2022屆高考英語一輪講義學案語法專題四第1講　定語從句-學案下載-教習網(wǎng)

定語從句的概念：在復合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞，定語從句放在先行詞的后面。
考點一 that/which/wh/whm
Xia Meng is a girl wh/that① lves reading and she is als a girl wh/whm/that② teachers ften praise.Bks that/which③ talk abut lve r adventures are her favrite.Jurney t the West is the first bk that④ Xia Meng has read，and it is the best nvel that④ she has read.Everything that④ appears in the nvel is interesting and bth peple and mnsters that④ are described in it make her fascinated.
1．that/which/wh/whm在句子里充當主語或賓語，這些關系詞叫關系代詞。在上面的短文中的限制性定語從句中，that 出現(xiàn)頻率最高。既可以作主語，也可以作賓語，既可以指人，也可以指物。
2．此外指物時只用that 不用which的情況的口訣：very、nly序最高，人物、不定that好。即先行詞指物被the very、the nly、序數(shù)詞、形容詞或副詞最高級修飾時，或者先行詞既包括人也包括物時，或者先行詞指物是不定代詞或被不定代詞修飾時，定語從句用that引導。
This is the very bk that I have been lking fr fr several days.
這正是我找了好幾天的那本書。
Is there anything that yu want t say abut this matter?
關于這件事你想說什么呢？
3．定語從句的謂語動詞要與先行詞的數(shù)保持一致。
I still remember the peple in the remte village wh were friendly t me.
我仍然記得那些住在邊遠地區(qū)對我很友好的鄉(xiāng)親們。
The students wh are interested in the activity shuld sign up fr it in advance.
對這次活動感興趣的同學們要提前報名。
點對點練習
單句語法填空
1．The dictinary that/which the gentleman bught half an hur ag was very expensive.
2．The lady wh/that is(be) standing behind the cunter is my sister.
3．The man wh/whm/that I served was wearing a hat.
4．This is the third apple that she has eaten in the afternn.
5．This is the nly/very thing that I can d t slve the tricky prblem.
6．That’s all that I knw abut the yung man living next dr.
7．When they met again，the tw friends talked abut lts f things and persns that they culd remember in the schl.
8．This is the best film that I have ever seen.
考點二 as/which/whse
As① we all knw/As① is knwn t all，Li Hua is a student whse② name is ften seen in English examinatins.But this year he didn’t make us write cmpsitins fr him，which③ made many students sad.Hw we miss the by fr whm④ we have written many cmpsitins and we have prepared many situatins in which④ he can’t write articles himself.
1．whse既可以指人，又可以指物，在從句中作定語，表示先行詞的所有格。即 whse 前的先行詞和whse之后的名詞有所屬關系?？谠E：whse前后名，后名屬前名。
This is the girl whse name is Li Mei.
這就是那個叫李梅的女孩。
He lives in a huse whse windws face the nrth.
他住在窗戶朝北的房子里。
2．只用which/whm而不用that的情況。
用在非限制性定語從句中或者動詞短語中的介詞提到關系代詞之前，充當其賓語時。
注意：which既可以指某一個名詞，也可以指前面的整個句子。
This is the cmpany in which my father nce wrked.
這就是我父親曾經(jīng)在里面工作的公司。
There was n persn t whm she culd turn fr help in the dark street.
在黑漆漆的街上沒有她可以求助的人。
3．定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開，將非限制性定語從句放在句子中間，其前后都需要用逗號隔開。
4．常用as 的結(jié)構(gòu)：as anybdy can see，as we all knw，as we expected，as is reprted，as has been annunced，as is ften the case，as 常常位于句首。
As was expected，he came late again.
正如我們所預料的那樣，他又遲到了。
As anybdy can see，the elephant is like a snake.
正如每個人所看到的一樣，這匹大象像一條蛇。
點對點練習
單句語法填空
1．He is the student whse English is always at the tp.
2．In ur factry there are 2,000 wrkers，tw thirds f whm are wmen.
3．He is wrking hard，which will make him pass the final exam.
4．As is knwn t all，there are 7 cntinents n the earth.
