Wuld yu rather watch a new mvie,r an ld favrite?Wuld yu rather try a dish yu’ve never had at a restaurant,r stick with smething yu knw yu’ll like?Researchers studying the “mere expsure effect” have fund that we ften prefer the familiar t the nvel.
Peple didn’t need t experience a reward r psitive utcme while arund the bject—simply being expsed t the bject wuld be enugh t make peple like it.T test this,scial psychlgist Rbert Zajnc had participants read wrds in a freign language ut lud and varied hw ften participants read each wrd (up t 25 repetitins).Next,after reading the wrds,participants were asked t guess at the meaning f each wrd by filling ut a rating scale (indicating hw psitive r negative they thught the meaning f the wrd was).
He fund that participants liked wrds that they had said mre ften,while wrds that participants hadn’t read at all were rated mre negatively,and wrds that had been read 25 times were rated highest.Just the mere expsure t the wrd was enugh t make participants like it mre.
One place where the mere expsure effect ccurs is in advertising.It explains why seeing the same advertisement multiple times culd be mre cnvincing than just seeing it nce.Of curse,there’s a cautin here:the mere expsure effect desn’t happen fr things we initially dislike.Researchers have fund that ur liking fr a variety f things (including pictures,sunds,fds,and smells) can be increased with repeated expsure,suggesting that the mere expsure effect isn’t limited t just ne f ur senses.Additinally,researchers have fund that the mere expsure effect ccurs in studies with human research participants as well as in studies with nn-human animals.
Anther key finding frm this analysis was that participants eventually started t like bjects less after many repeated expsures.In ther wrds,a smaller number f repeated expsures will make yu like smething mre——but,if the repeated expsures cntinue,yu culd eventually get tired f it.
【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說明文。本文介紹了曝光效應(yīng),即一種我們會(huì)偏好自己熟悉的事物的心理現(xiàn)象。本文闡述了曝光效應(yīng)的提出、應(yīng)用及原理。
1.What is the key factr in Rbert Zajnc’s test?
A.Frequency. B.Preference.
C.Originality.D.Achievement.
答案 A
解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“T test this,scial psychlgist Rbert Zajnc had participants read wrds in a freign language ut lud and varied hw ften participants read each wrd (up t 25 repetitins).”可知,Rbert Zajnc測試的關(guān)鍵因素是頻率。
2.Which f the fllwing is an example f the “mere-expsure effect”?
A.We favr an advertisement at the first sight.
B.A student jined in the club because f lve.
C.We are mre cnvinced f what we met befre.
D.A student read as many English wrds as pssible.
答案 C
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“Researchers studying the ‘mere expsure effect’ have fund that we ften prefer the familiar t the nvel.”可知,C選項(xiàng)“我們更相信以前遇見的”是曝光效應(yīng)的例子。
3.What can we learn abut the “mere expsure effect” accrding t paragraph 4?
A.It is the result f advertising.
B.It has nthing t d with animals.
C.It is true f what we dislike at first.
D.It can be applied t multiple senses.
答案 D
解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“Researchers have fund that ur liking fr a variety f things (including pictures,sunds,fds,and smells) can be increased with repeated expsure,suggesting that the mere expsure effect isn’t limited t just ne f ur senses.”可知,“曝光效應(yīng)”可以應(yīng)用于多種感官。
4.What is the text mainly abut?
A.Mre lve because f mre expsures.
B.The study n the “mere expsure effect”.
C.Better results frm the earlier expsures.
D.The applicatin f the “mere expsure effect”.
答案 B
解析 主旨大意題。本文介紹了曝光效應(yīng),即一種我們會(huì)偏好自己熟悉的事物的心理現(xiàn)象。本文闡述了曝光效應(yīng)的提出、應(yīng)用及原理。
Passage 2 (2024山東菏澤一模)
主題:多力多滋理論 詞數(shù):336難度:★★★★☆
The apparent cmplexities f the TikTk algrithm(算法) may actually be as simple as a bag f chips.In a vide with mre than 700,000 views,creatr Celeste Aria laid ut her “Drit thery”,which she uses t explain the addictive nature f endlessly-scrlling scial media feeds.
