一、解題策略
1. 考情分析
最近五年，說(shuō)明文的出現(xiàn)變化不大，一直很穩(wěn)定，選材通常是各學(xué)科的前沿問(wèn)題；高科技領(lǐng)域的科研成果；人們比較關(guān)心的社會(huì)問(wèn)題；人文方面的經(jīng)典。由于閱讀理解題的設(shè)置采用漸進(jìn)式，即由簡(jiǎn)到難的方式，因此說(shuō)明文是高考試卷中閱讀理解題中相對(duì)比較難的，通常后置。閱讀理解試題的中要考點(diǎn)之一是考查學(xué)生對(duì)詞匯和句式的掌握。說(shuō)明文的詞匯和句式的運(yùn)用較別的體裁的文章難度更大。詞匯運(yùn)用靈活，同一詞的不同詞性的用法交替出現(xiàn)，未列入考綱的生詞較多，通常達(dá)到了4-5%。不過(guò)考生可以通過(guò)說(shuō)明文的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)來(lái)幫助理解語(yǔ)篇，例如，同位語(yǔ)、下定義、解釋、舉例、同義詞、反義詞、上下義詞以及標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)（如破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)都有表示解釋和說(shuō)明）等。
2. 得分要點(diǎn)
高考閱讀理解中，說(shuō)明文為主要體裁之一。高考閱讀理解題的設(shè)問(wèn)主要圍繞以下四方面：細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題、主旨大意題、推理判斷題、猜測(cè)詞義題。其中，說(shuō)明文主要以細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)、主旨大意和猜測(cè)詞義三方面問(wèn)題為主。
一、詞義猜測(cè)類題型
閱讀理解題中常要求學(xué)生猜測(cè)某些單詞或短語(yǔ)的意思。歷年英語(yǔ)高考題中均有此類題目，有的文章盡管沒(méi)有專門(mén)設(shè)題，但由于文章中常常出現(xiàn)生詞，因此，詞義的猜測(cè)還是貫穿在文章的閱讀理解之中。解這類題目一般是通過(guò)上下文去理解或根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法去猜測(cè)。判斷一個(gè)單詞的意思不但離不開(kāi)句子，而且還需要把句子放在上下文中，根據(jù)上下文提供的線索加以猜測(cè)。運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法,語(yǔ)境等推測(cè)關(guān)鍵詞義，可以根據(jù)以下幾種方法猜測(cè)：
（一）內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系
根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測(cè)詞義是指運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言知識(shí)分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系，然后根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義。
1.通過(guò)同義詞和反義詞的關(guān)系猜詞
通過(guò)同義詞猜詞，一是要看由and或r連接的同義詞詞組，如happy and gay，即使我們不認(rèn)識(shí)gay這個(gè)詞，也可以知道它是愉快的意思.這是高三冊(cè)第八單元閱讀第五段的句子：
The wrd ＂secure＂ in paragraph 5 line is clsest in meaning t_________.
A.freefrmanxiety B.anxius C.nervus D.happy
根據(jù)上下文和同義詞，可以選出答案A。
二是看在進(jìn)一步解釋的過(guò)程中使用的同義詞，如Man has knwn smething abut the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help f spaceships. 此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）均為生詞，但只要知道planets就可猜出這幾個(gè)詞都屬于＂行星＂這一義域.通過(guò)反義詞猜詞，一是看表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞或副詞，如but，while，hwever等；二是看與nt搭配的或表示否定意義的詞語(yǔ)，如：He is s hmely，nt at all as handsme as his brther.根據(jù)nt at 我們不難推測(cè)出hmely的意思，即不英俊,不漂亮的意思。
2.根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義
通過(guò)因果關(guān)系猜詞，首先是找出生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系，然后才能猜詞。有時(shí)文章借助關(guān)聯(lián)詞（如because，as，since，fr，s，thus，as a result，f curse，therefre等等）表示前因后果。例如：
Yu shuldn’t have blamed him fr that，fr it wasn’t his fault.通過(guò)fr引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的錯(cuò)），可猜出blame的詞義是＂責(zé)備＂。
3.通過(guò)定義或釋義關(guān)系來(lái)推測(cè)詞義
例如：But smetimes，n rain falls fr a lng，lng time. Then there is a dry perid，r drught.
從drught所在句子的上文我們得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的時(shí)期，即drught，由此可見(jiàn)drught意思為＂久旱＂，＂旱災(zāi)＂。而a dry perid和drught是同義語(yǔ)。這種同義或釋義關(guān)系常由is，r，that is，in ther wrds，be called或破折號(hào)等來(lái)表示。
4.通過(guò)句法功能來(lái)推測(cè)詞義
例如：Bananas，ranges，pineapples，ccnuts and sme ther kind f fruit grw in warm areas.假如pineapples和ccnuts是生詞，我們可以從這兩個(gè)詞在句中所處的位置來(lái)判斷它們大致的意思。從句中不難看出pineapples，ccnuts和bananas，ranges是同類關(guān)系，同屬fruit類，因此它們是兩樣水果，準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō)，是菠蘿和椰子。
5.通過(guò)描述猜詞
描述即作者為幫助讀者更感性地了解某人或某物而對(duì)該人或該物作出的外在相貌或內(nèi)在特征的描寫(xiě)。例如The penguin is a kind f sea bird living in the Suth Ple. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Althugh it cannt fly，it can swim in the icy water t catch the fish.從例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一種生活在南極的鳥(niǎo)類.后面更詳盡地描述了該鳥(niǎo)類的生活習(xí)性。
（二）外部相關(guān)因素
外部相關(guān)因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知識(shí)，有時(shí)僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系無(wú)法猜出詞義。這時(shí)，就需要運(yùn)用生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和普通常識(shí)確定詞義。例如：The snakes lithered thrugh the grass.根據(jù)有關(guān)蛇的生活習(xí)性的知識(shí)，我們可以推斷出slither詞義為＂爬行＂。
（三）構(gòu)詞法
在閱讀文章時(shí)，我們總會(huì)遇上一些新詞匯，有時(shí)很難根據(jù)上下文來(lái)推斷其詞意，而它們對(duì)文章的理解又有著舉足輕重的作用，此時(shí)，如掌握了一些常用的詞根,前綴,后綴,合成等構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)，這些問(wèn)題便不難解決了。
1.根據(jù)前綴猜測(cè)詞義
例如：He fell int a ditch and lay there，semi-cnscius，fr a few minutes.根據(jù)詞根cnscius（清醒的，有意識(shí)的），結(jié)合前綴semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我們便可猜出semicnscius詞義＂半清醒的，半昏迷的。＂I’m illiterate abut such things.詞根lit-erate意為＂有文化修養(yǎng)的，通曉的＂，前綴il表示否定，因此illiterate指＂一竅不通，不知道的＂。
2.根據(jù)后綴猜測(cè)詞義
例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后綴cide表示＂殺者，殺滅劑＂，結(jié)合大家熟悉的詞根insect（昆蟲(chóng)），不難猜出insecticide意為＂殺蟲(chóng)劑＂。Then the vapr may change int drplets.后綴let表示＂小的＂，詞根drp指＂滴，滴狀物＂。將兩個(gè)意思結(jié)合起來(lái)，便可推斷出drplet詞義＂小滴，微滴＂。
3.根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測(cè)詞義
例如：Grwing ecnmic prblems were high-lighted by a slwdwn in il utput. Hightlight或許是一個(gè)生詞，但是分析該詞結(jié)構(gòu)后，就能推測(cè)出其含義。它是由high（高的，強(qiáng)的）和light（光線）兩部分組成，合在一起便是＂以強(qiáng)光照射，使突出＂的意思。Bullfight is very ppular in Spain. Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）結(jié)合在一起，指一種在西班牙頗為流行的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)—斗牛。
二、主旨大意類題型
主旨大意類題型主要測(cè)試學(xué)生對(duì)文章全面理解和概括的能力，提問(wèn)的內(nèi)容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎樣把握主旨大意題呢？通常有以下幾種方法：
（一）閱讀文章的標(biāo)題或副標(biāo)題
文章的標(biāo)題是一篇文章的題眼，通過(guò)閱讀標(biāo)題或副標(biāo)題可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。
（二）尋找文章的主題句
分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出文章主題。在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說(shuō)明文和議論文時(shí)，根據(jù)其篇章特點(diǎn)我們可以通過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主題句來(lái)歸納出文章的主題.若短文由若干段組成，除仔細(xì)閱讀第一段的首句外，還須仔細(xì)閱讀每一段的第一句，即段落中心.通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有時(shí)也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用來(lái)說(shuō)明和闡述主題句。因此，在確定文章的中心思想時(shí)，要求學(xué)生重視閱讀文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常貫穿在全文中，因此要求學(xué)生綜觀全文，對(duì)段落的內(nèi)容要融會(huì)貫通，對(duì)文章透徹理解后歸納總結(jié)。主題句的特點(diǎn)是：1.相對(duì)于其他句子，它表達(dá)的意思比較概括；2.主題句一般結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單；3.段落中其他句子必定是用來(lái)解釋,支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的思想的。
總之，為提高閱讀理解能力，在閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)抓中心思想,作者意圖及關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，運(yùn)用聯(lián)想,比較,歸納,推測(cè)等方法，得出最佳結(jié)論，選擇最佳答案，不能主觀臆測(cè)，把自己的觀點(diǎn)強(qiáng)加進(jìn)去，與文章的觀點(diǎn)混為一談。經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間有計(jì)劃,有目的的系統(tǒng)訓(xùn)練，使學(xué)生加快閱讀速度，提高閱讀的正確性，使兩者有機(jī)地統(tǒng)一起來(lái)，以提高學(xué)生閱讀英語(yǔ)和運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行交際的能力，為繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)切實(shí)打好基礎(chǔ).閱讀是一種綜合性很強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)言實(shí)際活動(dòng)。我們只有進(jìn)行大量的課內(nèi)外閱讀，掌握一定的閱讀技巧，正確運(yùn)用閱讀方法，才能有效地提高閱讀理解能力。
3. 常用解題方法
定位對(duì)照法：
先閱讀題干，然后根據(jù)問(wèn)題的要求，按照題目順序依次有針對(duì)性地結(jié)合題干中的關(guān)鍵詞到文中定位，閱讀相關(guān)部分并快速尋找有效信息。再將原文和選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比較。當(dāng)問(wèn)題與原文材料相同的時(shí)候，對(duì)號(hào)入座；如果問(wèn)題與原文不同．則可以同義替換、歸納事實(shí)等。
選項(xiàng)分析法：
根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞，找準(zhǔn)相關(guān)句、段的內(nèi)容。再仔細(xì)對(duì)照，排除于文章內(nèi)容不一致的錯(cuò)誤信息，從而確定選項(xiàng)。
3.中心精確捕捉法：根據(jù)議論文特點(diǎn)對(duì)文章中心段或句進(jìn)行精準(zhǔn)分析。
4. 兩種解題步驟
方式一：
1.讀開(kāi)頭段，把握中心（中心明確）；
2.解“主旨題”以及“主旨相關(guān)題”；
3.解“細(xì)節(jié)題”（先定段，后定句）。
方式二
1.讀開(kāi)頭段，把握中心（中心不明確）；
2.解“細(xì)節(jié)題”（先定段，后定句）；
3.解“主旨題”以及“主旨相關(guān)題”。
【注意事項(xiàng)】
1.不必通讀全文，不必千方百計(jì)理解文章所有語(yǔ)句；
2.必須首先讀好開(kāi)頭與結(jié)尾段，快速準(zhǔn)確找出文章中心主旨；
3.注意并充分利用文章中所給出的中文提示詞。
二、高考真題
一、2022年高考真題
2022年6月新高考1卷A篇
Grading Plicies fr Intrductin t Literature
Grading Scale
90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Belw 60, E.
