，譯為“直到……才”。前者強(qiáng)調(diào)主句動(dòng)作的結(jié)束，用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，后者強(qiáng)調(diào)主句動(dòng)作的開(kāi)始，用點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞。
eg：I will wait for my friend until / till he comes. 我要一直等到我朋友來(lái)。
　　 We won't start our discussion until / till he comes.
我們要等到他來(lái)了，再開(kāi)始我們的討論。
條件狀語(yǔ)從句：?If, unless, as long as
if 意為“如果”，引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，表示假如有從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生就(不)會(huì)有主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。
If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go there by bike.
如果明天不下雨，我們就騎自行車去那里。
　　If I get there early, I can see the doctor quickly.如果我早早地到那里，我就可以快點(diǎn)看病。
　　As long as I am alive, I will go on studying. 只要我活著， 我就要學(xué)習(xí)。
原因狀語(yǔ)從句：As, because, since
常用的引導(dǎo)連詞有because, as和since,它們的區(qū)別是：在回答問(wèn)題的時(shí)候，使用because；對(duì)于顯而易見(jiàn)的原因，常用as或since；as和since的從句常放在主句之前，而because的從句常放在主句之后。
eg：Why did you go?? I went because Tom told me to go. 你為何去？那是因?yàn)闇方形胰ァ?br /> 　　He was angry not because we were late but because we made a noise.
他很生氣不是因?yàn)槲覀儊?lái)遲了，而是因?yàn)槲覀兣隽寺曇簟?br /> 　　As it was raining hard, we had to be indoors. 由于雨太大，我們只好呆在家里。
Since you feel ill, you'd better not go to work. 既然你感覺(jué)不舒服，你最好不要去上班了。
Since we live near the sea, we enjoy nice weather.由于我們住在海邊，能享受到好的天氣。
地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句：Where, wherever
Put it where we can all see it.把它放在我們都能看到的位置。
We will go wherever the motherland need us most. 我們要到祖國(guó)最需要的地方去。
目的狀語(yǔ)從句：So that, in order that
常用的引導(dǎo)連詞有so that, that和in order that譯為：以便，為了，目的是。
eg：Please speak more slowly so that we can make full notes.
請(qǐng)講慢一點(diǎn)，以便我們能作詳細(xì)筆記。
　　I shall write down your address that I may not forget. 我要把你的地址記下來(lái)，以免忘記。
　　I sent the letter by air mail in order that it might reach him in time.
這封信我以航空信發(fā)出，以便他能及時(shí)收到。
　【注】目的狀語(yǔ)從句可以用動(dòng)詞不定式來(lái)替換做目的狀語(yǔ)
eg：We work harder than usual? finish it in a week.?
我們比平常加倍努力工作以在一周內(nèi)完成工作。
　　Finish this so that you can start another.把這個(gè)做完，你可以開(kāi)始另一個(gè)。
結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句：So that, so…that, such…that
　　He was so angry that he couldn't say a word. 他氣得說(shuō)不出話了。
讓步狀語(yǔ)從句：though, although, even if, however
　　Though he is in poor health, he works hard.雖然他身體不好，但是他工作很努力。
方式狀語(yǔ)從句：?As
　　Students do as the teachers say.學(xué)生們按照老師說(shuō)的去做。
比較狀語(yǔ)從句：than, (not)as…as,
　　The work isn't as easy as I thought.這項(xiàng)工作比我想象得難。
　　
1. 易混引導(dǎo)詞while, when, as的區(qū)別：
　　when既可以指"時(shí)間點(diǎn)",與瞬間動(dòng)詞連用，也可以指"時(shí)間段"，與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用（=while）。如：
　　When he came in, his mother was cooking.
　　When (While) we were at school, we went to the library every day.
　　While表示時(shí)間段,因此，while 從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如：
　　Please don't talk so loud while others are working.
　　As與when用法相似，但著重強(qiáng)調(diào)主句動(dòng)作與從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有"隨著……"或"一邊……一邊……"之意。如：
　　As you get older, you get more knowledge.隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)，你獲得的知識(shí)就越多。
　　2．Because,as,since 的區(qū)別：
　　Because用于表示直接原因,回答why提出的問(wèn)題，語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)；As用于說(shuō)明原因, 著重點(diǎn)在主句，常譯成"由于"；since表示顯然的或已知的理由或事實(shí)，常譯成"既然"。如：
　　Water is very important because we can't live without it.
　　He didn't come yesterday as his mother was ill.
　　I'll do it for you since you are busy.
　　3．such…that, so…that, so that 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：
　　such是形容詞，修飾名詞; so 是副詞，修飾形容詞或副詞。其結(jié)構(gòu)如下：
　　1) such + a (n)+ 形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+that……
　　2) such+形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+that ……
　　3) such +形容詞+不可數(shù)名詞+that……。如：
　　This was such a good film that I went to see it several times.
　　It was such good books that they sell well.
　　It was such bad weather that I had to stay at home.
　　He spoke so fast that I couldn't follow him.
　　He is such a lovely boy that we all like him.
　　=He is so lovely a boy that we all like him.
　　注：在"形容詞+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞"結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)名詞前有many, much, few, little表示數(shù)量的多少時(shí)，名詞前用so。如：
　　She made so many mistakes that she didn't pass the exam.
4. 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞，主要有so/such…that…,so that等。
　　1)so...that結(jié)構(gòu)在某種情況下可以與enough to和too...to結(jié)構(gòu)相互轉(zhuǎn)換。
eg: She is so short that she can]t reach the buttons of the lift. =She is too short to reach the buttons of the lift.
　　2)so that也可以引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,意為結(jié)果是,以致于.
eg: They missed the bus so that they were late for class.
　【注】so that也可引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句,此時(shí)可用to或in order to替換,將其改為簡(jiǎn)單句。
eg: He got up early so that he could get to school on time.
=He got up early to get to school on time.
=In order to get to school on time, he got up early.
【做一做】
1. He asked me .
A. if she will come B. how many books I want to have
C. they would help us do it D. what was wrong with me
2. You will be late you hurry up.
A. after B. when C. unless D. if
3. I usually sleep with the window open it’s very cold.
A. until B. unless C. as D. if
4. We won’t wait for you you come here on time.
A. if B. unless C. when D. till
5. I don’t know if he tomorrow. If he , I’ll tell you..
A. to draw B. to drawing C. draw D. drew
6. You fail if you study hard.
A. may, won’t B. will, won’t C. will, don’t D. may, /
DCBBAC