Everyne has a tpic they just can’t stp thinking abut,and Aria’s Rman Empire is Drits.In her ppular vide,she expresses that TikTk scrlling is s addictive because it is never fully satisfying.Like a Drit,a scrlling sessin n the Fr Yu Page is mst stimulating during the first few bites.The end f the chip r vide brings a desire t start cnsuming anther ne,thus returning t that first-bite feeling.
Essentially,the Drit thery suggests that activities like eating Drits,which prvide a quick burst f pleasure but lack lasting satisfactin,can be highly addictive.Aria cmpared it t cnsuming fds that ffer deeper satisfactin,like a hearty steak,where the feeling f fullness and cntentment lasts lnger.
The thery can apply t a lt f different experiences,but it’s particularly well-suited as a metaphr fr the dpamine(多巴胺) bsts that ccur while scrlling thrugh scial media Srensn,a bard-certified psychiatrist,said that the Drit thery is cnsistent with existing ideas regarding addictin.“The mre immediate the reward is,the mre likely we are t repeat that behavir,whether it’s eating Drits r scrlling n scial media.”
Aria may nt be a licensed medical prfessinal,but she treats junk fd the way any nutritinist wuld.“I’d recmmend just trying t remve anything that yu think falls int the Drit categry,” she says in her vide.
The Drit thery trend has led t reflectins n the nature f addictin and the pursuit f instant satisfactin in tday’s sciety,resnating(共鳴) with many TikTk users wh recgnize similar patterns in their wn lives.S,it feels like it’s nly a matter f time befre Drits respnds t Aria’s thery.
【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了Aria用她提出的多力多滋理論解釋了社交媒體無盡滾動(dòng)信息流為何具有高度成癮性,這一理論引起了廣大群眾的共鳴,已成為一個(gè)熱點(diǎn)話題。
5.What d the underlined wrds “Rman Empire” in paragraph 2 prbably refer t?
A.A vide.
B.A subject.
C.A cuntry.
D.A snack.
答案 B
解析 詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞前“Everyne has a tpic they just can’t stp thinking abut”可推知,Aria的話題是多力多滋薯片,故B項(xiàng)“話題”與畫線詞含義一致。
6.What makes Aria addicted t chips accrding t the text?
A.Scial media.
B.Different flavrs.
C.Lasting satisfactin.
D.First-bite feeling.
答案 D
解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中“Like a Drit,a scrlling sessin n the Fr Yu Page is mst stimulating during the first few bites.The end f the chip r vide brings a desire t start cnsuming anther ne,thus returning t that first-bite feeling.”可知,Aria對薯片上癮正是由于這種“第一口”的感覺。
7.Hw des Aria explain the Drit thery?
A.By intrducing a cncept.
B.By cnducting an experiment.
C.By making a cmparisn.
D.By quting an expert’s wrds.
答案 C
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段中“In her ppular vide,she expresses that TikTk scrlling is s addictive because it is never fully satisfying.Like a Drit,a scrlling sessin n the Fr Yu Page is mst stimulating during the first few bites.The end f the chip r vide brings a desire t start cnsuming anther ne,thus returning t that first-bite feeling.”可知,Aria通過類比的方式闡述了多力多滋理論。
8.What is a suitable title fr the text?
