?樂山市高中2023屆教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測
英 語
（本試卷共10頁，滿分150分?？荚嚂r間120分鐘）
注意事項：
1.答卷前，考生務(wù)必將自己的姓名、準(zhǔn)考證號填寫在答題卡上。
2.作答時，務(wù)必將答案寫在答題卡上，寫在本試卷及草稿紙上無效。
3.考試結(jié)束后，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。
第一部分 聽力（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）
做題時，先將答案標(biāo)在試卷上。錄音內(nèi)容結(jié)束后，你將有兩分鐘的時間將試卷上的答案 轉(zhuǎn)涂到答題卡上
第一節(jié)（共5小題；每小題1. 5分，滿分7. 5分）
聽下面5段對話。每段對話后面有一個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出 最佳選項。聽完每段對話后，你都有10秒鐘的時間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段 對話僅讀一遍。
例： How much is the shirt?
A. ￡19. 15. B. ￡9. 15. C, ￡9. 18.
答案是B。
1. Where does the woman want to go?
A. To a bar. B. To a store. C. To a park.
2. What is the speed limit at Coombe Bissset?
A. 30 miles/hour. B. 40 miles/hour. C. 13 miles/hour.
3. What's the man going to do?
A. Go to the information counter.
B. Take a bus to leave New York,
C. Check the price of the ticket.
4. What do we learn about the man?
A. He left his job.
B. He has got two job offers.
C. He's doing a part-time job.
5. How long does it take John to get home?
A. One hour. B. One hour and a half. C. Two hours.
第二節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1.5分，滿分22. 5分）
聽下面5段對話或獨白。每段對話或獨白后有幾個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個 選項中選出最佳選項，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽每段對話或獨白前，你將有時間閱讀各個 小題，每小題5秒鐘；聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時間。每段對話或獨白讀兩遍。
聽第6段材料，回答第6、7題。
6. What kind of movies does the woman like?
A. Comedies and love stories.
B. Action movies and comedies.
C, Horror movies and love stories.
7. Where does the conversation probably take place?
A. In a cinema. B. In a video store. C. At home.
聽第7段材料，回答第8、9題。
8. What color sofa does the woman first suggest?
A Grey. B. Red. C. Orange.
9. Why is the woman dissatisfied with the green sofa?
A. It is too bright.
B. It is not the right size.
C. It won't go with other furniture.
聽第8段材料，回答第10至12題。
10. What does the woman first complain about?
A. The light. B. The air conditioning. C. The bed.
11. What does the man offer to do for the woman?
A. Get her some water, B, Bring her a blanket. C. Buy her some medicine.
12. What do we know can we say about the man?
A. He's anxious. B. He's generous. C. He's patient.
聽第9段材料，回答第13至16題。
13. Why does the woman need the job?
A. To learn to start a business,
B. To gain some work experience.
C. To support herself through college.
14. What will the woman work as if she gets the job?
A. Cashier. B. Manager. C. Shop assistant.
15. How is the woman's performance at school?
A. Poor. B. Average. C. Excellent.
16. What will be the woman's working hours if she gets the job?
A. 8：30 a. m. 一 6:10 p. m.
B. 9：00 a. m. 一 6 ：00 p. m.
C. 8 ：30 a. m. 一 10 ：00 p. m.
聽第10段材料，回答第17至20題。
17. Which country comes first in a recent ranking list?
A. Britain. B. South Korea. C. Finland.
18. What can we know about Finnish education?
A. Children have one hour of homework a day.
B. The students often feel tired.
C. Private tuition is common.
19. How long is the school day in Britain?
A. Around four hours. B. Around six hours. C. Around eight hours.
20. What should Britain learn from Finland and South Korea?
A. To make the school day long.
B. To make students do less homework .
C. To pay more respect to teachers and education.
第二部分 閱讀理解（共兩節(jié)，滿分40分）
第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題2分，滿分30分）
閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個選項（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項。
A
Fine art fairs （藝術(shù)博覽會）are the trend of the 21st century, with new art and antique （古玩）fairs and festivals springing up in diverse parts of the world. Here is a list of four noteworthy art fairs.
Art Basel, Basel, Switzerland
The granddaddy of art fairs, Art Basel, was established in 1970 by a group of local art gallerists and is the biggest contemporary art fair in the world. Art Basel takes place over a 5-day period each June in Basel, Switzerland. The high cost of renting space for gallery owners is offset （抵消）by the huge attendance at the fair. For example in 2010, about 60,000 visitors attended Art Basel.
Frieze Art Fair, London
“Frieze Art Fair was established in 2003 and is one of the few fairs to focus only on contemporary art and living artists. v "The fair takes place every October in Regent's Park, London. It features over 170 of the most exciting contemporary art galleries in the world. ”
In addition to the fair which began in 2003, the fair owners Matthew Slotover and Amanda Sharp publish Frieze, an international art magazine established in 1991 and devoted to contemporary art.
TEFAF Maastricht, the Netherlands
Established in 1975 as The Pictura Fine Art Fair, and renamed The European Fine Art Foundation （TEFAF） , Maastricht in 1996, the fair includes 260 of the world's most famous art and antique dealers from 16 countries.
The 24th edition of the TEFAF fair held March 18 — 27, 2011 featured 260 dealers exhibiting approximately 30, 000 artworks and antiques with an overall value of $ US 1. 4 billion.
ARCO, Madrid
ARCO Madrid was established in 1982 and is one of Europe's leading and popular art fairs. In addition to the exhibiting galleries （in 2011, 197 international art galleries participated） , a series of lectures and specially focused exhibitions take place.
