?三年（2019-2021）高考真題英語分項(xiàng)匯編
專題16 閱讀理解說明類
一、2021年高考真題
1.【2021新高考1卷 C篇】
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans have taken care of these precious natural resourses wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to?decimate?a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl（水禽）were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat（棲息地）.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory（遷徙的）waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. "Ding" Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
1.What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?
A.Loss of wetlands. B.Popularity of water sports.
C.Pollution of rivers. D.Arrival of other wild animals.

2.What does the underlined word "decimate" mean in the first paragraph?
A.Acquire. B.Export. C.Destroy. D.Distribute.

3.What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?
A.The stamp price has gone down.
B.The migratory birds have flown away.
C.The hunters have stopped hunting.
D.The government has collected money.

4.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A.The Federal Duck Stamp Story
B.The National Wildlife Refuge System
C.The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl
D.The History of Migratory Bird Hunting

【文章大意】本文為說明文，講述了美國為了保護(hù)“水禽”頒布了一項(xiàng)政策，狩獵者需要購買相關(guān)水禽類郵票，然后政府把售賣所得款撥給候鳥保護(hù)基金組織。
1.A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干信息North America以及decline定位到第一段：Millions of waterfowl were killed at…?Millions of acres of wetlands were dried…?greatly reducing waterfowl habitat. 分析可知，數(shù)百萬的水禽被獵人和野心過大的運(yùn)動(dòng)員給殺害了。而數(shù)百萬英畝的濕地被開墾以喂養(yǎng)和容納日益增長的人口，而這大大減少了水禽的棲息地?？芍瑵竦亓魇菍?dǎo)致水禽數(shù)量減少的原因。 故選A。
2.C【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)題干信息first paragraph定位到第一段：Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. 根據(jù)Unfortunately（不幸地是）可知，此處與前文?"taken care of"?形成對(duì)比，故此處應(yīng)表示?"損害、毀壞"?。原文譯為：不幸地是，這些探險(xiǎn)者和定居者只花了幾十年的時(shí)間就毀掉了這些資源的很大一部分。故選C。
3.D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干信息in 1934定位到第二、三段。分析可知，第二段是在說明在頒布了這個(gè)法令之后，16歲或者超過16歲以上的水禽捕獵者必須每年購買并攜帶聯(lián)邦鴨票，而第三段則提及了大約98%的鴨子郵票的錢都是直接被用于購買保護(hù)濕地。 因此D選項(xiàng), 政府可以籌集錢，符合題意。故選D。
4.A【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)原文分析可知，首先作者先提出了濕地的破壞導(dǎo)致了水禽數(shù)量的下降，而后政府則通過發(fā)行聯(lián)邦鴨票籌集資金，用于保護(hù)濕地，是史上最成功的保護(hù)項(xiàng)目之一。因此A選項(xiàng)，聯(lián)邦鴨票的故事符合題意。故選A。


2.【2021全國甲卷 B篇】
Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding（繁育） programme, has welcomed the arrival of a rare black rhino calf （犀牛幼崽）. When the tiny creature arrived on January 31. she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve. And officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhinos are known for being difficult to breed in captivity（圈養(yǎng)）.
Paul Beer, head of rhino section at Port Lympne, said: "Obviously we're all absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family. She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. It's still a little too cold for them to go out into the open, but as soon as the weather warms up, I have no doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing every day."
The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.
According to the World Wildlife Fund, the global black rhino population has dropped as low as 5500, giving the rhinos a "critically endangered" status.
1.Which of the following best describes the breeding programme?
A.Costly. B.Controversial. C.Ambitious. D.Successful.

2.What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino?
A.She loves staying with her mother.
B.She dislikes outdoor activities.
C.She is in good condition.
D.She is sensitive to heat.

3.What similar experience do Solio and Kisima have?
A.They had their first born in January.
B.They enjoyed exploring new places.
C.They lived with their grandmothers.
D.They were brought to the reserve young.

4.What can be inferred about Port Lympne Reserve?
A.The rhino section will be open to the public.
B.It aims to control the number of the animals.
C.It will continue to work with the World Wildlife Fund.
D.Some of its rhinos may be sent to the protected wild areas.

【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文，主要講述肯特野生動(dòng)物園慶祝一只可愛的稀有動(dòng)物黑犀牛幼崽的到來。
1..D 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞 "the breeding programme " 定位在原文第一段第一句話Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding （繁育） programme, has welcomed the arrival of a rare black rhino calf （犀牛幼崽） . 林普恩港保護(hù)區(qū)(Port Lympne Reserve)開展了一項(xiàng)繁殖計(jì)劃，它迎來了一頭稀有的黑犀牛犢牛的到來。所以，應(yīng)該是成功的。故選D項(xiàng)。
2.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞 "Paul Beer say" 定位在第二段他說的話，其中根據(jù) "Obviously we're all absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family. She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore." 顯然，我們都非常高興地歡迎另一頭小牛來到我們的黑犀牛家庭。她健康，強(qiáng)壯，并且已經(jīng)渴望玩耍和探索?？芍谶@個(gè)新生的小犀牛狀況很好。故選C項(xiàng)。
3.A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞 "similar experience ，Solio and Kisima" 定位在原文第二段 "Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. 她的母親，索里奧，是第一次當(dāng)媽媽，她做得很好。" 和第三段 "The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. 1月5日，在林普恩港出生的第一頭犀牛來到了它的第一位母親基西馬身邊，體重約32公斤。" 可知Solio 和Kisima相似點(diǎn)都是第一次當(dāng)媽媽。故選A項(xiàng)。
4.D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞 "PortLympne Reserve" 定位在原文第一段 "Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding （繁育） programme" 和第三段 "His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there. 他的母親、祖母和曾祖母都出生在保護(hù)區(qū)，至今仍住在那里。" 可知林普恩港保護(hù)區(qū)是負(fù)責(zé)一項(xiàng)繁殖計(jì)劃的項(xiàng)目，它的一些犀牛一直住在保護(hù)區(qū)，所以一些犀?？赡軙?huì)被送到野生保護(hù)區(qū)。故選D項(xiàng)。

3.【2021全國甲卷 D篇】
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender（性別）are "really, really smart." Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are "really, really smart." Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors（因素） like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world."
1.What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?
A.They're unfair. B.They're conservative.
C.They're objective. D.They're strict.

2.What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?
A.They think themselves smart.
B.They look up to great thinkers.
C.They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D.They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs.

3.Why are more geniuses known to the public?
A.Improved global communication.
B.Less discrimination against women.
C.Acceptance of victors' concepts.
D.Changes in people's social positions.

4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Geniuses Think Alike
B.Genius Takes Many Forms
C.Genius and Intelligence
D.Genius and Luck

【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。主要講述了天才的實(shí)質(zhì)，批評(píng)了天才種族輪和性別輪，并指出其危害。
1.A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干 "victors' standards for joining the genius club" 定位到第二段It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others. 據(jù)說歷史是由勝利者書寫的，而這些勝利者為天才俱樂部設(shè)定了準(zhǔn)入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。當(dāng)俱樂部外的天才——女性、不同膚色或信仰的人——做出貢獻(xiàn)時(shí)，他們得不到認(rèn)可，也會(huì)被其他人拒絕），據(jù)此可以推斷出作者認(rèn)為勝利者的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是不公平的，所以選A項(xiàng)。
2.D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干girls from the study in Science定位到第三段A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender（性別）are "really, really smart." Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are "really, really smart." 《科學(xué)》雜志最近發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在6歲時(shí)，女孩比男孩更不可能說出自己性別的成員，更糟糕的是，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)女孩們的行為都是基于這樣的信念：在六歲左右，她們開始避免從事那些所謂 "非常聰明" 的孩子們的活動(dòng)）。據(jù)此可推知女孩有可能被社會(huì)錯(cuò)誤信念所影響，故選D項(xiàng)。
3.A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干 "more geniuses known to the public" 定位最后一段In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear 在一個(gè)全球互聯(lián)世界里，我們都能看到天才的出現(xiàn)，無論它們出現(xiàn)在哪里，可知更多的天才被公眾所知道的原因在于改善的全球通信，故選A項(xiàng)。
4.B【解析】主旨大意題。A項(xiàng)（天才的想法相同）文章沒有涉及；C項(xiàng)（天才和智力）只是文章的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)不能作為文章的主旨； D項(xiàng)（天才和運(yùn)氣）也只是在文章的最后稍微提起，也只是文章的一個(gè)小細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)文章的最后一句As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with "intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”正如一位作家所說，未來的天才來自那些具有 "智慧、創(chuàng)造力和毅力" 的人和簡單的好運(yùn)，那些能改變世界的人?？v觀全文可知，天成具有多樣性，故選B項(xiàng)。

4.【2021全國乙卷 B篇】
When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline（座機(jī)）?
These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter (29%) rely only on their smartphones, according to a survey（調(diào)查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third?concede?that it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket—19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor（因素）—only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn't the only factor;?I'd say it's also to do with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone (using Caller ID would take the fun out of it).
How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries?
1.What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
A.Their target users.
B.Their wide popularity.
C.Their major functions.
D.Their complex design.

2.What does the underlined word?"concede"?in paragraph 3 mean?
A.Admit. B.Argue. C.Remember. D.Remark.

3.What can we say about Baby Boomers?
A.They like smartphone games.
B.They enjoy guessing callers' identity.
C.They keep using landline phones.
D.They are attached to their family.

4.What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?
A.It remains a family necessity.
B.It will fall out of use some day.
C.It may increase daily expenses.
D.It is as important as the gas light.

【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。當(dāng)今世界上幾乎所有人都有手機(jī)，但一半以上澳大利亞家庭仍然擁有座機(jī)，本文說明了出現(xiàn)這一現(xiàn)象的原因。
1..B【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)題干信息paragraph 2，定位到文章第二段。分析可知，該段主要說明手機(jī)在澳大利亞的使用率非常高，手機(jī)使用十分普及。故選B。
2.A【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)題干信息concede，定位到第三段Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home… Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it's not really necessary…。分析可知，雖然55%的人的家中都還有座機(jī)，但他們中的三分之一的人認(rèn)為座機(jī)其實(shí)并不十分必要。由此我們可以推測(cè)，這些人在說it's not necessary的時(shí)候是在承認(rèn)這件事。故選A。
3.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干信息Baby Boomers，定位到第四段Age is naturally a factor （因素）—?only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for 50 years.分析可知，84%的Baby Boomers仍用座機(jī)，而且他們可能已經(jīng)用同一個(gè)座機(jī)號(hào)碼50年了。由此可知，Baby Boomers仍在用座機(jī)。故選C。
科普小知識(shí)：Baby Boomer指在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后（1946-1962）生育高峰期出生的人。
4.B【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干信息last paragraph，定位到原文最后一段How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries? 。分析可知，煤氣路燈和早晨送牛奶服務(wù)都離我們現(xiàn)在的生活比較久遠(yuǎn)，它們基本已經(jīng)消失了。作者發(fā)出疑問：多久以后座機(jī)會(huì)走上煤氣路燈、早晨送牛奶服務(wù)的老路呢？因此可以推測(cè)，座機(jī)有一天也會(huì)消失。選項(xiàng)B中的fall out of use意為開始不用、漸漸廢棄，符合文意。故選B。

5.【2021全國乙卷 C篇】
You've heard that plastic is polluting the ocean—between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called? "Strawpocalypse, " a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168, 000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（來源）of plastic pollution, but they've recently come under fire because most people don't need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that's part of Von Wong's artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate（說明） a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload's worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled?"Truckload of Plastic, "?Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10, 000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they'd been dumped（傾倒） from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
1.What are Von Wong's artworks intended for?
A.Beautifying the city he lives in.
B.Introducing eco-friendly products.
C.Drawing public attention to plastic waste.
D.Reducing garbage on the beach.

