(一)代　詞



人稱代詞、物主代詞及反身代詞

[全析考法]
Ⅰ.單句語法填空
1．(2018·全國卷Ⅰ)If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give______ a try.
解析：it/running　根據(jù)句意可知，此處表示“我們都應(yīng)該嘗試著跑跑步”，故填代詞it，指代上文的running，此處也可直接填名詞running。
2．(2018·全國卷Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find________ (they) alive.
解析：them　人稱代詞作賓語時(shí)，要用其賓格。空格前面是動(dòng)詞find，空格處應(yīng)用賓格，故填them，指代上文的gorillas。
3．(2018·6月浙江高考)Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap ________ can be to eat out.
解析：it　此處應(yīng)用it作形式主語，動(dòng)詞不定式短語to eat out為真正的主語。
4．(2017·6月浙江高考)“She thought I had hurt ________ (I)，”says Pahlsson.
解析：myself　句意：Pahlsson說：“她以為我傷到了自己”。根據(jù)前面的主語I可知，此處要用反身代詞作賓語。
5．(2016·全國卷Ⅰ)On my recent visit, I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by ________ (it) mother.
解析：its　句意：在最近的一次參觀中，我抱著一對(duì)可愛的、三個(gè)月大的雙胞胎大熊貓中的一只，這只大熊貓被它的媽媽遺棄了。此處應(yīng)該使用形容詞性物主代詞its作定語，修飾名詞mother。
6．(2015·廣東高考)Mr.Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children.He owned a farm ...Now it occurred to ________ that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.
解析：him　“it occurred to sb.＋that從句”表示“某人突然想到”，此處指Mr.Johnson突然想到發(fā)生在他身上的事情，所以填him。
7．(2014·全國卷Ⅱ)Then the driver stood up and asked, “Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop？” A woman on the bus shouted，“Oh dear! It's __________ (I)．”
解析：me/mine　根據(jù)上文語境可知，此處的It如果指前面的suitcase的話，那么此空需要使用名詞性物主代詞mine，表示“那個(gè)箱子是我的”；如果指前面的anyone的話，那么此空需要用I的賓格形式me，表示“是我在上一站丟失了手提箱”。
8．(2014·遼寧高考)Raise your leg and let ________ stay in the air for seconds.
解析：it　句意：抬起你的腿讓它在空中停幾秒鐘。此處填it指代前面出現(xiàn)的“your leg”。
9．(2014·廣東高考)Last year, my brother and I went to Miami for a vacation.Some of my friends who had been there before said ________ was a wonderful holiday destination.
解析：it　從空格后的“a wonderful holiday destination”可知，這個(gè)地方就是Miami，故填it指代前面提到的地點(diǎn)。
Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)
1．(2018·全國卷Ⅲ)I had done myself homework, but I was shy.________________
解析：myself→my　此處表示我已經(jīng)完成了我的家庭作業(yè)。my是形容詞性物主代詞，作 homework的定語，myself不作定語。
2．(2017·全國卷Ⅲ)About one month after this photo was taken, I entered my second year of high school ...This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days.________________
解析：your→my　此處意為“這張照片常常讓我想起我高中時(shí)的許多快樂的記憶”，故應(yīng)該使用代詞my。
3．(2016·全國卷Ⅱ)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden your view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books.
________________
解析：your→our　根據(jù)前面的主語we可知，此處要用our，表示“我們能夠開闊我們的視野”。
4．(2016·全國卷Ⅲ)At first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.________________
解析：yourself→myself　根據(jù)前面的I可知，此處指“我自己做決定”，故應(yīng)用myself。
5．(2016·四川高考)When he came back, I found a bunch of flowers in her hand.________________
解析：her→his　由前面的“When he came back”可知，這束花是在“他的(his)”手里。
6．(2015·全國卷Ⅰ)We must find ways to protect your environment.If we fail to do so, we'll live to regret it.
________________
解析：your→our/the　依據(jù)前后句的語境及邏輯關(guān)系可知，前面的主語是we，句中的your與上下文相悖，應(yīng)當(dāng)改為our/the才能使句意通順。
7．(2015·全國卷Ⅱ)Five minutes later, Tony saw parents.
________________
解析：saw后加his　根據(jù)語境及英語表達(dá)習(xí)慣，應(yīng)當(dāng)在parents前加上與主語Tony相一致的物主代詞his。
8．(2015·四川高考)As I told you last time, I made three new friends here ...but I'm afraid I'll lose their friendship.What do you think I should do? If you were me, would you talk to him？________________
解析：him→them　根據(jù)上文可知，此處指作者交的三個(gè)新朋友，故用them。
9．(2015·浙江高考)Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around them.________________
解析：them→it　a beautiful park為單數(shù)，故應(yīng)用it指代前面的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞park。

[謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則]
(一)人稱代詞、物主代詞與反身代詞
1．基本用法
類別
主格
賓格
形容詞性物主代詞
名詞性
物主代詞
反身代詞
功能
作主語
作賓語、同位語等
作定語
作主語、表語或賓語
作賓語、表語或同位語
第一人稱
I(我)
me
my
mine
myself
we(我們)
us
our
ours
ourselves
第二人稱
you(你)
you
your
yours
yourself
you(你們)
you
your
yours
yourselves
第三人稱
he(他)
him
his
his
himself
she(她)
her
her
hers
herself
it(它)
it
its
its
itself
they(他們)
them
their
theirs
themselves

2．反身代詞的習(xí)慣用法
與介詞搭配
by oneself獨(dú)自地　　　 for oneself親自
of oneself自動(dòng)地 in oneself 本質(zhì)上；本身
與動(dòng)詞搭配
come to oneself　　　　 蘇醒；恢復(fù)知覺
dress oneself 打扮；自己穿衣
devote oneself to 致力于；獻(xiàn)身于
behave oneself 舉止規(guī)矩有禮；檢點(diǎn)
apply oneself to 專心致志于
help oneself to 隨便吃/用
enjoy oneself 玩得開心
seat oneself 就座；入席
make yourself at home 別客氣
adapt/adjust oneself to 適應(yīng)于
teach oneself 自學(xué)
speak to oneself 自言自語
think for oneself 獨(dú)立思考

(二)it的用法
1．it的基本用法
用法
例句
指天氣、季節(jié)、時(shí)間、距離、環(huán)境等
It is early spring, but it is already hot.現(xiàn)在是初春，但是天氣已經(jīng)很熱了。
代替前面提過的事物、群體、想法、內(nèi)容等或代替指示代詞
Although he didn't like it, I decided to see the movie anyway.
盡管他不喜歡看這部電影，但我還是決定去看一看。
指不知性別的孩子和嬰兒或不明確的人(由于某種原因而不知對(duì)方是誰)
What will you call it if it is a boy?
要是男孩的話，你會(huì)給他取個(gè)什么名字？

2.it作形式主語或形式賓語

常用句型
it作形式主語
It is a pity/shame that ...　　　　 真可惜……
It is no wonder that ... 難怪……
It seems/appears that ... 似乎/看來……
It looks/seems as if/as though ... 看起來好像……
It happens that ... 碰巧……
It occurs to/comes to/strikes/hits sb.that ...
某人突然想起……
It is said/reported that ... 據(jù)說/據(jù)報(bào)道……
It is certain that ... ……是一定的
It is no use/good doing ... 做……沒有用/好處
It takes sb.some time to do ... 做……花費(fèi)某人若干時(shí)間
it作形式賓語
①主語＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep ...＋it＋adj./n.＋for/of sb. to do/that從句
②主語＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep ...＋it＋useless/worth/worthwhile/no use/no good/a waste of time/money/energy ... ＋doing ...

3．it的常用短語或句型
make it　　　　　　　　　　 獲得成功；趕上
See to it that ... 確保……
count on/rely on/depend on it that ...　 相信……
as someone puts it 像某人所說的那樣
When it comes to ... 當(dāng)涉及/談到……
I can't help it (...) (……)我沒辦法/情不自禁
I take it that ... 我理解的是……
It's (high) time that sb. did/should do sth.
是某人該做某事的時(shí)候了
It's the first/second/...time that sb.have/has done sth.
這是某人第一次/二次/……次做某事了
It is/has been ...since ... 自從……已過了……時(shí)間了
It will be/was ...before ... 要過……時(shí)間才……/在……之前已過了……時(shí)間


不定代詞　

[全析考法]
單句改錯(cuò)
1．(2018·全國卷Ⅰ)The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals.________________
解析：another→other　another“又一，再一”修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前用other，意為“其他的”。
2．(2015·陜西高考)My soccer coach retired last week.I wanted to do anything special for him at his retirement party.________________
解析：anything→something　something一般用在肯定句中，表示“一些事”；anything一般用在疑問句和否定句中。此處是表示某件事而不是任何事情。
3．(2015·四川高考)We've been spending a lot of time singing in karaoke bars.It's been three Saturdays now and it really costs me many.________________
解析：many→much　此處指的是花費(fèi)很多錢，代指不可數(shù)名詞，故用much。many用來指代可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。

[謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則]
1．both, all, either, neither與none的區(qū)別
代詞
用　法
both
(1)表示“兩者(都)”。
(2)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
(3)與not連用表示部分否定，意為“兩者并不都……”。(表示全部否定需用neither)
all
(1)指三者或三者以上的人或物的“全部”。
(2)作主語，指人時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式；指事物的整體或抽象概念時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。
(3)與not連用表示部分否定。(表示完全否定需用none)
either
(1)表示“(兩者中的)任何一個(gè)”。(表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的“任何一個(gè)”需用any)
(2)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
neither
(1)表示“(兩者)都不”。
(2)單獨(dú)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
(3)后接of短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞既可用單數(shù)形式，也可用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
none
(1)表示“(三者及三者以上中)無一個(gè)”或“沒有一點(diǎn)兒”。
(2)后接of短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞既可用單數(shù)形式，也可用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
(3)既可指代可數(shù)名詞，也可指代不可數(shù)名詞。

2．each與every的區(qū)別
代詞
用　法
each
(1)強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體，可作代詞和形容詞，修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，指兩者或兩者以上中的“每一個(gè)”。
(2)可以與of短語連用；可作主語、賓語、同位語和定語。作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；作同位語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)和主語保持一致。
every
(1)強(qiáng)調(diào)(整體中的)每一個(gè)，只能作定語，修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，表示三者或三者以上中的“每一個(gè)”。
(2)與not連用構(gòu)成部分否定。
(3)可用來表示“每隔”。
(4)不可與of短語連用。


3.the other, another, others與the others的區(qū)別
代詞
用　法
the other
可單獨(dú)使用，特指兩者中的“另一個(gè)”或兩部分中的“另一部分”。
another
泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一個(gè)”，代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。另外，another后可接“基數(shù)詞/few＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞(名詞表示的事物被看作一個(gè)整體)”，表示“另外的……(多少)”。
others/
the others
others只能單獨(dú)使用，表示泛指意義，意為“其他的人或事物”，常與some連用。特指“整體中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”時(shí)用the others。

4．none, nothing與no one/nobody的區(qū)別
代詞
用　法
none
(1)特指語境中提到的人或物，強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量。
(2)后可接of短語，可回答以how many, how much引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句。
nothing
(1)指物，表泛指。
(2)不可接of短語，可回答what引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句。
no one/
nobody
(1)常指人，僅用于指代可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)。
(2)不可接of短語，可回答以who引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句。

5．復(fù)合不定代詞的用法

某……
任何……
每個(gè)……；所有……
沒有……
人
someone/
somebody
anyone/
anybody
everyone/everybody
no one/
nobody
物
something
anything
everything
nothing

[知識(shí)拓展]　復(fù)合不定代詞構(gòu)成的習(xí)慣搭配：
nothing but　　　　　　 僅僅；只是
anything but 決不
something of 有幾分；略微
or something 諸如此類的人或物
something else 別的東西；另外一件事
for nothing 免費(fèi)

6．表數(shù)量的不定代詞的用法
代詞
用法
表示意義
含義
few
修飾或代替可數(shù)名詞
否定含義
幾乎沒有
a few
修飾或代替可數(shù)名詞
肯定含義
幾個(gè)；一些
little
修飾或代替不可數(shù)名詞
否定含義
幾乎沒有
a little
修飾或代替不可數(shù)名詞
肯定含義
少量；一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)
many
修飾或代替可數(shù)名詞
肯定含義
許多
much
修飾或代替不可數(shù)名詞
肯定含義
許多


語法填空解題“2定向”
1．通過句子成分確定所填代詞的形式
(1)如果作主語，則用人稱代詞的主格；
(2)如果作賓語或表語，則用人稱代詞的賓格；
(3)如果作定語，則用形容詞性物主代詞；
(4)如果作賓語、表語或同位語且又反射到句子主語，則用反身代詞。
2．通過句式結(jié)構(gòu)和“指代”，判斷是否用it
(1)如果指代上文提到的同一個(gè)事物，則用it；
(2)如果指代天氣、時(shí)間、距離或環(huán)境情況則用it；
(3)如果作形式主語或形式賓語，則用it；
(4)注意一些固定用法：dislike/hate/appreciate/depend on/see to ...＋it＋從句。