1. How does Art Basel cover the expense of renting space?
A. By selling tickets. B. By selling expensive exhibits.
C. By donation from dealers. D. By support from the government.
2. The owners of Frieze Art Fair are also in charge of____.
A. 170 living artists. B. An international art magazine.
C. 30,000 artworks and antiques. D. A series of lectures.
3. Which of the following has the longest history?
A. Art Basel B. Frieze Art Fair C. TEFAF D. ARCO
【答案】1. A 2. B 3. A
【解析】
【分析】這是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章介紹了四個值得關(guān)注的藝術(shù)博覽會。
【1題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Art Basel, Basel, Switzerland”部分倒第二句“The high cost of renting space for gallery owners is offset （抵消）by the huge attendance at the fair.”(畫廊業(yè)主租用展廳的高成本被博覽會的大量上座率抵消了。)可知，巴塞爾藝術(shù)展通過售票來支付租用場地的費用。故選A。
【2題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Frieze Art Fair, London”部分最后一段“In addition to the fair which began in 2003, the fair owners Matthew Slotover and Amanda Sharp publish Frieze, an international art magazine established in 1991 and devoted to contemporary art.”(除了始于2003年的博覽會外，博覽會所有者馬修·斯洛托弗和阿曼達(dá)·夏普還出版了《Frieze》，這是一本創(chuàng)辦于1991年的國際藝術(shù)雜志，專門研究當(dāng)代藝術(shù)。)可知，弗里茲藝術(shù)博覽會的所有者也負(fù)責(zé)一本國際藝術(shù)雜志。故選B。
【3題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Art Basel, Basel, Switzerland”部分第一句“The granddaddy of art fairs, Art Basel, was established in 1970 by a group of local art gallerists and is the biggest contemporary art fair in the world.”(藝術(shù)博覽會的鼻祖，巴塞爾藝術(shù)博覽會，成立于1970年，由一群當(dāng)?shù)氐漠嬂冉?，是世界上最大的?dāng)代藝術(shù)博覽會)；“Frieze Art Fair, London”部分第一句“Frieze Art Fair was established in 2003 and is one of the few fairs to focus only on contemporary art and living artists.”(弗里茲藝術(shù)博覽會成立于2003年，是少數(shù)幾個只關(guān)注當(dāng)代藝術(shù)和在世藝術(shù)家的博覽會之一。)；“TEFAF Maastricht, the Netherlands”部分第一句“Established in 1975 as The Pictura Fine Art Fair, and renamed The European Fine Art Foundation （TEFAF） , Maastricht in 1996, the fair includes 260 of the world's most famous art and antique dealers from 16 countries.”(成立于1975年的Pictura Fine Art Fair, 1996年更名為歐洲美術(shù)基金會(TEFAF)，位于馬斯特里赫特。該博覽會包括來自16個國家的260位世界上最著名的藝術(shù)和古董經(jīng)銷商。)和“ARCO, Madrid”部分第一句“ARCO Madrid was established in 1982 and is one of Europe's leading and popular art fairs.”(ARCO馬德里藝術(shù)博覽會成立于1982年，是歐洲領(lǐng)先和受歡迎的藝術(shù)博覽會之一。)可知，Art Basel的歷史最長。故選A。
B
In 2002, young Elon Musk tried unsuccessfully to buy Russian rockets to help him send mice to Mars and back. Afterwards, the young millionaire decided to build his own rockets.
Musk went to Southern California and started hiring people to help bring his dream to life. In a very short time, and despite some failures, his company SpaceX launched Falcon 1, the first successful privately-built liquid fuel rocket, into Earth's orbit in 2008.
As the first Falcon rocket began testing, development was already underway for the Falcon 9. This much larger rocket, which uses nine engines to lift heavy payloads （有效載 荷）into orbit, is engineered to return to Earth, ready to be reused for another flight.
For Musk, space is the final destination. To help people get there, his company Neuralink is developing devices that will link people's brains with computers. A similar device has been developed at the University of Utah. It consists of a chip （芯片）with 256 threads （線程）that is placed between a person's skin and brain. The threads attach directly to brain tissue （腦組織）.Patients who have the device are able to use only their minds to communicate with one another through computers.
Neuralink's chips will have about 1,000 threads. A robot developed by the company will place up to ten chips under a person's skin. The chips will communicate without wires but with a tiny device that will be worn behind the person's ear. That device, in turn, will communicate with computers. The primary market for the technology will be for people that, because of injuries or birth defects, cannot control their hands and arms. With Neuralink^ product, they'll be able to mentally command a computer to type messages for them or carry out other tasks.