2.Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?
A.To show the difficulty of their recycling.
B.To explain why they are useful.
C.To voice his views on modern art.
D.To find a substitute for them.

3.What effect would?"Truckload of Plastic"?have on viewers?
A.Calming. B.Disturbing.
C.Refreshing. D.Challenging.

4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A.Artists'?Opinions on Plastic Safety
B.Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C.Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D.Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures

【文章大意】本文為說明文。講述了藝術(shù)家Benjamin Von Wong用回收到的廢舊吸管創(chuàng)作藝術(shù)作品“吸管末日”，目的是提醒人們警惕所生產(chǎn)、消費(fèi)的塑料垃圾，以及提高人們對(duì)改善環(huán)境問題的參與意識(shí)。

1.C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段最后一句可知，該藝術(shù)家創(chuàng)作的初衷是督促公眾重新審視與一次性塑料制品的關(guān)系。故選C。
2.A【解析】推理判斷題。第三段作者闡述了吸管由于體積小，重量輕，很難回收。故選A。
3.B 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)首段…?forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to…?及尾段…?will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint…?可知，原文中的Von Wong希望讓人們可以重新審視他們對(duì)于塑料制品的處理方式。B選項(xiàng)Disturbing的意思為?"令人不安的, 引起恐慌的"?，符合文意。故選B。
4.D【解析】主旨大意題。本文圍繞環(huán)保話題，介紹了一位叫本杰明的藝術(shù)家，試圖用塑料垃圾創(chuàng)作雕塑作品，喚起公眾對(duì)塑料垃圾的重視。故選D。

6.【2021全國乙卷 D篇】
During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction（干擾）in his open office, he said, "That's why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street—so I can focus." His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout（布局）. But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works.
The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels（分貝）, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group—those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop—significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise—not too loud and not total silence—may actually improve one's creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This kind of "distracted focus" appears to be the best state for working on creative tasks.
So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into others' conversations while we're trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
1.Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?
A.It helps him concentrate.
B.It blocks out background noise.
C.It has a pleasant atmosphere.
D.It encourages face-to-face interactions.

2.Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?
A.Total silence. B.50 decibels.
C.70 decibels. D.85 decibels.

3.What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?
A.Personal privacy unprotected.
B.Limited working space.
C.Restrictions on group discussion.
D.Constant interruptions.

4.What can we infer about the author from the text?
A.He's a news reporter.
B.He's an office manager.
C.He's a professional designer.
D.He's a published writer.

【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文，通過實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)分析了過分辦公室噪音對(duì)于辦公效率的影響，但合伙辦公有利于集中注意力，適量的聲音有利于創(chuàng)新思維。
1.A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段第二句"…?so I can focus"可知，采訪者喜歡在公用工作場所辦公，是因?yàn)樗梢约芯Α９蔬xA。
2.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段"the participants in the 70 decibels group…?significantly outperformed the other groups"可知，在70分貝下采訪者的表現(xiàn)最優(yōu)，說明該環(huán)境可以改善創(chuàng)造性思維能力。故選C。
3.D 【解析】推理判斷題。由最后一段第二句"…?can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into other's conversations while we're trying to focus"可知，開放式辦公環(huán)境中，經(jīng)常有其他事情分散人們的注意力。故選D。
4.D【解析】推理判斷題。由第一段第一句可知，作者在為自己的書接受采訪，可推斷他是作家。故選D。


7.【2021.6 浙江卷 C篇】
If you ever get the impression that your dog can?"tell" whether you look content or annoyed, you may be onto something. Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human faces, according to a new study.
Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images（圖像） of the same person making either a happy or an angry face. During the training stage, each dog was shown only the upper half or the lower half of the person's face. The researchers then tested the dogs' ability to distinguish between human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person's face or images totally different from the ones used in training. The researchers found that the dogs were able to pick the angry or happy face by touching a picture of it with their noses more often than one would expect by random chance.
The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces during training to new faces in the testing stage. "We can rule out that the dogs simply distinguish hetween the pictures bused on a simple cue, such as the sight of teeth, " said study anthor Corsin Muller.? "Instead, our results suggest that the surcessful dogs realized that a smiling mouth means the same thing as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies to an angry mouth having the same meaning as angry eyes."
"With our study, we think we can now confidently conclude that at least some dogs can distinguish human facial expressions," Muller told?Live Science.
At this point, it is not clear why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facial expressions in humans."To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions, ”?and this exposure has provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish between them, Muller said.
1.The new study focused on whether dogs can???????????.
A.distinguish shapes
B.make sense of human faces
C.feel happy or angry
D.communicate with each other

2.What can we learn about the study from paragraph 2?
A.Researchers tested the dogs in random order.
B.Diverse methods were adopted during training.
C.Pictures used in the two stages were different.
D.The dogs were photographed before the test.

3.What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A.A suggestion for future studies.
B.A possible reason for the study findings.
C.A major limitation of the study.
D.An explanation of the research method.

【文章大意】 本文是一篇科普類說明文，實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明，狗能夠辨別人類的不同的面部的高興還是憤怒表情。
1.B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第二句 "Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human faces, according to a new study." 可知，狗能夠分辨開心的表情和不開心的表情，故選B。
2 .C【解析】推斷題。根據(jù)第二段第三句 "The researchers then tested the dogs' ability to distinguish between human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person's face or images totally different from the ones used in training." 可知，訓(xùn)練時(shí)和測(cè)試時(shí)使用的人臉照片完全不同，故選C。
3.B【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章最后一段可知，狗為何能夠識(shí)別人的表情的原因不明，緊接著給出了最可能的解釋：可能是狗長期與人類生活，所以練就了識(shí)別人類表情的能力，故選B。

