議論文說理性強，語言莊重，邏輯縝密，常用難詞、長詞和復(fù)雜句，給我們的閱讀理解帶來一定難度。
議論文是運用邏輯推理和證明來闡述某一觀點、看法和主張的文體。這類文章或從正面提出某種見解，或駁斥別人的錯誤觀點，以說服讀者同意自己的觀點為主要目的。
議論文一般有論點、論據(jù)和論證三個要素。論點是議論文的核心，即中心思想，是論據(jù)和論證的服務(wù)對象。論據(jù)是作者所引用的用以支持和證明論點的材料，這些材料可以是名人名言、事實例證或統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)等。論證是作者組織、運用論據(jù)的手法。
【議論說理類文章】
議論說理類文章就是議論文，是高考閱讀理解題中一種較難的題目。議論說理類文章具有以下特點：
1．一般按提出問題、分析問題、解決問題的方法寫作。作者一般從日常生活中的熱點問題、社會上的重大問題、與讀者息息相關(guān)的問題入手，即提出問題。然后，分析利弊，舉例說明，推理判斷，即分析問題。最后，闡述觀點，提出辦法，即解決問題。
2．以作者的觀點或情感為核心，對細(xì)節(jié)推理等方面進行考查。
3．文章的主題一般是生活中的熱點問題、重大問題或與生活息息相關(guān)的問題等。
【典例示例】
Fr sme reasn we were reminded that we primates(靈長目) need lve. Kim Bard f the University f Prtsmuth in England and her clleagues carried ut a study n 46 baby chimpanzees rphans(黑猩猩孤兒), which had lst their mthers.The study shwed that primate babies that have tight relatinships with mther figures d much better n cgnitive(認(rèn)知的) tests than babies wh nly grew up with peers(同伴), but this is nt breaking news. In fact, it's ld news.
In the 1950s, Harry Harlw did a series f experiments with baby mnkeys that shwed, that lack f lve and cmfrt makes fr a crazy mnkey.
Harlw made a cage that included a wire mnkey “mther” with a plastic face.Then he equipped the “mther” with a milk bttle.The cage als had anther wire “mther” wh was cvered with sft clth.The baby mnkeys spent all their time with the clth “mther” and nly went t the wire “mther” t feed.
Harlw's mnkey experiment was imprtant, because at the time, child care experts, and everybdy's grandmther had a “n tuch, n cmfrt” plicy(方針) tward children. They advised parents nt t respnd t crying babies. They thught that babies shuld sleep alne t becme independent, and put that kid dwn.
But Harlw's wrk changed that plicy. Mthers were sn allwed t have their babies next t them in the hspital.
The current chimp research(研究) based n Harlw's wrk shws that mther's lve desn't just make fr a psychlgically(精神上地) healthy child, it als makes fr a smart child.
The highly raised chimps d better than thse that are nt lved, and the well-raised chimps d even better than human kids n IQ tests.
We are primates, scial animals which need lve.We need t be held and talked t and made t feel that at least ne persn wants t be with us all the time.
1. The study Kim Bard and his clleagues did ________.
A. included 46 baby and mther mnkeys
B. is nthing new t peple abut the findings
C. shwed that many chimpanzees lack f lve when they were yung
D. shwed many chimpanzees had gd relatinship with their mthers
2. The underlined part “makes fr” in the third paragraph means ________.
A. d smething fr B. head fr C. bring abut D. cnnect t
3. Harlw built tw “mthers” fr baby mnkeys t ________.
A. make them live cmfrtably B. let them have mre chices
C. give them mre lve D. make cmparisn well
4. Which f the fllwing can we infer frm the passage?
A. Well-raised chimps are better than peple in IQ.
B. Smetimes it's nt wrng t have n tuch and n cmfrt t babies.
C. Chimps grwing up in cages are less smarter than chimps grwing up in wild.
D. Babies wh sleep with mthers tend t be cleverer than babies sleep alne.
語篇解讀：這是一篇議論文。文章主要是通過對靈長目動物的兩個實驗說明，母愛對于小孩的成長有著非常重要的作用。因此父母親應(yīng)該多給孩子們一些愛，以讓小孩們健康地成長。
解析：
1.B 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第二段第一句提到是46只小猴，因此A項錯誤；根據(jù)文章第二段最后一句可知B項正確；C項沒有事實依據(jù)；文章第二段第二句提到和母親關(guān)系好的小猴認(rèn)知水平比其他小猴要好些，但是這不能說明D項。
2.C 猜測詞義題。缺少母愛的小猴和成為瘋狂的猴子是一種因果關(guān)系，因此答案選C。
3.D 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段可知制造兩個假母猴的目的是更好地比較缺乏母愛與否與小猴后來發(fā)展的關(guān)系。因此D是正確答案。
4.D 推理判斷題。文章第四、五段提到自從Harlw做了那個實驗后，人們就認(rèn)為母親和嬰兒睡在一起對嬰兒的成長好一些，因此可知D項正確。
應(yīng)對策略
解答議論類閱讀理解試題，可以從以下幾個方面著手考慮：
作者在開始敘述一個現(xiàn)象，然后對現(xiàn)象進行解釋。這類文章的主題是文中最重要的解釋或作者所強調(diào)的解釋，閱讀時要注意作者給出的原因，所以又被稱為原因—結(jié)果(Cause & Effect)型。還有一種比較常見的是問題—答案型，作者在一開始或一段末以問句提出一個問題(相當(dāng)于一個現(xiàn)象)，然后給出該問題的答案(相當(dāng)于解釋)。針對文中問題給出的主要答案就是這種文章的中心。
這里強調(diào)一點，答題時優(yōu)先考慮正面答題(直接從文章內(nèi)容得出答案)，然后從中心、態(tài)度或利用解答特征等其他角度對選項進行檢驗；如果從文章內(nèi)容中直接無法解決，則從中心和態(tài)度方面考慮；次之，從解答特征方面考慮。
考生往往最怕此類體裁。山窮水盡時，記?。菏紫葟恼w上把握文章中心和作者所持的態(tài)度，靠近中心的就是答案。
解題方法：
1. 把握文章的論點、論據(jù)和論證。此外，還要把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和語言。
2. 互推法：在議論之后，總會再列舉一些具體的例子來支持觀點或在一些例子之后，總要抒發(fā)一些議論?？忌诶斫庾h論時，可以借助文中所給的實例，從而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的議論；或從議論中推理理解具體例子的深刻含義，相互推斷。
3. 推理法：推理的結(jié)論一定是原文有這層意思，但沒有明確表達的。推理要根據(jù)文章的字面意思，通過語篇、段落和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，各個信息所暗示和隱含的意義，作者的隱含意等對文章進行推理判斷?？忌晌淖值谋韺有畔⑼诰虺鑫恼碌纳顚雍x，要能透過現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)。
解題技巧
歷年全國高考英語閱讀理解的題型無非基本都是考查主旨大意、詞義猜測、推理判斷和細(xì)節(jié)理解四大題型。其中，命題以細(xì)節(jié)理解題為主，推理判斷題為輔，又兼顧詞義猜測題和主旨大意題。細(xì)節(jié)理解題和推理判斷題主要考查的是對原文具體細(xì)節(jié)的理解和把控能力，難度相對較小，廣大考生除了平時必要的閱讀量和詞匯量的積累以外，掌握一定的解題技巧對解答閱讀理解題來說也是至關(guān)重要的。具體說來：
1. 主旨大意型
干擾項 可能是文中某個具體事實或細(xì)節(jié)。
干擾項 可能是從文中某些(不完全的)事實或細(xì)節(jié)片面推出的錯誤結(jié)論。
干擾項 可能是非文章事實的主觀臆斷。
正確答案 根據(jù)文章全面理解而歸納概括出來；不能太籠統(tǒng)、言過其實或以偏概全。
主旨大意題主要考查學(xué)生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。根據(jù)多年的備考及高考實踐，這類題目考查的范圍是：基本論點、文章標(biāo)題、主題或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，對文章進行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。
選擇＂主題＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所讀文章的主要內(nèi)容或主旨，通常用詞、短語或句子來概括。常見的提問方式有：