4. According to this article, what was the first Falcon 1 able to do?
A. Launch big satellites. B. Reach distant moons.
C. Move around our planet. D. Study the universe.
5. What does the article explain about Neuralink's chips?
A. How they'll be set up. B. What safety features they'll have.
C. How much money they'll earn. D. Where they'll be produced.
6. According to this article, who is Neuralink going to market its product to first?
A. Those who own great wealth.
B. Those who are physically disabled.
C. Those who travel internationally.
D. Those who do research on plants.
7. In which publication is this article most likely to appear?
A. The Journal of Environmental Studies.
B. Advances in Business and Technology.
C. Digest of Fashion and Entertainment News,
D. Consumer's Guide to Outdoor Recreation.
【答案】4. C 5. A 6. B 7. B
【解析】
【分析】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了Elon Musk在火箭制作方面的成就，并以此為背景介紹了他即將推向市場的新產(chǎn)品Neuralink的芯片。
【4題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“In a very short time, and despite some failures, his company SpaceX launched Falcon 1, the first successful privately-built liquid fuel rocket, into Earth's orbit in 2008.”(2008年，盡管經(jīng)歷了一些失敗，但他的SpaceX公司還是在很短的時間內(nèi)將首個成功的私人建造的液體燃料火箭獵鷹1號送入了地球軌道。)可知，獵鷹1號被送入了地球軌道，所以可以繞地球運行。故選C。
【5題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句到第四句“Neuralink's chips will have about 1,000 threads. A robot developed by the company will place up to ten chips under a person's skin. The chips will communicate without wires but with a tiny device that will be worn behind the person's ear. That device, in turn, will communicate with computers.”(Neuralink的芯片將有大約1000個線程。該公司開發(fā)的一個機器人可以在人的皮膚下植入多達(dá)10個芯片。這種芯片無需電線，但可以通過佩戴在人耳后的一個微型裝置進行通信。反過來，該設(shè)備將與計算機進行通信。)可知，文章中解釋了Neuralink的芯片將如何安裝。故選A。
【6題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段第五句“The primary market for the technology will be for people that, because of injuries or birth defects, cannot control their hands and arms.”(這項技術(shù)的主要市場將是那些因為受傷或先天缺陷而不能控制自己手和胳膊的人。)可知，Neuralink將首先把它的產(chǎn)品推銷給那些身體殘疾的人。故選B。
【7題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“In 2002, young Elon Musk tried unsuccessfully to buy Russian rockets to help him send mice to Mars and back. Afterwards, the young millionaire decided to build his own rockets.”(2002年，年輕的埃隆·馬斯克試圖購買俄羅斯火箭，幫助他將老鼠送上火星并返回，但沒有成功。后來，這個年輕的百萬富翁決定自己制造火箭。)，第二段第一句 “Musk went to Southern California and started hiring people to help bring his dream to life.”(馬斯克去了南加州，開始雇人幫他實現(xiàn)夢想。)和第三段第一句“As the first Falcon rocket began testing, development was already underway for the Falcon 9.”(當(dāng)?shù)谝幻东C鷹火箭開始測試時，獵鷹9號的開發(fā)已經(jīng)在進行中。)可知，文章前三段是講這家公司的背景和成就，根據(jù)第四段第二句“To help people get there, his company Neuralink is developing devices that will link people's brains with computers.”(為了幫助人們實現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)，他的公司Neuralink正在開發(fā)將人腦與計算機連接起來的設(shè)備。)和第五段最后兩句“The primary market for the technology will be for people that, because of injuries or birth defects, cannot control their hands and arms. With Neuralink' product, they'll be able to mentally command a computer to type messages for them or carry out other tasks.”(這項技術(shù)的主要市場將是那些因為受傷或先天缺陷而不能控制自己手和胳膊的人。有了Neuralink的產(chǎn)品，他們將能夠在心里指揮計算機為他們輸入信息或執(zhí)行其他任務(wù)。)可知，第四段和第五段主要介紹了新產(chǎn)品Neuralink的芯片和它的目標(biāo)市場。所以文章主要是講商業(yè)和技術(shù)上的進步。故選B。
C
Kids often admire well-known celebrities, putting posters of their favorite musicians, movie stars and athletes on their bedroom walls. But rarely does a young person get to meet or talk to their idol. Yet for one young tennis player - Coco Gauff - her chance to do just that happened in an amazing way!
Coco was born on March 13, 2004. At the age of 4, she developed an interest in tennis after watching Venus Williams win the Australian Open on TV. Coco began playing at 7 and showed a real talent for the sport. When young Coco turned 10, she began training at a tennis centre run by Venus's coach, Patrick Mouratoglou. He still remembers the first time he met Coco. He says, “She impressed me with her determination and fighting spirit. ” Convinced of her talent, Mouratoglou sponsored （資助）Coco to attend his academy in France. While she was preparing to go to the academy in 2019, she received a call that would change her plans and her life!
Wimbledon （溫布爾頓網(wǎng)球比賽）organizers called and offered Gauff entry to the tournament （聯(lián)賽）as a wildcard （外卡選手）.This made her one of the youngest players to ever qualify. Before she knew it she was on her way to London. After arriving, she received another surprise. For her Wimbledon debut （首次登場），she would be playing her lifelong hero, Venus Williams! The tennis legend is 24 years older than Gauff.
The world watched with amazement as young Gauff beat Venus in two straight sets! Afterwards, Gauff shook Venus's hand, thanked her and said, “I wouldn't be here if it wasn't for you. " After the match, Venus said of Gauff, “I think the sky is the limit； it really is. " Venus said, “I feel honored that I was on her wall [as a poster] at some point in her life. Soon she will be on other girls' walls. It's nice because it will keep going from the next generation to the next generation. "