據(jù)第1條解題
1．He lives a very regular life, studying every day and never allowing himself (he) to fall behind in his schoolwork.
2．When told that it was a loss to humans, the farmers burst into laughter and responded，“Our real loss is our (we) decreasing income.”
3．While making a choice from various ways of spending our time, we ought to ensure something that restores our lost energy and cheers us (we) up.
4．But she learned a lot as she worked, and her employer allowed her to use his (he) large library.
5．However, while it is fun to keep up with the latest news, we may actually be putting ourselves (we) in danger.
6．They had to chase the overprotective mother away first, so that they (them) could get close enough to rescue the baby.
7．Yesterday evening, just before dusk, I spotted a pigeon badly tied up with a sharp kite string, hitting the wall and the tree branches to free himself (he) from the string.
據(jù)第2條解題
8．We believe that it is the Silk Road that will help to realize the peace and development of this area.
9．Realizing it was our last high school sports meeting, we decided to make it an unforgettable experience for all of us.
10．Given hope, I am convinced that a breakthrough can come at any age if we have faith in ourselves and keep learning and working for it.
11．Unlike those taxis, my vehicle does not run on petrol or diesel (柴油) or even gas; it runs on my sweat.
12．It is important to think about the people of a destination country and how tourism affects them.
短文改錯(cuò)解題“3注意”
1．避免張冠李戴，注意前后一致性
注意前后人稱、性別、單復(fù)數(shù)是否一致。
2．分析句子成分，掌握固定短語
(1)根據(jù)所充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞终_使用人稱代詞、物主代詞和反身代詞；
(2)注意一些含代詞的固定短語。
3．搞清范圍，確定不定代詞
(1)兩者：二者選其一用either; 二者都不選用neither; 二者都選用both；
(2)三者或三者以上：三者或三者以上的任何一個(gè)用any; 三者或三者以上都不選用none; 三者或三者以上都選用all;
(3)其他：若表示“另外一個(gè)”用another; 若在名詞前用other; 若不跟名詞且指代復(fù)數(shù)，用others；
(4)肯定句用something，否定句和疑問句用anything。

據(jù)第1條解題
1．Once I got first prize in the English Writing Competition in your school.In addition, I worked as a reporter for our school newspaper last year, which I think will certainly help me do the job better.your→our
2．The moment he tried to hang the bottle on it, they fell and broke.they→it
3．First of all, as students we should manage our own behaviors and help people around you form good habits.you→us
4．In spite of my own exhaustion, I rose from my seat and gave them away without hesitation to her and the baby.them→it
5．After picking out one of my shirts and a coat, I washed and then hung it out.it→them
6．My brother and Ah Bao came to a river nearby and enjoyed himself.himself→themselves
據(jù)第2條解題
7．It is me that should clean the classroom.me→I
8．As a result, he is popular with our students. our→us
9．I rushed out and it was my mother, who is already in the fifties, that brought me lunch, in spite of the heavy rain.第一個(gè)the→her
10．It is a very precious present from mine Canadian teacher, which I treasure very much.mine→my
據(jù)第3條解題
11．Now I am writing here in my flat to tell you anything about it.anything→something
12．Dad found a new job, and as Mom explained, “He was lucky to find other one.”other→another