A.TikTk:an appealing platfrm
B.Celeste Aria:an insightful discverer
C.Chips r steaks:a challenging chice
D.The Drit thery:an nging hit nline
答案 D
解析 主旨大意題。文章主要介紹了Aria的多力多滋理論,且這一理論引起了廣大群眾的共鳴,已成為一個(gè)熱點(diǎn)話題,故D項(xiàng)“多力多滋理論:一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)上持續(xù)走紅的熱點(diǎn)”適合作為文章的標(biāo)題。
Passage 3 (2024浙江溫州二模)
主題:宜家效應(yīng) 詞數(shù):321 難度:★★★★★
When instant cake mixes first appeared in the 1950s,American husewives were dubtful.These mixes,prmising easy cake-baking,felt t easy.The manufacturers discvered that requiring the additin f an egg in the baking prcess was just enugh t make the husewives happy with their wrk.The greater sense f effrt gained frm a little extra labr is believed t have been essential t the later success f the cake mix.
This reflects the IKEA effect (宜家效應(yīng)),which is identified by psychlgist Michael I.Nrtn and his clleagues,suggesting we place greater value n things we have wrked t create.They cnducted fur studies in which they asked participants t fld paper cranes and frgs,assemble IKEA bxes,and build sets f Legs.They then asked the builders t bid(出價(jià)) fr their creatins,and cmpared the prices with bids frm peple wh hadn’t built them.The builders cnsistently utbid the nn-builders.
Interestingly,the IKEA effect wrks even when peple have n pprtunity t fully persnalize their creatins.While mst participants’ flding skills left much t be desired,they lved their imperfectly persnalized prducts all the mre.Builders valued their wrinkled crane-like creatins nearly five times as much as nn-builders.Beauty,it seems,is in the eye f the builder.
Tday,as cities are suffering frm severe husing crises,the IKEA effect can give us insight int the well-being benefits f a self-building apprach t husing develpment.Prjects like WikiHuse and the “half-a-huse” apprach pineered by Alejandr Aravena’s architecture cmpany Elemental are wrking t make husing mre affrdable and sustainable by making it easier fr peple t build and persnalize their wn hmes.
“The mment peple are invlved with their built envirnment,they have a ttally different relatinship t it,” WikiHuse c-funder Alastair Parvin explained.“When the rf starts leaking r a dr starts creaking,they have the pwer t fix it themselves.”
【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說明文。本文通過討論宜家效應(yīng)以及幾個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的結(jié)果,論述了人們更加珍視自己親手創(chuàng)造的東西,并由此引發(fā)了對自我建造住房的好處的思考。
9.What brught custmers the jy f cake-baking accrding t paragraph 1?
A.A better taste.
B.An easy apprach.
C.A detailed recipe.
D.An additinal effrt.
答案 D
解析 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“The manufacturers discvered that requiring the additin f an egg in the baking prcess was just enugh t make the husewives happy with their wrk.The greater sense f effrt gained frm a little extra labr is believed t have been essential t the later success f the cake mix.”可知,額外的努力給顧客帶來了蛋糕烘焙的樂趣。
10.What des the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 imply?
A.Creatins are based n skills.
B.Extra labr increases perceived value.
C.Beauty is fund thrugh cntrast.
D.Strict management brings gd quality.
答案 B
解析 詞句猜測題。根據(jù)上文內(nèi)容可知,本段主要講述額外的勞動(dòng)會(huì)讓參與者更喜歡自己的作品,所以“Beauty,it seems,is in the eye f the builder.”意為“額外的勞動(dòng)增加了感知價(jià)值”。
11.What is Alastair Parvin’s attitude twards public invlvement in husing?
A.Critical.
B.Objective.
C.Dubtful.
D.Supprtive.
答案 D
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容可知,Alastair Parvin認(rèn)為公眾參與住房建設(shè),他們與環(huán)境的關(guān)系就完全不同了,所以是持支持的態(tài)度。
12.What’s the purpse f this text?
A.T prmte a brand.
B.T make a prpsal.
C.T explain a cncept.
D.T intrduce a study.
答案 C
解析 推理判斷題?？v觀全文,尤其是第二段內(nèi)容可知,本文主要解釋什么是宜家效應(yīng)(IKEA effect),所以本文的目的是解釋一個(gè)概念。

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