8. What can we learn about Coco from the text?
A. She took up tennis as career at the age of 4.
B. She went to academy at the age of 7.
C. She had played against William before 10.
D. She beat William at the age of 15
9. Which of the following can best describe Coco?
A. Talented and modest. B. Lucky and responsible.
C. Proud and hard-working. D. Respectful and cheerful.
10. What can we infer from Venus's words?
A. Coco had reached her limits. B. Coco would rise to fame after the match.
C. Coco's poster would be passed on. D. Coco had once visited her home.
11. What can be a suitable title for the text ?
A. Coco Gauff ： Tennis's Next Superstar. B. Coco Gauff ： A Poster on the Wall.
C. What Posters Mean to a Young Girl. D. The Significance of Admiring an Idol.
【答案】8. D 9. A 10. B 11. A
【解析】
【分析】這是一篇記敘文。文章講述了網(wǎng)球的下一個超級巨星可可·高夫的故事?？煽伞じ叻?歲開始打網(wǎng)球，在這項運動上顯示出了真正的天賦，在她十五歲的時候擊敗了她從小的偶像維納斯·威廉姆斯。
【8題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“While she was preparing to go to the academy in 2019, she received a call that would change her plans and her life!”(2019年，當(dāng)她準(zhǔn)備去學(xué)院的時候，她接到了一個電話，這個電話將改變她的計劃和生活！)，第三段第一句 “Wimbledon （溫布爾頓網(wǎng)球比賽）organizers called and offered Gauff entry to the tournament （聯(lián)賽）as a wildcard （外卡選手）.”(溫布爾頓網(wǎng)球比賽的組織者打電話給高夫，讓她作為外卡參賽。)和第二段第一句“Coco was born on March 13, 2004. ”(可可出生于2004年3月13日。)可知，她參加溫布爾頓網(wǎng)球比賽的時候是十五歲，再根據(jù)第四段第一句“The world watched with amazement as young Gauff beat Venus in two straight sets!”(全世界都驚奇地看著年輕的高夫在兩盤的比賽中擊敗了維納斯！)可知，可可·高夫在十五歲時擊敗了維納斯·威廉姆斯。故選D。
【9題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第三句“Coco began playing at 7 and showed a real talent for the sport.”(可可7歲開始打球，在這項運動上顯示出了真正的天賦。)可知，可可很有天賦，根據(jù)第四段第二句“Afterwards, Gauff shook Venus's hand, thanked her and said, “I wouldn't be here if it wasn't for you.””(之后，高夫握了握維納斯的手，感謝她說：“如果不是因為你，我不會在這里?！?可知，可可很謙虛。故選A。
【10題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第三句中的“I think the sky is the limit”(我認(rèn)為天空是極限)，第四句和第五句中的“I feel honored that I was on her wall [as a poster] at some point in her life. Soon she will be on other girls' walls.”(我感到很榮幸，在她生命的某個時刻，我曾作為海報出現(xiàn)在她的墻上。很快她就會出現(xiàn)在其他女孩的墻上。)可知，從維納斯的話中可以推斷出可可在這場比賽后會成名。故選B。
【11題詳解】
主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句“The world watched with amazement as young Gauff beat Venus in two straight sets!”(全世界都驚奇地看著年輕的高夫在兩盤的比賽中擊敗了維納斯！)和最后兩句“Soon she will be on other girls' walls. It's nice because it will keep going from the next generation to the next generation. ”(很快她就會出現(xiàn)在其他女孩的墻上。這很好，因為它會代代相傳。)可知，文章主要是講網(wǎng)球的下一個超級巨星可可·高夫。故選A。
D
A male tiger was rescued in Mishan city, Northeast China's Heilongjiang province, on Friday. A tiger was recently seen on the Siner Russian border （邊界），but there is no evidence to suggest this is the same tiger or that it had lost its way from Russia.
Wherever it may have come from, cross-border protection of endangered species is a problem. According to Ma Jianzhang, a senior wild animal researcher in China, tigers know no borders, which have been built to stop humans from illegally crossing over. However, these borders also stop the free movement of tigers, thus preventing their breeding （繁殖） and exchange of genes.
The Sino-Russian border also comes in the way of protecting tigers in the region. Data show about 500 to 550 Siberian tigers, or over 90 percent of the species, live in the wild in Russia; 27 live in the wild in China, and 50 in the border region. Sometimes tigers lose their way across the border and that is hindering （妨礙）efforts to stop illegal hunting and protecting them.
Fortunately, both China and Russia have realized this problem and are working toward solving it. As early as 2010, the two countries established a cross-border protection network aimed at strengthening communication on protecting tigers in the northeast. The countries have also held anti-poaching （反偷獵）activities together. In 2019, two national parks from the two countries signed a three-year deal to share research data on tigers, greatly improving the living conditions of Siberian tigers in the wild.
However, much more needs to be done to protect the species. It is necessary to combine the tiger protection areas in the two countries. That will require greater efforts from both sides and some difficulties might remain even then. Fortunately, both countries have been taking effective measures to provide the endangered species a better home.
12. What's the original purpose of setting up the Sino-Russian borders?
A. To ban people from illegal crossings.
B. To help protect tigers in the region.
C. To protect tigers from losing their way.
D. To stop tigers' breeding and exchange of genes.
13. What does the underlined phrase “comes in the way of” probably mean?
A. keeps from. B. is on the way to C. is aimed at D. keeps up
14. What is the focus of Paragraph 4 ?
A. Recent studies and researches on tigers.
B. Joint efforts by China and Russia to protect tigers.
C. The possible effects of establishing a network
D. Reasons for improving the living conditions of tigers.
15. What's the author's purpose in writing the text?
A. To inform the possible dangers of tiger protection.
B. To cover the news about a missing tiger on the border.
C. To put forward suggestions on finding the missing tiger.
D. To report the problems and measures of cross-border tiger protection.
【答案】12. A 13. A 14. B 15. D
【解析】
【分析】這是一篇說明文，介紹了跨境老虎保護存在的問題和措施。
【12題詳解】
細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二句“According to Ma Jianzhang, a senior wild animal researcher in China, tigers know no borders, which have been built to stop humans from illegally crossing over.”(據(jù)中國野生動物高級研究員馬建章介紹，老虎沒有國界，國界的建造是為了防止人類非法越境。)可知，建立中俄邊界的最初目的是為了防止人類非法越境。故選A。
【13題詳解】
詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“Sometimes tigers lose their way across the border and that is hindering （妨礙）efforts to stop illegal hunting and protecting them.”(有時老虎會在越境時迷路，這阻礙了制止非法捕獵和保護老虎的努力。)可知，此處是指中俄邊境也阻礙了對該地區(qū)老虎的保護。所以comes in the way of意為“阻礙”。故選A。
【14題詳解】
主旨大意題。根據(jù)第四段第一句“Fortunately, both China and Russia have realized this problem and are working toward solving it.”(幸運的是，中國和俄羅斯都意識到了這個問題，并正在努力解決它。)可知，第四段主要是講中國和俄羅斯保護老虎的共同努力。故選B。
【15題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“Wherever it may have come from, cross-border protection of endangered species is a problem.”(無論它從哪里來，對瀕危物種的跨境保護都是一個問題。)，第三段第一句“The Sino-Russian border also comes in the way of protecting tigers in the region.”(中俄邊境也阻礙了對該地區(qū)老虎的保護。)和第四段第一句“Fortunately, both China and Russia have realized this problem and are working toward solving it.”(幸運的是，中國和俄羅斯都意識到了這個問題，并正在努力解決它。)及最后一段第一句“However, much more needs to be done to protect the species.”(然而，我們需要做更多的工作來保護這個物種。)可知，作者寫這篇文章的目的是報告跨境老虎保護存在的問題和措施。故選D。
第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2分，滿分10分）
根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。
Every culture has set rules about how people should act. Patterns of good behavior, or manners, show respect and care for others. ____16____
Greeting people cheerfully is almost always considered polite.____17____ For example, when you enter a store in France, you should always greet the person working there. Other cultures also value greeting people. But of course the greetings vary as people speak different languages.