二、2020年高考真題
1. 【2020·全國卷I，C】
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接觸) with the ground at all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.
1. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?
A. They must run long distances.
B. They are qualified for the marathon.
C. They have to follow special rules.
D. They are good at swinging their legs.
2. What advantage does race walking have over running?
A. It’s more popular at the Olympics.
B. It’s less challenging physically.
C. It’s more effective in body building.
D. It’s less likely to cause knee injuries.
3. What is Dr. Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking?
A. Getting experts’ opinions.
B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced coach.
D. Doing regular exercises.
4. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking?
A. Skeptical. B. Objective.
C. Tolerant. D. Conservative.
【文章大意】這是一篇說明文。短文介紹了競走相比跑步有諸多的優(yōu)勢(shì)，但是之前受過傷的人，要想從事這樣運(yùn)動(dòng)要謹(jǐn)慎，最好咨詢專家的建議。
1. C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact with the ground at all times.”可知，但這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的規(guī)則要求競走者的膝蓋在擺動(dòng)腿的大部分時(shí)間保持伸直，一只腳始終與地面接觸。由此可知，競走運(yùn)動(dòng)員是需要具備某些條件的運(yùn)動(dòng)員是因?yàn)檫\(yùn)動(dòng)員需要遵守特殊的規(guī)則。故選C項(xiàng)。
2. D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers.”可知，一些與跑步有關(guān)的損傷，比如跑步者的膝蓋，在競走者中并不常見。由此可知，競走與跑步相比的優(yōu)勢(shì)是不太可能導(dǎo)致膝蓋受傷。故選D項(xiàng)。
3. A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段Dr. Norberg說的話“In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique(事實(shí)上，任何想嘗試競走的人都應(yīng)該首先咨詢教練或有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的競走運(yùn)動(dòng)員，學(xué)習(xí)適當(dāng)?shù)募记伞?”可知，Dr. Norberg建議想嘗試競走的人征詢專家的建議。故選A項(xiàng)。
4. B【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.”可知，研究表明，競走和跑步一樣有很多健身益處，而且它還很少導(dǎo)致受傷。不過，它也有自己的問題。由此判斷出作者對(duì)于競走的態(tài)度是客觀的。故選B項(xiàng)。
2. 【2020·全國卷I，D】
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. ＂We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,＂explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(發(fā)光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.
In the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off＂switch＂where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(電源)-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(傳輸).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. A new study of different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Employees from various workplaces.
D. Benefits from green plants.
2. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer?
A. To detect plants’ lack of water
B. To change compositions of plants
C. To make the life of plants longer.
D. To test chemicals in plants.
3. What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?
A. They will speed up energy production.
B. They may transmit electricity to the home.
C. They might help reduce energy consumption.
D. They could take the place of power plants.
4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Can we grow more glowing plants?
B. How do we live with glowing plants?
C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?
D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?
【文章大意】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了綠色植物對(duì)人們很有好處，因此麻省理工學(xué)院的工程師開發(fā)了一種發(fā)光植物。文章介紹了他們發(fā)明這種植物的過程，以及這種植物的一些優(yōu)勢(shì)，指出在未來發(fā)光植物有可能取代路燈，達(dá)到節(jié)約能源的作用。
1. D【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段中A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example ,discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州揚(yáng)斯敦進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，城市綠化較好的地區(qū)犯罪率較低。在另一項(xiàng)研究中，當(dāng)員工的工作場所被室內(nèi)植物裝飾時(shí)，他們的工作效率會(huì)提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是關(guān)于綠色植物的益處。故選D。
2. A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中These include plants that have sensors printed on their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.可知這就包括葉子上印有傳感器來顯示植物缺水的情況的植物，還有一種植物可以檢測(cè)到地下水中的有害化學(xué)物質(zhì)。由此可知，麻省理工學(xué)院工程師植物葉片上印上傳感器的作用是檢測(cè)植物缺水的情況。故選A。
3. C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知發(fā)光的植物可以縮短這段距離，從而幫助節(jié)約能源。由此可知，這種發(fā)光的植物在未來可能有助于減少能源消耗。故選C。
4. C【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段中Lighting accounts for about 7%of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission. Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知照明約占美國總耗電量的7%。由于照明通常遠(yuǎn)離電源，例如從發(fā)電廠到偏僻公路上路燈的距離，在傳輸過程中會(huì)損失大量能源。發(fā)光的植物可以縮短這段距離，從而幫助節(jié)約能源。結(jié)合文章主要說明了綠色植物對(duì)人們很有好處，因此麻省理工學(xué)院的工程師開發(fā)了一種發(fā)光植物，文章介紹了他們發(fā)明這種植物的過程，以及這種植物的一些優(yōu)勢(shì)，指出在未來發(fā)光植物有可能取代路燈，達(dá)到節(jié)約能源的作用。由此可知，C選項(xiàng)“發(fā)光的植物能取代路燈嗎？”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選C。
3. 【2020·全國卷II，B】
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(認(rèn)知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋轉(zhuǎn))and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
1. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?
A. Building confidence. B. Developing spatial skills.
C. Learning self-control. D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.
2. What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment？
A. Parents’ age. B. Children’s imagination.
C. Parents’ education. D. Child-parent relationship.
3. How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play?
A. They play with puzzles more often.
B. They tend to talk less during the game.
C. They prefer to use more spatial language.
D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
4. What is the text mainly about?
A. A mathematical method. B. A scientific study.
C. A woman psychologist D. A teaching program.
【文章大意】本文是說明文。是關(guān)于孩子們玩智力游戲的研究，介紹了研究考慮的因素，研究過程和結(jié)果。
1. B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中…found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 develop better spatial skill(在2歲到4歲之間玩智力游戲的兒童在空間能力方面更好)可知，孩子們可以從智力游戲中發(fā)展更好的空間技能。B. Developing spatial skills(發(fā)展空間能力)符合以上說法，故選B項(xiàng)。
2. C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition after controlling for difference in parents' income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.( Levine說，在父母的收入、教育和父母談話次數(shù)方面控制差異性之后，拼圖游戲被發(fā)現(xiàn)是一個(gè)重要的認(rèn)知預(yù)測(cè))可知Levine在設(shè)計(jì)這個(gè)試驗(yàn)時(shí)考慮了父母的收入、教育程度和父母談話的次數(shù)。C. Parents' education.(父母的教育)符合以上說法，故選C項(xiàng)。
3. D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls,可知男孩比女孩更喜歡玩復(fù)雜的謎題，即他們可能會(huì)玩難度更大的謎題。D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.(他們有可能玩更復(fù)雜的謎題)符合以上說法，故選D項(xiàng)。
4. B【解析】主旨大意題。本文是關(guān)于孩子們玩智力游戲的研究，介紹了研究考慮的因素，研究過程和結(jié)果。所以是關(guān)于科學(xué)研究的。B. A scientific study(一項(xiàng)科學(xué)研究)符合以上說法，故選B項(xiàng)。
4. 【2020·全國卷II，C】
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didn’t cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion (時(shí)裝)enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria(海貍鼠).
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have(showcased)nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year”, says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.
Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there can’t handle this non-native species(物種).It’s destroying the environment. It’s them or us.” says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check for decades，but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s，the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it’s not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year, so part of Mouton’s job these days is trying to promote fur.
Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Model Paige Morgan says，”To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them-1 think that’s going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She trying to come up with a lable to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.
28. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn?
A. To promote guilt-free fur.
B. To expand the fashion market.
C. To introduce a new brand.
D. To celebrate a winter holiday.
29. Why are scientists concerned about nutria?
A. Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously.
B. Nutria are an endangered species.
C. Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals.
D. Nutria are illegally hunted.
30. What does the underlined word “collapsed” in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A. Boomed. B. Became mature. C. Remained stable. D. Crashed.
31. What can we infer abouf wearing fur in New York according to Morgan?
A. It’s formal. B. It’s risky. C. It’s harmful. D. It’s traditional.
【答案】
28. A29. A30. D31. B
【文章大意】本文是說明文。介紹了美國新奧良和布魯克林舉辦了不同尋常的時(shí)裝秀。展出海貍鼠制成的皮衣。海貍鼠們每年都在破壞大片的濕地，因此設(shè)計(jì)師稱這是一種環(huán)保的舉措，科學(xué)家們也對(duì)海貍鼠損壞生態(tài)平衡表示了擔(dān)憂。
28. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year,”says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.得知，美國新奧爾良和布魯克林舉辦了不同尋常的時(shí)裝秀，時(shí)裝秀上展出海貍鼠皮制成的不同風(fēng)格的衣服，項(xiàng)目總監(jiān)Cree McCree說：“除非了解海貍鼠正每年破壞大片濕地，否則談?wù)摕o罪感皮衣是很瘋狂的事情”，可以判斷出由于海貍鼠對(duì)生態(tài)造成了巨大的破壞，這場海貍鼠皮衣時(shí)裝秀銷售的是無罪惡感皮衣。故選A。
29. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail.得知，科學(xué)家們?nèi)绱藫?dān)心以至于他們決定按照一條海貍鼠尾巴付給獵人們5美元，可以推斷出科學(xué)家們擔(dān)憂海貍鼠們嚴(yán)重破壞生態(tài)平衡，。故選A。
30. 詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第五段The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s,the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy. 得知，毛皮貿(mào)易使海貍鼠受到了幾十年的控制，但是當(dāng)海貍鼠市場在20世紀(jì)80年代末崩潰時(shí)，這種貓大小的動(dòng)物數(shù)量瘋長，根據(jù)but判斷，這是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，以前由于皮毛交易，海貍鼠處于控制，現(xiàn)在這種海貍鼠之所以能夠數(shù)量激增，是由于市場不再銷售海貍鼠皮毛導(dǎo)致的，可以推斷出劃線詞collapsed 是和D.crashed倒閉的意思最相近。故選D。
31. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段Model Paige Morgan says, “To give people a guilt –free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them-I think that’s going to be a massive thing, at least in New York. ” 得知，為了給人們一種無罪的選擇，人們可以穿皮衣而不被人們潑油漆，我認(rèn)為在紐約將是一件巨大的事情，根據(jù)模特摩根所說得知，在紐約穿皮質(zhì)衣服是有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的。故選B。
5. 【2020·全國卷III，D】
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes(基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突變) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation — not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they’ve also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters. “They are simply a stranger to the land,” said Redney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. “We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders,” Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea.”
In2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. “it seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population,” said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.
32. What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?
A. Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers. B. New knowledge of human evolution.
C. Recent findings of human origin. D. Significance of food selection.
33. Where do the Bajau build their houses?
A. In valleys. B. Near rivers. C. On the beach. D. Off the coast.
34. Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau?
A. They could walk on stilts all day. B. They had a superb way of fishing.
C. They could stay long underwater. D. They lived on both land and water.
35. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea B. Highlanders’ Survival Skills
C. Basic Methods of Genetic Research D. The World’s Best Divers
【答案】
32. B33. D34. C35. A
【文章大意】這是一篇說明文。最近一項(xiàng)對(duì)人類基因的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類的進(jìn)化不僅僅發(fā)生在數(shù)十億年前，而且最近幾千年也有。Bajau人因?yàn)榭亢樯?，他們的身體已經(jīng)進(jìn)化成更能適應(yīng)海洋生活。
32. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的we are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes, they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years.(我們是進(jìn)化的產(chǎn)物，而且不僅僅是數(shù)十億年前的產(chǎn)物。當(dāng)科學(xué)家更深入的研究我們的基因時(shí)，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類在過去幾千年進(jìn)化的例子)可知，作者列舉第一段的例子是為了告訴我們關(guān)于人類進(jìn)化的一個(gè)新信息，那就是人類在最近幾千年也在進(jìn)化。B. New knowledge of human evolution.(人類進(jìn)化的新知識(shí))符合以上說法，故選B項(xiàng)。
33. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的The Bajau, as these people are known, number in hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally live on houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts in coastal waters.(這些人被稱為Bajau，在印度尼西亞、馬來西亞和菲律賓有數(shù)十萬人。他們一直住在船屋上；最近他們也把房子建在沿海水域的吊腳樓上)可知，Bajau把房子建在沿海區(qū)域。D. Off the coast.(沿海)符合以上說法，故選D項(xiàng)。
34. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的we were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders.(我們很驚訝，他們?cè)谒麓臅r(shí)間比我們當(dāng)?shù)氐膷u民要長的多)可知，讓Jubilado感到吃驚的是Bajau人能在水下待更長的時(shí)間。C. They could stay long underwater. (他們能在水下待很長時(shí)間)符合以上說法，故選C項(xiàng)。
35. 主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章的主要內(nèi)容，尤其是第二段的On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaption-not to air or to food, but to the ocean.(周四，在《細(xì)胞》雜志上發(fā)表的一篇文章中，一群研究人員報(bào)道了一種新的適應(yīng)——不是空氣也不是食物，而是海洋)可知，本文主要講述了一種新的進(jìn)化，即長期生活在海邊，靠海為生的生活方式，讓Bajau人的身體進(jìn)化成更適應(yīng)海洋生活。A. Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea.(身體為適應(yīng)海洋生活而重塑)可以作為本文標(biāo)題，故選A項(xiàng)。
5. 【2020·山東卷，D】
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.
For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?
12. What is the recent study mainly about?
A. Food safety. B. Movie viewership.
C. Consumer demand. D. Eating behavior.
13. What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?
A. Big eaters. B. Overweight persons.
C. Picky eaters. D. Tall thin persons.
14. Why did the researchers hire the actor?
A. To see how she would affect the participants.
B. To test if the participants could recognize her.
C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.
D. To study why she could keep her weight down.
15. On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph?
A. How hungry we are. B. How slim we want to be.
C. How we perceive others. D. How we feel about the food.
【答案】
12. D13. D14. A15. C
【文章大意】本文是說明文。最近的研究表明：我們的飲食伙伴的大小和消費(fèi)習(xí)慣都會(huì)影響我們的食物攝入量。文章詳述了這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的過程。
12. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake”可知，根據(jù)消費(fèi)者研究雜志最近的一項(xiàng)研究，我們的飲食伙伴的大小和消費(fèi)習(xí)慣都會(huì)影響我們的食物攝入量。因此這項(xiàng)研究是關(guān)于飲食行為的。故選D。
13. 詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)前半句“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions（份）”可知，現(xiàn)有的研究認(rèn)為：你應(yīng)該避免和體重較重、點(diǎn)大份飯菜的人一起吃飯。后半句認(rèn)為，你真正應(yīng)該避免的是the beanpoles with big appetites。由contrary to可推斷出，畫線詞和heavier people（超重的人）相反，結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，D選項(xiàng)（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavier people正好相反。故選D。
14. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments”可知， 為了測(cè)試社會(huì)影響對(duì)飲食習(xí)慣的影響，研究人員進(jìn)行了兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知，在兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，胖的和瘦的演員都吃了大量的食物。參與者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。 然而，當(dāng)演員是瘦的時(shí)候，參與者們服用的食物更多。由此推斷，研究人員雇用演員是為了看看她如何影響參與者。故選A。
15. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“If an overweight person is having a large portion, I’ll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I’ll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can’t I? ”可知，如果一個(gè)超重的人吃很大一份，我會(huì)忍住一點(diǎn)，因?yàn)槲铱吹搅怂嬍沉?xí)慣的結(jié)果。但如果一個(gè)瘦的人吃很多，我會(huì)跟著做。如果他吃得多保持苗條，為什么我不能呢？ 因此推斷我們是根據(jù)我們對(duì)他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）來調(diào)整影響的。故選C。