Essays (60%)
Yur fur majr essays will cmbine t frm the main part f the grade fr this curse: Essay 1 = 10%; Essay 2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%; Essay 4 = 20%.
Grup Assignments (30%)
Students will wrk in grups t cmplete fur assignments (作業(yè)) during the curse. All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date thrugh Blackbard, ur nline learning and curse management system.
Daily Wrk/In-Class Writings and Tests/Grup Wrk/Hmewrk (10%)
Class activities will vary frm day t day, but students must be ready t cmplete shrt in-class writings r tests drawn directly frm assigned readings r ntes frm the previus class' lecture/discussin, s it is imprtant t take careful ntes during class. Additinally, frm time t time I will assign grup wrk t be cmpleted in class r shrt assignments t be cmpleted at hme, bth f which will be graded.
Late Wrk
An essay nt submitted in class n the due date will lse a letter grade fr each class perid it is late. If it is nt turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zer. Daily assignments nt cmpleted during class will get a zer. Shrt writings missed as a result f an excused absence will be accepted.
21. Where is this text prbably taken frm?
A. A textbk.B. An exam paper.C. A curse plan.D. An academic article.
22. Hw many parts is a student’s final grade made up f?
A. Tw.B. Three.C. Fur.D. Five.
23. What will happen if yu submit an essay ne week after the due date?
A. Yu will receive a zer.B. Yu will lse a letter grade.
C. Yu will be given a test.D. Yu will have t rewrite it.
【答案】21. C 22. B 23. A
【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了文學(xué)概論課程評(píng)分辦法。
【21題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章標(biāo)題“Grading Plicies fr Intrductin t Literature (文學(xué)概論課程評(píng)分辦法)”和Essays (60%)部分“Yur fur majr essays will cmbine t frm the main part f the grade f fr this curse (你的四篇主要文章將構(gòu)成本課程評(píng)分的主要部分)”可知，文章介紹了文學(xué)概論課程評(píng)分辦法，可得出本文是出自一個(gè)課程計(jì)劃。故選C項(xiàng)。
【22題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)黑體小標(biāo)題“Essays (60%)”、“Grup Assignments (30%)”和“Daily Wrk/In-Class Writings and Tests/Grups Wrk/Hmewrk (10%)”可知，學(xué)生的最終成績(jī)由3部分組成。故選B項(xiàng)。
【23題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Late Wrk”部分“If it is nt turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zer. (如果沒(méi)有在截止日期后的第4天上交，將會(huì)得到零分)”可知，如果在截止日期后一周才交文章，你將會(huì)得零分。故選A項(xiàng)。
2022年6月新高考1卷B篇
Like mst f us, I try t be mindful f fd that ges t waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was t make a nice green salad, runding ut a rast chicken dinner. But I ended up wrking late. Then friends called with a dinner invitatin. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even wrse, I had unthinkingly bught way t much; I culd have made six salads with what I threw ut.
In a wrld where nearly 800 millin peple a year g hungry, “fd waste ges against the mral grain,” as Elizabeth Ryte writes in this mnth’s cver stry. It’s jaw-drpping hw much perfectly gd fd is thrwn away — frm “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grcers t large amunts f uneaten dishes thrwn int restaurant garbage cans.
Prducing fd that n ne eats wastes the water, fuel, and ther resurces used t grw it. That makes fd waste an envirnmental prblem. In fact, Ryte writes, “if fd waste were a cuntry, it wuld be the third largest prducer f greenhuse gases in the wrld.”
If that’s hard t understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back f my refrigeratr. Mike Curtin sees my arugula stry all the time — but fr him, it's mre like 12 bnes f dnated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO f DC Central Kitchen in Washingtn, D.C., which recvers fd and turns it int healthy meals. Last year it recvered mre than 807,500 punds f fd by taking dnatins and cllecting blemished (有瑕疵的) prduce that therwise wuld have rtted in fields. And the strawberries? Vlunteers will wash, cut, and freeze r dry them fr use in meals dwn the rad.
Such methds seem bvius, yet s ften we just dn’t think. “Everyne can play a part in reducing waste, whether by nt purchasing mre fd than necessary in yur weekly shpping r by asking restaurants t nt include the side dish yu wn’t eat,” Curtin says.
24. What des the authr want t shw by telling the arugula stry?
A. We pay little attentin t fd waste.B. We waste fd unintentinally at times.
C. We waste mre vegetables than meat.D. We have gd reasns fr wasting fd.
25. What is a cnsequence f fd waste accrding t the test?
A. Mral decline.B. Envirnmental harm.
C. Energy shrtage.D. Wrldwide starvatin.
26. What des Curtin’s cmpany d?
A. It prduces kitchen equipment.B. It turns rtten arugula int clean fuel.
C. It helps lcal farmers grw fruits.D. It makes meals ut f unwanted fd.
27. What des Curtin suggest peple d?
A. Buy nly what is needed.B. Reduce fd cnsumptin.
C. G shpping nce a week.D. Eat in restaurants less ften.
【答案】24. B 25. B 26. D 27. A
【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪械氖澄锢速M(fèi)現(xiàn)象以及華盛頓DC中央廚房的首席執(zhí)行官科廷為解決食物浪費(fèi)而采取的努力。
【24題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Like mst f us, I try t be mindful f fd that ges t waste.(像我們大多數(shù)人一樣，我努力關(guān)注那些被浪費(fèi)的食物)”及“But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even wrse, I had unthinkingly bught way t much; culd have made six salads with what I threw ut.(但隨著時(shí)間的推移，芝麻菜變壞了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地買(mǎi)了太多東西；我扔掉的東西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通過(guò)講述芝麻菜的故事來(lái)表明我們有時(shí)會(huì)無(wú)意間浪費(fèi)食物。故選B。
【25題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Prducing fd that n ne eats wastes the water, fuel, and ther, resurces used t grw it. That makes fd waste an envirnmental prblem. In fact, Ryte writes, “if fd waste were a cuntry, it wuld be the third largest prducer f greenhuse gases in the wrld.”(生產(chǎn)沒(méi)人吃的食物會(huì)浪費(fèi)用于種植食物的水、燃料和其他資源。這使得食物浪費(fèi)成為一個(gè)環(huán)境問(wèn)題。事實(shí)上，羅伊特寫(xiě)道，“如果食物浪費(fèi)是一個(gè)國(guó)家，它將是世界上第三大溫室氣體排放國(guó)?！?”可知，根據(jù)文中的說(shuō)法，浪費(fèi)食物的一個(gè)后果是對(duì)環(huán)境的危害。故選B。
【26題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“Curtin is CEO f DC Central Kitchen in Washingtn. D.C., which recvers fd and turns it int healthy meals. Last year it recvered mre than 807,500 punds f fd by taking dnatins and cllecting blemished (有瑕疵的) prduce, that therwise wuld have rtted in fields. And the strawberries? Vlunteers will wash, cut, and freeze r dry them fr use in meals dwn the rad.(科廷是華盛頓DC中央廚房的首席執(zhí)行官，該公司把食物復(fù)原，變成健康的食物。去年，該組織通過(guò)接受捐贈(zèng)和收集有瑕疵的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，收回了超過(guò)807500磅的食物，否則這些農(nóng)產(chǎn)品就會(huì)在地里腐爛。草莓呢？志愿者們將清洗、切割、冷凍或干燥它們，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人們不想要的食物重新制作食物。故選D。
【27題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的““Everyne can play a part in reducing waste, whether by nt purchasing mre fd than necessary in yur weekly shpping r by asking restaurants t nt include the side dish yu wn’t eat,” Curtin says.(“每個(gè)人都可以在減少浪費(fèi)方面發(fā)揮作用，無(wú)論是在每周的購(gòu)物中不購(gòu)買(mǎi)不必要的食物，還是要求餐館不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷說(shuō))”可知，科廷建議人們只買(mǎi)需要的東西來(lái)避免浪費(fèi)食物。故選A。
2022年6月新高考1卷C篇
The elderly residents (居民) in care hmes in Lndn are being given hens t lk after t stp them feeling lnely.