____18____It creates and keeps the harmony （和諧）of human relationships? and is used as greetings, encouragement and so on. In American society people usually widely use praise and compliments, which plays an important role in communication. The right answer to other's praise and compliments is “Thank you”. However, refusing a compliment is accepted and even approved of in China.
Some of the biggest cultural differences have to do with table manners.____19____That means chewing with your mouth closed and not slurping （出聲地喝）your soup. The same goes for burping （打嗝）. But in parts of Asia, slurping shows that you are enjoying your meal. And burping is a sign of being full and content.
____20____ Saying “please" and "thank you, “ for example, is almost always polite. If you show appreciation and try to follow local customs, people will generally respond well. Showing kindness can bring people together, no matter what culture they come from.
A. Yet the details of how to express respect vary.
B. Yet there are also similar points across cultures.
C. Diversity （多樣化）exists when it comes to the choice of food.
D. Attitudes to praise and compliments can be different.
E. But it's more important in some cultures than others.
F. It's polite to eat as quietly as possible In North America.
G. Praise and compliments is a kind of communicative action.
【答案】16. A 17. E 18. G 19. F 20. B
【解析】
【分析】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了在不同文化中禮節(jié)上的不同點和相似點。
【16題詳解】
根據(jù)后文“But of course the greetings vary as people speak different languages.”(當(dāng)然，由于人們說的語言不同，問候也不同。)和前文“Patterns of good behavior, or manners, show respect and care for others.”(良好的行為模式，或禮貌，顯示尊重和關(guān)心他人。)可知，此處是講表達(dá)尊敬的方式的細(xì)節(jié)會有不同，所以選項A“然而，如何表達(dá)尊重的細(xì)節(jié)各不相同?！逼鸬匠猩蠁⑾碌淖饔?，切合文意。故選A。
【17題詳解】
根據(jù)后文“For example, when you enter a store in France, you should always greet the person working there.”(例如，當(dāng)你進入法國的一家商店時，你應(yīng)該總是問候在那里工作的人。)可知，此處是講在例如法國文化中，問候別人更加重要，所以選項E“但在某些文化中，它比在其他文化中更重要?！鼻泻衔囊狻９蔬xE。
【18題詳解】
根據(jù)后文“In American society people usually widely use praise and compliments, which plays an important role in communication.”(在美國社會中，人們通常廣泛使用表揚和贊美，這在交際中起著重要的作用。)可知，此處是講表揚和贊美是一種交際行為，所以選項G “表揚和贊美是一種交際行為?！鼻泻衔囊?。故選G。
【19題詳解】
根據(jù)前文“Some of the biggest cultural differences have to do with table manners.”(一些最大的文化差異與餐桌禮儀有關(guān)。)和后文“That means chewing with your mouth closed and not slurping your soup. The same goes for burping.”(這意味著咀嚼時要閉上嘴，喝湯時不要發(fā)出聲音。打嗝也是一樣。)可知，此處是講在一些文化的餐桌禮儀中要求盡可能地安靜，所以選項F“在北美，盡可能安靜地吃飯是一種禮貌。”切合文意。故選F。
【20題詳解】
根據(jù)后文“Saying “please” and “thank you”, for example, is almost always polite.”(例如，說“請”和“謝謝”幾乎總是禮貌的。)和“Showing kindness can bring people together, no matter what culture they come from.”(展示善意可以把人們團結(jié)在一起，不管他們來自什么文化。)可知，此處是講文化之間也是有很多共同點的，所以選項B“然而，在不同的文化中也有類似的點?！鼻泻衔囊狻９蔬xB。
第三部分 英語知識運用（共兩節(jié)，滿分45分）
第一節(jié) 完形填空（共20小題；每小題1.5分，滿分30分）
閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的四個選項（A、B、C和D）中，選出可以填入空 白處的最佳選項。
Taking back my life
I received a private message on Facebook. It began harmlessly enough： "Hey, girl. Wanted to invite you to____21____my next challenge group--- we'll be focusing on fitting in 30 minutes.”
It was all becoming too much. Facebook was____22____my life? not me. But what killed Facebook for me was when I____23____a photo and five minutes later my four—year—old son asked me how many “l(fā)ikes“ it had got. His question was a____24____ call.
“Likes“ are signs of____25____ . I had forgotten that it need to come from within and I had ____26____set my son a bad example.
At that moment, I set up my mind to____27____my Facebook account.
I'd been in the____28____of checking Facebook many times a day, so I had to____29____ some new habits. I carried a novel, rediscovered knitting （針織）and took yoga classes.
I started to remember a few things. I have friends who will help me out when I'm in ____30____. Our son is happy and____31____. And we are very lucky to be able to____32____two vacations a year.
I stopped looking at the world through my cellphone. I felt completely____33____in the moment. The break____34____me feeling better about my life.
After a few weeks, I____35____ Facebook. Now I keep my____36____on the photos of my friends' kids growing up and____37____how social media allows me to keep in touch with family ____38____and wide. I am____39____ with the desire to post updates. It is not an____40____ anymore.