1. What is the main / general idea f this text?
2. What is mainly discussed in this passage?
3. What is the text mainly abut?
4. This text mainly tells us _________.
5. This passage mainly deals with _________.
6. The main idea f this passage may be best expressed as_________.
7. The tpic f this passage is _________.
標(biāo)題選擇題則是讓考生給所讀的文章選擇一個合適的標(biāo)題。通常標(biāo)題由一個名詞或名詞短語充當(dāng)，用詞簡短、精練。常見的提問方式有：
1. What wuld be the best title fr the text?
2. Which f the fllwing is the best / mst suitable title fr this text?
3. The best / mst suitable title fr this text wuld be __________.
不管是選擇＂主題＂還是選擇＂標(biāo)題＂，實質(zhì)上都是要求考生從整體上理解語篇內(nèi)容，找出貫穿語篇的主線；不管是何種體裁的文章，都是圍繞一個主題來展開的。在試題設(shè)計上，3個干擾項的內(nèi)容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要內(nèi)容，需要注意甄別。
【典例示例】
T err is human. T blame the ther guy is even mre human. …
These three ppular misqutes（戲謔的引語）are meant t be jkes, and yet they tell us a lt abut human nature. T err, r t make mistakes, is indeed a part f being human, but it seems that mst peple dn’t want t accept the respnsibility fr having made a mistake. They naturally lk fr smene else wh culd be respnsible fr the prblem. Perhaps it is the natural thing t d. The riginal qute abut human nature went like this: “T err is human, t frgive, divine（神圣的）.” This saying mirrrs an ideal: peple shuld be frgiving f thers’ mistakes. Instead, we tend t d the ppsite—find smene else t pass the blame n t. Hwever, taking respnsibility fr smething that went wrng is a mark f great maturity.
1. What des the authr want t tell us mst?（原創(chuàng)題）
A. t make as few mistakes as pssible.B. t think seriusly abut ur wrngdings.
C. t bear respnsibility fr ur mistakes.D. t pass the blame n t smene else.
解析：這是一篇典型的駁論文。作者先列出一個錯誤觀點，即T blame the ther guy is even mre human，然后進行反駁。最后，通過關(guān)鍵詞hwever一轉(zhuǎn)折，說出了作者的觀點，即為自己的錯誤承擔(dān)責(zé)任是成熟的標(biāo)志。因此，選擇C項。
2. 事實細(xì)節(jié)型
細(xì)節(jié)理解題主要考查考生對文章中某些細(xì)節(jié)或重要事實的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解題和語意理解題兩種。直接理解題的答案與原文直接掛鉤，從閱讀材料中可以找到。這種題難度低，只要考生讀懂文章，就能得分，屬于低層次題。
做此類題時可以使用定位法與跳讀法。定位法即根據(jù)題干和選項所提供的信息直接從原文中找到相應(yīng)的句子(即定位)，然后進行比較和分析(尤其要注意一些同義轉(zhuǎn)換)，從而選出正確答案。跳讀法即根據(jù)題干和選項所提供的信息跳讀原文，并找到相關(guān)的句子(有時可能是幾個句子)或段落，然后進行簡單分析、推理等，從而找出正確答案。
(1)解題原則：忠實于原文上下文及全篇的邏輯關(guān)系，決不能主觀臆斷。
文章中心是論點，事實細(xì)節(jié)是論據(jù)或主要理由；有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)問題常對文中某個詞語、某句子、某段落等細(xì)節(jié)及事實進行提問，所提問題一般可直接或間接在文章中找到答案。
提問的特殊疑問詞常有：what, wh, which, where, hw, why 等。
在閱讀理解中，要求查找主要事實和特定細(xì)節(jié)的問題常有以下幾種命題方式：
①Which f the fllwing statements is true?
②Which f the fllwing is nt mentined in the text?
③The authr (r the passage) states that __________.
④Accrding t the passage, when (where, why, hw, wh, what, which, etc.) __________?
(2)干擾項：范圍過大、過小；偷換概念；正誤并存，某個分句是正確的。
閱讀理解中細(xì)節(jié)理解題的干擾項的設(shè)置有以下幾個原則：
①包含項原則
在答案選項分析中，假如對A選項的理解概括了對其他三項 (或其中某一項)的理解，那么我們就說選項A與其他三項是包含或概括關(guān)系，包含項A往往就是正確答案。如在＂花＂與＂玫瑰＂兩選項中，正確答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。
②正反項原則
所謂正反項，是指兩選項陳述的命題完全相矛盾。兩個相互矛盾的陳述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四選項中A、B互為正反項，那我們通常先排除C、D項，正確答案一般在A、B項當(dāng)中。
③委婉項原則
所謂委婉，這里是指說話不能說死，要留有余地。閱讀理解選項中語氣平和、委婉的往往是正確答案。這些選項一般含有不十分肯定或試探性語氣的表達，如：prbably, pssibly, may, usually, might, mst f, mre r less, relatively, be likely t, nt necessary, althugh, yet, in additin, tend t等等，而含有絕對語氣的表達往往不是正確答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, nly, cmpletely, nne, hardly, already等等。
④同形項原則
命題者往往先將正確答案設(shè)置在一個大命題范圍，然后通過語言形式的細(xì)微變化來考查考生的理解能力與分析能力。同形項原則告訴我們：詞匯與句法結(jié)構(gòu)相似的選項中有正確答案的存在。
⑤常識項原則
議論文中，那些符合一般常識、意義深刻富有哲理、符合一般規(guī)律、屬于普遍現(xiàn)象的往往是正確答案。
⑥因果項原則
閱讀理解的邏輯推理基本都是通過因果鏈進行的，前因后果，一步步循序漸進。然而，在推理題的選項中，有的選項會推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理過頭(止于后果)，這就是所謂的干擾項。因果項原則啟示我們：假如四個選項中有兩項互為同一事物推理過程中的因果關(guān)系，那么正確答案就是兩個因果項中的其中之一。如果因項可產(chǎn)生幾個結(jié)果，那么答案就是因；如果果項可以對應(yīng)幾個原因，那么答案就是果。
解題方法：原文定位法。
查讀法：(1)帶著問題找答案，把注意力集中在與wh, what, when, where問題有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)上。
(2)細(xì)心!
3. 詞義猜測型
閱讀理解的測試中經(jīng)常有猜測詞、短語、習(xí)語、句子意義的題目，近幾年高考閱讀中詞義猜測題的考查方法呈多樣化，其中根據(jù)上下文語境推測詞義將會越來越多。有時短文中出現(xiàn)一個需猜測其意義的詞或短語，后文接著會出現(xiàn)其定義、解釋或例子，這就是判斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。
除此之外，我們還可以根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進行判斷：根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but，hwever，therwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義來確定另一句的含義。另外，分號(；)也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比或不相干的意義。還可以根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進行判斷。俗話說，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。當(dāng)然了，這些詞、短語、習(xí)語要么是生詞，要么是熟詞新義，單靠平時積累是不夠的，還要掌握以下做題技巧。
(1)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(轉(zhuǎn)化、合成、派生)進行判斷。
(2)根據(jù)文中的定義、事例、解釋猜生詞。用事例或解釋猜生詞；用重復(fù)解釋的信息猜生詞。
(3)根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進行選擇。文章中的代詞it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。
(4)根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進行判斷。根據(jù)上下句的連接詞如but，hwever，therwise等可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。
(5)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進行判斷。俗話說，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。
(6)根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進行判斷。閱讀中有時出現(xiàn)新詞、難詞，后面跟著一個同位語，對前面的詞進行解釋。
(7)利用標(biāo)點符號和提示詞猜測詞義。分號還可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比或不相干的意義；破折號表示解釋說明。
常見的問題形式有：
(1)The wrd ＂…＂ in Line … means/can be best replaced by …
(2)As used in the passage, the phrase ＂…＂ suggests…
(3)Frm the passage, we can infer that the wrd/phrase /the sentence ＂…＂ is/refers t /means…
(4)The wrd ＂…＂ is clsest in meaning t …
常用應(yīng)對方法：
同義法：常在詞或短語之間有并列連詞and或r，它們連接的兩項內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進的，由此可以推測詞義。
反義法：如ht and cld, give and receive等，或前句為肯定，后句為否定?？傊?，互為反義的詞與詞間都起著互為線索的作用。
釋義法：對文章中的生詞用定語(從句)、表語，甚至用逗號、破折號等標(biāo)點符號引出并加以解釋說明。
此外，還有情景推斷法、代詞替代法等。
做題要領(lǐng)
(1)從文中找線索或信息詞；
(2)根據(jù)熟悉的詞及詞義判斷新詞的意思；
(3)根據(jù)上下文判斷新詞在特定句中的確切意思。
(4)要特別注意熟詞新意！
【典例示例】
Fr many parents, raising a teenager is like fighting a lng war, but years g by withut any clear winner. Like a brder cnflict between neighbring cuntries, the parent-teen war is abut bundaries: Where is the line between what I cntrl and what yu d?