考點三 when/where/why
Xia Ming still remembers the day when① he was seriusly punished by his father.The reasn why② he was punished was that he played cellphne games fr a whle weekend.His father brught him t a rm where③ there was n thers.After putting the cellphne int a basin which/that④ was full f water，he tld Xia Ming abut the days that/which④ he spent earning schl fees by ding part-time jbs in a restaurant.This was the reasn that/which④ his father tld him nt t play cellphnes.
1．關系副詞與關系代詞的選擇
從句不缺主語或賓語，是個完整的句子，可以是主謂賓或主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，亦可以是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)(主語＋vi.)。此時需要判斷謂語動詞是否及物。判斷定語從句的謂語動詞是及物動詞還是不及物動詞的方法：把謂語動詞與先行詞連接起來，看它們是否能構(gòu)成動賓關系，如果能直接構(gòu)成動賓關系，則該謂語動詞為及物動詞，否則為不及物動詞。
(1)The factry he nce wrked is clsed nw.
wrk與factry不能直接構(gòu)成動賓關系，只有后面加上介詞in才能構(gòu)成正確的表達形式，wrk in the factry。因此可推知wrk為不及物動詞。因此此處應使用關系副詞where作地點狀語，也可使用in which (which代替先行詞the factry)。
(2)The factry he set up last year is perating well.
該題中從句謂語動詞可以和先行詞構(gòu)成動賓結(jié)構(gòu)set up the factry，所以set up 是及物動詞短語。其后缺賓語，因此此處用關系代詞that或which。
2．當先行詞為表示抽象地點的名詞situatin，case，stage，pint等，且關系詞在定語從句中作狀語時，用關系副詞where引導定語從句；如果關系詞在定語從句中作主語或賓語時則用關系代詞which/that。
3．“介詞＋關系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的確定：
(1)依據(jù)定語從句中動詞的習慣搭配來確定
I bught a great many bks，n which I spent all my mney that I saved.
我買了很多書，這些書花光了我的所有積蓄。
(2)依據(jù)先行詞的某種習慣搭配來確定
I’ll never frget the time during which I spent my childhd in the cuntry.
我永遠不會忘記我在鄉(xiāng)村度過的童年時光。
(3)根據(jù)所表達的意思來確定
The clurless gas withut which we cannt live is called xygen.
離開它我們就不能生存的這種無色氣體被稱為氧氣。
4．當the way 作先行詞時，無論關系詞作主語、賓語還是作狀語，用that一定正確。
I dn’ t like the way that/in which he speaks t me.(關系詞作方式狀語)
They are lking fr a way that/which is the mst suitable fr the prblem.(關系詞作主語)
點對點練習
單句語法填空
1．I still remember the day when I first came t Beijing.
2．The reasn why he failed in the exam was that he didn’t study hard.
3．Gift shps in museums where peple wuld buy suvenirs fr themselves and their friends used t be the last stp f each visit.
單句語法填空
1．Nw Irene Astbury wrks frm 9 am t 5 pm daily at the pet shp in Macclesfield，
she pened with her late husband Les.(2019·全國Ⅱ)
答案 which
解析分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，先行詞為the pet shp，在非限制性定語從句中作pened的賓語，故填which。
2．They were well trained by their masters had great experience with caring fr these animals.(2019·全國Ⅲ)
答案 wh/that
解析先行詞為masters，且限制性定語從句中缺少主語，故填關系詞wh/that。
3．We have entered int an age dreams have the best chance f cming true.
(2019·江蘇)
答案 when
解析句中先行詞為an age(一個時代)，且先行詞在從句中作時間狀語，所以用關系詞when。
定語從句解題三步走
第一步：根據(jù)是否修飾某一名詞，放在該名詞之后確定是不是定語從句。
第二步：根據(jù)從句中是否缺主語或賓語確定用關系代詞還是關系副詞。如果從句缺主語或賓語，則用關系代詞；如果不缺主語或賓語，則使用關系副詞(或者“介詞＋which”)
第三步：根據(jù)先行詞具體所指，確定是哪個關系代詞或者關系副詞。
層級一基礎達標練
單句語法填空
1．The ld man turned his business ver t his yunger sn， made his elder sn discuraged.
答案 which
解析設空處引導非限制性定語從句，指代前面整句話的內(nèi)容，并在從句中作主語，故填which。
2．I will never frget such a beautiful village I spent my childhd with my grandparents.