(二)介　詞




常用介詞　

[全析考法]
Ⅰ.單句語法填空
1．(2018·6月浙江高考)If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum's home ________ dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.
解析：for　此處for ...與前面的go to ...搭配，表示目的。
2．(2017·全國卷Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community (醫(yī)學(xué)界) ________ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
解析：as　分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處在句中作狀語表示“作為一種抵抗心臟病的方式”。as意為“作為”。
3．(2017·全國卷Ⅲ)After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree ________ engineering or architecture.
解析：in　名詞degree意為“學(xué)位”，后面應(yīng)該跟介詞in，表示“在……方面”。a degree in engineering or architecture意為“工程學(xué)或建筑學(xué)學(xué)位”。
4．(2016·全國卷Ⅲ)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India, for example, most people traditionally eat ________ their hands.
解析：with　with one's hands“用某人的手”。介詞with意為“用”。
5．(2016·四川高考)The mother continued to care for the young panda ________ more than two years.
解析：for　 句意：熊貓媽媽對(duì)小熊貓的照顧會(huì)持續(xù)兩年多。“for＋時(shí)間段”表示持續(xù)一段時(shí)間。
6．(2015·全國卷Ⅰ)For those who fly to Guilin, it's only an hour away __________ car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.
解析：by　此處表示“驅(qū)車只有一小時(shí)的路程”?！癰y＋交通工具名詞”為固定用法。
7．(2015·廣東高考)One day, the cow was eating grass when it began to rain heavily.While making great efforts to run away, she fell over the hill and died.Then the Johnsons had to make a living ________ the cow.
解析：without　根據(jù)語境可知，奶牛在慌忙躲雨的時(shí)候，不小心摔死了，因此約翰遜一家人就不得不在沒有了奶牛的情況下謀生。故填without。
Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)
1．(2018·全國卷Ⅰ)At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, and he agreed.________________
解析：去掉for　此處的every two years是名詞性短語，意為“每兩年”，在句中作狀語，其前不用介詞。
2．(2018·全國卷Ⅱ)Still I was unwilling to play the games for them sometimes.________________
解析：for→with　play the games with sb.為習(xí)慣性用法，意為“和某人一起玩游戲”。
3．(2017·全國卷Ⅲ)When I look at this picture of myself, I realize of how fast time flies.________________
解析：去掉第二個(gè)of　realize是及物動(dòng)詞，后面直接跟賓語從句“how fast time flies”。
4．(2015·全國卷Ⅰ)Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted.________________
解析：on→with　with the development of為固定短語，意為“隨著……的發(fā)展”。
5．(2015·全國卷Ⅱ)One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents.It was very crowded.Tony saw a toy on a shop window.________________
解析：on→in　根據(jù)語境可知，玩具是擺放在商店的櫥窗里面的，故用介詞in。
6．(2015·陜西高考)My soccer coach retired in last week.________________
解析：去掉in　last week“上個(gè)星期”，前面無需加介詞。
7．(2015·四川高考)Please help with me and give me some advice.________________
解析：去掉with　動(dòng)詞help為及物動(dòng)詞，其后接賓語時(shí)無需加介詞，故去掉with。
[謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則]
1．a(chǎn)gainst的用法
含義
例　句
反對(duì)；違背；與……相反
Are you for or against the plan?
你是贊成還是反對(duì)該計(jì)劃？
觸；碰；撞；緊靠；倚靠
Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back against a big tree.
吉姆累了，背靠著一棵大樹很快便睡著了。
與……競爭
We will be competing against the best companies in Europe.
我們將會(huì)和歐洲的頂級(jí)公司競爭。
防備，抵御
They took measures against the fire.
他們采取了防火措施。
以……為背景，襯托
The hill looks more beautiful against the blue sky.在藍(lán)天的映襯下，山峰更顯美麗。
　　2.at的用法
含義及用法
例　句
用在表示地點(diǎn)、場(chǎng)合、方位等的名詞前，表示“在某處”
I'll pick you up at the airport at 2 o'clock this afternoon.
今天下午兩點(diǎn)我會(huì)到機(jī)場(chǎng)接你。
用在表示時(shí)刻、鐘點(diǎn)、期間、……歲、時(shí)節(jié)等的名詞前
He left school at (the age of) 16.
他16歲便離開了學(xué)校。
表示“以，按(價(jià)格、速度、數(shù)量等)”
Admission is at normal charges and you don't need to book.
以正常價(jià)格收取門票費(fèi)，無須預(yù)約。
表示“因……而；一聽到/看到/想到……就……”
We were frightened at the terrible sight.看到這可怕的景象，我們被嚇到了。
表示“朝，向(某方向、目標(biāo))”
He shot at the bird but missed it.
他向那只鳥射擊，但是沒射中。
表示“在……方面”
She's hopeless at managing people.
她對(duì)人事管理一竅不通。

3．beyond的用法
含義
例　句
(指程度)深于；(指范圍)超出；(指可能性、理解力、能力等)為……所不及
The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9.
一氧化碳排放量超出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的城市數(shù)量已經(jīng)由40個(gè)減少為9個(gè)了。
(指空間)在……的那一邊，在更遠(yuǎn)處
The airport is 20 miles beyond the town.機(jī)場(chǎng)在離城鎮(zhèn)二十英里外的地方。
(時(shí)間)晚于，遲于
He came home beyond the usual time.
他比平時(shí)回家晚。