Bth sides want peace, but neither feels it has any pwer t stp the cnflict. In part, this is because neither is willing t admit any respnsibility fr starting it. Frm the parents’ pint f view, the nly cause f their fight is their adlescents’ cmplete unreasnableness. And f curse, the teens see it in exactly the same way, except ppsitely. Bth feel trapped.
56.What des the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean?
A. The teens blame their parents fr starting the cnflict.
B. The teens agree with their parents n the cause f the cnflict.
C. The teens accuse their parents f misleading them.
D. The teens tend t have a full understanding f their parents.
解析：本文首先提出論點：對很多家長來說，撫養(yǎng)孩子就像打一場長期戰(zhàn)爭一樣，沒有贏家。第二段提到“戰(zhàn)爭”之長的原因：互不服氣。抓住關(guān)鍵詞：frm the parent’s pint f view; and f curse, the teens, the same way。再結(jié)合題支的表述，答案為A。
4. 推理判斷型
做題要領(lǐng)：既要求學(xué)生透過文章表面文字信息推測文章的隱含意思，又要求學(xué)生對作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細(xì)節(jié)的發(fā)展作出正確的推理判斷，力求從作者的角度考慮而不是固守自己的看法。常見的命題方式有：
(1)The passage implies (暗示) that _________.
(2)We can cnclude (得出結(jié)論) frm the passage that _________.
(3)Which f the fllwing can be inferred (推論)?
(4)What is the tne (語氣) f the authr?
(5)What is the purpse (目的) f this passage?
(6)The passage is intended t _________.
(7)Where wuld this passage mst prbably appear?
【典例示例】
Ask smene what they have dne t help the envirnment recently and they will almst certainly mentin recycling. Recycling in the hme is very imprtant f curse. Hwever, being frced t recycle ften means we already have mre material than we need. We are dealing with the results f that ver-cnsumptin in the greenest way pssible, but it wuld be far better if we did nt need t bring s much material hme in the first place.
The ttal amunt f packaging increased by 12% between 1999 and 2020. It nw makes up a third f a typical husehld’s waste in the UK. In many supermarkets nwadays fd items are packaged twice with plastic and cardbard.
62. The authr uses figures in Paragraph 2 t shw ___________.
A. the tendency f cutting husehld wasteB. the increase f packaging recycling
C. the rapid grwth f super marketsD. the fact f packaging veruse
解析：作者在第一段分析論證之后用了一個關(guān)鍵句式 “ …, but it wuld be far better if we …” 引出了論點：我們與其回收利用廢品，倒不如先不要過度包裝。第二段用統(tǒng)計數(shù)字作為論據(jù)來證明上述論點。因此選擇D項。
【典例示例】
Why tell the truth when yu can cme up with a gd excuse?
And what is wrng with a sciety that thinks that making up a gd excuse is like creating a wrk f art? One f cmmn prblems with making excuses is that peple, especially yung peple, get the idea that it’s kay nt t be ttally hnest all the time. There is a crllary(直接推論)t that: if a gd excuse is “gd” even if it isn’t hnest, then where is the place f the truth?
54. What is the authr’s pinin abut a gd excuse?
A. Making a gd excuse is smetimes a better plicy.
B. Inventing a gd excuse needs creative ideas.
C.A gd excuse is as rewarding as hnesty.
D. Bitter truth is better than a gd excuse.
解析：這是一篇駁論文。在第二段中作者用了兩個疑問句和一個否定句，對 “a gd excuse” 的懷疑態(tài)度體現(xiàn)地淋漓盡致。因此選擇D項。
【檢測訓(xùn)練】
1
When it cmes t the jbs rbts culd never d, yu wuld prbably put dctrs and teachers at the tp f the list. It's easy t imagine rbt cleaners and factry wrkers, but sme jbs need human cnnectin and creativity. But are we underestimating (低估) what rbts can d? In sme cases, they already perfrm better than dctrs at diagnsing (診斷) illness. Als, sme patients might feel mre cmfrtable sharing persnal infrmatin with a machine than a persn. Culd there be a place fr rbts in educatin after all?
British educatin expert Anthny Seldn thinks s. And he even has a date fr the rbt takever f the classrm: 2027. He predicts rbts will d the main jb f transferring infrmatin and teachers will be like assistants. Intelligent rbts will read students' faces, mvements and maybe even brain signals. Then they will adapt the infrmatin t each student. Hwever, it's nt a ppular pinin and it's unlikely that rbts will ever have empathy (同理心) and the ability t really cnnect with humans.
One thing is certain, thugh. A rbt teacher is better than n teacher at all. In sme parts f the wrld, there aren't enugh teachers. That prblem culd be partly slved by rbts because they can teach anywhere and wn't get stressed, r tired, r mve smewhere fr an easier, higher-paid jb.
Teachers all ver the wrld are leaving because they feel verwrked. Perhaps the questin is nt “Will rbts replace teachers?” but “Hw can rbts help teachers?” Teachers waste a lt f time ding nn-teaching wrk, including mre than 11 hurs a week marking hmewrk. If rbts culd cut the time teachers spend n marking hmewrk and writing reprts, teachers wuld have mre time and energy fr the parts f the jb humans d best.