答案 where
解析設空處引導定語從句，先行詞是village，且在從句中作地點狀語，因此用where引導，相當于in which。
3．There they met peple frm ther parts f the cuntry， had als vlunteered t help.
答案 wh
解析分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，設空處引導非限制性定語從句，先行詞是peple，從句缺少主語，故填關系代詞wh。
4．There are many gd websites yu can check ut the latest in the science wrld.
答案 where
解析先行詞為websites，將先行詞代入定語從句后為：yu can check ut the latest in the science wrld n the websites，由此可知，先行詞在定語從句中與介詞n一起作地點狀語，故填關系副詞where。
5．The system， can be the mst advanced in many ways，will be the largest earthquake bservatin netwrk in the wrld.
答案 which
解析設空處引導非限制性定語從句，先行詞為the system，關系詞在定語從句中作主語，故填which。
6．He decided t g t Stanfrd because there were many pprtunities fr peple
wanted t wrk in Silicn Valley.
答案 wh/that
解析 peple為先行詞，從句中缺主語，故用wh/that。
7．His interest started a few years ag， he was in cllege and studying wildlife science.
答案 when
解析先行詞為a few years ag，關系詞在定語從句中作時間狀語，故填when。
8．Then Needham began his lifelng research， ended up creating the greatest wrk—Science and Civilisatin in China.
答案 which
解析根據(jù)設空處前的逗號可知，設空處引導非限制性定語從句；先行詞為his lifelng research，將先行詞代入定語從句后為：his lifelng research ended up creating the greatest wrk—Science and Civilisatin in China，由此可知，關系詞在定語從句中作主語，先行詞指物，故填which。
9．This wman has set a gd example t her sn， is a really lucky guy.
答案 wh
解析分析該句結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導非限制性定語從句，且先行詞為her sn，并在從句中作主語，故填wh。
10．Over the years，I have met sme interesting peple.Tw f the mst interesting peple were tw elderly sisters，Jan and Bernice， way f talking abut peple inspired me.
答案 whse
解析引導非限制性定語從句，且在從句中作定語，先行詞為Jan and Bernice，故填whse。
層級二高考真題練
單句語法填空
1．Because the mn’s bdy blcks direct radi cmmunicatin with a prbe，China first had t put a satellite in rbit abve the mn in a spt it culd send signals t the spacecraft and t Earth.(2020·全國Ⅰ)
答案 where
解析分析句子可知，空處引導一個定語從句，先行詞是a spt，關系詞替代先行詞在從句中作地點狀語，應用where引導。故填where。
2．In ancient China lived an artist paintings were almst lifelike.(2020·全國Ⅲ)
答案 whse
解析此處為定語從句，修飾先行詞artist，且先行詞在從句中作定語，故應用關系代詞whse。故填whse。
3．The 80,000 bjects cllected by Sir Hans Slane，fr example，frmed the cre cllectin f the British Museum pened in 1759.(2020·新高考全國Ⅰ)
答案 which/that
解析此處是限制性定語從句，先行詞是the British Museum，關系詞在從句中作主語，應使用關系代詞which/that引導。故填which/that。
4．The students benefitting mst frm cllege are thse are ttally engaged(參與) in academic life，taking full advantage f the cllege’s chances and resurces(資源)．(2019·北京)
答案 wh
解析 “ are ttally engaged(參與) in academic life”是定語從句，修飾先行詞thse，且空格處在從句中作主語，指代人，故填wh。
5．Their child is at the stage she can say individual wrds but nt full sentences.
(2019·天津)
答案 where
解析分析句子可知，設空處引導定語從句，先行詞是the stage，且關系詞在從句中作地點狀語，故用關系副詞where，相當于in which。
6．Tw f the authrs f the review als made a study published in 2014 shwed a mere five t 10 minutes a day f running reduced the risk f heart disease and early deaths frm all causes.(2018·全國Ⅰ)
答案 that/which
解析分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，設空處引導定語從句，在定語從句中作主語，修飾先行詞study，故填that/which。
7．The Chinese Ministry f Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the gvernment started a sil-testing prgram gives specific fertilizer recmmendatins t farmers—and 2011，fertilizer use drpped by 7.7 millin tns.(2018·全國Ⅱ)
答案 that/which
解析設空處引導定語從句，并在從句中作主語，修飾“a sil-testing prgram”，先行詞表示物，故用that/which。
8．Many westerners cme t China ck much less than in their wn cuntries nce they realize hw cheap it can be t eat ut.(2018·浙江)
答案 wh/that
解析空處引導限制性定語從句，先行詞指人，并在從句中作主語，故用wh/that 引導定語從句。
9．Self-driving is an area China and the rest f the wrld are n the same starting line.