The prject was dreamed up by a lcal charity (慈善組織) t reduce lneliness and imprve elderly peple’s wellbeing, It is als being used t help patients suffering dementia, a serius illness f the mind. Staff in care hmes have reprted a reductin in the use f medicine where hens are in use.
Amng thse taking part in the prject is 80-year-ld Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used t keep hens when I was yunger and had t prepare their breakfast each mrning befre I went t schl. ”
“I like the prject a lt. I am dwn there in my wheelchair in the mrning letting the hens ut and dwn there again at night t see they’ve gne t bed.”
“It’s gd t have a different fcus. Peple have been bringing their children in t see the hens and residents cme and sit utside t watch them. I’m enjying the creative activities, and it feels great t have dne smething useful.”
There are nw 700 elderly peple lking after hens in 20 care hmes in the Nrth East, and the charity has been given financial supprt t rll it ut cuntrywide.
Wendy Wilsn, extra care manager at 60 Penfld Street, ne f the first t embark n the prject, said: “Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here.”
Lynn Lewis, directr f Ntting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy t be taking part in the prject. It will really help cnnect ur residents thrugh a shared interest and creative activities.”
28. What is the purpse f the prject?
A. T ensure harmny in care hmes. B. T prvide part-time jbs fr the aged.
C. T raise mney fr medical research. D. T prmte the elderly peple’s welfare.
29. Hw has the prject affected Ruth Xavier?
A. She has learned new life skills.B. She has gained a sense f achievement.
C. She has recvered her memry.D. She has develped a strng persnality.
30. What d the underlined wrds “embark n” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Imprve.B. Oppse.C. Begin.D. Evaluate.
31. What can we learn abut the prject frm the last tw paragraphs?
A. It is well received.B. It needs t be mre creative.
C. It is highly prfitable.D. It takes ages t see the results.
【答案】28. D 29. B 30. C 31. A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要講述了旨在減少孤獨(dú)，改善老年人的健康狀況的項(xiàng)目。
【28題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“The prject was dreamed up by a lcal charity (慈善組織) t reduce lneliness and imprve elderly peple’s wellbeing (該項(xiàng)目由當(dāng)?shù)匾患掖壬茩C(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)想，旨在減少孤獨(dú)，改善老年人的健康狀況)”可知，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的目的是為了提高老年人的幸福。故選D。
【29題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第五段““It’s gd t have a different fcus. Peple have been bringing their children in t see the hens and residents cme and sit utside t watch them. I’m enjying the creative activities, and it feels great t have dne smething useful.” (有不同的關(guān)注點(diǎn)很好。人們把自己的孩子帶進(jìn)來(lái)看母雞，居民們也來(lái)外面坐著看它們。我喜歡創(chuàng)造性的活動(dòng)，做一些有用的事情的感覺(jué)很好)”可推知，Ruth Xavier通過(guò)該項(xiàng)目獲得了一種成就感。故選B。
【30題詳解】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here. (居民們非常歡迎該項(xiàng)目的想法和創(chuàng)意會(huì)議。我們期待這個(gè)項(xiàng)目能給這里的人們帶來(lái)好處和樂(lè)趣)”以及劃線處前的“ne f the first (第一批人之一)”可知Wendy Wilsn是著手這項(xiàng)工程的人之一，劃線處的含義與C項(xiàng)：“Begin (開(kāi)始)”含義相近。故選C。
【31題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“Residents really welcme the idea f the prject and the creative sessins. We are lking frward t the benefits and fun the prject can bring t peple here. (居民們非常歡迎該項(xiàng)目的想法和創(chuàng)意會(huì)議。我們期待這個(gè)項(xiàng)目能給這里的人們帶來(lái)好處和樂(lè)趣)”以及最后一段“Lynn Lewis, directr f Ntting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy t be taking part in the prject. It will really help cnnect ur residents thrugh a shared interest and creative activities.” (“諾丁山路徑”的負(fù)責(zé)人林恩·劉易斯說(shuō):我們很高興能參與這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。它將通過(guò)共同的興趣和創(chuàng)造性活動(dòng)真正幫助我們的居民聯(lián)系起來(lái))”可知，該項(xiàng)目的反響很好。故選A。
2022年6月新高考1卷D篇
Human speech cntains mre than 2,000 different sunds, frm the cmmn “m” and “a” t the rare clicks f sme suthern African languages. But why are certain sunds mre cmmn than thers? A grund-breaking, five-year study shws that diet-related changes in human bite led t new speech sunds that are nw fund in half the wrld’s languages.
Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and “v”, were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.
They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned (對(duì)齊), making it hard t prduce labidentals, which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure (結(jié)構(gòu)), making it easier t prduce such sunds.
The team shwed that this change in bite was cnnected with the develpment f agriculture in the Nelithic perid. Fd became easier t chew at this pint. The jawbne didn’t have t d as much wrk and s didn’t grw t be s large.
Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.
This research verturns the ppular view that all human speech sunds were present when human beings evlved arund 300,000 years ag. ”The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,“ said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.
32. Which aspect f the human speech sund des Damián Blasi’s research fcus n?
A. Its variety.B. Its distributin.C. Its quantity.D. Its develpment.
33. Why was it difficult fr ancient human adults t prduce labidentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lwer teeth.
B. They culd nt pen and clse their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were nt cnveniently structured.
D. Their lwer frnt teeth were nt large enugh.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly abut?
A. Supprting evidence fr the research results.
B. Ptential applicatin f the research findings.
C. A further explanatin f the research methds.
D. A reasnable dubt abut the research prcess.
35. What des Steven Mran say abut the set f human speech sunds?
A. It is key t effective cmmunicatin.B. It cntributes much t cultural diversity.
C. It is a cmplex and dynamic system.D. It drives the evlutin f human beings.
【答案】32. D 33. C 34. A 35. C
【解析】本篇是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要介紹因?yàn)轱嬍车母淖儗?dǎo)致了現(xiàn)在在世界上一半的語(yǔ)言中發(fā)現(xiàn)了新的語(yǔ)音。
【32題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段中的“Mre than 30 years ag, the schlar Charles Hckett nted that speech sunds called labidentals, such as “f” and "v", were mre cmmn in the languages f scieties that ate sfter fds. Nw a team f researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University f Zurich, Switzerland, has fund hw and why this trend arse.（30多年前，學(xué)者Charles Hckett注意到，被稱為唇齒音的語(yǔ)音，如“f”和“v”，在吃軟食物的社會(huì)的語(yǔ)言中更常見(jiàn)?，F(xiàn)在，瑞士蘇黎世大學(xué)的Damian Blasi領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一組研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了這一趨勢(shì)產(chǎn)生的方式和原因。）”可知Damian Blasi的研究重點(diǎn)是在語(yǔ)言的演變上。故選D項(xiàng)。
【33題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“They discvered that the upper and lwer frnt teeth f ancient human adults were aligned，making it hard t prduce labidentals，which are frmed by tuching the lwer lip t the upper teeth. Later, ur jaws changed t an verbite structure , making it easier t prduce such sunds.（他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，古人類的上門(mén)牙和下門(mén)牙是對(duì)齊的，因此很難產(chǎn)生唇齒音，唇齒音是通過(guò)下唇接觸上牙齒而形成的。后來(lái)，我們的下顎變成了覆蓋咬合結(jié)構(gòu)，更容易發(fā)出這樣的聲音）”可知，因?yàn)楣糯赡耆说南骂€結(jié)構(gòu)使他們很難發(fā)出唇齒音。故選C項(xiàng)。
【34題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第五段中的“Analyses f a language database als cnfirmed that there was a glbal change in the sund f wrld languages after the s Nelithic age, with the use f “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thusand years. These sunds are still nt fund in the languages f many hunter-gatherer peple tday.（對(duì)語(yǔ)言數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的分析也證實(shí)，在新石器時(shí)代之后，世界語(yǔ)言的發(fā)音發(fā)生了全球性的變化，在過(guò)去幾千年里，“f”和“v”的使用顯著增加。這些聲音在今天許多狩獵采集者的語(yǔ)言中仍然沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)）”可知，第五段主要是通過(guò)列明數(shù)據(jù)分析結(jié)果來(lái)進(jìn)一步證明研究結(jié)果。故選A項(xiàng)。
【35題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中““The set f speech sunds we use has nt necessarily remained stable since the appearance f human beings, but rather the huge variety f speech sunds that we find tday is the prduct f a cmplex interplay f things like bilgical change and cultural evlutin,” said Steven Mran, a member f the research team.（研究小組成員Steven Mran說(shuō):“自從人類出現(xiàn)以來(lái)，我們使用的語(yǔ)音不一定保持穩(wěn)定，我們今天發(fā)現(xiàn)的各種語(yǔ)音都是生物變化和文化進(jìn)化等復(fù)雜相互作用的產(chǎn)物?！保笨芍?，Steven Mran認(rèn)為語(yǔ)音是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的動(dòng)態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選C項(xiàng)。
2022年6月全國(guó)甲卷B篇
Gffin’s cckats, a kind f small parrt native t Australasia, have been shwn t have similar shape-recgnitin abilities t a human tw-year-ld. Thugh nt knwn t use tls in the wild, the birds have prved skilful at tl use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cckats were presented with a bx with a nut inside it. The clear frnt f the bx had a “keyhle” in a gemetric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” t chse frm. Inserting the crrect “key” wuld let ut the nut.