1. In the pinin f mst peple, what kind f jbs are rbts mst likely t d?
A. Culture-related jbs. B. Mental jbs.
C. Physical jbs. D. Tiresme jbs.
2. What can be learned abut Anthny Seldn's predictin in Paragraph 2?
A. It sunds disappinting.B. It seems t be puzzling.
C. It isn't widely accepted.D. It has becme a reality.
3. What's the last paragraph mainly abut ?
A. Why teachers are badly needed.B. Teachers' wrking cnditins.
C. Disadvantages f rbt teachers.D. Hw rbts help teachers.
4. What's the authr's attitude twards rbt teachers?
A. Oppsed.B. Favrable.C. Suspicius.D. Sympathetic.
【答案】1. C 2. C 3. D 4. B
【解析】這是一篇議論文。文章講述了，機器人在很多領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮著重要作用，未來它在教育領(lǐng)域能發(fā)揮哪些影響呢？
1. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段中的“It's easy t imagine rbt cleaners and factry wrkers, but sme jbs need human cnnectin and creativity. (很容易想象機器人清潔工和工廠工人，但有些工作需要人際關(guān)系和創(chuàng)造力)”可知，在大多數(shù)人看來，機器人最有可能做清潔工和工廠工人這樣的體力工作。故選C項。
2. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段中的“He predicts rbts will d the main jb f transferring infrmatin and teachers will be like assistants. Intelligent rbts will read students' faces, mvements and maybe even brain signals. Then they will adapt the infrmatin t each student. Hwever, it's nt a ppular pinin and it's unlikely that rbts will ever have empathy (同理心) and the ability t really cnnect with humans. (他預(yù)測機器人將主要負(fù)責(zé)傳遞信息，教師將像助手一樣。智能機器人可以讀取學(xué)生的面部表情、動作甚至大腦信號。然后他們會根據(jù)每個學(xué)生的情況調(diào)整信息。然而，這并不是一個流行的觀點，機器人不太可能有同理心，也不可能有真正與人類聯(lián)系的能力)”可知，Anthny Seldn的預(yù)測并不是一個流行的觀點，即此推測沒有被廣泛接受。故選C項。
3. 主旨大意題。由最后一段中的“Teachers all ver the wrld are leaving because they feel verwrked. Perhaps the questin is nt “Will rbts replace teachers?” but “Hw can rbts help teachers?”(全世界的老師都離開了，因為他們感到工作過度。也許問題不是“機器人會取代老師嗎？”而是“機器人如何幫助老師？”)”和“If rbts culd cut the time teachers spend n marking hmewrk and writing reprts, teachers wuld have mre time and energy fr the parts f the jb humans d best. (如果機器人能減少教師批改作業(yè)和寫報告的時間，教師就有更多的時間和精力從事人類最擅長的工作)”可知，最后一段主要講機器人如何幫助老師。故選D項。
4. 推理判斷題。由第三段中的“One thing is certain, thugh. A rbt teacher is better than n teacher at all. (不過，有一點是肯定的。機器人老師總比沒有老師好)”可知，作者認(rèn)為機器人老師總比沒有老師好，說明作者對機器人教師持支持的態(tài)度。故選B項。
2
The idea f lw material desire, lw cnsumptin and refusing t wrk, marry and have children, cncluded as a “l(fā)ying dwn” lifestyle, recently struck a chrd with many yung Chinese wh are eager t take pause t breathe in this fast-paced and highly-cmpetitive sciety.
Many millennials (千禧一代) and generatin Zs cmplained t the Glbal Times that burdens, including wrk stress, family disputes (紛爭) and financial strains, have pushed them “against the wall”. They said they hate the “invlutin (內(nèi)卷),” jking that they wuld rather give up sme f what they have than get trapped in an endless cmpetitin against peers.
“Instead f always fllwing the ‘virtues’ f struggle, endure and sacrifice t bear the stresses, they prefer a temprary lying dwn as catharsis (宣泄) and adjustment,” said a schlar. “It is n wnder that sme yung peple, under the grwing pressures frm child-raising t paying the mrtgage (按揭) tday, wuld try t live in a simple way and leave the wrries behind.”
Interestingly, the majrity f millennials and Gen Zs reached by the Glbal Times, wh claim t be big fans f the lying dwn philsphy, acknwledged that they nly accept a temprary lying dwn as a shrt rest. It is true that with the great imprvement f living cnditins, sme Chinese yuth have partially lst the spirit f hardship and are nt willing t bear t much hard wrk. But in fact, lying dwn is nt entirely cmfrtable. Yung peple wh lie dwn always feel guilty abut their cnstant lss f mrale (士氣) far beynd their reach.
“Yung peple n campus have bth aspiratins and cnfusin abut their future, but mst f us have rejected setting urselves up in chains t waste pprtunities and challenges,” a pstgraduate student tld the Glbal Times. “It’s n use running away. I have t ‘stand up’ and face the reality sner r later.”
5. What des the underlined phrase in paragraph 1 mean?
A. Warned.B. Criticized.
C. Tuched.D. Amused.
6. What might have caused the “l(fā)ying dwn” lifestyle amng the yung?
A. Imprvements in living cnditins.
B. Grwing pressure frm family and scial life.
C. Increasing material pssessins frm families.
D. Temprary adjustment t failure in cmpetitins.
7. What’s the schlar’s attitude tward the “l(fā)ying dwn” grup?
A. Understanding.B. Intlerant.
C. Supprtive.D. Unclear.
8. What can be inferred abut the yung generatin frm the text?
A. They never really drp their respnsibilities.
B. They really enjy the “l(fā)ying dwn” lifestyle.
C. They find their dreams far beynd their reach.
D. They wuld rather escape than take challenges.
【答案】5. C 6. B 7. A 8. A
【解析】這是一篇議論文。在這個快節(jié)奏、競爭激烈的社會中，許多年輕人渴望暫時停下來喘口氣，因此他們選擇“躺平”，他們不愿總是遵循奮斗、忍受和犧牲的美德來承受壓力。但他們大多數(shù)人都不想浪費了機會和挑戰(zhàn)，也不會真正放下自己的責(zé)任。
5. 詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第一段“The idea f lw material desire, lw cnsumptin and refusing t wrk, marry and have children(低物質(zhì)欲望，低消費，拒絕工作，結(jié)婚和生育的觀念)…”對這種生活方式和“…many yung Chinese wh are eager t take pause t breathe in this fast-paced and highly-cmpetitive sciety(在這個快節(jié)奏、競爭激烈的社會中，渴望停下來喘口氣的許多年輕人)”年輕一代的生存狀態(tài)的描述，可知，年輕人對這種觀念是認(rèn)同并受其影響的，劃線詞意為“觸動，影響”，故選C。
6. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Many millennials (千禧一代) and generatin Zs cmplained t the Glbal Times that burdens, including wrk stress, family disputes (紛爭) and financial strains, have pushed them “against the wall”(許多千禧一代和z一代向《環(huán)球時報》抱怨，工作壓力、家庭糾紛和經(jīng)濟壓力等負(fù)擔(dān)把他們逼到了絕境。).”可知，來自家庭和社會生活的日益增長的壓力可能是致使年輕人“躺平”的生活方式的原因，故選B。
7. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“Instead f always fllwing the ‘virtues’ f struggle, endure and sacrifice t bear the stresses, they prefer a temprary lying dwn as catharsis (宣泄) and adjustment,(他們不愿總是遵循奮斗、忍受和犧牲的美德來承受壓力，他們寧愿暫時躺下，作為宣泄和調(diào)整)”和“It is n wnder that sme yung peple, … wuld try t live in a simple way and leave the wrries behind.(難怪一些年輕人，……會努力過一種簡單的生活方式，把煩惱拋在腦后。)”可知，學(xué)者對“躺平”群體的態(tài)度是理解的，故選A。
8. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Yung peple n campus have bth aspiratins and cnfusin abut their future, but mst f us have rejected setting urselves up in chains t waste pprtunities and challenges(校園里的年輕人既有抱負(fù)，也對自己的未來感到困惑，但我們大多數(shù)人都拒絕了，把自己束之高懸，浪費了機會和挑戰(zhàn) )”和“It’s n use running away. I have t ‘stand up’ and face the reality sner r later(逃跑沒有用。我遲早要站起來面對現(xiàn)實。)”可知，他們從未真正放下自己的責(zé)任。故選A。
3
A few years ag, I bught a flat. It was a triumph f hpe and determinatin ver prperty prices, and the peak f a 20-year dream. The day I gt the keys shuld have been the mst exciting day f my life and yet, the secnd I pened the dr, panic set in. I spent my first night as a hmewner in a htel researching hw t sell a flat and wndering if it was t late t change my mind.
I didn't sell my flat because I remembered why I had wanted it in the first place — but there are times when we get what we want and it simply isn't right. I've always fund a strange discnnect between wanting smething and getting it. Wanting is a place f pssibility and, in a state f lack, the desire is strng. We imagine hw this thing — a new jb r relatinship — can change ur lives and at the same time frget that adding smething t ur life desn't mean all ur prblems disappear. We create a narrative arund the desire and, when we get it, and it is different t hw we pictured it, we feel frustrated.
Fr me, this mst ften ccurs in relatinships. I have a habit f filling in the gaps with peple, rather than getting t knw them. I g n a date with smene and, instead f piecing them tgether brick by brick, I start t imagine what my life wuld be like with them in it. It shuldn't have been a shck that the reality in n way matched my fantasy — but it was. I knew I wanted ut, yet part f me felt cmmitted: this was smene I thught I had wanted fr s lng, I culdn't walk away, culd I?
We tend t shame thers fr changing their minds. I think, hwever, it's far braver t mve twards smething that will bring happiness than t stay in a miserable situatin t prtect yur pride. S, when smene tells yu they've changed their minds, cngratulate them n knwing themselves well enugh, and being strng enugh, t admit it. It takes a lt t cme clean abut getting it wrng, but the relief f ding s — f setting urselves free frm a persnal-shaped hle, is wrth it every time.