【鞏固練習(xí)】
　　選擇合適的連接詞，完成下列句子。
　　1.Jim spends a lot of money on books______he is not rich.
　　2.Kate fell into sleep ______she was listening to the music.
　　3.----Is David at school today?
　　? ----No. He is at home ______he has a bad cold.
　　4.We won't have supper ______my mother comes back.
　　5.Speak to him slowly ______he may understand you better.
　　6. ______ she doesn't come on Sunday, I'll go fishing by myself.
　　7.It is four years ______I had left that small village.
　　8. ______the air moves, it is called wind.
　　9.We will go to the park ______it doesn't rain tomorrow.
　　10.______little boys did ______much work.
　　11.There are few new words in the passage ______we can't understand it.
　　12.Go back ______you come from.
　　13.He reached the station ______the train had left.
　　14.----Do you have a swimming pool?
　　?? ----No, we don't. At least, not ______big ______yours.
　　15.Give me your paper ______you have finished it.
　　16.It is raining hard, ______we have to stay at home.
　　17. ______you work harder, you'll never pass the final exam.
　　18.Look after te children ______I am out.
　　19.The village is ______far away ______I can't get there on foot.
　　20.That is ______an interesting book ______I can't stop reading it.
　　Keys: 1.though??? 2.while??? 3.because ?? 4.until ?? 5. so that
　　??? 6.Even if ??? 7.since?? 8.when ?? 9.if ? 10.Such, do?
　　?? 11.but?????? 12.where? 13.before?? 14.as(so), as?15.after?
　　?? 16.so??????? 17.unless 18.while ?19.so, that?? 20.such, that
綜合能力測(cè)評(píng)
Ⅰ. Choose the best answer.
1. Nowadays people usually get ______ information from TV, newspaper and the Internet.
A) quite a few B) a number of C) a lot of D) a pair of
2. There are two English books on the desk, but ______ of them is mine.
A) both B) neither C) all D) none
3. –Jack, how are you feeling today?
-- Much ______. I think I can go to school tomorrow.
A) good B) better C) well D) best
4. My sister Mary swims faster than ______ student in her class.
A) any B) any of C) any one D) any other
5. ______ you have been to America for many times, you must know something about this country.
A) Since B) Although C) Unless D) When
6. We’re going to Heping Cinema. You can come with us, ______ you can meet us there later.
A) and B) but C) or D) so
7. Miss Wang asked me ______ I was busy with the test those days.
A) that B) if C) when D) what
8. I am very hungry now. Mum, ______ will the meal be ready?
A) how soon B) how far C) who D) which
9. Simon, you ______ do your homework today. Leave it for tomorrow.
A) needn’t to B) not need to C) don’t need D) don’t need to
10. ______ interesting the film we saw last night is!
A) How B) What C) What a D) What an