[易錯(cuò)提醒]
如果表達(dá)“(范圍、程度)在……之內(nèi)”，則用within。
The government was doing everything within its power to help the victims. 政府正盡其所能幫助那些受害者。
4．by的用法
含義及用法
例　句
(時(shí)間)不遲于，在……之前
He is sure to come by three o'clock.
他三點(diǎn)之前肯定會(huì)來。
(位置)靠近，在……旁邊/附近
On a cold evening, it is pleasant to sit by the fire.
在寒冷的夜晚，坐在爐火旁邊很舒服。
表示“(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、度量、數(shù)量)根據(jù)，按照，以……計(jì)算”，常用結(jié)構(gòu)為“by＋the＋單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”
They sell eggs by the dozen.
他們按打賣雞蛋。
We rent the car by the day.
我們按天租用汽車。
(表示程度、數(shù)量)相差
We lost the match by one goal.
我們以一球之差輸了這場(chǎng)比賽。
經(jīng)過，經(jīng)由
They came in by the back door.
他們是從后門進(jìn)來的。
靠，用，通過(某種方法、手段)
You can reserve the tickets by phone.
你可以通過電話訂票。
“被/由……”(常置于表被動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞后，后接動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者)
He was knocked down by a car.
他被一輛小汽車撞倒了。


5．for的用法
含義
例　句
(表示目的或功能)為了
Are you learning English for pleasure or for your work?
你學(xué)英語是出于消遣還是為了工作？
(表示對(duì)象或用途)給，對(duì)
The problem was that it was too expensive for everyday use.
問題是這對(duì)日常使用來說太貴了。
(表示原因)因?yàn)椋捎?br /> Bill was arrested for dangerous driving.比爾因危險(xiǎn)駕駛而被拘捕。
(表示時(shí)間、距離、數(shù)量)達(dá)，計(jì)
We drove for miles before we found a gas station.我們開車數(shù)英里后才找到一個(gè)加油站。
(表示等值或比例關(guān)系)換取
He agreed to pay 300 dollars for the picture.他答應(yīng)付300美元買下那幅畫。
支持，贊成
How many people voted for the proposal？有多少人支持這項(xiàng)提議？
至于，關(guān)于，就……而言
It's cold for the time of year.
在一年的這個(gè)時(shí)節(jié)天氣是冷了些。
(表示去向)往，向
A few days later she would be leaving for New York.過幾天她就要去紐約了。
(表示陳述或問題的對(duì)象)適于，適合于
I'm sure she's the ideal person for the job.
我確信她是這個(gè)職位的理想人選。


常用介詞短語與搭配　

[全析考法]
Ⅰ.單句語法填空
1．(2018·全國卷Ⅲ)I was searching ________ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing.
解析：for　search for為固定搭配，意為“尋找，搜索”。
2．(2018·11月浙江高考)One cup of coffee ________ the late afternoon or evening will cause them to stay awake almost all night.
解析：in　in the late afternoon為固定搭配，意為“在傍晚”。
3．(2017·全國卷Ⅱ)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and ________ work.
解析：from　to and from work為固定短語，意為“上下班”。
4．(2016·全國卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back ________ my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s ...
解析：to　go back to為固定短語，意為“回到，追溯到”。
5．(2016·全國卷Ⅱ)Most of us are more focused ________ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.
解析：on　句意：我們中的很多人一天中早晨的注意力要比晚些時(shí)候更集中。be focused on為固定短語，意為“專心于，集中于”。
6．(2015·全國卷Ⅱ)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day; ________ the same time, they warm up again for the night.
解析：at　at the same time為固定短語，意為“同時(shí)”。
7．(2015·廣東高考)He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby ________ other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.
解析：for　根據(jù)語境可知，他去附近的鎮(zhèn)里賣牛奶，或用牛奶換其他的食物。exchange ...for ...為固定搭配，意為“用……交換……”。
8．(2014·全國卷Ⅱ)When the bus finally came, we all hurried on board.I got a place next ________ the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk.
解析：to　next to為固定搭配，意為“挨著”。
9．(2014·遼寧高考)OK.Don't laugh ________ me.I may look funny.
解析：at　laugh at是固定搭配，意為“嘲笑，取笑”。
10．(2014·廣東高考)I didn't understand why this would happen and my credit card had already been charged ________ the reservation.
解析：for　根據(jù)語境可知，“我”的信用卡已經(jīng)為這次預(yù)訂支付錢了。be charged for是固定搭配，意為“為……支付”。
Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)
1．(2017·全國卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road.________________
解析：on→of　in the middle of “在……中間”，是固定搭配。
2．(2017·全國卷Ⅱ)They have also bought for some gardening tools.________________
解析：去掉for　buy為及物動(dòng)詞，其后直接跟賓語。buy sth.(for sb.)或buy sb.sth.表示“為某人買某物”。
3．(2016·全國卷Ⅰ)My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time.________________
解析：dreams后加of　固定短語dream of doing sth.意為“夢(mèng)想做某事”。
4．(2016·6月浙江高考)While they chatted, my father would lift my sister and me up to sit in the top of the fridge.________________
解析：in→on　on the top of為固定搭配，意為“在……的上面/頂端”。故應(yīng)把in改為on。
5．(2015·浙江高考)My old classroom was interesting because three sides of the classroom were made from glass.________________
解析：from→of　be made from和be made of都意為“由……制成”，但be made of是指從制成品中能直接看出原材料；be made from則不能直接看出原材料。此處表示“教室的三面都是由玻璃制成的”，從制成品中可以看出原材料，故用be made of。
6．(2014·全國卷Ⅱ)We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sit by the lake listening music.________________
解析：listening后加to　listen為不及物動(dòng)詞，后跟名詞時(shí)應(yīng)該加上介詞to。
7．(2014·遼寧高考)We appreciate your apologies and goodwill, but we hope that you can figure a good way of settling the matter.________________
解析：figure后加out　figure out“想出”，為固定短語。
8．(2014·四川高考)If you hear the alarm, stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to lead you outside.________________
解析：wait后加for　wait為不及物動(dòng)詞，后面跟賓語時(shí)應(yīng)加介詞for。

[謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則]
(一)介詞與動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的搭配
call for　　　　　　　　　 需要
pay for 為……付款
apply for 申請(qǐng)
search for 尋找，搜索
wait for 等待
begin with 以……開始
play with 同……一起玩；玩弄
care about 關(guān)心；介意
feel like 想要
hold up 舉起
rely on 依靠
pass by 經(jīng)過
figure out 想出
dream of 夢(mèng)想
listen to 聽
refer to 提及；參考；查閱
contribute to 貢獻(xiàn)；有助于；促成
laugh at 嘲笑
focus on 集中于
charge ... for ... 為……要價(jià)……
exchange ... for ... 用……來交換……
go back to 追溯到
(二)介詞與名詞構(gòu)成的搭配
1．a(chǎn)t＋n.表示狀態(tài)
at a loss 不知所措 at peace 處于和平狀態(tài)
at war 處于戰(zhàn)爭狀態(tài) at work 在工作
2．其他以at開頭的介詞短語
at the beginning of 在……的開始
at the cost of 以……的代價(jià)
at the risk of 冒……的危險(xiǎn)
at the mercy of 在……支配下；任由……擺布
at the same time 同時(shí)
3．on＋n.表示狀態(tài)
on exhibition/show 在展出
on fire 著火
on sale 出售，打折
on the way 在途中
on the decrease/increase 在減少/在增加
on holiday/vacation 在度假
4．其他以on開頭的介詞短語
on account of 因?yàn)?br /> on behalf of 代表
on no account/condition 決不
on the top of 在……上面/頂端
5．by＋n.表示方式
by accident 偶然地 by air/plane 乘飛機(jī)
by chance 偶然 by coincidence 碰巧
by hand 用手工 by mistake 錯(cuò)誤地
by the day 按天算 by nature 天生地
6．in＋n.表示方式
in cash 用現(xiàn)金付款 in depth 在深度上
in detail 詳細(xì)地 in height 在高度上
in length 在長度上 in English 用英語
7．其他以in開頭的介詞短語
in no time立刻 in no way 決不
in place of 代替 in possession of 擁有，占有
in addition to 另外 in charge of 掌管……
in return 作為回報(bào) in spite of 盡管
in exchange for 作為交換
in favor of 支持，贊成
in case of 萬一；如果；假使
in support of 為支持……
in honour of 為向……表示敬意
in memory of 為了紀(jì)念……
in the middle of 在……中間
8．of＋n.表示特征(等于相應(yīng)的形容詞)
of benefit 有益處的 of help 有幫助的
of importance 重要的 of significance 有意義的
of use 有用的 of value 有價(jià)值的
9．out of＋n.表示狀態(tài)
out of balance 失去平衡 out of breath 上氣不接下氣
out of control 失去控制 out of date 過期
out of order 發(fā)生故障 out of sight 看不見
out of the question 不可能
out of work 失業(yè)
10．under＋n.表示被動(dòng)
under attack 遭到襲擊 under pressure 在壓力下
under treatment 在治療中 under control 處于控制之中
11．with＋n.表示方式
with delight/joy 高興地 with difficulty 困難地
with ease輕而易舉地 with fear 害怕地
with pleasure樂意地
12．beyond＋n.表示“超出……，難以……”
beyond compare 無與倫比
beyond reach 夠不到
beyond description 難以描述
beyond expression/words 難以表達(dá)
(三)介詞與其他詞構(gòu)成的搭配
next to緊挨著 instead of代替
apart from除……之外 according to根據(jù)
along with隨著 together with連同
owing to因?yàn)? but for要不是
regardless of不管，不顧 up to直到；由……而定
to and from 往返，來來回回
in between 在中間，在兩者之間
by means of 用……辦法；借助……