9. Why did the authr spend her first night as a hmewner in a htel?
A. The flat was under decratin.
B. She wanted t sell this terrible flat.
C. The flat was different frm her desire.
D. She was t excited t sleep in the flat.
10. Which f the fllwing is mst advisable in relatinships accrding t the authr?
A. Filling in the gaps with peple arund yu.
B. Getting t knw thers little by little naturally.
C. Imagining what the life wuld be like with thers.
D. Spending plenty f time t prmte the relatinship.
11. What message des the authr try t tell us?
A. Never change yur mind.
B. Never give up yur first-time dream.
C. It is wrthwhile t prtect ne's wn pride.
D. It is brave t step ut f a miserable situatin.
12. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. A new flatB. A persnal-shaped hle
C. A prud sulD. An unexcepted accident
【答案】9. C 10. D 11. D 12. A
【解析】這是一篇議論文。作者認(rèn)為想要的事物在得到時卻發(fā)現(xiàn)和想象的不一樣，作者勸誡我們改變主意并不丟人。
9. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“The day I gt the keys shuld have been the mst exciting day f my life and yet, the secnd I pened the dr, panic set in. I spent my first night as a hmewner in a htel researching hw t sell a flat and wndering if it was t late t change my mind.(我拿到鑰匙的那天本應(yīng)該是我這輩子最激動人心的一天，然而，當(dāng)我打開門的那一刻，恐慌就開始了。當(dāng)上房主后的第一個晚上，我在一家酒店里研究如何賣公寓，想著現(xiàn)在改變主意是否太晚了)”可知，作者看到房子時與自己預(yù)期的不一樣，想賣掉它，當(dāng)晚并沒有住在那里，所以作者在酒店度過了她作為房主的第一個晚上。故選C項。
10. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“Fr me, this mst ften ccurs in relatinships. I have a habit f filling in the gaps with peple, rather than getting t knw them. I g n a date with smene and, instead f piecing them tgether brick by brick, I start t imagine what my life wuld be like with them in it.(對我來說，這經(jīng)常發(fā)生在人際關(guān)系中。我有一個習(xí)慣，就是和別人一起填補空白，而不是去了解他們。我會和某人約會，而不是一磚一瓦地把他們拼在一起，我會開始想象有了他們我的生活會是什么樣子)”及本段最后一句“I culdn't walk away, culd I?(我不能離開，不是嗎？)”可知，結(jié)識某人后發(fā)現(xiàn)和自己期待的不一樣，不應(yīng)該放棄這段關(guān)系，那樣是沒有責(zé)任心的，應(yīng)該是和他們約會相處繼續(xù)了解，而不是靠想象。故選D項。
11. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“We tend t shame thers fr changing their minds. I think, hwever, it's far braver t mve t- wards smething that will bring happiness than t stay in a miserable situatin t prtect yur pride.(我們往往會因為別人改變主意而感到羞愧。然而，我認(rèn)為，與其為了保護自己的自尊而呆在痛苦的處境中，還不如勇敢地去追求能帶來幸福的東西)”可知，作者認(rèn)為，為維護自尊待在痛苦的境況中不做出改變是懦弱的，走出窘境去追求能帶來幸福的事情是更勇敢的。故選D項。
12. 主旨大意題。第一段作者用自己買房子的親身經(jīng)歷說出，自己追求已久的東西得到時發(fā)現(xiàn)與自己的期待不符，及第二段“I didn't sell my flat because I remembered why I had wanted it in the first place — but there are times when we get what we want and it simply isn't right. I've always fund a strange discnnect between wanting smething and getting it.(我沒有賣掉我的公寓，因為我記得我最初為什么想要它——但有時我們得到了我們想要的東西，但它就是不對的。我總是在想要和得到之間發(fā)現(xiàn)一種奇怪的脫節(jié))”，并由此展開對欲望與現(xiàn)實的關(guān)系的討論，所以那套公寓是一個喻體，是文章關(guān)鍵詞。故選A項。
4
After years f bserving human nature, I have decided that tw qualities make the difference between men f great achievement and men f average perfrmance curisity and discntent. I have never knwn an utstanding man wh lacked either. And I have never knwn an average man wh had bth. The tw belng tgether.
Tgether, these deep human urges (驅(qū)策力) cunt fr much mre that ambitin. Galile was nt merely ambitius when he drpped bjects f varying weights frm the Leaning Twer at Pisa and timed their fall t the grund. Like Galile, all the great names in histry were curius and asked in discntent, “Why? Why? Why?”
Frtunately, curisity and discntent dn’t have t be learned. We are brn with them and need nly recapture them.
“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he wh des nt lse his child’s heart.” Yet mst f us d lse it. We stp asking questins. We stp challenging custm. We just fllw the crwd. And the crwd desires restful average. It encurages us t ccupy ur wn little crner, t avid flish leaps int the dark, t be satisfied.
Mst f us meet new peple, and new ideas, with hesitatin. But nce having met and liked them, we think hw terrible it wuld have been, had we missed the chance. We will prbably have t frce urselves t waken ur curisity and discntent and keep them awake.
Hw shuld yu start? Mdestly, s as nt t becme discuraged. I think f ne friend wh culdn’t arrange flwers t satisfy herself. She was curius abut hw the experts did it. Hw she is ne f the experts, writing bks n flwer arrangement.
One way t begin is t answer yur wn excuses. Yu haven’t any special ability? Mst peple dn’t; there are nly a few geniuses. Yu haven’t any time? That’s gd, because it’s always the peple with n time wh get things dne. Harriet Stwe, mther f six, wrte parts f Uncle Tm’s Cabin while cking. Yu’re t ld? Remember that Thmas Cstain was 57 when he published his first nvel, and that Grandma Mses shwed her first pictures when she was 78.
Hwever yu start, remember there is n better time t start than right nw, fr yu’ll never be mre alive than yu are at this mment.