In humans, babies can put a rund shape in a rund hle frm arund ne year f age, but it will be anther year befre they are able t d the same with less symmetrical (對(duì)稱的) shapes. This ability t recgnize that a shape will need t be turned in a specific directin befre it will fit is called an “allcentric frame f reference”. In the experiment, Gffin’s cckats were able t select the right tl fr the jb, in mst cases, by visual recgnitin alne. Where trial-and-errr was used, the cckats did better than mnkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Gffin’s cckats d indeed pssess an allcentric frame f reference when mving bjects in space, similar t tw-year-ld babies.
The next step, accrding t the researchers, is t try and wrk ut whether the cckats rely entirely n visual clues (線索), r als use a sense f tuch in making their shape selectins.
24. Hw did the cckats get the nut frm the bx in the experiment?
A. By fllwing instructins.B. By using a tl.
C. By turning the bx arund.D. By remving the lid.
25. Which task can human ne-year-lds mst likely cmplete accrding t the text?
A. Using a key t unlck a dr.B. Telling parrts frm ther birds.
C. Putting a ball int a rund hle.D. Gruping tys f different shapes.
26. What des the fllw-up test aim t find ut abut the cckats?
A. Hw far they are able t see.B. Hw they track mving bjects.
C. Whether they are smarter than mnkeys.D. Whether they use a sense f tuch in the test.
27. Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Cckats: Quick Errr CheckersB. Cckats: Independent Learners
C. Cckats: Clever Signal-ReadersD. Cckats: Skilful Shape-Srters
【答案】24. B 25. C 26. D 27. D
【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了一種會(huì)識(shí)別形狀的鳳頭鸚鵡。
【24題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Thugh nt knwn t use tls in the wild, the birds have prved skilful at tl use while kept in the cage. (雖然人們不知道這些鳥(niǎo)在野外會(huì)使用工具，但事實(shí)證明，它們?cè)陉P(guān)在籠子里時(shí)就能熟練地使用工具)”以及“the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” t chse frm. Inserting, the crrect “keys” wuld let ut the nut. (研究人員給了這些鳥(niǎo)5把形狀各異的“鑰匙”供它們選擇。插入，正確的“鑰匙”會(huì)讓堅(jiān)果出來(lái))”可知，在實(shí)驗(yàn)中，鳳頭鸚鵡是通過(guò)使用工具從盒子里取出堅(jiān)果的。故選B。
【25題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“In humans, babies can put a rund shape in a rund hle frm arund ne year f age (在人類身上，嬰兒從一歲左右就可以把一個(gè)圓形的物品放進(jìn)一個(gè)圓形的洞里)”結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，可知，一歲兒童最有可能完成“將一個(gè)球放進(jìn)一個(gè)圓形的洞里”的任務(wù)。故選C。
【26題詳解】推理判斷題。通過(guò)文章最后一段“The next step, accrding t the researchers, is t try and wrk ut whether the cckats rely entirely n visual clues, r als use a sense f tuch in making their shape selectins. (根據(jù)研究人員的說(shuō)法，下一步是嘗試弄清楚鳳頭鸚鵡是完全依靠視覺(jué)線索，還是也使用觸覺(jué)來(lái)選擇它們的形狀)”可推知，后續(xù)測(cè)試的目的是了解鳳頭鸚鵡在測(cè)試中是否使用觸覺(jué)。故選D。
【27題詳解】主旨大意題。通讀全文，再結(jié)合文章第一段“Cffin’s cckats, a kind f small parrt native t Australasia, have been shwn t have similar shape-recgnitin abilities t a human tw-year-ld. (科芬的鳳頭鸚鵡是一種原產(chǎn)于大洋洲的小鸚鵡，它的形狀識(shí)別能力與兩歲的人類相似)”可推知，本文主要介紹了會(huì)識(shí)別形狀的鳳頭鸚鵡。D項(xiàng)“Cckats: Skilful Shape-Srters (鳳頭鸚鵡：識(shí)別形狀的熟練工)”符合文意，最適合作為本文標(biāo)題。故選D。
2022年6月全國(guó)甲卷C篇
As Ginni Bazlintn reached Antarctica, she fund herself greeted by a grup f little Gent penguins (企鵝) lnging t say hell. These gentle, lvely gatekeepers welcmed her and kick-started what was t be a trip Ginni wuld never frget.
Ever since her childhd, Ginni, nw 71, has had a deep lve fr travel. Thrughut her career (職業(yè)) as a prfessinal dancer, she tured in the UK, but always lnged t explre further. When she retired frm dancing and her sns eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time t take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began t travel the wrld, eventually getting wrk teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discvered she culd get last-minute cheap deals n ships ging t Antarctica frm the islands ff Tierra del Fueg, the suthernmst tip f the Suth American mainland. “I just decided I wanted t g,” she says. “I had n idea abut what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervus, I just wanted t d it. And I wanted t d it alne as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni barded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met befre, t begin the jurney twards Antarctica. “Frm seeing the wildlife t witnessing sunrises, the whle experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impressin n me that n ther place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rse ut f the water like sme prehistric creature and I thught it was smiling at us. Yu culd still hear the peratic sunds it was making underwater.”
The realizatin that this is a precius land, t be respected by humans, was ne f the biggest things that hit hme t Ginni.
28. Which f the fllwing best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Try challenging things.B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lst memries.D. Stick t a prmise.
29. What made Ginni decide n the trip t Antarctica?
A. Lvely penguins.B. Beautiful scenery.
C. A discunt fare.D. A friend’s invitatin.
30. What des Ginni think abut Antarctica after the jurney?
A. It culd be a hme fr her.B. It shuld be easily accessible.
C. It shuld be well preserved.D. It needs t be fully intrduced.
31. What is the text mainly abut?
A. A childhd dream.B. An unfrgettable experience.
C. Sailing arund the wrld.D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
【答案】28. A 29. C 30. C 31. B
【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了71歲的Ginni Balintn從小就對(duì)旅行有著深深的熱愛(ài)，渴望探險(xiǎn)，不再跳舞和孩子們成家立業(yè)之后，她開(kāi)始周游世界，并在2008年開(kāi)始了前往南極洲的旅程。
【28題詳解】詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段劃線詞前文“Thrughut her career(職業(yè)) as a prfessinal dancer, she tured in the UK, but always lnged t explre further. (在她的職業(yè)舞蹈演員生涯中，她曾在英國(guó)巡演，但一直渴望進(jìn)一步探索)”和“When she retired frm dancing and her sns eventually flew the nest (當(dāng)她不再跳舞，她的兒子們最終獨(dú)立生活)”可知，Ginni在退休和兒子們成家立業(yè)之后，她決定嘗試有挑戰(zhàn)性的事情。由此推知，劃線詞組take the plunge與try challenging things“嘗試有挑戰(zhàn)性的事情”意思接近。故選A。
【29題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“And it was in Chile she discvered she culd get last-minute cheap deals n ships ging t Antarctica frm the islands ff Tiera del Fueg. (正是在智利，她發(fā)現(xiàn)自己可以在最后一刻買(mǎi)到從火地島附近島嶼前往南極洲的廉價(jià)船票)”可知，是折扣的票價(jià)讓Ginni決定去南極洲旅行的。故選C。
【30題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“The realizatin that this is a precius land, t be respected by humans, was ne f the biggest things that hit hme t Ginni. (意識(shí)到這是一塊寶貴的土地，應(yīng)該受到人類的尊重，這是Ginni最深刻的感受之一)”可知，旅行結(jié)束后，Ginni認(rèn)為南極洲應(yīng)該得到很好的保護(hù)。故選C。
【31題詳解】主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，文章主要講述了Ginni Balintn去南極旅行的經(jīng)歷，再根據(jù)第一段“These gentle lvely gatekeepers welcmed her and kick-started what was t be a trip Ginni wuld never frget. (這些溫柔可愛(ài)的看門(mén)人歡迎了她，并開(kāi)始了一次Ginni永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記的旅行)”和倒數(shù)第二段Ginni Balintn對(duì)南極之旅的評(píng)價(jià)可知，文章主要介紹了Ginni Balintn去南極洲之旅讓她非常難忘。由此可知，An unfrgettable experience. (一次難忘的經(jīng)歷)能夠概括文章主旨。故選B。
2022年6月全國(guó)乙卷C篇
Can a small grup f drnes (無(wú)人機(jī)) guarantee the safety and reliability f railways and, at the same time, help railway peratrs save billins f eurs each year? That is the very likely future f applying tday’s “eyes in the sky” technlgy t making sure that the millins f kilmetres f rail tracks and infrastructure (基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) wrldwide are safe fr trains n a 24/7 basis.
Drnes are already being used t examine high-tensin electrical lines. They culd d precisely the same thing t inspect railway lines and ther vital aspects f rail infrastructure such as the crrect psitin f railway tracks and switching pints. The mre regularly they can be inspected, the mre railway safety, reliability and n-time perfrmance will be imprved. Csts wuld be cut and peratins wuld be mre efficient (高效) acrss the bard.
That includes huge savings in maintenance csts and better prtectin f railway persnnel safety. It is calculated that Eurpean railways alne spend apprximately 20 billin eurs a year n maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, ften at night, t inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerus wrk that culd be avided with drnes assisting the crews’ effrts.
By using the latest technlgies, drnes culd als start prviding higher-value services fr railways, detecting faults in the rail r switches, befre they can cause any safety prblems. T perfrm these tasks, drnes fr rail dn’t need t be flying verhead. Engineers are nw wrking n a new cncept: the rail drnes f the future. They will be mving n the track ahead f the train, and prgrammed t run autnmusly. Very small drnes with advanced sensrs and AI and travelling ahead f the train culd guide it like a c-pilt. With their ability t see ahead, they culd signal any prblem, s that fast-mving trains wuld be able t react in time.