21. A. celebrate B. join C. check D. hold
22. A. developing B. running C. ruining D. improving
23. A. described B. took C. posted D. saw
24. A. wake-up B. warm-up C. mind-up D. hold-up
25. A. reality B. power C. identity D. acceptance
26. A. unlikely B. impossibly C. unknowingly D. unusually
27. A. close B. fix C. lose D. load
28. A. form B. shape C. habit D. way
29. A. run out B. result from C. make use of D. come up with
30. A. class B. trouble C. silence D. advance
31. A. ordinary B. healthy C. weak D. famous
32. A. imagine B. waste C. afford D. miss
33. A. present B. lost C. absent D. blank
34. A. blocked B. encouraged C. forced D. left
35. A. broke through B. returned to C. ended up D. dated from
36. A. impression B. opinion C. balance D. eyes
37. A. value B. predict C. examine D. search
38. A. heavy B. high C. long D. far
39. A. more often B. no longer C. right now D. once in a while
40. A. dream B. doubt C. addiction D. inspiration
【答案】21. B 22. B 23. C 24. A 25. D 26. C 27. A 28. C 29. D 30. B 31. B 32. C 33. A 34. D 35. B 36. D 37. A 38. D 39. B 40. C
【解析】
【分析】這是一篇記敘文。作者意識到自己對Facebook的上癮對自己的生活產(chǎn)生了不好的影響，給兒子樹立了不好的榜樣，于是作者關(guān)閉了Facebook賬號，回歸到生活中，當(dāng)再次回到Facebook時，作者關(guān)注著朋友的孩子們成長的照片，并珍視社交媒體如何讓自己與家人保持廣泛的聯(lián)系。發(fā)布更新已經(jīng)不再是一種上癮行為。
【21題詳解】
考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：我想邀請你加入我的下一個挑戰(zhàn)小組——我們將專注于在30分鐘內(nèi)適應(yīng)。A.celebrate慶祝；B.join參加；C.check檢查；D.hold持有。根據(jù)“Wanted to invite you”可知，此處是指邀請你加入下一個挑戰(zhàn)小組。故選B。
【22題詳解】
考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：Facebook控制了我的生活？A.developing發(fā)展；B.running管理，經(jīng)營；C.ruining毀壞；D.improving改善。根據(jù)“checking Facebook many times a day”(每天刷臉書很多次)可知，此處是指Facebook控制了“我”的生活。故選B。
【23題詳解】
考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：但Facebook對我來說的致命之處在于，我發(fā)布了一張照片，五分鐘后，我四歲的兒子問我，它有多少個“贊”。A.described描述；B.took帶走；C.posted發(fā)布；D.saw看見。根據(jù)“five minutes later my four—year—old son asked me how many “l(fā)ikes“ it had got ”可知，此處是指發(fā)布了一張照片。故選C。
【24題詳解】
考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：他的問題給我敲響了警鐘。A.wake-up喚醒；B.warm-up熱身； C.mind-up小心點；D.hold-up停頓。根據(jù)“At that moment, I set up my mind”(那一刻，我下定決心)可知，他的問題給“我”敲響了警鐘。故選A。
【25題詳解】
考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：“點贊”是接受的標(biāo)志。A.reality現(xiàn)實；B.power能量；C.identity身份；D.acceptance接納。根據(jù)““Likes“ are signs of”可知，此處是指“點贊”是接受的標(biāo)志。故選D。
【26題詳解】
考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：我忘了這需要來自內(nèi)心，我不知不覺地給兒子樹立了一個壞榜樣。A.unlikely未必；B.impossibly不可能地；C.unknowingly不知不覺地；D.unusually異常地，不同尋常地。根據(jù)“I had forgotten that it need to come from within”可知，此處是指不知不覺地給兒子樹立了一個壞榜樣。故選C。
【27題詳解】
考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：在那一刻，我下定決心要關(guān)閉我的Facebook賬戶。A.close關(guān)閉；B.fix修理；C.lose失去；D.load裝載。根據(jù)“I stopped looking at the world through my cellphone.”(我不再通過手機看世界了。)可知，此處是指下定決心要關(guān)閉Facebook賬戶。故選A。
【28題詳解】
考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：我已經(jīng)養(yǎng)成了每天查看Facebook很多次的習(xí)慣，所以我不得不想出一些新的習(xí)慣。A.form形式，形狀；B.shape形狀；C.habit習(xí)慣；D.way方法。根據(jù)“some new habits”可知，此處是指每天查看Facebook很多次的習(xí)慣。故選C。
【29題詳解】
考查動詞短語辨析。句意：我已經(jīng)養(yǎng)成了每天查看Facebook很多次的習(xí)慣，所以我不得不想出一些新的習(xí)慣。A.run out耗盡；B.result from由于；C.make use of利用；D.come up with想出，提出。根據(jù)“I carried a novel, rediscovered knitting （針織）and took yoga classes.”(我?guī)е槐拘≌f，重新發(fā)現(xiàn)了編織，還上了瑜伽課。)可知，此處是指想出一些新的習(xí)慣。故選D。
【30題詳解】
考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：我有朋友在我有困難時會幫助我。A.class課堂；B.trouble麻煩，困難；C.silence寂靜；D.advance發(fā)展。根據(jù)“who will help me out”可知，此處是指在“我”有困難時。故選B。
【31題詳解】
考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：我們的兒子健康快樂。A.ordinary一般的；B.healthy健康的；C.weak虛弱的；D.famous著名的。根據(jù)“happy and”可知，此處是指“我”們的兒子健康快樂。故選B。
【32題詳解】
考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：我們很幸運，一年能有兩次假期。A.imagine想象；B.waste浪費；C.afford抽得出；D.miss錯過。根據(jù)“we are very lucky”可知，此處是指一年能抽出兩次假期。故選C。
【33題詳解】
考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：我覺得自己完全活在當(dāng)下。A.present現(xiàn)在的；B.lost迷路的；C.absent缺席的；D.blank空白的。根據(jù)“I stopped looking at the world through my cellphone.”可知，此處是指完全活在當(dāng)下。故選A。
【34題詳解】
考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：休息使我對我的生活感覺好些了。A.blocked阻止；B.encouraged鼓勵；C.forced強迫；D.left讓……處于（某種狀態(tài)、某地等）。根據(jù)“feeling better about my life”可知，此處是指休息使“我”對生活感覺好些了。故選D。
【35題詳解】
考查動詞短語辨析。句意：幾周后，我又回到了Facebook。A.broke through突破；B.returned to返回；C.ended up結(jié)束；D.dated from追溯到。根據(jù)“on the photos of my friends' kids growing up”(關(guān)注著我朋友的孩子們成長的照片)可知，此處是指又回到了Facebook。故選B。
【36題詳解】
考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：現(xiàn)在我關(guān)注著我朋友的孩子們成長的照片，并珍視社交媒體如何讓我與家人保持廣泛的聯(lián)系。A.impression印象；B.opinion觀點；C.balance平衡；D.eyes眼睛。根據(jù)“on the photos of my friends' kids growing up”可知，此處是指關(guān)注著朋友的孩子們成長的照片。故選D。
【37題詳解】
考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：現(xiàn)在我關(guān)注著我朋友的孩子們成長的照片，并珍視社交媒體如何讓我與家人保持廣泛的聯(lián)系。A.value珍視；B.predict預(yù)測；C.examine檢查；D.search搜查。根據(jù)“how social media allows me to keep in touch with family”可知，此處是指珍視社交媒體如何讓“我”與家人保持聯(lián)系。故選A。
【38題詳解】
考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：現(xiàn)在我關(guān)注著我朋友孩子們成長的照片，并珍視社交媒體如何讓我與家人保持廣泛的聯(lián)系。A.heavy沉重的；B.high高的；C.long長的；D.far遠(yuǎn)的。far and wide意為“廣泛地”，為固定搭配。根據(jù)“keep in touch with family”可知，此處是指與家人保持廣泛的聯(lián)系。故選D。
【39題詳解】
考查副詞短語辨析。句意：我已經(jīng)不想發(fā)布更新了。A.more often更經(jīng)常；B.no longer不再；C.right now馬上；D.once in a while偶爾。根據(jù)“It is not”可知，此處是指已經(jīng)不想發(fā)布更新了。故選B。
【40題詳解】
考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：它不再是一種癮。A.dream夢想；B.doubt懷疑；C.addiction上癮；D.inspiration靈感。根據(jù)“I'd been in the habit of checking Facebook many times a day”可知，此處是指它不再是一種癮。故選C。
第二節(jié)（共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿分15分）
閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容（1個單詞）或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。
A 25-year-old American with a university degree can expect to live longer than those who dropped out of high school.____41____the average American's expected span has been flat in recent years, and____42____surprising） even fell between 2015 and 2017, that of the one- third with a bachelor's degree has continued to lengthen.