Ⅱ. Choose the right word to complete each sentence.
1. The old man was to the policeman who found the lost car for him. (thank)
2. For the time he became worried about the future because of the global financial crisis (金融危機(jī)). (one)
3. Qingming Festival is an important Chinese festival to remember people’s relatives. (die)
4. Professor Brown can still tell quite a few funny , although he is already in his eighties. (story)
5. Bolt in winning the gold medal in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.(success)

Ⅲ Rewrite the sentences as required.
1. The new flat cost Mr. Black a lot of money. (改為否定句)
The new flat ______ cost Mr. Black ______ money.
2. The red bike belongs to my mother. (對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn))
______ ______ belongs to your mother?
3. Whiz-kid Wendy’s never late for work.（改為反意疑問(wèn)句）
Whiz-kid Wendy’s never late for work, _____ _____?
4. The boy is so strong that he can carry the heavy safe easily. (改為簡(jiǎn)單句)
The boy is strong ______ ______ carry the heavy safe easily.
5. By the time he was six, he had started learning Japanese. (保持句子原意)
He ______ learning Japanese ______ he was six.
6. James Nai. Smith, a Canadian doctor invented basketball. (改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
Basketball ______ ______ by James Nai. Smith, a Canadian doctor.

Ⅳ. Reading comprehension
Elephants use their trunks（鼻子）the way people use their hands. At the end of the trunk are parts that act like fingers. These allow elephants to do wonderful things. They pick up their food-parts of trees or maybe just a nut. They use their trunks to drink water or spray the water over their bodies to cool off. Because elephants do not see well, they use their trunks as“eyes”.They do not walk where their trunks cannot feel the ground.
Carole is a twenty-two-year-old elephant at the San Diego Wild Animal Park. She can paint with her trunk. Her paintings are sold to make money for the park.
（ ）1.Elephants pick up objects with their_______.
A. feel B. fingers C. teeth D. trunks
（ ）2.Elephants do not ______.
A. eat tree parts B. see well C. eat nut D. like water
（ ）3. Carole is ______.
A. a wild animal park B. an elephant trainer
C. an elephant D. a city
（ ）4. The word “spray ” means______.
A.噴 B.飲 C.舀 D掘
（ ）5. The best title of the passage is ______.
A. Elephants’ Trunks B. A Clever Elephant
C. How Elephants Find Food D. How Elephants Paint

New rules and behavior standards(行為規(guī)范)for middle school students came out in March. Middle School is going to use a new way to decide who the top students are. The best students won’t only have high marks. They will also be kids who don’t dye(染) their hair. The following are some of the new rules.
Tell the truth. Have you ever copied someone else’s work on an exam? Don’t do it again! That’s not something an honest student should do. If you have played computer games for two hours in your room, don’t tell your parents you have done homework.
Do more at school. Good students love animals and care for other people. April is Bird-loving month in China. Is your school doing anything to celebrate? You should join! That way, you can learn more about animals and how to protect them. When more people work together, it makes it more fun for everyone.
Have you ever quarreled with your teammates when your basketball team lost? Only working together can make your team stronger. Be friendly to the people you are with. Try to think of others, not only yourself.
Be open to new ideas. Have you ever thought that people could live on the moon? Maybe you’ll discover Earth Ⅱ someday. Don’t look down on new ideas. Everyone’s ideas are important. You should welcome them, because new ideas make life better for everyone.
Protect yourself. Has someone ever taken money form one of your classmates? Don’t let it happen to you. If you have to go home late, you should let your parents know.
Use the Internet carefully. The Internet can be very useful for your studies. But some things on the Internet aren’t for kids, so try to look at Web pages that are good for you. You can use the Web for run or homework. Can’t you find any good! Web sites for children? Here are some: Http:// kids.eastday.com Http ://www.chinakids. net.com http:www.Cycnet.com
（ ）6. The new school rules will help kids by telling them .
A. how they can study well B. what they should do at school
C. what is right and what is wrong
D. how they can protect themselves
（ ）7. According to the passage, which of the following is not true?
A. Take care of yourself when you are out.
B. Tell the truth, even when you are wrong.
C. Keep some animals to protect them.
D. Use the Internet, but keep away form bad things.
（ ）8. The main idea of the fourth paragraph is about .
A. making the team stronger B. helping with each other
C. being a good friend to others
D. getting on well with others
（ ）9. Good Web sites for children can .
A. be a waste of time B. help them with their studies
C. do homework for them D. make life easier
（ ）10. The passage tells us how to .
A. be top students B. do more at school
C. care for others D. use the Internet

Ⅰ. CB BDA CB ADA
Ⅱ. thankful first dead stories succeeded
Ⅲ didn’t, much Which bike is she . enough to
started, when was invented
Ⅳ. D BCAA BCDBA






















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初中英語(yǔ)滬教牛津版(五四制)九年級(jí)上冊(cè)（新版）電子課本

Unit 5 The human brain

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