13. In writing Paragraph 1, the authr aims t ________.
A. prpse a definitinB. make a cmparisn
C. reach a cnclusinD. present an argument
14. What des the example f Galile tell us?
A. Trial and errr leads t the finding f truth.
B. Scientists tend t be curius and ambitius.
C. Creativity results frm challenging authrity.
D. Greatness cmes frm a lasting desire t explre.
15. What can yu d t recapture curisity and discntent?
A. Observe the unknwn arund yu.B. Develp a questining mind.
C. Lead a life f adventure.D. Fllw the fashin.
16. What can we learn frm Paragraphs 6 and 7?
A. Gaining success helps yu becme an expert.
B. The genius tends t get things dne creatively.
C. Lack f talent and time is n reasn fr taking n actin.
D. Yu shuld remain mdest when appraching perfectin.
【答案】13. D 14. D 15. B 16. C
【解析】本文是一篇議論文。文章論述了獲得成就的兩個關(guān)鍵因素——好奇心和不滿足，以及如何獲得這兩種品質(zhì)的方法。
13. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“After years f bserving human nature, I have decided that tw qualities make the difference between men f great achievement and men f average perfrmance curisity and discntent. I have never knwn an utstanding man wh lacked either. And I have never knwn an average man wh had bth. The tw belng tgether.(經(jīng)過多年對人性的觀察，我斷定有兩種品質(zhì)決定了成就巨大的人和表現(xiàn)平平的人之間的區(qū)別好奇和不滿。我從來沒有見過一個杰出的人缺乏這兩樣。我從來沒見過一個普通的男人同時擁有這兩種能力。這兩者屬于一起)”可推知，作者寫第一段的目的是提出一個論點。故選D。
14. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中“Like Galile, all the great names in histry were curius and asked in discntent, “Why? Why? Why?”(像伽利略一樣，歷史上所有的偉人都感到好奇，并不滿地問：“為什么？為什么？為什么？”)”可推知，伽利略的例子告訴我們，偉大來自于持久的探索欲望。故選D。
15. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Like Galile, all the great names in histry were curius and asked in discntent, “Why? Why? Why?”(像伽利略一樣，歷史上所有的偉人都感到好奇，并不滿地問：“為什么？為什么？為什么？”)”以及第四段中““The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he wh des nt lse his child’s heart.” Yet mst f us d lse it. We stp asking questins. We stp challenging custm. We just fllw the crwd.(孟子認(rèn)為“不失去孩子的心，就是偉大的人?！比欢覀兇蠖鄶?shù)人確實失去了它。我們不再問問題。我們不再挑戰(zhàn)習(xí)俗。我們只是隨大流)”可知，你可以通過培養(yǎng)了一個善于提問的頭腦，來重新獲得好奇心和不滿。故選B。
16. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段中“She was curius abut hw the experts did it. Hw she is ne f the experts, writing bks n flwer arrangement.(我想起了我的一位朋友，她連鮮花的擺放都不能滿足自己。她很想知道專家們是怎么做的。她是花卉插花方面的專家之一)”以及第七段中“Harriet Stwe, mther f six, wrte parts f Uncle Tm’s Cabin while cking. Yu’re t ld? Remember that Thmas Cstain was 57 when he published his first nvel, and that Grandma Mses shwed her first pictures when she was 78.( Harriet Stwe是六個孩子的母親，她在做飯時寫了《湯姆叔叔的小屋》的部分內(nèi)容。你太老了嗎？記得Thmas Cstain 57歲時發(fā)表了他的第一部小說，Mses奶奶在78歲時第一次展示了她的照片)”可推知，這兩段想告訴我們“缺乏天賦和時間不是不采取行動的理由”。故選C。
5
Vaccinatin(接種疫苗) is amng the mst effective ways t help us prevent diseases. Fr viruses that dn't change t much—the measles virus(麻疹病毒), fr example—getting vaccinated is a nce-and-fr-all methd t prevent yu frm becming infected with the virus. If yu had tw measles vaccines when yu were a child, yu wuld be prtected fr life.
Hwever, it's a different stry when it cmes t influenza(流行性感冒), cmmnly knwn as “the flu”, which generally peaks between December and February. Flu vaccines cannt prtect us in the lng term.
There is n lng-term immunity(免疫), accrding t Thedre Strange, assciate medical directr at Staten Island University Hspital in New Yrk. “The virus essentially ‘changes its cat’—H1N1, H2N3, and s n,” he tld the website Healthline.
Apart frm a persn's immune prtectin frm flu vaccinatin declining ver time, flu viruses are als cnstantly changing. S the vaccines are likely t be updated frm ne seasn t the next t prtect against the viruses that research suggests may be the mst cmmn during the upcming flu seasn.
Thus, t develp effective flu vaccines, ver 100 natinal influenza centers arund the wrld cnduct year-rund surveillance(監(jiān)測) fr influenza. Researchers will test thusands f influenza virus samples frm patients, accrding t the fficial website f the US Centers fr Disease Cntrl and Preventin(CDC). The Wrld Health Organizatin als suggests there are three r fur influenza viruses that are mst likely t spread amng peple during the upcming flu seasn.
But even when a vaccine is develped, getting it can prve t be difficult, as it is in high demand and shrt supply. The timing f influenza vaccine prductin and distributin is unpredictable, thus the availability f the flu vaccine supply des nt always meet peak demand.
S scientists priritize access t the vaccinatin. The CDC recmmends key ppulatins, such as medical staff, teachers, students, children and thse aged 60 and abve, receive flu vaccines.
This year the situatin seems mre cmplicated, as the upcming flu seasn cincides with the COVID-19 pandemic. This culd verwhelm hspitals, straining(過度使用) resurces and healthcare wrkers, time.
17. What d we knw abut influenza?
A. Influenza viruses are cntinuusly changing.
B. It cmmnly peaks between Nvember and December.
C. Getting tw flu vaccines can prtect peple against the viruses.
D. H1N1 and H2N3 are the mst easily infectius flu viruses.
18. Hw d researchers imprve flu vaccines?
A. They update vaccines nce a year.
B. They mnitr the flu thrughut the year.
C. They fcus n ne r tw viruses during a perid.
D. Influenza centers wrldwide share virus samples frm patients.
19. Why d scientists priritize access t the vaccinatin?
A. Because nt all peple can affrd it.
B. Because sme peple refuse t get vaccinated.
C. Because the vaccine is nt safe fr everyne.
D. Because the vaccine fails t meet the demand.
20. What des the authr's attitude twards the upcming flu seasn?
A. Wrried.B. Psitive.
C. Cnfident.D. Skeptical.
【答案】17. A 18. B 19. D 20. A
【解析】本文是一篇議論文。文章講述了接種疫苗是幫助我們預(yù)防疾病的最有效方法之一，有的疫苗可以一勞永逸的保護接種人，而流感疫苗則是個例外。并介紹了流感疫苗的相關(guān)知識，如其生產(chǎn)研發(fā)，市場行情以及優(yōu)先接種流感疫苗的人群等。
17. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段“Apart frm a persn's immune prtectin frm flu vaccinatin declining ver time, flu viruses are als cnstantly changing.(除了一個人對流感疫苗的免疫保護隨著時間的推移而下降外，流感病毒也在不斷變化。)”可知，流感病毒在不斷變化。故選A。
18. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第五段“Thus, t develp effective flu vaccines, ver 100 natinal influenza centers arund the wrld cnduct year-rund surveillance(監(jiān)測) fr influenza.(因此，為了研制有效的流感疫苗，全世界100多個國家流感中心對流感進行了全年監(jiān)測。)”可知，為了研制有效的流感疫苗，研究人員全年監(jiān)測流感。故選B。
19. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第三段“But even when a vaccine is develped, getting it can prve t be difficult, as it is in high demand and shrt supply. The timing f influenza vaccine prductin and distributin is unpredictable, thus the availability f the flu vaccine supply des nt always meet peak demand.(但是，即使研制出疫苗，也很難獲得疫苗，因為疫苗的需求量很大，而且供不應(yīng)求。流感疫苗生產(chǎn)和分發(fā)的時間是不可預(yù)測的，因此流感疫苗供應(yīng)的可獲得性并不總是與高峰需求相吻合)”和倒數(shù)第二段“S scientists priritize access t the vaccinatin.(所以科學(xué)家們優(yōu)先考慮接種疫苗。)”可知，因為疫苗需求量很大、供不應(yīng)求，并不總是能滿足需求，所以科學(xué)家們優(yōu)先考慮接種疫苗。故選D。
20. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“This year the situatin seems mre cmplicated, as the upcming flu seasn cincides with the COVID-19 pandemic. This culd verwhelm hspitals, straining(過度使用) resurces and healthcare wrkers time.(今年的情況似乎更加復(fù)雜，因為即將到來的流感季節(jié)恰逢新型冠狀病毒肺炎大流行。這可能會壓垮醫(yī)院，占用資源和醫(yī)護人員的時間。)”可知，作者認(rèn)為因為今年即將到來的流感季節(jié)恰逢COVD-19大流行，所有這種情況會更復(fù)雜，使醫(yī)院、醫(yī)療資源和醫(yī)護人員不堪重負(fù)，因此對醫(yī)務(wù)工作者來說，這可能比以往任何時候都更具挑戰(zhàn)性，從而推斷作者持擔(dān)心的態(tài)度。故選A。
6
Mst f us are already aware f the direct effect we have n ur friends and family. But we rarely cnsider that everything we think, feel, d, r say can spread far beynd the peple we knw. Cnversely(相反地), ur friends and family serve as cnduits(渠道) fr us t be influenced by hundreds r even thusands f ther peple. In a kind f scial chain reactin, we can be deeply affected by events we d nt witness that happen t peple we d nt knw. As part f a scial netwrk, we g beynd urselves, fr gd r ill, and becme a part f smething much larger.