28. What makes the applicatin f drnes t rail lines pssible?
A. The use f drnes in checking n pwer lines.B. Drnes’ ability t wrk at high altitudes.
C. The reductin f cst in designing drnes.D. Drnes’ reliable perfrmance in remte areas.
29. What des “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer t?
A. Persnnel safety.B. Assistance frm drnes.
C. Inspectin and repair.D. Cnstructin f infrastructure.
30. What functin is expected f the rail drnes?
A. T prvide early warning.B. T make trains run autmatically.
C T earn prfits fr the crews.D. T accelerate transprtatin.
31. Which is the mst suitable title fr the text?
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drnes
B. Hw Prductin f Drnes Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drne Develpment Will Face
D. Hw Drnes Will Change the Future f Railways
【答案】28. B 29. C 30. A 31. D
【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。應(yīng)用今天的“空中之眼”的技術(shù)，無(wú)人機(jī)能在保證鐵路安全可靠的同時(shí)又能幫助鐵路運(yùn)營(yíng)商每年節(jié)省數(shù)十億歐元。
【28題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Drnes are already being used t examine high-tensin electrical lines. They culd d precisely the same thing t inspect railway lines and ther vital aspects f rail infrastructure such as the crrect psitin f railway tracks and switching pints.(無(wú)人機(jī)已經(jīng)被用于檢查高壓電線。他們完全可以做同樣的事情來(lái)檢查鐵路線路和鐵路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的其他重要方面，如鐵路軌道和換乘點(diǎn)的正確位置)”可推知，無(wú)人機(jī)在高空工作的能力使無(wú)人機(jī)應(yīng)用于鐵路線路成為可能。故選B。
【29題詳解】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)后文“It is calculated that Eurpean railways alne spend apprximately 20 billin eurs a year n maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, ften at night, t inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. (據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，僅歐洲鐵路公司每年在鐵路維護(hù)上的花費(fèi)就約為200億歐元，其中包括經(jīng)常在夜間派遣維修人員檢查和維修鐵路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)”可知花在maintenance上的費(fèi)用是用于“inspect and repair the rail infrastructure （檢查和維修鐵路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施”，由此可知“That includes huge savings in maintenance csts and better prtectin f railway persnnel safety”是指大幅節(jié)省檢修成本和更好地保護(hù)鐵路人員安全，劃線詞和 C項(xiàng)：Inspectin and repair(檢修)含義相近。故選C。
【30題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段 “Very small drnes with advanced sensrs and AI and travelling ahead f the train culd guide it like a c-pilt. With their ability t see ahead, they culd signal any prblem, s that fast-mving trains wuld be able t react in time.(帶有先進(jìn)傳感器和人工智能的非常小的無(wú)人機(jī)可以像副駕駛一樣在火車前面行駛。 憑借他們的預(yù)見(jiàn)能力，他們可以發(fā)出任何問(wèn)題的信號(hào)，以便快速行駛的火車能夠及時(shí)做出反應(yīng)。)”可知對(duì)于無(wú)人機(jī)期待的功能是提前發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題。故選A。
【31題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章主題段第一段“Can a small grup f drnes(無(wú)人機(jī))guarantee the safety and reliability f railways and, at the same time, help railway peratrs save billins f eurs each year? That is the very likely future f applying tday’s “eyes in the sky” technlgy t making sure that the millins f kilmeters f rail tracks and infrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)wrldwide are safe fr trains n a24/7 basis.(一小群無(wú)人機(jī)能否在保證鐵路安全可靠的同時(shí)，幫助鐵路運(yùn)營(yíng)商每年節(jié)省數(shù)十億歐元?這很可能是應(yīng)用今天的“空中之眼”技術(shù)的未來(lái)，以確保全球數(shù)百萬(wàn)公里的鐵路軌道和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施全天候安全運(yùn)行。)”以及后文第二段講到了使用無(wú)人機(jī)檢查電力線路使無(wú)人機(jī)應(yīng)用于鐵路線路成為可能;第三段講到了使用無(wú)人機(jī)大幅節(jié)省維護(hù)成本和更好地保護(hù)鐵路人員安全；第四段講到了通過(guò)使用最新的技術(shù)，無(wú)人機(jī)還可以開(kāi)始為鐵路提供更高的價(jià)值，可知文章主要講述了無(wú)人機(jī)將如何改變鐵路的未來(lái)，所以D項(xiàng)“無(wú)人機(jī)將如何改變鐵路的未來(lái)?！狈衔恼轮行乃枷?，適合作為本文的最佳標(biāo)題。故選D。
2022年6月全國(guó)乙卷D篇
The Gvernment’s sugar tax n sft drinks has brught in half as much mney as Ministers first predicted it wuld generate, the first fficial data n the plicy has shwn.
First annunced in April, 2016, the tax which applies t sft drinks cntaining mre than 5g f sugar per 100ml, was intrduced t help reduce childhd besity (肥胖). It is believed that tday’s children and teenagers are cnsuming three times the recmmended level f sugar, putting them at a higher risk f the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected t make ￡520m a year fr the Treasury. Hwever, data f the first six mnths shwed it wuld make less than half this amunt. At present it is expected t generate ￡240m fr the year ending in April 2019, which will g t schl sprts.
It cmes after mre than half f sft drinks sld in shps have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers (制造商) s they can avid paying the tax. Drinks nw cntain 45 millin fewer kils f sugar as a result f manufacturers’ effrts t avid the charge, accrding t Treasury figures. Since April drinks cmpanies have been frced t pay between 18p and 24p fr every litre f sugary drink they prduce r imprt, depending n the sugar cntent.
Hwever sme high sugar brands, like Classic Cca Cla, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing t change fr fear f upsetting cnsumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and mst alchlic drinks are free f the tax, as are small cmpanies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Tday’s figures, accrding t ne gvernment fficial, shw the psitive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millins f punds fr sprts facilities (設(shè)施) and healthier eating in schls. Helping the next generatin t have a healthy and active childhd is f great imprtance, and the industry is playing its part.
32. Why was the sugar tax intrduced?
A. T cllect mney fr schls.B. T imprve the quality f drinks.
C. T prtect children’s health.D. T encurage research in educatin.
33. Hw did sme drinks cmpanies respnd t the sugar tax?
A. They turned t verseas markets.B. They raised the prices f their prducts.
C. They cut dwn n their prductin.D. They reduced their prducts’ sugar cntent.
34. Frm which f the fllwing is the sugar tax cllected?
A. Mst alchlic drinks.B. Milk-based drinks.C. Fruit juices.D. Classic Cke.
35. What can be inferred abut the adptin f the sugar tax plicy?
A. It is a shrt-sighted decisin.B. It is a success stry.
C. It benefits manufacturers.D. It upsets custmers.
【答案】32. C 33. D 34. D 35. B
【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了英國(guó)政府對(duì)軟飲料征收的糖稅來(lái)解決兒童以及青少年的健康問(wèn)題，同時(shí)該收入用于學(xué)校體育。
【32題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的“First annunced in April, 2016, the tax which applies t sft drinks cntaining mre than 5g f sugar per 100ml, was intrduced t help reduce childhd besity .（該稅于2016年4月首次宣布，適用于每100毫升含糖超過(guò)5g的軟飲料，旨在幫助減少兒童肥胖）”可知，征收糖稅的目的是幫助兒童減少肥胖，保護(hù)兒童健康。故選C項(xiàng)。
【33題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“It cmes after mre than half f sft drinks sld in shps have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers s they can avid paying the tax.（此前，制造商已經(jīng)降低了商店中銷售的超過(guò)一半的軟飲料的含糖量，以避免納稅）”可知，一些飲料公司通過(guò)降低了產(chǎn)品的含糖量來(lái)避稅。故選D項(xiàng)。
【34題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段中的“Hwever, sme high sugar brands, like Classic Cca Cla, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing t change fr fear f upsetting cnsumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and mst alchlic drinks are free f the tax, as are small cmpanies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.（然而，一些高糖品牌，如經(jīng)典可口可樂(lè)，已經(jīng)接受了糖稅，并拒絕改變，因?yàn)閾?dān)心會(huì)惹惱消費(fèi)者。果汁、以牛奶為原料的飲料和大多數(shù)酒精飲料是免稅的，每年生產(chǎn)不到100萬(wàn)升的小公司也是免稅的）”可知，糖稅主要來(lái)自經(jīng)典可口可樂(lè)這些高糖品牌。故選D項(xiàng)。
【35題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中“Tday’s figures, accrding t ne gvernment fficial, shw the psitive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millins f punds fr sprts facilities and healthier eating in schls.（根據(jù)一位政府官員的說(shuō)法，今天的數(shù)據(jù)顯示了糖稅的積極影響，它為學(xué)校的體育設(shè)施和健康飲食籌集了數(shù)百萬(wàn)英鎊）”可推斷，糖稅政策的實(shí)施是一個(gè)成功的政策。故選B項(xiàng)。
2022年6月北京卷C篇
“What wuld the wrld be if there were n hunger?” It’s a questin that Prfessr Crystal wuld ask her students. They fund it hard t answer, she wrte later, because imagining smething that isn’t part f real life—and learning hw t make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught t artists and engineers, but much less ften t scientists. Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges.
Systems thinking is crucial t achieving targets such as zer hunger and better nutritin because it requires cnsidering the way in which fd is prduced, prcessed, delivered and cnsumed, and lking at hw thse things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the envirnment, ecnmics and sciety. Accrding t systems thinking, changing the fd system—r any ther netwrk—requires three things t happen. First, researchers need t identify all the players in that system; secnd, they must wrk ut hw they relate t each ther; and third, they need t understand and quantify the impact f thse relatinships n each ther and n thse utside the system.
Take nutritin. In the latest UN reprt n glbal fd security, the number f undernurished (營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良 )peple in the wrld has been rising, despite great advances in nutritin science. Tracking f 150 bichemicals in fd has been imprtant in revealing the relatinships between calries, sugar, fat and the ccurrence f cmmn diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, sme scientists prpse that human diets cnsist f at least 26,000 bichemicals—and that the vast majrity are nt knwn.This shws that we have sme way t travel befre achieving the first bjective f systems thinking - which,in this example, is t identify mre cnstituent parts f the nutritin system.