三、2019年高考真題
1. 【2019·全國卷I，C】
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物測(cè)量)technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(裝置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(節(jié)奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch”four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?
A. To reduce pressure on keys. B. To improve accuracy in typing
C. To replace the password system. D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.
29. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible？
A. Computers are much easier to operate.
B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.
C. Typing patterns vary from person to person.
D. Data security measures are guaranteed.
30. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard？all 1o soisgitieoco oll.
A. It'll be environment-friendly. B. It'll reach consumers soon.
C. It'll be made of plastics. D. It'll help speed up typing.
31. Where is this text most likely from?
A. A diary. B. A guidebook C. A novel. D. A magazine.
【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。數(shù)據(jù)和身份盜竊變得越來越普遍，目前，向指紋掃描等這些技術(shù)仍然是昂貴的。本文介紹了一種新的科技——智能鍵盤，它能給e-space用戶帶來安全，而且這項(xiàng)技術(shù)也不貴。
28.D
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.和第二段的Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device that gets around this problem: a smart key board.可知，研究者們開發(fā)智能鍵盤是為了降低e-space保護(hù)的成本。故選D。
29.C
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的The key board could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus，the keyboard can determine people’s identities可知，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)人的打字方式不同，使智能鍵盤能夠識(shí)別人的身份。故選C。
30.B
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段的The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.可知，研究者們希望智能鍵盤能早日面世。故選B。
31.D
【解析】推理判斷題。本文介紹了一種新的科技——智能鍵盤，它能給e-space用戶帶來安全，由此可知，本文是關(guān)于科技，結(jié)合所給選項(xiàng)可知，本文可能來自于一本雜志。故選D。
2. 【2019·全國卷I，D】
During the rosy years of elementary school(小學(xué)), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage(從事)in dangerous and risky behavior.”
In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(調(diào)查研究). “We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us."
Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness, openness — carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.
In analyzing his and other research，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. "Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, ” he said.
32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A. Unkind. B. Lonely. C. Generous. D. Cool.
33. What is the second paragraph mainly about？
A. The classification of the popular.
B. The characteristics of adolescents.
C. The importance of interpersonal skills.
D. The causes of dishonorable behavior
34. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids?
A. They appeared to be aggressive.
B. They tended to be more adaptable.
C. They enjoyed the highest status.
D. They performed well academically.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Be Nice-You Won’t Finish Last
B. The Higher the Status, the Beer
C. Be the Best-You Can Make It
D. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness
【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講到研究表明，對(duì)別人好，討人喜歡對(duì)人生活的各個(gè)方面有深遠(yuǎn)的有益影響。
32.C
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status（在美好的小學(xué)時(shí)光里，我喜歡分享我的娃娃和笑話，這讓我保持了高高的社會(huì)地位。）由此推斷出，作者在小學(xué)早期時(shí)，是一個(gè)慷慨的女孩。unkind不友善的；lonely寂寞的；generous慷慨的；cool冷靜的，故選C。
33.A
【解析】主旨大意題。第二段Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers.（臨床心理學(xué)教授Mitch Prinstein將受歡迎的人分為兩類:討人喜歡的人和追求地位的人。）是段落主題句，本段內(nèi)容分別對(duì)the likable 和the status seekers 做了解釋，所以本段主要介紹了兩種受歡迎的分類，故選A。
34.B
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment （它清楚地表明，可愛可以促使健全的調(diào)整），由此推斷出，心理學(xué)教授Mitch Prinstein的研究表明，最有人望的孩子適應(yīng)性更強(qiáng)，故選B。
35.A
【解析】主旨大意題。通過閱讀全文內(nèi)容，尤其是最后一段，可知這篇文章主要講了受歡迎，討人喜歡對(duì)人生活的各個(gè)方面有深遠(yuǎn)的有益影響。與選項(xiàng)A“對(duì)別人好——最終，你的收獲無窮無盡”一致，故選A。
4. 【2019·全國卷II，D】
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution(解決方案). “We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.
“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than‘Are you working towards your goal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and…it’s not a very nice thing at time. It’s a hard business review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影響) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
32. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?
A. They are hard to get rid of. B. They lead to air pollution.
C. They appear different forms. D. They damage the instruments.
33. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?
A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships. B. To sharpen students’ communication skills.
C. To allow students to experience zero gravity. D. To link space technology with school education
34. What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?
A. Check their product. B. Guide project designs
C. Adjust work schedules. D. Grade their homework.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts.
B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier.
C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom.
D. HUNCH:A College Admission Reform.
【語篇解讀】本文為說明文。本文介紹了HUNCH項(xiàng)目就是通過Gordon的學(xué)生找到如何殺死空間站的細(xì)菌這一技術(shù)，把空間技術(shù)與帶進(jìn)課堂，與學(xué)校教育相結(jié)合，從而最終影響到大學(xué)入學(xué)。
32.A
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Bacteria are annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms form our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.”可知，細(xì)菌對(duì)宇航員來說是個(gè)令人討厭的問題。這種來自我們身體的微生物在國際空間站的表面不受控制地生長，宇航員每周要花幾個(gè)小時(shí)來清理它們。也就是說它們很難去掉。其中的“the microorganisms”包括“bacteria”。由此可知， A項(xiàng)符合題意。
33.D
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的 “HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity,...”可知，Hunch旨在把高中教室和NASA的工程師聯(lián)系起來。Gordon的學(xué)生一直在研究如何在零重力下殺死細(xì)菌, ...”。結(jié)合最后一段中的“Gordon students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem,...”可知，學(xué)生每天都給NASA的工程師發(fā)郵件一起探討（如何殺死空間站的細(xì)菌這一空間技術(shù)）這個(gè)問題。由此可推斷出HUNCH program的目的把空間技術(shù)與學(xué)校教育相結(jié)合。分析選項(xiàng)可知D項(xiàng)符合題意。
34.A
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of the year ,present it to NASA, ”“Engineers come and really do an in-person review，and ...It’s not a very nice thing at times. It’s a hard business review of your product.”可知，NASA的工程師要檢查學(xué)生所做的產(chǎn)品。分析選項(xiàng)可知A項(xiàng)符合題意，故選A。
35.B
主旨大意題。文章以國際空間站里的微生物很難清除開頭，引出宇航員們解決此問題的途徑 —— 借助美國國家航空航天局的HUNCH高中班，此計(jì)劃的目的是把航天技術(shù)與學(xué)校教育結(jié)合起來。在這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃里，學(xué)生們通過homework（制作供美國國家航空航天局使用的產(chǎn)品）探索無疆的太空，因此“太空：最后的功課疆域”最適合做文章的標(biāo)題。故選B。
3. 【2019·全國卷III，C】
Before the 1830smost newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.
The trend, then, was toward the "penny paper"-a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.
This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy)to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830,but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer's office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny-usually two or three cents was charged-and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase "penny paper " caught the public's fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.
This new trend of newspapers for "the man on the street" did not begin well. Some of the early ventures(企業(yè))were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.
28. Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s?
A. Academic. B. Unattractive. C. Inexpensive. D. Confidential.
29. What did street sales mean to newspapers?
A. They would be priced higher. B. They would disappear from cities.
C. They could have more readers. D. They could regain public trust.
30. Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at?
A. Local politicians. B. Common people.
C. Young publishers. D. Rich businessmen.
31. What can we say about the birth of the penny paper?
A. It was a difficult process. B. It was a temporary success.
C. It was a robbery of the poor. D. It was a disaster for printers.
【語篇解讀】本文為說明文。文章敘述了“便士報(bào)紙”的誕生歷史。
28.B
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Before1830s，... Accordingly newspapers were read almost only by rich people. In addition ,most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding.”可知，在19世紀(jì)30年代之前,只有富人才能讀報(bào)紙，而且大多數(shù)報(bào)紙中幾乎沒有能吸引大眾的內(nèi)容，讓人感覺無聊，，視覺上令人望而卻步。由此可得出那時(shí)的報(bào)紙沒有什么吸引力。分析選項(xiàng)，A . Academic學(xué)術(shù)的；B. Unattractive沒有吸引力， 無魅力的； C. Inexpensive廉價(jià)的，不貴的； D. Confidential機(jī)密的，保密的。可知 A、C和D是錯(cuò)誤的，只有B符合題意，故選B。
29.C
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段提到“便士報(bào)紙”針對(duì)大眾，很便宜的。更重要的是，在街上可以買的到報(bào)紙。 結(jié)合第三段中間的“streets sales of newspapers would be commonplaced in eastern cities”可知，報(bào)紙的街頭銷售隨處可見。由此可推斷出，街頭銷售意味讀報(bào)紙的多了。分析選項(xiàng)可知C符合題，故選C。
30.B
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“The trend, then, was ‘penny paper’—a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.”可知，這種“便士報(bào)紙”針對(duì)大眾的，在街上可以買的到報(bào)紙。分析選項(xiàng)可知，選項(xiàng)B符合題意，故選B。
31.A
【解析】推理判斷題。第二段“The trend, then, was ‘penny paper’”及最后一段“The new trend of newspapers for ‘the man on the street’ did not begin well. Some of the early ventures were immediately failures. Publishers already in business, people who owners of successful papers, had little desires to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.”可知，“便士報(bào)紙”新趨勢(shì)一開始并不好，一些早期的嘗試立即失敗了。已經(jīng)進(jìn)入商業(yè)領(lǐng)域的成功的出版商，并不想改變這一傳統(tǒng)。后來一些年輕而大膽的商人才推動(dòng)了這件事。由此可推斷出“便士報(bào)紙”的誕生是一個(gè)困難而曲折的過程。分析選項(xiàng)可知，A項(xiàng)符合題意，故選A。
5. 【2019·全國卷III，D】
Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.
Here's how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.
After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.
When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate(低估)a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing, for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic: When adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction(小部分)of the smaller number to it.
"This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains, "Dr. Livingstone says. “But in this experiment what they're doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.”
32. What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?
A. They fed them. B. They named them.
C. They trained them. D. They measured them.
33. How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?
A. By drawing a circle. B. By touching a screen.
C. By watching videos. D. By mixing two drinks.
34. What did Livingstone's team find about the monkeys?
A. They could perform basic addition. B. They could understand simple words.
C. They could memorize numbers easily. D. They could hold their attention for long.
35. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?
A. Entertainment. B. Health. C. Education. D. Science.
【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：猴子可以進(jìn)行基本的加法運(yùn)算。文章對(duì)研究的經(jīng)過和結(jié)論做了介紹和分析。
32.C
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys…The researches then tested how…”可知，在對(duì)這些猴子進(jìn)行測(cè)試之前，研究者們對(duì)它們進(jìn)行了培訓(xùn)。故C選項(xiàng)正確。
33.B
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screen…If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen, they would be rewarded with seven drops…; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with…”可知，當(dāng)猴子觸摸屏幕左邊時(shí)，它們會(huì)得到7滴水或者果汁的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)；當(dāng)它們觸摸屏幕的另一端（即畫著圓圈的部分）時(shí)，它們會(huì)得到17滴水或果汁的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。由此可知，猴子是通過觸摸屏幕得到獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的。B選項(xiàng)正確。
34.A
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“The monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination”和第五段中的“When adding two numbers…”可知，猴子會(huì)在超過一半的時(shí)間內(nèi)選擇更高的值，這意味著它們?cè)谶M(jìn)行計(jì)算，而不僅僅是記住每一個(gè)組合的值。由此可知，A選項(xiàng)正確：猴子能夠進(jìn)行基本的加法計(jì)算。由此亦可以排除C選項(xiàng)。
35.D
【解析】推理判斷題。通讀整篇文章可知，該文介紹的是哈佛醫(yī)學(xué)院的科學(xué)家Margaret Livingstone領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一個(gè)研究團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)猴子進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)得出的研究結(jié)果。這屬于“科學(xué)研究”范疇，故該文應(yīng)出現(xiàn)在報(bào)紙的“科學(xué)”板塊。故D選項(xiàng)正確。