Our cnnectedness carries with it fundamental implicatins(影響) fr the way we understand the human cnditin. Scial netwrks have value precisely because they can help us t achieve what we culd nt achieve n ur wn. Yet, scial-netwrk effects are nt always psitive. Depressin, besity, financial panic, and vilence als spread. Scial netwrks, it turns ut, tend t magnify(放大) whatever they are seeded with.
Partly fr this reasn, scial netwrks are creative. And what these netwrks create des nt belng t any ne individual—it is shared by all thse in the netwrk. In this way, a scial netwrk is like a cmmnly wned frest: We all stand t benefit frm it, but we als must wrk tgether t ensure it remains healthy and prductive. While scial netwrks are fundamentally and distinctively human, and can be seen everywhere, they shuld nt be taken fr granted.
If yu are happier r richer r healthier than thers, it may have a lt t d with where yu happen t be in the netwrk, even if yu cannt recgnise yur wn lcatin. And it may have a lt t d with the verall structure f the netwrk, even if yu cannt cntrl that structure at all. And in sme cases, the prcess feeds back t the netwrk itself. A persn with many friends may becme rich and then attract even mre friends. This rich-get-richer dynamic means scial netwrks can dramatically reinfrce tw different kinds f inequality in ur sciety: situatinal inequality and psitinal inequality.
Lawmakers have nt yet cnsidered the cnsequences f psitinal inequality. Still, understanding the way we are cnnected is an essential step in creating a mre just sciety and in carrying ut public plicies affecting everything frm public health t the ecnmy. We might be better ff vaccinating(接種疫苗) centrally lcated individuals rather than weak individuals. We might be better ff helping intercnnected grups f peple t avid criminal behaviur rather than preventing r punishing crimes ne at a time.
If we want t understand hw sciety wrks, we need t fill in the missing links between individuals. We need t understand hw intercnnectins and interactins between peple give rise t whlly new aspects f human experience that are nt present in the individuals themselves. If we d nt understand scial netwrks, we cannt hpe t fully understand either urselves r the wrld we inhabit.
21. What can be inferred frm the first paragraph?
A. We can't be easily affected by strangers.
B. We are cnnected and frm a scial netwrk.
C. We have negative effects n ther scial members.
D. We will nt make a difference in a specific grup.
22. Why is a scial netwrk like a cmmnly wned frest?
A. It remains healthy and prductive.
B. It tends t magnify negative things.
C. It is creative and shared by peple in the whle sciety.
D. What it creates can be enjyed by everyne in the netwrk.
23. We can learn frm Paragraph 4 that ________.
A. whether we are richer depends n the number f friends we make
B. the wealth we pssess has nthing t d with individual cntinuus effrts
C. smetimes ur success may be largely due t ur psitin in scial netwrks
D. we wn't succeed unless we fully cntrl the verall structure f the netwrk
24. What's the authr's purpse in writing the passage?
A. T intrduce the characteristics f scial netwrks.
B. T urge peple t understand hw ur sciety wrks.
C. T shw the significance f understanding scial netwrks.
D. T explain the pssible cnsequences f ignring scial netwrks.
【答案】21. B 22. D 23. C 24. C
【解析】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要論述了人際關(guān)系和社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)的重要性。
21. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的內(nèi)容，尤其是最后一句“As part f a scial netwrk, we g beynd urselves, fr gd r ill, and becme a part f smething much larger.（作為社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)的一部分，無論好壞，我們都超越了自己，成為更大事物的一部分。）”可推知，人與人之間是相互聯(lián)系、相互影響的，形成了一個社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)。故選B項。
22. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句“And what these netwrks create des nt belng t any ne individual—it is shared by all thse in the netwrk.（這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)所創(chuàng)造的東西并不屬于任何一個個體，而是由網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的所有人共享的。）”中的shared by all可知，這種網(wǎng)絡(luò)創(chuàng)造出來的產(chǎn)品并不屬于任何個人，是整個網(wǎng)絡(luò)里面的人所共享的。故選D項。
23. 推理判斷題。由第四段第一句“If yu are happier r richer r healthier than thers, it may have a lt t d with where yu happen t be in the netwrk, even if yu cannt recgnise yur wn lcatin.（如果你比別人更快樂、更富有或更健康，這可能與你在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中所處的位置有很大關(guān)系，即使你不能識別自己所處的位置。）”中的where yu happen t be可知，你的成功與你所處的社交網(wǎng)有很大的關(guān)系。故選C項。
24. 推理判斷題。通讀全文，尤其是文章最后一句“If we d nt understand scial netwrks, we cannt hpe t fully understand either urselves r the wrld we inhabit.（如果我們不了解社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)，我們就無法完全了解我們自己或者我們所居住的世界。）”可知，作者寫作本文主要是為了闡釋社會關(guān)系網(wǎng)的重要性。故選C項。
7
This is ging t ruffle(激怒) a few feathers.
PepsiC purpsely packs fewer chips int its flavured chip bags, Hugh Jhnstn, the cmpany's CFO, tld the Assciated Press.“There might be an unce r tw less in thse bags, ” Jhnstn said. Actually, it's half an unce less. Regular Lay's are sld in 10-unce bags; flavured Lay's are sld in 9.5-unce bags; and bth are sld fr the same $4.29 price. That might nt sund like a lt, but it will sund like a lt with a bit f simple maths.
Americans buy sme $1.6 billin wrth f Lay's ptat chips every year. Much f that is sld in bulk—r merely in bags bigger than the standard nes mentined abve. But let's assume fr a secnd that thse 10-unce bags are the nly nes Lay's sells. That wuld mean the cmpany sells mre than 372 millin bags f Lay's in the US each year—r 3.72 billin unces f chips, at abut 43 cents per unce. It wuld als mean that that half-unce difference is wrth abut 21.5 cents per bag, and abut $80 millin in ttal per year.
That number is likely a gd deal lwer, but it's nt entirely unreasnable. If Lay's is charging an extra payment fr the smaller flavured chip bags, it's likely ding the same fr the bigger nes, t. That tiny half-unce difference might nly mean a ptat chip r tw t yu, but it's prbably wrth tens f millins f dllars t PepsiC annually.
PepsiC cnfirmed that flavured and unflavured Lay's chips are sld fr the same price, but nt in the same quantity. “This allws us t keep the same price pint acrss the brand, ” Jeff Dahncke said in an email. He als suggested that the chip difference has nthing t d with extra prfit.“The reasn why there is a slightly higher price per unce fr flavured chips is the added seasnings(調(diào)味品)，” he said. But that desn't appear t be the case.
Sme f the mark-ups are simply meant t make up fr the added input csts f cheese, barbecue, sur cream and nin, and ther flavurings. But sme f them are als there(r nt there) t increase the ptat chip maker's prfits. PepsiC has a sft spt fr its specialty ptat chips, because its specialty ptat chips are mre prfitable than its regular nes, accrding t Jhnstn.
Perhaps that's why Lay's is getting ready t launch a mass f new specialty ptat chip flavurs. The launch is part f PepsiC's annual “D Us a Flavur” cntest, in which it lets custmers participate in the flavur creatin prcess.