A systems apprach t creating change is als built n the assumptin that everyne in the system has equal pwer. But as sme researchers find, the fd system is nt an equal ne. A gd way t redress (修正 ) such pwer imbalance is fr mre universities t d what Crystal did and teach students hw t think using a systems apprach.
Mre researchers, plicymakers and representatives frm the fd industry must learn t lk beynd their direct lines f respnsibility and adpt a systems apprach. Crystal knew that visins alne dn’t prduce results, but cncluded that “we’ll never prduce results that we can’t envisin”.
28. The authr uses the questin underlined in Paragraph 1 t ________.
A. illustrate an argumentB. highlight an pinin
C. intrduce the tpicD. predict the ending
29. What can be inferred abut the field f nutritin?
A. The first bjective f systems thinking hasn’t been achieved.
B. The relatinships amng players have been clarified.
C. Machine learning can slve the nutritin prblem.
D. The impact f nutritin cannt be quantified.
30. As fr systems thinking, which wuld the authr agree with?
A. It may be used t justify pwer imbalance.
B. It can be applied t tackle challenges.
C. It helps t prve why hunger exists.
D. It ges beynd human imaginatin.
【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B
【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了解決全球挑戰(zhàn)的重要方法——系統(tǒng)思維。
28.【解析】推理判斷題。由文章第一段““What wuld the wrld be if there were n hunger?” It’s a questin that Prfessr Crystal wuld ask her students. They fund it hard t answer, she wrte later, because imagining smething that isn’t part f real life—and learning hw t make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught t artists and engineers, but much less ften t scientists. Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges. (“如果沒(méi)有饑餓，世界會(huì)是什么樣子？”這是 Crystal教授會(huì)問(wèn)學(xué)生的問(wèn)題。她后來(lái)寫(xiě)道，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)很難回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題，因?yàn)橄胂笠恍┎粚儆诂F(xiàn)實(shí)生活的東西，并學(xué)習(xí)如何將其變成現(xiàn)實(shí)是一項(xiàng)罕見(jiàn)的技能。它被教授給藝術(shù)家和工程師，但很少教授給科學(xué)家。Crystal著手改變這種狀況，并幫助創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)全球運(yùn)動(dòng)。結(jié)果，一種被稱為系統(tǒng)思維的方法現(xiàn)在被視為應(yīng)對(duì)全球挑戰(zhàn)的關(guān)鍵。)”可知，文章開(kāi)頭提出問(wèn)題是為了引出話題-系統(tǒng)思維的方法被視為應(yīng)對(duì)全球挑戰(zhàn)的關(guān)鍵。故選C項(xiàng)。
29.【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章第三段“This shws that we have sme way t travel befre achieving the first bjective f systems t hinking - which,in this example, is t identify mre cnstituent parts f the nutritin system.(這表明，在實(shí)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)思考的第一個(gè)目標(biāo)之前，我們還有一段路要走——在本例中，這是為了確定營(yíng)養(yǎng)系統(tǒng)的更多組成部分。)”可知，實(shí)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)思維的第一個(gè)目標(biāo)還有一段路需要走，現(xiàn)尚未實(shí)現(xiàn)。故選A項(xiàng)。
30.【解析】推理判斷題。由文章第一段“Crystal set ut t change that, and helped t create a glbal mvement. The result—an apprach knwn as systems thinking—is nw seen as essential in meeting glbal challenges.(Crystal著手改變這種狀況，并幫助創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)全球運(yùn)動(dòng)。結(jié)果，一種被稱為系統(tǒng)思維的方法現(xiàn)在被視為應(yīng)對(duì)全球挑戰(zhàn)的關(guān)鍵。)”可知，作者認(rèn)為該系統(tǒng)能應(yīng)用于解決挑戰(zhàn)。故選B項(xiàng)。
2022年6月浙江卷B篇
All arund the wrld, there are small changes taking place. At the side f rads, behind schl playgrunds and n all kinds f unlved pieces f land acrss twns and cities, tiny frests barely the size f tennis curts are appearing, making a great place fr bth wildlife and lcal peple wh may nt nrmally have easy access t nature. This is the Tiny Frest mvement, which aims t prve that the best things in life really d cme in small packages.
Tiny frests were first pineered as a cncept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese btanist. As he went n t share his cncept with thers, the idea sn tk ff in India and ther cuntries befre eventually reaching Eurpe, where it became ppular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
S hw des it wrk? Luise Hartley, wh is leading the Tiny Frest prject in the UK, explains that the prcess begins by identifying areas in which a tiny frest culd have the biggest influence. “We fcus n urban areas where access t nature is ften nt that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance t try t break the grwing discnnect between peple and nature.”
In a Tiny Frest, there must be a minimum f 600 trees, and the trees are planted much clser tgether and withut chemicals r fertilisers (肥料). There are usually arund 30 different kinds f all-native tree species (物種). This variety, cupled with the fact that tiny frests grw up t ten times faster than standard frests, means they attract a rich abundance f wildlife. It’s als thught that these places culd help reduce the risk f flding, remve carbn frm the atmsphere and fight climate change, as well as imprving the mental health f thse living lcally.
4. What d we knw abut the Tiny Frest mvement?
A. It has achieved ntable success.B. It is led by number f schls.
C. It began in Eurpe in the 1970s.D. It will spread t the cuntryside.
5. What is the purpse f the prject led by Hartley in the UK?
A. T prmte ec-turism.B. T imprve frestry research.
C. T ppularise gardening.D. T get peple clse t nature.
6. What is special abut the trees in a Tiny Frest?
A. They are small in size.B. They are thickly planted.
C. They are freign species.D. They are heavily fertilised.
【答案】4. A 5. D 6. B
【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要介紹的是世界各地的“小森林”的興起。
【4題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“As he went n t share his cncept with thers, the idea sn tk ff in India and ther cuntries befre eventually reaching Eurpe, where it became ppular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.(隨著他繼續(xù)與他人分享他的概念，這個(gè)想法很快在印度和其他國(guó)家流行起來(lái)，最終傳到了歐洲，在法國(guó)、比利時(shí)和荷蘭等地流行起來(lái)。)”可知，“小森林”運(yùn)動(dòng)取得了顯著的成功。故選A。
【5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的““We fcus n urban areas where access t nature is ften nt that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance t try t break the grwing discnnect between peple and nature.”(哈特利說(shuō):“我們關(guān)注的是城市地區(qū)，在那里接觸自然往往不那么容易。我們認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)嘗試打破人與自然之間日益疏遠(yuǎn)的機(jī)會(huì)?！?”可知，Hartley在英國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的目的是讓人們接近自然，故選D。
【6題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段的“In a Tiny Frest, there must be a minimum f 600 trees, and the trees are planted much clser tgether and withut chemicals r fertilisers (肥料).(在一個(gè)小森林里，必須有至少600棵樹(shù)，樹(shù)木種植得更緊密，沒(méi)有化學(xué)品或化肥。)”可知，“小森林”里的樹(shù)的特別之處在于它們種得很密。故選B。
2022年6月浙江卷C篇
Many peple believe that wrking t the maximum is the secret t success, but research has fund that mderatin(適度) als gets results n the jb.
In a study led by Ellen Langer f Harvard University, researchers asked peple t translate sentences int a new a made-up language. Subjects wh practiced the language mderately befrehand made fewer errrs than thse wh practiced extensively r nt at all. High levels f knwledge can make peple t attached t traditinal ways f viewing prblems acrss fields the arts, sciences, and plitics. High cnscientiusness is related t lwer jb perfrmance, especially in simple jbs where it desn’t pay t be a perfectinist.
Hw lng we stay n the clck and hw we spend that time are under careful examinatin in many wrkplaces. The yung banker wh eats lunch at his desk is prbably seen as a g-getter, while his clleagues wh chat ver a relaxed cnference-rm meal get dirty lks frm the crner ffice. “Peple frm cultures that value relatinships mre than urs des are shcked by the thught f eating alne in frnt f a cmputer”, says Art Markman, a prfessr f psychlgy at the University f Texas, Austin. Scial interactin has been shwn t lift md(情緒) and get peple thinking in new directins and in ways that culd help imprve any pst-lunch effrt.
Markman als prmtes ff-task time. “Part f being a gd thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated t what yu are wrking n at the mment but give yu fresh ideas abut yur wrk,” he says. “Als, there is a lt f research shwing that a psitive md leads t higher levels f prductivity and creativity. S, when peple d things t increase their life satisfactin, they als make themselves mre effective at wrk.”