語法填空解題“2策略”
1．分析句子成分
如果句子中不缺少主語或表語，動(dòng)詞后又不缺少賓語，則在名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞前一定是填介詞。
2．記牢搭配
(1)注意短語搭配中介詞的正確使用；
(2)注意有特殊用法的介詞，如接復(fù)合賓語就只能用with或without。

據(jù)第1條解題
1．She patted him on the head and said, “My little boy, do you feel comfortable now than before？”
2．Chinese proverbs are rich and they are still widely used in Chinese people's daily life.Behind these proverbs there are often interesting stories.　
3．If you could exchange lives with someone for a short time, would you like to do that?
4．Atkins' dog, Otis, waited in the nearby bushes uneasily.

據(jù)第2條解題
5．As a result, he spends his life in a wheelchair and cannot write by means of a pen or pencil.
6．But wildlife today disappears or is in danger just because humans do harm to it.
7．But one day I came across a sentence in the Bible，“Do not be anxious about tomorrow, for tomorrow will be anxious for itself, let the day's own trouble be sufficient for the day.”
8．The effect that music can have on our emotions is tremendous, as it can bring people to floods of tears or bursts of laughter.
9．Many times we don't realize how routine our lives have become and how much we take them for granted until we find ourselves in a new situation.
10．The teacher paused on purpose to remind the students to stop talking.
11．While teens become busy with their studies, it is very important to develop a hobby, which can not only give them fun and rest but also broaden their horizons.
12．First, they care about social concerns.
短文改錯(cuò)解題“3視角”
1．介詞的漏用
(1)如果句子中不缺少主語或表語，動(dòng)詞后又不缺少賓語，則在名詞或代詞前經(jīng)常是缺少介詞；
(2)某些不及物動(dòng)詞后漏加介詞，以及某些短語中介詞缺失，如look (at), listen (to), take care (of), be fit (for), according (to)等。
2．介詞的多余
(1)不該用介詞的短語中用了介詞，如next year常寫成in next year；
(2)有些及物動(dòng)詞后多加了介詞，如enter the room錯(cuò)寫成enter into the room, return my book錯(cuò)寫成return back/to my book等。
3．介詞的誤用
(1)on, in, at等介詞的基本用法或基礎(chǔ)詞義的混用；
(2)固定搭配中的介詞的誤用；
(3)“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”中介詞的誤用；
(4)受漢語思維影響誤把介詞當(dāng)連詞。
據(jù)第1條解題
1．When the old man came back, the smell of the whisky reminded him the accident.him后加of
2．Only if we are fully prepared the challenge both mentally and physically can we overcome the difficulties.prepared后加for
3．I'm very glad to receive your e-mail asking for information about the host family we have arranged you to stay with.you前加for
據(jù)第2條解題
4．One of them, who seemed in his thirties, praised on me for my self-confidence.去掉on
5．Gradually, I became interested in biology and chose to learn biology when I entered into the college.去掉into
6．But on today, at this special time, I just want to tell you loudly: I love you, Mom！去掉on
據(jù)第3條解題
7．I also do well at speaking English.at→in
8．It's the relationship among my deskmate and me.among→between
9．There was one on particular I'd always wanted.on→in
10．For his opinion, actors should go on even when they feel they have made mistakes in their performances.For→In
11．Not only is he strict with his teaching but also he is kind and patient to everybody.with→in
12．In fact, he even scared my classmates away during they came over to play or do homework with me.during→when


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