6. 【2019·北京卷，C】
The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they don't know. By next year，half of the calls we receive will be scams(欺詐).We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools，apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately，it's too little，too late. By the time these “solutions"(解決方案)become widely available，scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future，it's not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice you're hearing is actually real.
That's because there are a number of powerful voice manipulation ( 處理 ) and automation technologies that are about to become widely available for anyone to use .At this year's I/O Conference ,a company showed a new voice technology able to produce such a convincing human –sounding voice that it was able to speak to a receptionist and book a reservation without detection.
These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse. The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision A decade of data breaches(數(shù)據(jù)侵入)of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mother 's name ，and far more. Armed with this knowledge. they're able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means. for example，that a scammer could call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly like your bank teller 's，ricking you into "confirming " your address，mother's name，and card number. Scammers follow money，so companies will be the worst hit. A lot of business is still done over the phone，and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships. Voice manipulation technologies may weaken that gradually.
We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks. Phone carriers and consumers need to work together to find ways of determining and communicating what is real. That might mean either developing a uniform way to mark videos and images, showing when and who they were made by. or abandoning phone calls altogether and moving towards data-based communications—using apps like Face Time or WhatsApp, which can be tied to your identity.
Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose, and the problem is only going to harder from here on out.
38. How does the author feel about the solutions to problem of robecalls?
A. Panicked. B. Confused. C. Embarrassed. D. Disappointed.
39. taking advantage of the new technologies，scammer can______.
A. aim at victims precisely B. damage databases easily
C. start campaigns rapidly D. spread information widely
40. What does the passage imply?
A. Honesty is the best policy.
B. Technologies can be double-edited.
C. There are more solutions than problems.
D. Credibility holds the key to development.
41. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. Where the Problem of Robocalls Is Rooted
B. Who Is to Blame for the Problem of Roboealls
C. Why Robocalls Are About to Get More Dangerous
D. How Robocalls Are Affecting the World of Technology
【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。語音操作與自動(dòng)化技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)使得機(jī)器人電話可以以假亂真。語音操作和自動(dòng)化技術(shù)發(fā)展會(huì)使得機(jī)器人電話產(chǎn)生的問題更加嚴(yán)重。
38. D
【解析】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第一段中的“We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, it’s too little, too late. By the time these “solutions” become widely available, scammers will have moved onto clever means”可知，最后，我們通過支持和開發(fā)一組旨在防止欺詐者通過的工具、應(yīng)用程序和方法，認(rèn)識(shí)到了問題的嚴(yán)重性。不幸的是，我們的努力太少了，也太晚了。在這些“解決方案”被廣泛使用的時(shí)候，騙子將轉(zhuǎn)移到更巧妙的手段上。由此推知，作者認(rèn)為這些“解決辦法”對(duì)于解決問題起不了什么作用，因此作者感到很“失望”。故D選項(xiàng)正確。
39.A
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision. A decade of data breaches of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mother’s name, and far more. Armed with this knowledge, they’re able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means, for example, that a scammer could call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly like your bank teller’s, tricking you into “confirming” your address, mother’s name, and card number”可知，機(jī)器人通話之所以令人頭痛，與其說與數(shù)量有關(guān)，不如說與精確度有關(guān)。長達(dá)十年的個(gè)人信息泄露已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致了這樣一種情況：騙子可以輕易地知道你母親的名字，甚至更多。有了這些知識(shí)，他們就能夠開展有針對(duì)性的運(yùn)動(dòng)來欺騙人們。根據(jù)這些可知，利用這種新的技術(shù)，欺詐者們可以精確的確定他們行騙的目標(biāo)。故A選項(xiàng)正確。
40.B
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句可知，這項(xiàng)語音技術(shù)可以產(chǎn)生一個(gè)聽起來和人類非常相似的聲音，它可以和接待員進(jìn)行交談，進(jìn)行預(yù)訂。由此可知，這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)有其好的方面。根據(jù)第三段的敘述可知，欺詐者們可以利用這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)來進(jìn)行欺詐行為。由此推知，這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)既可以發(fā)揮好的作用，也可能為壞人所利用，產(chǎn)生不好的作用，因此可以說它是一把雙刃劍。故B選項(xiàng)正確。
41.C
【解析】主旨大意題。第一段提到：robocalls（機(jī)器人電話: 自動(dòng)撥號(hào)播放錄音信息的推銷電話）在未來變得會(huì)越來越嚴(yán)重，不僅僅是出現(xiàn)在你的手機(jī)屏幕上的電話號(hào)碼令人懷疑，而且你會(huì)質(zhì)疑聽到的聲音是否是真的。第二段介紹原因：語音操作與自動(dòng)化技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)使得機(jī)器人電話可以以假亂真。第三段介紹了語音操作和自動(dòng)化技術(shù)發(fā)展會(huì)使得機(jī)器人電話產(chǎn)生的問題更加嚴(yán)重。最后兩段提出我們?cè)撊绾螒?yīng)對(duì)這些問題。綜上，文章第一段點(diǎn)明文章中心：機(jī)器人電話問題在未來會(huì)變得越來越嚴(yán)重。下文都是圍繞這一話題展開的。故C選項(xiàng)適合作標(biāo)題。
7. 【2019·北京卷，D】
By the end of the century，if not sooner，the world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate，according to a new study.
At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物)called phytoplankton. Because of the way light reflects off the organisms，these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue，depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas，while reducing it in other spots，leading to changes in the ocean's appearance.
Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface，where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die，they bury carbon in the deep ocean，an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean's warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth，since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow，but also nutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MIT's Center for Global Change Science，built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3℃，it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters，such as those of the Arctic，a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton，and these areas will turn greener. “Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing. ”she said，“but the type of phytoplankton is changing. ”
42. What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?
A. The various patterns at the ocean surface.
B. The cause of the changes in ocean colour.
C. The way light reflects off marine organisms.
D. The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton.
43. What does the underlined word“vulnerable”in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. Sensitive. B. Beneficial C. Significant D. Unnoticeable
44. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem.
B. Dutkiewicz's model aims to project phytoplankton changes
C. Phytoplankton have been used to control global climate
D. Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener.
45. What is the main purpose of the passage？
A. To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes
B. To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain
C. To explain the effects of climate change on oceans
D. To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton
【語篇解讀】本文為說明文。一項(xiàng)最新研究表明，由于氣候變暖，世界海洋將會(huì)變得更藍(lán)、更綠。這一現(xiàn)象是因?yàn)橐环N叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因?yàn)楣饩€反射的作用，它們?cè)诤Ｑ蟊砻嫘纬闪宋孱伭膱D案。但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋變暖趨勢(shì)的影響。氣候變暖會(huì)改變海洋的主要特征，并影響浮游植物的生長。
42. B
【解析】段落大意題。第一段“By the end of the century. If not sooner, the world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.”可知，到本世紀(jì)末，一項(xiàng)新的研究表明，由于氣候變暖，如果不盡快的話，世界上的海洋將會(huì)變得更藍(lán)、更綠。結(jié)合第二段“At the heart phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms called phytoplankton. Becaust of the way light reflects off the organisms ,these phytoplanktons create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration”可知，這種現(xiàn)象的核心是一種叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，在光線的作用下在海洋表面形成了五顏六色的圖案。海洋的顏色從綠色到藍(lán)色不等，這取決于海洋的類型和浮游植物濃度。由此可推斷出這兩段主要敘述了海洋生物是海洋顏色變化的原因。分析選項(xiàng)可知B符合題意，故選B。
43. A
【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線詞后的“Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunshine and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.”可知，氣候變暖會(huì)改變海洋的主要特征，并會(huì)影響浮游植物的生長。由此可判斷“But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean’s wamning trend”可知，浮游植物很容易受到海洋變暖趨勢(shì)的影響。可知A項(xiàng)正確。
44. D
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters ,such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener”,可知Dutkiewicz的模型預(yù)測(cè)，目前只有少量浮游植物的藍(lán)色區(qū)域可能會(huì)變得更藍(lán)。但是在一些水域，比如北極，氣候變暖會(huì)使浮游植物的生長條件更加成熟，而這些水域會(huì)變得更綠了”。由此可推斷，浮游植物的生長條件更加成熟，浮游動(dòng)植物就更多了，這些水域會(huì)變得更綠了。分析選項(xiàng)可知D項(xiàng)符合題意。
45. C
【解析】目的意圖題。第一段提出文章的主旨“By the end of the century. If not sooner, the world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.”可知到本世紀(jì)末。一項(xiàng)新的研究表明，由于氣候變暖，如果不盡快的話，世界上的海洋將會(huì)變得更藍(lán)、更綠。再結(jié)合第三段“But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean’s warning trendWarming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, …”可知，“浮游植物很容易受到海洋警告趨勢(shì)的影響，變暖改變了海洋的關(guān)鍵特征，并能影響浮游植物的生長”。可知本文主要解釋氣候變化對(duì)海洋的影響。故選C。
8. 【2019·天津卷，C】
How does an ecosystem（生態(tài)系統(tǒng)）work？What makes the populations of different species the way they are？Why are there so many flies and so few wolves？To find an answer，scientists have built mathematical models of food webs，noting who eats whom and how much each one eats.
With such models，scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. Most food webs，for instance，consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones. When a predator（掠食動(dòng)物）always eats huge numbers of a single prey（獵物），the two species are strongly linked；when a predator lives on various species，they are weakly linked. Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term. If a predator can eat several species，it can survive the extinction（滅絕）of one of them. And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare，the switch allows the original prey to recover. The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction.
Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable，where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. In the 1960s，scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species---including species they did not directly attack.
And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true. In the ocean，we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale，while on land，we killed off large predators such as wolves. These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.
Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally，the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline. Prevention is key，scientists says because once ecosystems pass their tipping point（臨界點(diǎn)），it is remarkably difficult for them to return.
46. What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs？
A. The living habits of species in food webs.
B. The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.
C. The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems.
D. The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.
47. A strong link is found between two species when a predator______
A. has a wide food choice
B. can easily find new prey
C. sticks to one prey species
D. can quickly move to another place
48. What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline？
A. The prey species they directly attack will die out.
B. The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.
C. The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.
D. The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.
49. What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4？
A. Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems.
B. Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats.
C. Species of commercial value dominate other species.
D. Industrial activities help keep food webs stable.
50. How does an early-warning system help us maintain the ecological balance？
A. By getting illegal practices under control.
B. By stopping us from killing large predators.