This difference is growing, according to the new research____43____ （publish） in the National Academy of Sciences. Scientists found that the life spans （壽命）of those with and without a bachelor's degree started to____44____（different） in the 1990s and 2000s. This gap grew even ____45____ （wide） in the 2010s.
What is the link____46____ schooling and longevity? Some argue that better-educated people develop various healthier____47____（lifestyle） ： each additional year of study reduces the chances of being a smoker and of being overweight. The better-educated earn more, ____48____in turn is associated with greater health.
Researchers argue that changes in labour markets ____49____ （reduce） the supply of well- paid jobs for____50____（that） without a degree in the past few years. This may be contributing to higher rates of alcohol and drug use, suicide and other "deaths of despair" .
【答案】41. Although/Though/While
42. surprisingly
43. published
44. differ 45. wider
46. between
47. lifestyles
48. which 49. have reduced
50. those
【解析】
【分析】這是一篇說明文。盡管近年來美國人的平均預(yù)期壽命沒有變化，甚至在2015年至2017年之間還出人意料地出現(xiàn)了下降，但三分之一的學(xué)士學(xué)位持有者的預(yù)期壽命卻在繼續(xù)延長。文章對這種教育差異和壽命差異之間的巧合現(xiàn)象進行了解釋和說明。
【41題詳解】
考查讓步狀語從句。句意：盡管近年來美國人的平均預(yù)期壽命沒有變化，甚至在2015年至2017年之間還出人意料地出現(xiàn)了下降，但三分之一的學(xué)士學(xué)位持有者的預(yù)期壽命卻在繼續(xù)延長?！皌he average American's expected span has been flat in recent years”和“that of the one- third with a bachelor's degree has continued to lengthen”構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，所以此處為讓步狀語從句，可用although/though/while表示“盡管”引導(dǎo)。句首首字母應(yīng)大寫。故填A(yù)lthough/Though/While。
【42題詳解】
考查副詞。句意：盡管近年來美國人的平均預(yù)期壽命沒有變化，甚至在2015年至2017年之間還出人意料地出現(xiàn)了下降，但三分之一的學(xué)士學(xué)位持有者的預(yù)期壽命卻在繼續(xù)延長。修飾動詞fell應(yīng)用副詞。副詞surprisingly意為“出人意料地”。故填surprisingly。
【43題詳解】
考查過去分詞。句意：根據(jù)發(fā)表在美國國家科學(xué)院上的一項新研究，這種差異正在擴大。動詞publish意為“發(fā)表”，和謂語之間沒有連詞，和邏輯主語research構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系，且動作已完成，所以應(yīng)用過去分詞作后置定語。故填published。
【44題詳解】
考查非謂語動詞。句意：科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，從20世紀(jì)90年代到21世紀(jì)初，有學(xué)士學(xué)位和沒有學(xué)士學(xué)位的人的壽命開始出現(xiàn)差異。start to do意為“開始做某事”，所以應(yīng)用動詞differ表示“相異，不同”。故填differ。
【45題詳解】
考查比較級。句意：這一差距在二十一世紀(jì)初的頭十年里進一步擴大。在even后應(yīng)用比較級。在系動詞grow后應(yīng)用形容詞作表語。故填wider。
【46題詳解】
考查介詞。句意：受教育和長壽之間有什么聯(lián)系？根據(jù)link和“schooling and longevity”可知，此處是指受教育和長壽之間的聯(lián)系，所以應(yīng)用介詞between表示“（表關(guān)系）兩……之間”。故填between。
【47題詳解】
考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。句意：一些人認(rèn)為，受過良好教育的人會養(yǎng)成各種更健康的生活方式：每多學(xué)習(xí)一年，就會減少成為吸煙者和超重的機會。在various后應(yīng)用可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。故填lifestyles。
【48題詳解】
考查定語從句。句意：受教育程度越高，收入越高，這反過來又與更健康有關(guān)。在非限制性定語從句中缺少主語，定語從句修飾主句，所以應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞which。故填which。
【49題詳解】
考查現(xiàn)在完成時。句意：研究人員認(rèn)為，在過去幾年里，勞動力市場的變化減少了對沒有學(xué)位的人提供高薪工作的機會。根據(jù)“in the past few years”可知，此處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時。故填have reduced。
【50題詳解】
考查代詞。句意：研究人員認(rèn)為，在過去幾年里，勞動力市場的變化減少了對沒有學(xué)位的人提供高薪工作的機會。此處是指沒有學(xué)位的人們，是復(fù)數(shù)，應(yīng)用代詞those代指。故填those。
第四部分寫作（共兩節(jié)，滿分35分）
第一節(jié) 短文改錯（共10小題；每小題1分，滿分10分）
51. 假定英語課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請你修改你同桌寫的以下作文。文中共 有10處語言錯誤，每句中最多有兩處。每處錯誤僅涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除或修改。
增加：在缺詞處加一個漏字符號（A）,并在其下面寫出該加的詞。
刪除：把多余的詞用斜線（\）劃掉。
修改：在錯的詞下畫一橫線，并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。
注意：1.每處錯誤及其修改均只限一詞；
2.只允許修改10處，多者（從第11處起）不計分。
Last summer vacation, as an unexpected job came up for my parents, I had to travel alone visit my grandparents. I was wondering how the trip will go. On the day of the trip, my mom prepared everything for me and gave me a hour's lesson on being careful and stay away from strangers. She asked me to phone her at every station which I went through. Throughout the journey, I read my book and did not say many to anyone asking me question. I kept calling for her at every station. Finally, I reached my destination safely and sound. I was very happy to have completed my first trip alone but enjoyed it.
