概念：是一種虛詞，不做句子成分，在句子中主要起連接詞與詞、短語與短語、句子與句子的作用。
分類：并列連詞、從屬連詞。
概念：并列連詞是用來表示并列關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、選擇關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系等的詞或短語。用法：1. 表示并列、順承或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的連詞或連詞短語1) and “和；并且”e.g. I like apples and ranges.2) bth…and… “……和……都；兩者都”e.g. Bth yu and I are gd at Physics.
3) as well as “也，還”e.g. He speaks Chinese as well as English.Bb as well as his parents is ging n hliday. 注意：as well as 并列兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的選擇遵循“就遠(yuǎn)原則”
4) nt nly…but als… “不僅……而且……”e.g. My daughter can nt nly sing but als dance.Nt nly I but als Tm is ging t climb muntains. 注意：nt nly…but als… 并列兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的選擇遵循“就近原則”
2. 表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、對(duì)比關(guān)系1) but “但是”e.g. Mr. Black is very pr, but he feels happy.2) yet “然而”（表轉(zhuǎn)折）e.g. It’s strange, yet true.3) while “然而”（表對(duì)比）e.g. In that village, wmen g ut t make mney while men lk after babies at hme.
3. 表選擇關(guān)系1) either…r… “要么……要么……”e.g. Either yu r she is ging t climb the muntain with me tmrrw. 注意：并列兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的選擇遵循“就近原則”
2) r “或者；否則”；在否定句中代替ande.g. Are yu a teacher r a student?Study hard, r yu will fail the exam.3) neither…nr “既不……也不……”e.g. Neither yu nr she has passed the exam. 注意：并列兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的選擇遵循“就近原則”
4. 表因果關(guān)系1) s “所以，因此”e.g. Lily missed the schl bus this mrning, s she was late fr schl.2) fr “所以，因此”e.g. Yu can’t meet him here, fr he has gne t Beijing.
小練 1. （2016河北）Victria, hurry up! _______ we can’t arrive there n time. A. OrB. SC. ButD. And
2. （2016云南）The bss was very rich, __________ it didn’t make him happy because he was always wrried abut lsing his mney. A. butB. and C. r D. althugh
引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的連詞
時(shí)間狀語從句的概念：用表示時(shí)間的從屬連詞連接一個(gè)句子，在句中作時(shí)間狀語的句子。
1. when/while/as “當(dāng)……時(shí)”：1) when引導(dǎo)的從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞既可以是延續(xù)性的，也可以是短暫性的。e.g. When I was twelve, I ften went t that park with my grandmther.
2) while引導(dǎo)的從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性的，表示“一邊……一邊”，強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)作的過程中。e.g. He fell asleep while he was ding his hmewrk.3) as多用于口語，表示主句和從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在同一時(shí)間，常譯為“隨著”。引導(dǎo)過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語從句時(shí)，如果是短暫性動(dòng)詞常用一般過去時(shí)，延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞常用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。e.g. As he grew lder, he became less active.
2. befre “在……之前”：表示主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在befre引導(dǎo)的從句動(dòng)作之前。e.g. Please send me messages befre yu leave.3. after “在……之后”：表示主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在after引導(dǎo)的從句動(dòng)作之后。e.g. Yu can g ut t play sccer after yu finish it.
4. since “自從”：since表示“自從”的含義時(shí)，多用于主句是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子，且引導(dǎo)的從句常用一般過去時(shí)。e.g. I have taught them English since I graduated.5. nt…until “直到……才”; until “直到”：e.g. They didn’t leave until the rain stpped.
6. as sn as “一……就……”：e.g. I will write t yu as sn as I get t Lndn.注意：時(shí)間狀語從句中，也會(huì)用到“主將從現(xiàn)”原則，即主句用一般將來時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。e.g. I will tell him as sn as I see him.
條件狀語從句的概念：用表示條件的從屬連詞引導(dǎo)一個(gè)句子，給主句動(dòng)作的發(fā)生限定條件的句子。
引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的連詞
1. 條件狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞：1) if “如果”e.g. I will g t the mvies if I am free.2) unless “除非”e.g. Yu will fail the exam unless yu study hard.3) as lng as “只要”e.g. There is always hpe, as lng as yu dn’t give up.
2. 條件狀語從句的用法：在條件狀語從句中，通常主句用一般將來時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來表示將來時(shí)的含義，即“主將從現(xiàn)”原則。e.g. If yu tell me the truth, I will help yu in time.
3. 其他用法：條件狀語從句“主將從現(xiàn)”通常可以在表意不變的情況下，和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、祈使句、and/r進(jìn)行互相轉(zhuǎn)化。原句：If yu study hard, yu will get gd grades in the final exam.1）主句含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的條件句：If yu study hard, yu can get gd grades in the final exam.在和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)化過程中，從句不變，主句的一般將來時(shí)will可以用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞代替，即“主情從現(xiàn)”。
2）主句含有祈使句的條件句：e.g. Study hard, if yu want t get gd grades in the final exam.在和祈使句的轉(zhuǎn)化過程中，主句不變，從句直接轉(zhuǎn)化成對(duì)應(yīng)的祈使句，即“主祈從現(xiàn)”。3）① 和and（表遞進(jìn)）的轉(zhuǎn)化：Study hard, and yu will get gd grades in the final exam.② 和r（表轉(zhuǎn)折）的轉(zhuǎn)化：Study hard, r yu will nt get gd grades in the final exam.