(2018·江蘇)
答案 where
解析設空處引導的是定語從句，修飾先行詞an area。將先行詞代入定語從句后為“China and the rest f the wrld are n the same starting line in the area”，由此可知，先行詞與表地點的介詞in一起在定語從句中作地點狀語，所以要用關系副詞where。
10．But Sarah， has taken part in shws alng with tp mdels，wants t prve that she has brains as well as beauty.(2017·全國Ⅲ)
答案 wh
解析分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處是一個非限制性定語從句，先行詞是Sarah，指人，并在從句中作主語，故用關系代詞wh。
層級三語篇提能練
語法填空
There was a time 1. I was tired f learning English and disliked t speak English.And this was the reasn 2. my father frced me t jin in a 30-day training in an English club befre I went t senir high schl.When I first came t the club,3. I met many strangers，I missed my parents very much.S I packed up my things and wanted t g hme.Frtunately，my guide,4. teacher was Yu Minhng，cmmunicated with me face t face.He，frm 5. I gained sme useful instructins，als shwed me a gd partner，and we gt alng well with each ther.Gradually I adapted t the life there.Every day I wuld like t talk t ther teenagers and set dwn a series f activities 6. we did.I shuld be grateful t my father and the guide,7. encuraged me t fall in lve with English.Nw I feel it interesting t learn English，int 8. I put my entire energy.Every day I read my wrds and passages alud.In class I jin in English discussins.Befre I g t sleep，I recall the passages，thrugh 9. I can memrize a large number f new wrds.10. ur English teacher says，“As lng as yu frm the habit f learning English every day and have perseverance，yu will cnquer English sner r later.”
1．答案 when
解析先行詞是時間time，定語從句中不缺主語或賓語，故填關系副詞when。
2．答案 why
解析先行詞是原因reasn，定語從句中不缺主語或賓語，故填關系副詞why。
3．答案 where
解析先行詞是地點club，定語從句不缺主語或賓語，故填關系副詞where。
4．答案 whse
解析先行詞是guide，空格后面的teacher與其構(gòu)成所屬關系，故填whse。
5．答案 whm
解析此處為非限制性定語從句，結(jié)合句意及空格前的介詞frm可知填whm。
6．答案 that/which
解析定語從句中用關系詞指代先行詞activities，并在定語從句中作賓語，故用that/which。
7．答案 wh
解析非限制性定語從句中用關系詞指代先行詞my father and the guide，指人，并在定語從句中作主語，故用wh。
8．答案 which
解析非限制性定語從句中用關系詞指代“學習英語”這件事，并在定語從句中作賓語，故用which。
9．答案 which
解析非限制性定語從句，先行詞為前面的句子“I recall the passages”，要用which。
10．答案 As
解析非限制性定語從句中要用關系詞指代后面的句子“As lng as yu frm the habit f learning English every day and have perseverance，yu will cnquer English sner r later.”并放在句首，意為“正如”，故用As。
不同語境中定語從句的使用
1．邀請信
典例 (2015·全國Ⅱ)我寫信邀請你來看我們學校舉辦的漢服表演。
I’m writing t invite yu t enjy a hanfu shw which will be hsted by ur schl.
運用 (2019·全國Ⅲ)我給你寫信的目的是邀請你參加下周六在我們學校舉辦的音樂節(jié)。
I’m writing t invite yu t take part in the music festival which will be held in ur schl next Saturday.
2．申請信(1)
典例 (2019·全國Ⅰ)我自五歲學習中國畫，因此我很了解這門藝術，這使得我能夠很好地介紹畫展。
I have taken up Chinese painting since I was five years ld and I have a gd knwledge f it，which makes it pssible fr me t intrduce the exhibitin well.