7. What des Ellen Langer’s study shw?
A. It is wrthwhile t be a perfectinist
B. Translatin makes peple knwledgeable.
C. Simpler jbs require greater cautin.
D. Mderate effrt prduces the best result.
8. The underlined wrd “g-getter” in paragraph 3 refers t smene Wh_______.
A. is gd at handling pressureB. wrks hard t becme successful
C. a has a natural talent fr his jb.D. gets n well with his c-wrkers
9. What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. A gd thinker is able t inspire ther peple.
B. Experience unrelated t yur jb is useless.
C. A cheerful md helps make a creative mind.
D. Fcusing n what yu d raises prductivity.
10. What des the text seem t advcate?
A. Middle-f-the-rad wrk habits.B. Balance between wrk and family.
C. Lng-standing cultural traditins.D. Harmny in the wrk envirnment.
【答案】7. D 8. B 9. C 10. A
【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了許多人認(rèn)為工作到最大限度是成功的秘訣，但研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，適度的工作也會(huì)帶來(lái)成果。所以要適度工作，工作時(shí)要有積極的情緒，這會(huì)讓自己在工作中更有效率。
【7題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Many peple believe that wrking t the maximum is the secret t success, but research has fund that mderatin(適度) als gets results n the jb.(許多人認(rèn)為工作到最大限度是成功的秘訣，但研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，適度的工作也會(huì)帶來(lái)成果。)”和第二段中“In a study led by Ellen Langer f Harvard University, researchers asked peple t translate sentences int a new a made-up language. Subjects wh practiced the language mderately befrehand made fewer errrs than thse wh practiced extensively r nt at all.(在哈佛大學(xué)Ellen Langer領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一項(xiàng)研究中，研究人員要求人們將句子翻譯成一種新的虛構(gòu)的語(yǔ)言。那些事先適度練習(xí)這門(mén)語(yǔ)言的受試者比那些全力練習(xí)或根本不練習(xí)的受試者犯的錯(cuò)誤要少。)”可知，第一段提出主題，即適度的工作也會(huì)帶來(lái)成果，接著第二段作者用Ellen Langer的研究來(lái)證明這一點(diǎn)，由此可推知，Ellen Langer的研究表明適度的努力會(huì)產(chǎn)生最好的結(jié)果。故選D。
【8題詳解】詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線單詞下文“while his clleagues wh chat ver a relaxed cnference-rm meal get dirty lks frm the crner ffice.(而他那些在會(huì)議室吃飯時(shí)閑聊的同事們則在角落辦公室里得到不屑的目光。)”可知，while前后是對(duì)比關(guān)系，那些在會(huì)議室吃飯時(shí)閑聊的同事會(huì)得到別人不屑的目光，即被認(rèn)為不努力工作，相反，那些在辦公桌前吃午飯的年輕銀行家可能被視為是一個(gè)努力工作以求成功的人，由此可知，劃線單詞g-getter，指的是那些努力工作以求成功的人，故選B。
【9題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Als, there is a lt f research shwing that a psitive md leads t higher levels f prductivity and creativity.(此外，許多研究表明，積極的情緒能夠提高生產(chǎn)力和創(chuàng)造力。 )”可知，積極的情緒能夠提高生產(chǎn)力和創(chuàng)造力，由此可推知，愉快的心情有助于創(chuàng)造性思維。故選C。
【10題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“but research has fund that mderatin(適度) als gets results n the jb.(但研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，適度的工作也會(huì)帶來(lái)成果)”和第二段中“High cnscientiusness is related t lwer jb perfrmance, especially in simple jbs where it desn’t pay t be a perfectinist.(高盡責(zé)性與低工作表現(xiàn)有關(guān)，尤其是在簡(jiǎn)單的工作中，追求完美并不值得。)”可知，文章主要介紹研究表明適度的工作也會(huì)帶來(lái)成果，所以文章提倡適度工作，即中庸的工作習(xí)慣。故選A。
2022年1月浙江卷C篇
The benefits f regular exercise are well dcumented but there's a new bnus t add t the ever-grwing list.New research fund that middle-aged wmen wh were physically fit culd be nearly 90 percent less likely t develp dementia（失智癥）in later life-and if they did，it came n a decade later than less sprty wmen.
Lead researcher Dr.Helena Hrder, f the University f Gthenburg in Sweden,said:“These findings are exciting because it's pssible that imprving peple's cardivascular（心血管的）fitness in middle age culd delay r even prevent them frm develping dementia.”
Fr the study,191 wmen with an average age f 50 tk a bicycle exercise test until they were tired ut t measure their peak（最大值的）cardivascular capacity.The average peak wrklad was measured at 103 watts.
A ttal f 40 wmen met the criteria fr a high fitness level with a capacity f 120 watts r higher. While 92 wmen were in the medium fitness categry; A ttal f 59 were f lw fitness level ,with a peak wrklad f 80 watts r less,r having their tests stpped because f health prblems.
These wmen were then tested fr dementia six times ver the fllwing fur decades.During that time,44 f the wmen develped dementia.Five percent f the highly fit wmen develped dementia,cmpared t 25 percent f the wmen with medium fitness and 32 percent f the wmen with lw fitness.
"Hwever,this study des nt shw cause and effect between cardivascular fitness and dementia, it nly shws an assciatin.said Hrder. Mre research is needed t see if imprved fitness culd have a psitive effect n the risk f dementia and als t lk at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is mst imprtant." She als admitted that a relatively small number f wmen were studied,all f whm were frm Sweden,s the results might nt be applicable t ther grups.
27.What is n the ever-grwing list mentined in the first paragraph?
A.Psitive effects f ding exercises. B.Exercises suitable fr the middle-aged.
C.Experimental studies n dementia. D.Advantages f sprty wmen ver men.
28.Why did the researchers ask the wmen t d bicycle exercise?
A.T predict their maximum heart rate. B.T assess their cardivascular capacity.
C.T change their habit f wrking ut. D.T detect their ptential health prblems.
29.What d we knw abut Dr Hrder's study?
A. It aimed t find a cure fr dementia. B.Data cllectin was a lengthy prcess.
C.Sme participants withdrew frm it. D.The results were far frm satisfactry.
30.Which f the fllwing is the best title fr the text?
A.Mre Wmen Are Exercising t Prevent Dementia
B.Middle-Aged Wmen Need t D Mre Exercise
C.Fit Wmen Are Less Likely t Develp Dementia
D.Biking Imprves Wmen's Cardivascular Fitness
【答案】27-30 ABBC
【解析】第27題 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段The benefits f regular exercise are well dcumented but there's a new bnus t add t the ever-grwing list.可知a new bnus (即psitive effects f ding exercise) are n the ever grwing list. 故選A。
第28題 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段fr the study, 191 wmen with… tk a bicycle exercise…t measure their peak cardivascular capacity. 可知實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)試的是騎自行車對(duì)心血管的影響，故選B。
第29題 推斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句以及最后一段Mre research is needed t see …可知數(shù)據(jù)的采集是漫長(zhǎng)的。故選B.
第30題 主旨題--選標(biāo)題。根據(jù)第一段實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果new research fund that… develp dementia…,以及第五段第一句，these wmen were then tested fr dementia…,以及最后一段mre research … n the risk f dementia 可知全文是圍繞關(guān)鍵詞dementia（失智癥）展開(kāi)的研究，研究結(jié)果指明健康的女性得失智癥的概率更低。故選C。
二、2021年高考真題
1.【2021新高考1卷 C篇】
When the explrers first set ft upn the cntinent f Nrth America, the skies and lands were alive with an astnishing variety f wildlife. Native Americans have taken care f these precius natural resurses wisely. Unfrtunately, it tk the explrers and the settlers wh fllwed nly a few decades t decimate a large part f these resurces. Millins f waterfwl（水禽）were killed at the hands f market hunters and a handful f verly ambitius sprtsmen. Millins f acres f wetlands were dried t feed and huse the ever-increasing ppulatins, greatly reducing waterfwl habitat（棲息地）.
In 1934, with the passage f the Migratry Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly cncerned natin tk firm actin t stp the destructin f migratry（遷徙的）waterfwl and the wetlands s vital t their survival. Under this Act, all waterfwl hunters 16 years f age and ver must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. "Ding" Darling, a plitical cartnist frm Des Mines, lwa, wh at that time was appinted by President Franklin Rsevelt as Directr f the Bureau f Bilgical Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price t ensure the survival f ur natural resurces.
Abut 98 cents f every duck stamp dllar ges directly int the Migratry Bird Cnservatin Fund t purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat fr inclusin int the Natinal Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that ensures this land will be prtected and available fr all generatins t cme. Since 1934, better than half a billin dllars has gne int that Fund t purchase mre than 5 millin acres f habitat. Little wnder the Federal Duck Stamp Prgram has been called ne f the mst successful cnservatin prgrams ever initiated.
1.What was a cause f the waterfwl ppulatin decline in Nrth America?
A.Lss f wetlands. B.Ppularity f water sprts.
C.Pllutin f rivers. D.Arrival f ther wild animals.
2.What des the underlined wrd "decimate" mean in the first paragraph?
A.Acquire. B.Exprt. C.Destry. D.Distribute.
3.What is a direct result f the Act passed in 1934?
A.The stamp price has gne dwn.
B.The migratry birds have flwn away.
C.The hunters have stpped hunting.
D.The gvernment has cllected mney.
4.Which f the fllwing is a suitable title fr the text?
A.The Federal Duck Stamp Stry
B.The Natinal Wildlife Refuge System
C.The Benefits f Saving Waterfwl
D.The Histry f Migratry Bird Hunting
【文章大意】本文為說(shuō)明文，講述了美國(guó)為了保護(hù)“水禽”頒布了一項(xiàng)政策，狩獵者需要購(gòu)買(mǎi)相關(guān)水禽類郵票，然后政府把售賣(mài)所得款撥給候鳥(niǎo)保護(hù)基金組織。
1.A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干信息Nrth America以及decline定位到第一段：Millins f waterfwl were killed at… Millins f acres f wetlands were dried… greatly reducing waterfwl habitat. 分析可知，數(shù)百萬(wàn)的水禽被獵人和野心過(guò)大的運(yùn)動(dòng)員給殺害了。而數(shù)百萬(wàn)英畝的濕地被開(kāi)墾以喂養(yǎng)和容納日益增長(zhǎng)的人口，而這大大減少了水禽的棲息地。可知，濕地流失是導(dǎo)致水禽數(shù)量減少的原因。 故選A。
2.C【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)題干信息first paragraph定位到第一段：Unfrtunately, it tk the explrers and the settlers wh fllwed nly a few decades t decimate a large part f these resurces. 根據(jù)Unfrtunately（不幸地是）可知，此處與前文 "taken care f" 形成對(duì)比，故此處應(yīng)表示 "損害、毀壞" 。原文譯為：不幸地是，這些探險(xiǎn)者和定居者只花了幾十年的時(shí)間就毀掉了這些資源的很大一部分。故選C。
3.D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干信息in 1934定位到第二、三段。分析可知，第二段是在說(shuō)明在頒布了這個(gè)法令之后，16歲或者超過(guò)16歲以上的水禽捕獵者必須每年購(gòu)買(mǎi)并攜帶聯(lián)邦鴨票，而第三段則提及了大約98%的鴨子郵票的錢(qián)都是直接被用于購(gòu)買(mǎi)保護(hù)濕地。 因此D選項(xiàng), 政府可以籌集錢(qián)，符合題意。故選D。
4.A【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)原文分析可知，首先作者先提出了濕地的破壞導(dǎo)致了水禽數(shù)量的下降，而后政府則通過(guò)發(fā)行聯(lián)邦鴨票籌集資金，用于保護(hù)濕地，是史上最成功的保護(hù)項(xiàng)目之一。因此A選項(xiàng)，聯(lián)邦鴨票的故事符合題意。故選A。
2.【2021全國(guó)甲卷 B篇】
Prt Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding（繁育） prgramme, has welcmed the arrival f a rare black rhin calf （犀牛幼崽）. When the tiny creature arrived n January 31. she became the 40th black rhin t be brn at the reserve. And fficials at Prt Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhins are knwn fr being difficult t breed in captivity（圈養(yǎng)）.