25. What did PepsiC d t aruse public dissatisfactin?
A. They raised the price f their flavured chips.
B. They gave shrt weight t their flavured chips.
C. They changed the flavurs f their ptat chips.
D. They put mre seasnings int their ptat chips.
26. Hw is Paragraph 3 mainly develped?
A. By listing figures.B. By giving examples.
C. By analysing causes.D. By making cmparisns.
27. Why d Lay's flavured chips charge mre per unce accrding t Jeff Dahncke?
A. T make mre prfits.B. T upgrade their prducts.
C. T balance additinal csts.D. T satisfy mre peple's taste.
28. What des the underlined phrase “has a sft spt fr” in the last but ne paragraph mean?
A. Has a say in.B. Has a lk at.
C. Has access t.D. Has affectin fr.
【答案】25. B 26. A 27. C 28. D
【解析】本文是一篇議論文。百事對單包風(fēng)味薯片偷偷減少分量，其辯解說是為了彌補原料上的額外費用，但作者認(rèn)為并不是那樣，其實質(zhì)就是為了提高利潤。
25. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的內(nèi)容及第二段中的“PepsiC purpsely packs fewer chips int its flavured chip bags, Hugh Jhnstn, the cmpany's CFO, tld the Assciated Press.( 百事公司首席財務(wù)官休·約翰斯頓(Hugh Jhnstn)告訴美聯(lián)社說，公司特意減少了調(diào)味袋里的薯條數(shù)量。)”可知，百事在單包風(fēng)味薯片上減少分量，這導(dǎo)致爭議。give shrt weight是固定用法，意為“缺斤少兩”。故選B。
26. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容，尤其是其中的“sme $1.6 billin” “10-unce bags” “mre than 372 millin bags”“3.72 billin unces f chips，at abut 43 cents per unce” “abut 21.5 cents per bag” “abut $80 millin”可知，作者主要是通過列數(shù)據(jù)的方式來陳述第三段的內(nèi)容。故選A。
27. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段中的“The reasn why there is a slightly higher price per unce fr flavured chips is the added seasnings(調(diào)味薯片每盎司價格略高的原因是添加了調(diào)味料。)”，并結(jié)合倒數(shù)第二段中的“t make up fr the added input csts(以彌補增加的投入成本)”可知，據(jù)Jeff Dahncke所言，風(fēng)味薯片每盎司要價提高是因為添加了調(diào)味品，而百事不足量地包裝其薯片是為了彌補由此造成的額外費用。故選C。
28. 詞義猜測題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“because its specialty ptat chips are mre prfitable than its regular nes(因為它的特色薯片比普通薯片更有利可圖)”及最后一段第一句“Perhaps that's why Lay's is getting ready t launch a mass f new specialty ptat chip flavurs. (也許這就是為什么樂事準(zhǔn)備推出一大批新的特色薯片口味。)”可知，百事公司賣特色薯片比賣普通薯片更賺錢，而且他們亦準(zhǔn)備推出一大批新的特色薯片口味，并舉行比賽讓顧客參與其創(chuàng)造過程。由此可推知，百事公司對自己的特色薯片應(yīng)是情有獨鐘的，畫線短語has a sft spt fr應(yīng)是“喜歡某人(或某物) ”之意。故選D。
8
Peple wrldwide are living lnger. Tday, fr the first time in histry, mst peple can expect t live int their sixties and beynd. By 2050, the wrld’s ppulatin aged 60 years and lder is expected t ttal 2 billin, up frm 900 millin in 2015. Tday, 125 millin peple are aged 80 years r lder. By 2050, there will be almst this many (120 millin) living in China alne, and 434 millin peple in this age grup wrldwide.
The pace f ppulatin ageing arund the wrld is als increasing dramatically. France had almst 150 years t adapt t a change frm 10% t 20% in the prprtin f the ppulatin that was lder than 60 years. Hwever, places such as Brazil, China and India will have slightly mre than 20 years t make the same adaptatin.
A lnger life brings with it pprtunities, nt nly fr lder peple and their families, but als fr scieties as a whle. Additinal years prvide the chance t pursue new activities such as further educatin, a new career r pursuing a lng neglected passin. Older peple als cntribute in many ways t their families and cmmunities. Yet the extent f these pprtunities and cntributins depends heavily n ne factr: health.
There is, hwever, little evidence t suggest that lder peple tday are experiencing their later years in better health than their parents. While rates f severe disability have declined in high-incme cuntries ver the past 30 years, there has been n significant change in mild t mderate disability ver the same perid.
If peple can experience these extra years f life in gd health and if they live in a supprtive envirnment, their ability t d the things they value will be f little difference frm that f a yunger persn. If these added years are affected by declines physically and mentally, the results fr lder peple and fr sciety are mre negative.
29. What des the authr want t tell in the first paragraph?
A. The whle wrld is faced with the prblem f ageing.
B. Sme cuntries witness peple live lnger than befre.
C. China has the highest rate f ageing ppulatin at present.
D. By 2050, ver half f the wrld’s ppulatin is ageing.
30. What is the mst imprtant fr the ageing sciety?
A. The attitude f the lder t life.
B. The cntributins the lder make.
C. The health f the lder peple.
D. The activities the lder take part in.
31. What is the authr’s attitude t the ageing wrld?
A. Cncerned.B. Indifferent.C. Negative.D. Astnished.
32. What’s the authr’s statement abut ageing based n?
A. His perspectives.B. Sme data.
C. Causes and effects.D. Cmparisns.
【答案】29. A 30. C 31. B 32. B
【解析】這是一篇議論文。文章主要講述了世界各地的人們壽命越來越長，并說明了人口老齡化帶來的好處以及老年人面臨的健康問題。
29. 主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Peple wrldwide are living lnger.(世界各地的人們壽命越來越長)”和“By 2050, there will be almst this many (120 millin) living in China alne, and 434 millin peple in this age grup wrldwide.(到2050年，僅中國就將有近1.2億人生活在這個年齡段，全球?qū)⒂?.34億人生活在這個年齡段)”可知，文章第一段主要講述了整個世界都面臨著老齡化問題。故選A。
30. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Yet the extent f these pprtunities and cntributins depends heavily n ne factr: health.(然而，這些機會和貢獻的程度在很大程度上取決于一個因素：健康)”可知，老年人的健康是當(dāng)今老齡化社會最重要的問題。故選C。
31. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段“A lnger life brings with it pprtunities, nt nly fr lder peple and their families, but als fr scieties as a whle.(壽命的延長不僅為老年人及其家庭帶來機會，而且也為整個社會帶來機會)”可知，作者認(rèn)為壽命延長帶來了好處；根據(jù)文章第四段“There is, hwever, little evidence t suggest that lder peple tday are experiencing their later years in better health than their parents.(然而，幾乎沒有證據(jù)表明，如今的老年人在晚年比他們的父母更健康)”可知，老年人面臨健康問題。由此可推知，作者提到了壽命延長的好處，也說明了老年人會面臨健康問題，因此作者的態(tài)度是中立的。故選B。
32. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Tday, fr the first time in histry, mst peple can expect t live int their sixties and beynd…. By 2050, there will be almst this many (120 millin) living in China alne, and 434 millin peple in this age grup wrldwide.(今天，大多數(shù)人有望活到60歲以上，這在歷史上還是第一次。到2050年，全球60歲及以上人口預(yù)計將達到20億，高于2015年的9億。今天，有1.25億人年齡在80歲以上。到2050年，僅中國就將有近1.2億人生活在這個年齡段，全球?qū)⒂?.34億人生活在這個年齡段)”可知，作者關(guān)于老齡化的陳述是基于一些數(shù)據(jù)的。故選B。
議
論
文
文
章
類
型
演繹論證議論文
是從已知的一般原理，規(guī)律出發(fā)，推知個別事物本質(zhì)的論證方法。該類文體一般先提出一個總論點，然后分別進行論述，分析各個分論點，最后得出結(jié)論。
歸納論證議論文
是一種由個別到一般的論證方法。它通過許多個別的事例或分論點，然后歸納出它們所共有的特性，從而得出一個一般性的結(jié)論。
比較論證議論文
是一種由個別到個別的論證方法。通常分為類比法和對比法兩類。類比法是將性質(zhì)或特點在某一方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比較而引出結(jié)論的方法。對比法是通過性質(zhì)或特點在某一方面相反或?qū)α⒌牟煌挛锏谋容^來證明論點的方法。
命題
要點
由于議論的目的是表明自己對事物的看法和態(tài)度，因此，命題時?？疾炱溆^點態(tài)度以及根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容歸納主旨大意等，有時也對文章的結(jié)構(gòu)進行考察。
解
題
技
巧
1.演繹論證議論文：注意文章的開篇，因為文章的開篇是文章的主旨，抓住了主旨，也就抓住了作者的觀點，從而把握了文章的中心思想。
2.歸納論證議論文：注意文章的尾段，因為尾段是對前面所舉事例和分論點的歸納和概括。
3.比較論證議論文：注意事物的相同點以及不同點，并由此來把握文章的主旨。
做題時可使用以下三個步驟：重首尾，明方式，細(xì)推測。

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