引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的連詞
原因狀語從句的概念：用表示原因的從屬連詞引導(dǎo)一個(gè)句子，給主句動(dòng)作的發(fā)生說明原因的從句。
原因狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞1. because “因?yàn)椤?。e.g. I wanted t g t the z because I liked animals very much.注意: 1) because和s不能同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)句子中。e.g. Because it was raining, we stayed at hme. = It was raining, s we stayed at hme. 2) because f 也表示原因，但它后面不接從句, 只能接名詞, 代詞或動(dòng)名詞。
2. Since一般放于主句之前表示已知的、顯然的理由(通常被翻譯成“既然”= nw that )，較為正式，語氣比because弱。e.g. Since yu dn’t trust him, yu shuld nt emply him.3. as as的位置較為靈活(常放于主句之前)，語氣比since弱，較為正式。且附帶說明的“雙方已知的原因”，含有對(duì)比說明的意味。e.g. As yu are tired, yu had better rest.
目的狀語從句的概念：用表示目的的從屬連詞引導(dǎo)一個(gè)句子，說明主句動(dòng)作的發(fā)生的目的的句子。
引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的連詞
1. s that “為了”e.g. She wrked hard s that everything wuld be ready by 5 ’clck.2. in rder that“為了”e.g. He wrks hard in rder that his family may be happy.
注意：in rder t 也可用來表示目的，但它后跟的是動(dòng)詞原形，是簡單句；而in rder that 后跟從句，是復(fù)合句、狀語從句。e.g. They wrk hard in rder t get gd result. (簡單句)They wrk hard in rder that they can get gd grades. （復(fù)合句）
引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的連詞
結(jié)果狀語從句的概念：用表示結(jié)果的連詞連接一個(gè)句子，在句中給主句動(dòng)作作結(jié)果狀語的句子。
adj. +a/an +n+ that +從句S “如此……以至于……” adj./adv. + that + 從句e.g. He is s lvely a by that everyne likes him.He is s lvely that everyne likes him.He speaks s quickly that n ne can catch him.2. such +( a/an )+ adj. +n+ that +從句 “如此……以至于……”e.g. He is such a lvely by that everyne likes him.It is such great weather tday.
+a/an + adj. +單n+ that +從句2. such “如此……以至于……” +adj. + 不可數(shù)n/復(fù)n + that + 從句e.g. He is such a lvely by that everyne likes him.It is such great weather tday.They are such clever bys.
讓步狀語從句的概念：用表示讓步的連詞連接一個(gè)句子，在句中給主句作讓步狀語的句子。
引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的連詞
thugh/althugh 雖然，盡管”兩者都表示讓步，一般情況下可互換使用，只是althugh語氣較重，大多置于句首，可與yet連用但不與but連用。e.g. They are happy thugh they are pr.Althugh he is a Japanese, he can speak Chinese well.
2. even thugh/even if“盡管，即使” e.g. Even thugh / if the weather is bad, we will g t a picnic.3. wh-ever 類引導(dǎo)詞的用法在英語中wh-ever既可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，也可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時(shí)?？蓳Q成“n matter+相應(yīng)的wh-詞”。e.g. Whenever I feel sad, my friend cheers me up.= N matter when I feel sad, my friend cheers me up.
引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語從句的連詞
地點(diǎn)狀語從句的概念：用表示地點(diǎn)的連詞連接一個(gè)句子，在句中給主句作地點(diǎn)狀語的句子。
1. where “在……地方”e.g. G back where yu came frm.注意：where引導(dǎo)的定語從句與地點(diǎn)狀語從句 辨析：G back where yu came frm. （where引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語從句）G back t the village where yu came frm. （where引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞village）
2. wherever “無論哪里”e.g. Wherever yu g, I will fllw yu.
小練 1. Nbdy believed him __________ he said. A. n matter whenB. n matter hw C. n matter whatD. n matter where
2. After the war, a new schl was built __________ there had been a theatre.thatB. whereC. whenD. which
3. She went there __________ early __________ she gt a gd seat.such; thatB. t; tC. s; thatD. enugh; t
練習(xí) 1.（2017陜西）…Yu may read bks here_________ yu help me clean the shp.… A. if B. althughC. befreD. unless
2. (2016海南）— When shall we send the washing machine t yu, Mrs. Read?— __________ n Thursday ____________ n Friday, please. I will be at hmethen.A. Nt nly; but als B. Bth; and C. Either; r D. Neither; nr
練習(xí) 3.（2015陜西中考真題改編） … A: Oh, did yu g anywhere? B: Yes, I went t a farm with my classmate. A: ____________________________? B: Because we are ding an Experimental Educatin Prject next year? A: Experimental Educatin Prject ? …
4. （2017陜西中考）… I will be pleased __________ yu like it.… A. befre B. whether C. thugh D. if
5.（2018陜西中考）… _________ he almst lse heart, Amy gave him lts f help and supprted his dream.…A. befre B. when C. unless D. if
5. 在寫作中，為了使句子的表達(dá)更加流暢，我們會(huì)使用并列連詞和從屬連詞來進(jìn)行過渡。（2018年陜西中考英語）假如你是李華，上周日你在家獨(dú)自照看你5歲的妹妹Nana,請(qǐng)根據(jù)表格內(nèi)容，寫一篇短文。
范文：Last Sunday, my parents were nt at hme, s I lked after my 5-year-ld sister Nana at hme.In the mrning, I tld her many funny stries first. Then we sang and danced happily tgether. I als taught her t speak a few simple English wrds and she learned well At nn, I cked ndles with tmates and eggs. She said they were delicius, I was very glad that she enjyed thelunch. Then we had a rest, In the afternn, we played games tgether.After that, we watched cartns until my parents came back,I felt tired but happy.
Where引導(dǎo)的定語從句和狀語從句的區(qū)分
1.并列連詞的應(yīng)用2.從屬連詞引導(dǎo)狀語從句的應(yīng)用
個(gè)別并列連詞短語的就近原則

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