C. By bringing the broken-down ecosystems back to normal.
D. By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action.
【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。本文介紹了借助食物網(wǎng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型，科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些在食物網(wǎng)運(yùn)營的關(guān)鍵原則。科學(xué)家們說;因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)越過了它的臨界點(diǎn)，它們很難再回來。該系統(tǒng)將告訴我們何時(shí)適應(yīng)人類活動(dòng)，這些活動(dòng)正將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)推向崩潰，或者甚至允許我們將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)從邊緣拉回來，預(yù)防是關(guān)鍵。
46.B
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs.可知，借助食物網(wǎng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型，科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了食物網(wǎng)中的一些關(guān)鍵原則。故選B。
47. C
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的When a predator(掠食動(dòng)物) always eats huge numbers of a single prey(獵物)，the two species are strongly linked可知，當(dāng)捕食者總是吃大量的單一獵物，這兩個(gè)物種是緊密相連的。故選C。
48. D
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had, a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species they did not directly attack可知，處于食物網(wǎng)頂端的食肉動(dòng)物對(duì)它們沒有直接攻擊的其他物種的種群數(shù)量有著驚人的控制，由此可推斷出，如果食物鏈頂級(jí)食肉動(dòng)物的數(shù)量大大下降，其他物種的種群將經(jīng)歷意想不到的變化。故選D。
49.A
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline可知，人類過度的活動(dòng)會(huì)將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)推向崩潰，由此可推斷出，不受控制的人類活動(dòng)極大地破壞了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選A。
50. D
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段的Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline.可知，早期變暖系統(tǒng)發(fā)出緊急需要采取預(yù)防行動(dòng)的信號(hào)幫助我們維持生態(tài)平衡。故選D。
9. 【2019·江蘇卷，B】
In the 1960s，while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park，Bob Christiansen became puzzled about something that，oddly，had not troubled anyone before:he couldn't find the park's volcano. It had been known for a long time that Yellowstone was volcanic in nature — that's what accounted for all its hot springs and other steamy features. But Christiansen couldn't find the Yellowstone volcano anywhere.
Most of us，when we talk about volcanoes，think of the classic cone(圓錐體)shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro，which are created when erupting magma(巖漿)piles up. These can form remarkably quickly. In 1943，a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land. In one week he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high. Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across. Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth，all but a few hundred of them extinct. There is，however，a second les known type of volcano that doesn't involve mountain building. These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack，leaving behind a vast hole，the caldera. Yellowstone obviously was of this second type，but Christiansen couldn't find the caldera anywhere.
Just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blow-up for one of the visitors' centers. As soon as Christiansen saw the photos，he realized why he had failed to spot the caldera; almost the whole park-2.2 million acres—was caldera. The explosion had left a hole more than forty miles across—much too huge to be seen from anywhere at ground level. At some time in the past Yellowstone must have blown up with a violence far beyond the scale of anything known to humans.
58. What puzzled Christiansen when he was studying Yellowstone？
A. Its complicated geographical features.
B. Its ever-lasting influence on tourism.
C. The mysterious history of the park.
D. The exact location of the volcano.
59. What does the second-paragraph mainly talk about？
A. The shapes of volcanoes.
B. The impacts of volcanoes.
C. The activities of volcanoes.
D. The heights of volcanoes.
60. What does the underlined word "blow-up" in the last paragraph most probably mean？
A. Hot-air balloon. B. Digital camera.
C. Big photograph. D. Bird's view.
【語篇解讀】本文為說明文。講述了二十世紀(jì)六十年代Bob Christiansen在研究黃石公園的火山歷史時(shí)，奇怪地發(fā)現(xiàn)到處看不到火山的影子，原來，這兒的火山并不是像我們大部分人想象的那種圓錐體形狀的高聳的樣子，而是一個(gè)巨大的洞，這個(gè)洞太大了以至于從地面上的任何地方都看不見。
58.D
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句But Christiansen couldn’t find the Yellowstone volcano anywhere.可知，他困惑的是到處看不到火山。故選D。
59.A
【解析】主旨大意題。本段講述了兩種形狀的火山，一種是通常人們所理解的由火山巖漿堆積形成的圓錐體，還有一種極具爆發(fā)力的火山，它們會(huì)在一個(gè)大裂縫中爆裂，留下一個(gè)巨大的洞，故選A。
60.C
【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三段第一句Just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blow-up for one of the visitors’ centers.可知，美國國家航空和宇宙航行局為測(cè)試一些新的高海拔照相機(jī)而拍攝了黃石公園的照片。一位深思熟慮的官員把其中的一些照片副本轉(zhuǎn)交給了公園管理部門，認(rèn)為他們可能會(huì)將其放大以供一個(gè)游客中心展示。故可知，此處意為將照片放大，選C。
10. 【2019·浙江卷，C】
California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素).
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick Mclntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(資源).
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, Mclntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪).
Since the 1930s, Mclntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
27. What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A. The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.
B. The increasing variety of California big trees.
C. The distribution of big trees in California forests.
D. The influence of farming on big trees in California.
28. Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees?
A. Ecological studies of forests.
B. Banning woodcutting.
C. Limiting housing development.
D. Fire control measures.
29. What is a major cause of the water shortage according to Mclntyre?
A. Inadequate snowmelt. B. A longer dry season.
C. A warmer climate. D. Dampness of the air.
30. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. California's Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?
B. Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C. Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?
D. Patrick Mclntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California
【語篇解讀】本文為說明文，根據(jù)一項(xiàng)研究表明，自20世紀(jì)30年代以來，加州已經(jīng)失去了一半的大樹，氣候變化似乎是其主要因素。
27.A
主旨大意題。在第二段中，作者用具體數(shù)據(jù)說明了大樹損失在各個(gè)地區(qū)的嚴(yán)重程度，沒有任何地區(qū)幸免或不受影響，故選A。
28. D
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources（資源）.可知，野火控制在控制了森林大火的同時(shí)，使得加利福尼亞的森林里擠滿了小樹，它們與大樹爭奪資源，這對(duì)大樹產(chǎn)生了不利的影響，故選D。
29.C
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, …, and earlier snowmelt, …可知，造成加州水資源短缺的最大因素是氣溫的上升，以及較早的融雪，故選C。
30.A
【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，自20世紀(jì)30年代以來，加州已經(jīng)失去了一半的大樹，文章分析了引起該現(xiàn)象的幾個(gè)主要因素。全文圍繞“加州森林的大樹都去哪兒了”話題展開，故選項(xiàng)A符合題意。
四、2018年高考真題
1.【2018·全國卷I，D】
We may think we’re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (裝置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment – and our wallets – as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life – from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.
As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn’t throw out our old ones. “The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids’ room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house,” said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We’re not just keeping these old devices – we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt’s team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.
So what’s the solution (解決方案)? The team’s data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.
32. What does the author think of new devices?
A. They are environment-friendly. B. They are no better than the old.
C. They cost more to use at home. D. They go out of style quickly.
33. Why did Babbitt’s team conduct the research?
A. To reduce the cost of minerals.
B. To test the life cycle of a product.
C. To update consumers on new technology.
D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.
34. Which of the following uses the least energy?
A. The box-set TV. B. The tablet.
C. The LCD TV. D. The desktop computer.
35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?
A. Stop using them. B. Take them apart.
C. Upgrade them. D. Recycle them.
【文章大意】本文是一篇科普說明文。文章講述了新舊電子設(shè)備的差別，舊電子設(shè)備耗能高、不環(huán)保。所以作者主張使用新電子設(shè)備。
32.A
【解析】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)文章第一段中的That’s bad news for the environment – and our wallets – as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.可知，使用舊的電子設(shè)備對(duì)環(huán)境和我們的錢包都是壞消息。這些過時(shí)的設(shè)備做相同的事情要消耗比新設(shè)備更多的能量。由此推知作者認(rèn)為新電子設(shè)備環(huán)保、節(jié)能。故選A。
33.D
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life 可知，Babbitt’s team研究的目的是弄清楚這些設(shè)備用了多少電。故選D。
34.B
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中的They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.可知，平板電腦是耗能最少的電子設(shè)備，可以降低44%的耗能。故選B。
35.A
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章的整體內(nèi)容可知，因?yàn)榕f的電子設(shè)備耗能高，不環(huán)保。所以作者建議停止使用舊的電子設(shè)備。故選A。
【點(diǎn)睛】
熟悉比較句型是徹底理解本文的關(guān)鍵，也是解題的關(guān)鍵。本文中的比較句型：
1. That’s bad news for the environment – and our wallets – as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the news ones that do the same things
做同樣的事，舊的過時(shí)的裝置比新裝置消耗更多能源，對(duì)環(huán)境有害，浪費(fèi)錢財(cái)。
2. According to the analysis of Babbitt’s team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.
根據(jù)Babbitt團(tuán)隊(duì)的分析，舊的桌面監(jiān)視器和陰極射線管箱式電視機(jī)是最差的電子設(shè)備，它們的耗能和溫室氣體的排放是1992到2007window的兩倍還多。
3. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.他們發(fā)現(xiàn)在平板電腦上看的隨需變化的娛樂節(jié)目比在電視和電腦上看耗能減少了44%。
2.【2018·全國卷II，B】
Many of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels form British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.
Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白質(zhì)), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物質(zhì)). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (櫻桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.
When combined with berries of slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.
If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “soft-serve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children’s party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
24. What does the author seem to like about cherries?
A. They contain protein. B. They are high in vitamin A.
C. They have a pleasant taste. D. They are rich in antioxidants.
25. Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas?
A. To make them smell better. B. To keep their colour.
C. To speed up their ripening. D. To improve their nutrition.
26. What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?
A. A dessert. B. A drink.
C. A container. D. A machine.
27. From which is the text probably taken?
A. A biology textbook. B. A health magazine.
C. A research paper. D. A travel brochure.
【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹并比較了幾種水果各自的營養(yǎng)價(jià)值和健康功效，并列出了一些食用這些水果的方法。
24.C
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干問的是，作者喜歡櫻桃什么。根據(jù)第二段中As for cherries (櫻桃), they are so delicious who cares?（至于櫻桃，因?yàn)樗鼈兒芎贸哉l在乎呢?）可知，作者在乎的是它的美味。故選C。
25.B
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown.可知，往香蕉上滴新鮮的檸檬汁是為了防止香蕉變成褐色，故新鮮的檸檬汁是被用來保持香蕉的顏色的。故選B。
26.D
【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)最后一段中they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below可知，孩子們喜歡把一些水果和冷凍的香蕉放入到這臺(tái)機(jī)器的上部，然后看到冰激凌從下面出來。故可以推出a juicer就是一臺(tái)機(jī)器。故選D。
27.B
【解析】文章出處題。文章首先指出七月是水果盛產(chǎn)的季節(jié)，并指出各種水果富含的營養(yǎng)，最后一段指出我們可以用a juicer為孩子們做一些甜點(diǎn)和冰激凌，故最可能是從健康雜志上摘取的文章。A項(xiàng)意為：生物教科書；B項(xiàng)意為：一本健康雜志；C項(xiàng)意為：一篇研究論文；D項(xiàng)意為：一本旅游手冊(cè)。故選B。
3.【2018·全國卷III，B】
Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000.
Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warming. An avalanche(雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.
But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today, people still come and go — to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City — its present population is 762.
24. What attracted the early settlers to New York City?
A. Its business culture.
B. Its small population.
C. Its geographical position.
D. Its favourable climate.
25. What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson?
A. Two-thirds of them stayed there.
B. One out of five people got rich.
C. Almost everyone gave up.
D. Half of them died.
26. What was the main reason for many people to leave Dawson?
A. They found the city too crowded.