運用 (2018·浙江)我英語很熟練，這使得我與外國人自由交談成為可能。
I have a gd cmmand f English，which makes it pssible fr me t cmmunicate with freigners freely.
3．申請信(2)
典例 (2019·全國Ⅰ)我寫信是想申請你們昨天在報紙上刊登的志愿者工作。
I’m writing t apply t wrk as a vlunteer that yu advertised in yesterday’s newspaper.
運用 (2018·浙江)我寫信申請我們學校英語協(xié)會所提供的職位。
I’m writing t apply fr the psitin that the English Assciatin f ur schl ffers.
4．通知(1)
典例 (2018·全國Ⅱ)Grwing Tgether這部電影主要講述我們學校的發(fā)展，將于6月17日下午2∶00到4∶00在校報告廳放映。
The mvie Grwing tgether，which is abut the develpment f ur schl，will be shwn in the schl hall frm 2∶00 t 4∶00 in the afternn n June 17th.
運用 (2019·全國Ⅲ)這場音樂會，其中包括由才華橫溢的學生們表演的各種精彩節(jié)目，將于下周日上午在我校大廳舉行。
The cncert，which includes varius fantastic perfrmances played by talented students，will be held in the schl hall next Sunday mrning.
5．通知(2)
典例 (2018·全國Ⅱ)據(jù)要求，任何想要觀看電影的同學要在下午兩點之前到達。
Thse wh want t watch the mvie are required t arrive befre tw in the afternn.
運用 (2014·遼寧)任何想?yún)⒓釉摶顒拥耐瑢W，請通過lihua@123.cm與李華聯(lián)系。
Anyne wh wants t take part in this activity can email Li Hua at lihua@123.cm.
6．感謝信
典例 (2019·浙江)我感謝你為了提高我的英語所做的一切。
I am grateful t yu fr everything yu did fr me t imprve my English.
運用你告訴我的每一件事都幫助我更好地了解了英國的文化。
Everything yu tld me helped me t have a better understanding f English culture.
7．推薦信
典例 (2017·北京)我強烈推薦的旅行線路是長江之旅。
The trip that I strngly recmmend is the tur alng the Yangtze River.
運用 (2018·北京)我建議你申請北京大學，它是中國最好的大學之一。
I suggest that the university yu apply fr is Peking University，which is ne f the best universities in China.
8．建議信
典例 (2008·全國Ⅱ)以下是一些關于學習漢語的建議，希望能對你有幫助。
Here are sme tips abut hw t learn Chinese，which I hpe will be f help t yu.
運用以下是一些怎樣克服考前焦慮的建議，希望能對你有好處。
Here are sme suggestins abut hw t get ver yur anxiety befre exams，which I hpe will be beneficial t yu.①關系詞指人作主語，可以用that，wh引導。
②關系詞指人作賓語，可以用that, wh，whm 引導。
③關系詞指物作主語或賓語，可以用that, which引導。
④關系詞指物由形容詞或副詞最高級、序數(shù)詞修飾，或者是關系詞是不定代詞，或關系詞既指人又指物時，只能用that。
①位于句首，在定語從句中作主語或賓語，用as引導定語從句。
②在定語從句中作定語，表示所屬關系“……的”，用關系代詞whse。
③用于帶逗號的非限制性定語從句中，作主語指物或前面整個句子時，只能用which而不用that。
④當介詞提到關系代詞之前時，若先行詞指物，則關系詞只能用which；若先行詞指人，則關系詞只能用whm。
①先行詞表示時間，從句不缺主語或賓語，用關系副詞when。
②先行詞表示原因，從句不缺主語或賓語，用關系副詞why。
③先行詞表示地點，從句不缺主語或賓語，用關系副詞where。
④先行詞雖然表示地點、時間或原因，但是從句缺主語或賓語，仍然用關系代詞that/which。
語篇解讀本文為記敘文，文章敘述了作者參加英語俱樂部的難忘經(jīng)歷。在那里作者遇到了一位好老師，那位老師使作者對英語學習產(chǎn)生了興趣，同時作者還養(yǎng)成了學習英語的好習慣。

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