【答案】1.在visit前加to；
2.will→would；
3.a→an；
4.stay→staying；
5.which→that；
6.many→much；
7.question→questions；
8.去掉for；
9.safely→safe；
10.but→and

【解析】
【分析】這是一篇記敘文，講述了作者第一次獨自旅行探親的經(jīng)歷。
【詳解】1.考查to do不定式。句意：去年暑假，由于我的父母找到了一份意外的工作，我不得不獨自去看望祖父母。獨自旅行是為了看望祖父母，所以應(yīng)用to do不定式表目的。故在visit前加to。
2.考查過去將來時。句意：我在想這次旅行會怎么樣。根據(jù)“I was wondering”可知，此處應(yīng)用過去將來時。故將will改為would。
3.考查不定冠詞。句意：在旅行的那天，我的媽媽為我準(zhǔn)備了一切，給我上了一個小時的關(guān)于小心和遠(yuǎn)離陌生人的課。hour的開頭發(fā)音是元音，所以不定冠詞應(yīng)用an。故將a改為an。
4.考查動名詞。句意：在旅行的那天，我的媽媽為我準(zhǔn)備了一切，給我上了一個小時的關(guān)于小心和遠(yuǎn)離陌生人的課。在介詞on后應(yīng)用動名詞作賓語。故將stay改為staying。
5.考查定語從句。句意：她要我每經(jīng)過一個車站就給她打電話。這里含有一個定語從句，修飾先行詞every station，關(guān)系詞在從句中作賓語，指物，當(dāng)先行詞station被every修飾時，關(guān)系代詞只能用that不能用which。故將which改為that。
6.考查代詞。句意：在整個旅程中，我讀了我的書，沒有對任何問我問題的人說太多。代指說話的內(nèi)容應(yīng)用代詞much，表示不可數(shù)。故將many改為much。
7.考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。句意：在整個旅程中，我讀了我的書，沒有對任何問我問題的人說太多。在整個旅程中問題不止一個，所以應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。故將question改為questions。
8.考查固定搭配。句意：我在每個車站都給她打電話。根據(jù)“She asked me to phone her at every station”可知，此處是指“我”在每個車站都給她打電話，call sb意為“給某人打電話”，為固定搭配，所以不能加介詞for。故去掉for。
9.考查固定搭配。句意：最后，我安然無恙地到達(dá)了目的地。safe and sound意為“安然無恙”，為固定搭配。故將safely改為safe。
10.考查連詞。句意：我很高興完成了我的第一次獨自旅行，并享受它?！癐 was very happy to have completed my first trip alone”和“enjoyed it”構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系，所以應(yīng)用連詞and。故將but改為and。
第二節(jié) 書面表達(dá)（滿分25分）
52. 假定你是李華，是新華中學(xué)高一學(xué)生。你校最近舉辦了一場學(xué)生美術(shù)作品展，請你給美 國筆友Clara寫一封郵件，介紹該活動。郵件內(nèi)容包括：
1.活動的基本情況（如時間、地點、參展作品等）；
2.你印象最深刻的作品；
3.你對這類活動的看法。
注意：
1.詞數(shù)100左右；
2.開頭和結(jié)尾已為你寫好。
Dear Clara,
I have just attended an art exhibition held by our school and I can't wait to share with you the wonderful activity.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
【答案】One possible version:
Dear Clara,
I have just attended an art exhibition held by our school and I can’t wait to share with you the wonderful activity.
This exhibition was held on the school playground yesterday. More than 100 pieces of artworks were displayed. One particular painting left me the deepest impression. It described a boy looking into the blue night sky with warm stars shinning, which filled me with warmth and endless imagination.
Personally, I like this kind of activity very much, as it always leads us out of daily routines and reminds us of a vivid world full of life. How about your opinion? I’m looking forward to hearing from you.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
【分析】本篇書面表達(dá)屬于應(yīng)用文，要求考生給美國筆友Clara寫一封郵件，介紹你校最近舉辦的一場學(xué)生美術(shù)作品展。
【詳解】1.詞匯積累
描述：describe→depict
生動的：vivid→live
充滿：be full of=be filled with
特別的：particular→especial
2.句式拓展
簡單句變復(fù)合句
原句：I have just attended an art exhibition held by our school and I can’t wait to share with you the wonderful activity.
拓展句：I have just attended an art exhibition held by our school, which is a wonderful activity I can’t wait to share with you.
【點睛】[高分句型1] It described a boy looking into the blue night sky with warm stars shinning, which filled me with warmth and endless imagination. (運用了which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句)
[高分句型2] I have just attended an art exhibition held by our school and I can’t wait to share with you the wonderful activity. (運用了過去分詞作后置定語)

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