B. They wanted to try their luck elsewhere.
C. They were unable to stand the winter.
D. They were short of food.
27. What is the text mainly about?
A. The rise and fall of a city.
B. The gold rush in Canada.
C. Journeys into the wilderness.
D. Tourism in Dawson.
【話題解讀】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了Dawson這座城市的發(fā)展原因、過程與現(xiàn)狀。
24.C
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段中Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River.可知，人們選擇在河邊或港口設(shè)城是因?yàn)榻煌ǚ奖悖阌谧錾?。而紐約就是在哈德森河口附近的一個(gè)大港口，故紐約吸引早期移民的原因是它的地理位置，故C正確。
25.B
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段最后一句Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.可知，在最初挖黃金的兩萬人中有4000人變富有，所以是五分之一的人變富了，故B正確。
26.B
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.可知，人們離開Dawson的主要原因是聽說在Alaska發(fā)現(xiàn)了黃金，也就是他們要去別的地方尋找發(fā)財(cái)?shù)臋C(jī)會(huì)。故B正確。
27.A
【解析】主旨大意題。第一段簡要介紹城市發(fā)展的原因，引出Dawson這一城市的興起，第二段介紹了該城市興起的原因，第三段介紹人們選擇離開該城市的原因及現(xiàn)在的狀況，所以全文圍繞Dawson這個(gè)城市的發(fā)展起伏。故A正確。
4.【2018·北京卷，C】
Plastic-Eating Worms
Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋場), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.
Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms’ chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊狀物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms’ stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.
Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. ＂Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ＂she explains, ＂The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. ＂
Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(腸道微生物)?
Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic. ＂
43. What can we learn about the worms in the study?
A. They take plastics as their everyday food.
B. They are newly evolved creatures.
C. They can consume plastics.
D. They wind up in landfills.
44. According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .
A. identify other means of the breakdown
B. find out the source of the enzyme
C. confirm the research findings
D. increase the breakdown speed
45. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .
A. help to raise worms
B. help make plastic bags
C. be used to clean the oceans
D. be produced in factories in future
46. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To explain a study method on worms.
B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.
C. To present a way to break down plastics.
D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.
【文章大意】本文為說明文。文章介紹了一種吃塑料的蟲子大蠟螟，它胃中的酶能夠降解塑料，這為解決塑料污染提供了新的途徑。
43.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. 可知，研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，蠕蟲分解日常食物的能力讓它們可以分解塑料，也就是說它們可以消費(fèi)塑料。故選C。
44.B 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(腸道微生物)?可知，下一步研究是辨清分解的原因，查明這種酶來源于哪里，是蟲子自己產(chǎn)生的還是它腸道里的微生物產(chǎn)生的。故選B。
45.D 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic. ＂可以推斷出，Bertocchini希望這種化學(xué)物質(zhì)將來能在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中使用，而不是僅僅依靠蠕蟲來分解塑料。故選D。
46.C 【解析】寫作意圖題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms. 可知，有一種新的方法被用于分解塑料。再根據(jù)最后一段最后一句But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic. ＂可知，Bertocchini希望將這種方法推廣到工業(yè)中。由此可以推知寫作意圖為介紹一種分解塑料的方法。故選C。
5.【2018·天津卷，C】
There’s a new frontier in 3D printing that’s beginning to come into focus: food. Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isn’t stopping there.
Food production
With a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that — it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same,” freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed, rather than farm to table.
Sustainability(可持續(xù)性)
The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability is becoming a necessity. 3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解膠體) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻類) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹飪?cè)?. 3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock "food" that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.
Nutrition
Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University, said, “Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterday’s bread from the supermarket, you’d eat something baked just for you on demand.”
Challenges
Despite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome. Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊狀物) before a printer can use them, and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad. Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.
46. What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production?
A. It helps cooks to create new dishes.
B. It saves time and effort in cooking.
C. It improves the cooking conditions.
D. It contributes to restaurant decorations.
47. What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraphs 3?
A. It solves food shortages easily.
B. It quickens the transportation of food.
C. It needs no space for the storage of food.
D. It uses renewable materials as sources of food.
48. According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food _____________.
A. is more available to consumers
B. can meet individual nutritional needs
C. is more tasty than food in supermarkets
D. can keep all the nutrition in raw materials
49. What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely?
A. The printing process is complicated.
B. 3D food printers are too expensive.
C. Food materials have to be dry.
D. Some experts doubt 3D food printing.
50. What could be the best title of the passage?
A. 3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology
B. A New Way to Improve 3D Food Printing
C. The Challenges for 3D Food Production
D. 3D Food Printing: From Farm to Table
【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了3D打印技術(shù)在食物上的應(yīng)用取得了進(jìn)展，但目前仍面臨著許多方面的挑戰(zhàn)。
46.B
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章Food production中敘述了沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人可以用3D打印機(jī)做出復(fù)雜的巧克力雕塑和美麗的婚禮蛋糕，以及餐廳能夠用3D打印出所有的菜肴和甜點(diǎn)，從而可以推斷出3D打印的優(yōu)勢(shì)是節(jié)省了做飯的時(shí)間和精力。故選B。
47.D
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解膠體) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻類) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹飪?cè)?.可知，3D打印機(jī)可以使用可再生材料作為食物來源。故選D。
48.B
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins.（食品打印可以讓消費(fèi)者打印定制營養(yǎng)的食物），從而可以推斷出3D打印出來的食物可以滿足個(gè)人營養(yǎng)需求。故選B。
49.C
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad.可知，阻止3D打印食物進(jìn)一步廣泛使用的原因是原料必須是干的，含水多的肉和牛奶不能應(yīng)用于3D打印因?yàn)楹苋菀讐摹９蔬xC。
50.A
【解析】主旨大意題。文章主要介紹了3D打印技術(shù)在食物上的應(yīng)用取得了進(jìn)展，但目前仍面臨著許多方面的挑戰(zhàn)。所以用標(biāo)題3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology，故選A。
點(diǎn)睛：科普類說明文歷來是高考閱讀理解命題的重點(diǎn)。本文是一篇3D打印技術(shù)在食物方面的應(yīng)用，文章運(yùn)用一些小標(biāo)題和對(duì)一些專業(yè)詞匯作了多處中文注釋，降低了考生的閱讀難度。文章邏輯性強(qiáng)，條理清楚，主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)語篇的整體把握和領(lǐng)悟能力以及對(duì)特定細(xì)節(jié)的認(rèn)讀和處理能力。最后一小題考查主旨大意，為文章選擇出最好的標(biāo)題?？忌龃祟}時(shí)一定要注意選擇項(xiàng)必須要能概括整個(gè)文章的內(nèi)容，不能以偏概全。如B、C、D選擇項(xiàng)在文章中都有所涉及，但不足以概括全文，所以需要考生正確概括全文的主旨大意。
6.【2018·浙江卷，B】
Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of?Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.
Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收銀臺(tái)) . The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like?Stein?to?make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.
Among the bag makers' argument: many cities with bans still allow shoppers?to?purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy?to?produce and transport. And while plastic bags may be ugly?to?look at, they represent a small percentage of all?garbage?on the ground today.
The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy?to?make. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.
Environmentalists don't dispute（質(zhì)疑） these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers?to?use the same reusable bags for years.
24. What has Steven Stein been hired to do?
A. Help increase grocery sales. B. Recycle the waste material.
C. Stop things falling off trucks. D. Argue for the use of plastic bags.
25. What does the word “headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Bans on plastic bags. B. Effects of city development.
C. Headaches caused by garbage. D. Plastic bags hung in trees.
26. What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers?
A. They are quite expensive. B. Replacing them can be difficult.
C. They are less strong than plastic bags. D. Producing them requires more energy.
27. What is the best title for the text?
A. Plastic, Paper or Neither B. Industry, Pollution and Environment
C. Recycle or Throw Away D. Garbage Collection and Waste Control
【文章大意】文章分析了幾種購物袋的使用情況，塑料袋造成了環(huán)境問題，盡管紙袋容易回收，但生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)輸需要更多的能源，希望消費(fèi)者使用耐用可重復(fù)使用的袋子。
24.D
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段one of?Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.和第二段plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like?Stein?to?make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.可知塑料袋生產(chǎn)商雇用Steven Stein是為了證明他們的產(chǎn)品并不像大多數(shù)人想象的那樣對(duì)地球有害，是對(duì)塑料袋被禁用的解釋和爭論。故選D。
25.A
【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。上文介紹在許多美國大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到這種現(xiàn)狀，塑料袋生產(chǎn)商雇用Steven Stein等科學(xué)家是為了證明他們的產(chǎn)品并不像大多數(shù)人想象的那樣對(duì)地球有害。headwinds“逆風(fēng)”，此處指塑料袋被禁用的現(xiàn)狀，即Bans on plastic bags，故選A。
26.D
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy?to?make.可知塑料袋生產(chǎn)商認(rèn)為生產(chǎn)耐用且能重復(fù)使用的袋子需要更多的能量，故選D。
27.A
【解析】標(biāo)題歸納題。文章講述了使用塑料袋造成的環(huán)境問題，紙袋容易回收，但生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)輸需要更多的能源，希望消費(fèi)者使用耐用可重復(fù)使用的袋子。對(duì)這三種方式進(jìn)行了對(duì)比，Plastic, Paper or Neither既能概括全文，又能吸引讀者，最適合作為標(biāo)題。故選A。
7.【2018·浙江卷，C】
As cultural symbols go, the American car is quite young. The Model T Ford was built at the Piquette Plant in Michigan a century ago, with the first rolling off the assembly line（裝配線）on September 27, 1908. Only eleven cars were produced the next month. But eventually Henry Ford would build fifteen million of them.
Modern America was born on the road, behind a wheel. The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture: the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel, even the hamburger. For most of the last century, the car represented what it meant to be American—going forward at high speed to find new worlds. The road novel, the road movie, these are the most typical American ideas, born of abundant petrol, cheap cars and a never-ending interstate highway system, the largest public works project in history.
In 1928 Herbert Hoover imagined an America with “a chicken in every pot and a car in every garage.” Since then, this society has moved onward, never looking back, as the car transformed America from a farm-based society into an industrial power.
The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster. In America the demand for oil has grown by 22 percent since 1990.
The problems of excessive（過度的）energy consumption, climate change and population growth have been described in a book by the American writer Thomas L. Friedman. He fears the worst, but hopes for the best.
Friedman points out that the green economy（經(jīng)濟(jì)）is a chance to keep American strength. “The ability to design, build and export green technologies for producing clean water, clean air and healthy and abundant food is going to be the currency of power in the new century.”
28. Why is hamburger mentioned in paragraph 2?
A. To explain Americans’ love for travelling by car.
B. To show the influence of cars on American culture.
C. To stress the popularity of fast food with Americans.
D. To praise the effectiveness of America’s road system.
29. What has the use of cars in America led to?
A. Decline of economy. B. Environmental problems.
C. A shortage of oil supply. D. A farm-based society.
30. What is Friedman’s attitude towards America’s future?
A. Ambiguous. B. Doubtful. C. Hopeful. D. Tolerant.
【文章大意】文章講述了汽車在美國經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化上的重要作用，也指出了汽車帶來的環(huán)境問題。
28.B
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段Modern America was born on the road, behind a wheel. The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture: the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel, even the hamburger.可知現(xiàn)代美國誕生于公路和汽車，汽車塑造了美國文化最持久的一些方面。Hamburger就是汽車塑造的美國文化的一個(gè)方面。用這個(gè)例子是在說明汽車對(duì)美國文化的影響，故選B。
29.B
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster.可知美國汽車的迅速發(fā)展，導(dǎo)致生態(tài)災(zāi)難。故選B。
30.C
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的He fears the worst, but hopes for the best. 和最后一段中的Friedman points out that the green economy（經(jīng)濟(jì)）is a chance to keep American strength.可見Friedman雖然對(duì)未來擔(dān)心，但抱有最好的希望，他指出了發(fā)展綠色積極的想法?？梢奆riedman對(duì)未來是充滿希望的，故選C。
8.【2018·江蘇卷，B】
In the 1760s, Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有) a special meat soup called consommé. Although the main attraction was the soup, Roze's chain shops also set a new standard for dining out, which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.
Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants. Take visual hints that influence what we eat: diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食) when their plates matched their food. When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.
Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldn't tell how much they'd had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, none the wiser—they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.
Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Unlike fast-food places, fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart(莫扎特).When classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more. Fast music hurried diners out.
Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草) stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent.
Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending—"bad" tables, crowding. high prices — don't necessarily. Diners at bad tables — next to the kitchen door, say — spent nearly as much as others but soon fled. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not "be overly concerned about ‘bad’ tables," given that they're profitable. As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurant's reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices. And doubling a buffet's price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.
58. The underlined phrase "none the wiser" in paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were .
A. not aware of eating more than usual
B. not willing to share food with others
C. not conscious of the food quality
D. not fond of the food provided
59. How could a fine dining shop make more profit?
A. Playing classical music.
B. Introducing lemon scent.
C. Making the light brighter,
D. Using plates of larger size.
60. What does the last paragraph talk about?
A. Tips to attract more customers.
B. Problems restaurants are faced with.
C. Ways to improve restaurants' reputation.
D. Common misunderstandings about restaurants.
【文章大意】本文為說明文，介紹了現(xiàn)代餐館面臨的經(jīng)營困境和解決方案，介紹了刺激消費(fèi)和食欲的幾種方法，以及人們對(duì)餐廳就餐的一些錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)識(shí)。
58.A
【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)文章第三段劃線部分的前句they couldn't tell how much they'd had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else,可知在黑暗中，他們說不清自己吃了多少，再根據(jù)劃線后 的句子they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.可知他們雖然吃得很多，但并沒有感覺更飽，仍然在等著吃甜點(diǎn)，所以他們沒有意識(shí)到自己吃多了，所以A正確。
59.A
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart(莫扎特）可知，要想讓客人呆的時(shí)間更長應(yīng)該播放莫扎特等古典音樂而不是流行音樂。Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草）stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent.引入薰衣草香而不是檸檬香，而D項(xiàng)文章沒有提及，所以用排除方法可以選A。
60.D
【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章最后一段第一句Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending—"bad" tables, crowding，high prices — don't necessarily.可知你認(rèn)為可能會(huì)影響人們消費(fèi)的因素如不好的桌子，擁擠以及高價(jià)等不一定會(huì)真影響人們的消費(fèi)，然后依次舉例進(jìn)行了證明，所以本段主要講的是人們對(duì)于飯店的幾個(gè)誤解，故選D。
9.【2018·江蘇卷，D】
Children as young as ten are becoming dependent on social media for their sense of self-worth, a major study warned.
It found many youngsters(少年）now measure their status by how much public approval they get online, often through “l(fā)ikes”. Some change their behaviour in real life to improve their image on the web.
The report into youngsters aged from 8 to 12 was carried out by Children's Commissioner (專員）Anne Longfield. She said social media firms were exposing children to major emotional risks, with some youngsters starting secondary school ill-equipped to cope with the tremendous pressure they faced online.
Some social apps were popular among the children even though they supposedly require users to be at least 13.The youngsters admitted planning trips around potential photo-opportunities and then messaging friends—and friends of friends — to demand “l(fā)ikes” for their online posts.
The report found that youngsters felt their friendships could be at risk if they did not respond to social media posts quickly, and around the clock.
Children aged 8 to 10 were "starting to feel happy" when others liked their posts. However, those in the 10 to 12 age group were "concerned with how many people like their posts", suggesting a “need” for social recognition that gets stronger the older they become.
Miss Longfield warned that a generation of children risked growing up "worried about their appearance and image as a result of the unrealistic lifestyles they follow on platforms, and increasingly anxious about switching off due to the constant demands of social media.
She said: "Children are using social media with family and friends and to play games when they are in primary school. But what starts as fun usage of apps turns into tremendous pressure in real social media interaction at secondary school."
As their world expanded, she said, children compared themselves to others online in a way that was "hugely damaging in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop themselves".
Miss Longfield added: "Then there is this push to connect—if you go offline, will you miss something, will you miss out, will you show that you don't care about those people you are following, all of those come together in a huge way at once." "For children it is very, very difficult to cope with emotionally." The Children's Commissioner for England's study—life in Likes—found that children as young as 8 were using social media platforms largely for play.
However, the research—involving eight groups of 32 children aged 8 to 12—suggested that as they headed toward their teens, they became increasingly anxious online.
By the time they started secondary school—at age 11—children were already far more aware of their image online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their posts were popular, the report found.
However, they still did not know how to cope with mean-spirited jokes, or the sense of incompetence they might feel if they compared themselves to celebrities(名人）or more brilliant friends online. The report said they also faced pressure to respond to messages at all hours of the day—especially at secondary school when more youngsters have mobile phones.
The Children’s Commissioner said schools and parents must now do more to prepare children for the emotional minefield(雷區(qū)）they faced online. And she said social media companies must also "take more responsibility". They should either monitor their websites better so that children do not sign up too early, or they should adjust their websites to the needs of younger users.
Javed Khan, of children's charity Bamardo's, said: "It's vital that new compulsory age- appropriate relationship and sex education lessons in England should help equip children to deal with the growing demands of social media.
“It’s also hugely important for parents to know which apps their children are using.”
65. Why did some secondary school students feel too much pressure?
A. They were not provided with adequate equipment.
B. They were not well prepared for emotional risks.
C. They were required to give quick responses.
D. They were prevented from using mobile phones.
66. Some social app companies were to blame because .
A. they didn't adequately check their users' registration
B. they organized photo trips to attract more youngsters
C. they encouraged youngsters to post more photos
D. they didn't stop youngsters from staying up late
67. Children's comparing themselves to others online may lead to .
A. less friendliness to each other
B. lower self-identity and confidence
C. an increase in online cheating
D. a stronger desire to stay online
68. According to Life in Likes, as children grew, they became more anxious to .
A. circulate their posts quickly B. know the qualities of their posts
C. use mobile phones for play D. get more public approval
69. What should parents do to solve the problem?
A. Communicate more with secondary schools.
B. Urge media companies to create safer apps.
C. Keep track of children's use of social media.
D. Forbid their children from visiting the web.
70. What does the passage mainly talk about?
A. The influence of social media on children.
B. The importance of social media to children.
C. The problem in building a healthy relationship.
D. The measure to reduce risks from social media.
【文章大意】本文為說明文，主要介紹了社交媒體(social media ) 使得8-12 歲的孩子面臨很多壓力，并分析了原因，提出了建議。
65.B
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段第二句話She said social media firms were exposing children to major emotional risks, with some youngsters starting secondary school ill-equipped to cope with the tremendous pressure they faced online.可知一些社會(huì)媒體公司使孩子們處于大的情感壓力下，從而使孩子們感到巨大的壓力，故B正確。
66.A
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段第一句話Some social apps were popular among the children even though they supposedly require users to be at least 13.可知一些apps 很受孩子們歡迎，盡管它們要求使用者不低于13歲，言外之意，他們沒有對(duì)孩子的年齡進(jìn)行監(jiān)管，故選A。
67.B
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第九段children compared themselves to others online in a way that was "hugely damaging in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop themselves".可知孩子在網(wǎng)上與其他人比較損害他們的自尊心，自信心以及自我發(fā)展的能力，故B正確。
68.D
【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第12段However, the research—involving eight groups of 32 children aged 8 to 12—suggested that as they headed toward their teens, they became increasingly anxious online.可知隨著孩子年齡的增長，他們開始渴望上網(wǎng)，再根據(jù)13段By the time they started secondary school—at age 11—children were already far more aware of their image online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their posts were popular, the report found.可以推斷出他們的壓力源于他們渴望自己的發(fā)帖能受歡迎、被認(rèn)可，由此可見他們渴望得到公眾的認(rèn)可。故選D。
69.C
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段It’s also hugely important for parents to know which apps their children are using.可以推斷出父母需要了解孩子在使用什么apps，所以應(yīng)該時(shí)刻跟蹤了解孩子對(duì)于社交app的使用。故選C。
70.A
【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段Children as young as ten are becoming dependent on social media for their sense of self-worth, a major study warned.可知本文為新聞報(bào)道體，文章主要介紹teens 變得越來越依賴社交媒體。再根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容可知文章主要介紹了社交媒體對(duì)孩子的影響，所以A正確。
點(diǎn)睛：推理判斷試題屬于高層次閱讀理解題。這種題型包括判斷題和推理題。這兩類題常常相互依存，推理是為了得出正確的判斷，正確的判斷又依賴于合乎邏輯的推理。做好該題型要從整體上把握語篇內(nèi)容，在語篇的表面意義與隱含意義、已知信息與未知信息間架起橋梁，透過字里行間，去體會(huì)作者的“弦外之音”。推理判斷題常?？梢苑譃槿缦聨最悾海?）細(xì)節(jié)推斷。如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系等；（2）邏輯推斷。根據(jù)已知的結(jié)果推斷導(dǎo)致結(jié)果產(chǎn)生的可能原因；（3）目的、意圖、態(tài)度推斷。根據(jù)文章的論述，推斷作者的寫作目的以及作者情感態(tài)度；（4）預(yù)測(cè)想象推斷。文章沒有明確說明，要求根據(jù)語篇對(duì)文章可能涉及的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)判斷。
本題的第二和第四小題都屬于細(xì)節(jié)推理，解答此類題目首先要準(zhǔn)確定位信息句，然后根據(jù)信息句進(jìn)行合理判斷，如第二小題根據(jù)原文信息Some social apps were popular among the children even though they supposedly require users to be at least 13.中關(guān)鍵信息為even though 后的內(nèi)容，即盡管他們要求使用者要13歲以上，但在小于13的孩子中仍很受歡迎，說明他們的監(jiān)管不力。
再如第四小題也屬于細(xì)節(jié)推理題。根據(jù)文章第12段However, the research—involving eight groups of 32 children aged 8 to 12—suggested that as they headed toward their teens, they became increasingly anxious online.可知隨著孩子年齡的增長，他們開始渴望上網(wǎng)，再根據(jù)13段By the time they started secondary school—at age 11—children were already far more aware of their image online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their posts were popular, the report found.可以推斷出他們的壓力源于他們渴望自己的發(fā)帖能受歡迎，被認(rèn)可，由此可見他們渴望得到公眾的認(rèn)可。


















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