Paul Beer, head f rhin sectin at Prt Lympne, said: "Obviusly we're all abslutely delighted t welcme anther calf t ur black rhin family. She's healthy, strng and already eager t play and explre. Her mther, Sli, is a first-time mum and she is ding a fantastic jb. It's still a little t cld fr them t g ut int the pen, but as sn as the weather warms up, I have n dubt that the little ne will be ut and abut explring and playing every day."
The adrable female calf is the secnd black rhin brn this year at the reserve, but it is t early t tell if the calves will make gd candidates t be returned t prtected areas f the wild. The first rhin t be brn at Prt Lympne arrived n January 5 t first-time mther Kisima and weighed abut 32kg. His mther, grandmther and great grandmther were all brn at the reserve and still live there.
Accrding t the Wrld Wildlife Fund, the glbal black rhin ppulatin has drpped as lw as 5500, giving the rhins a "critically endangered" status.
1.Which f the fllwing best describes the breeding prgramme?
A.Cstly. B.Cntrversial. C.Ambitius. D.Successful.
2.What des Paul Beer say abut the new-brn rhin?
A.She lves staying with her mther.
B.She dislikes utdr activities.
C.She is in gd cnditin.
D.She is sensitive t heat.
3.What similar experience d Sli and Kisima have?
A.They had their first brn in January.
B.They enjyed explring new places.
C.They lived with their grandmthers.
D.They were brught t the reserve yung.
4.What can be inferred abut Prt Lympne Reserve?
A.The rhin sectin will be pen t the public.
B.It aims t cntrl the number f the animals.
C.It will cntinue t wrk with the Wrld Wildlife Fund.
D.Sme f its rhins may be sent t the prtected wild areas.
【文章大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要講述肯特野生動(dòng)物園慶祝一只可愛(ài)的稀有動(dòng)物黑犀牛幼崽的到來(lái)。
1..D 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞 "the breeding prgramme " 定位在原文第一段第一句話Prt Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding （繁育） prgramme, has welcmed the arrival f a rare black rhin calf （犀牛幼崽） . 林普恩港保護(hù)區(qū)(Prt Lympne Reserve)開(kāi)展了一項(xiàng)繁殖計(jì)劃，它迎來(lái)了一頭稀有的黑犀牛犢牛的到來(lái)。所以，應(yīng)該是成功的。故選D項(xiàng)。
2.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞 "Paul Beer say" 定位在第二段他說(shuō)的話，其中根據(jù) "Obviusly we're all abslutely delighted t welcme anther calf t ur black rhin family. She's healthy, strng and already eager t play and explre." 顯然，我們都非常高興地歡迎另一頭小牛來(lái)到我們的黑犀牛家庭。她健康，強(qiáng)壯，并且已經(jīng)渴望玩耍和探索?？芍谶@個(gè)新生的小犀牛狀況很好。故選C項(xiàng)。
3.A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞 "similar experience ，Sli and Kisima" 定位在原文第二段 "Her mther, Sli, is a first-time mum and she is ding a fantastic jb. 她的母親，索里奧，是第一次當(dāng)媽媽，她做得很好。" 和第三段 "The first rhin t be brn at Prt Lympne arrived n January 5 t first-time mther Kisima and weighed abut 32kg. 1月5日，在林普恩港出生的第一頭犀牛來(lái)到了它的第一位母親基西馬身邊，體重約32公斤。" 可知Sli 和Kisima相似點(diǎn)都是第一次當(dāng)媽媽。故選A項(xiàng)。
4.D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞 "PrtLympne Reserve" 定位在原文第一段 "Prt Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding （繁育） prgramme" 和第三段 "His mther, grandmther and great grandmther were all brn at the reserve and still live there. 他的母親、祖母和曾祖母都出生在保護(hù)區(qū)，至今仍住在那里。" 可知林普恩港保護(hù)區(qū)是負(fù)責(zé)一項(xiàng)繁殖計(jì)劃的項(xiàng)目，它的一些犀牛一直住在保護(hù)區(qū)，所以一些犀牛可能會(huì)被送到野生保護(hù)區(qū)。故選D項(xiàng)。
3.【2021全國(guó)甲卷 D篇】
Wh is a genius? This questin has greatly interested humankind fr centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almst the internatinal symbl fr genius. But we want t g beynd ne man and explre the nature f genius itself. Why is it that sme peple are s much mre intelligent r creative than the rest f us? And wh are they?
In the sciences and arts, thse praised as geniuses were mst ften white men, f Eurpean rigin. Perhaps this is nt a surprise. It's said that histry is written by the victrs, and thse victrs set the standards fr admissin t the genius club. When cntributins were made by geniuses utside the club—wmen, r peple f a different clr r belief—they were unacknwledged and rejected by thers.
A study recently published by Science fund that as yung as age six, girls are less likely than bys t say that members f their gender（性別）are "really, really smart." Even wrse, the study fund that girls act n that belief: Arund age six they start t avid activities said t be fr children wh are "really, really smart." Can ur planet affrd t have any great thinkers becme discuraged and give up? It desn't take a genius t knw the answer: abslutely nt.
Here's the gd news. In a wired wrld with cnstant glbal cmmunicatin, we're all psitined t see flashes f genius wherever they appear. And the mre we lk, the mre we will see that scial factrs（因素） like gender, race, and class d nt determine the appearance f genius. As a writer says, future geniuses cme frm thse with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple gd frtune, wh are able t change the wrld."
1.What des the authr think f victrs' standards fr jining the genius club?
A.They're unfair. B.They're cnservative.
C.They're bjective. D.They're strict.
2.What can we infer abut girls frm the study in Science?
A.They think themselves smart.
B.They lk up t great thinkers.
C.They see gender differences earlier than bys.
D.They are likely t be influenced by scial beliefs.
3.Why are mre geniuses knwn t the public?
A.Imprved glbal cmmunicatin.
B.Less discriminatin against wmen.
C.Acceptance f victrs' cncepts.
D.Changes in peple's scial psitins.
4.What is the best title fr the text?
A.Geniuses Think Alike
B.Genius Takes Many Frms
C.Genius and Intelligence
D.Genius and Luck
【文章大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要講述了天才的實(shí)質(zhì)，批評(píng)了天才種族輪和性別輪，并指出其危害。
1.A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干 "victrs' standards fr jining the genius club" 定位到第二段It's said that histry is written by the victrs, and thse victrs set the standards fr admissin t the genius club. When cntributins were made by geniuses utside the club—wmen, r peple f a different clr r belief—they were unacknwledged and rejected by thers. 據(jù)說(shuō)歷史是由勝利者書(shū)寫(xiě)的，而這些勝利者為天才俱樂(lè)部設(shè)定了準(zhǔn)入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。當(dāng)俱樂(lè)部外的天才——女性、不同膚色或信仰的人——做出貢獻(xiàn)時(shí)，他們得不到認(rèn)可，也會(huì)被其他人拒絕），據(jù)此可以推斷出作者認(rèn)為勝利者的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是不公平的，所以選A項(xiàng)。
2.D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干girls frm the study in Science定位到第三段A study recently published by Science fund that as yung as age six, girls are less likely than bys t say that members f their gender（性別）are "really, really smart." Even wrse, the study fund that girls act n that belief: Arund age six they start t avid activities said t be fr children wh are "really, really smart." 《科學(xué)》雜志最近發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在6歲時(shí)，女孩比男孩更不可能說(shuō)出自己性別的成員，更糟糕的是，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)女孩們的行為都是基于這樣的信念：在六歲左右，她們開(kāi)始避免從事那些所謂 "非常聰明" 的孩子們的活動(dòng)）。據(jù)此可推知女孩有可能被社會(huì)錯(cuò)誤信念所影響，故選D項(xiàng)。
3.A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干 "mre geniuses knwn t the public" 定位最后一段In a wired wrld with cnstant glbal cmmunicatin, we're all psitined t see flashes f genius wherever they appear 在一個(gè)全球互聯(lián)世界里，我們都能看到天才的出現(xiàn)，無(wú)論它們出現(xiàn)在哪里，可知更多的天才被公眾所知道的原因在于改善的全球通信，故選A項(xiàng)。
4.B【解析】主旨大意題。A項(xiàng)（天才的想法相同）文章沒(méi)有涉及；C項(xiàng)（天才和智力）只是文章的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)不能作為文章的主旨； D項(xiàng)（天才和運(yùn)氣）也只是在文章的最后稍微提起，也只是文章的一個(gè)小細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)文章的最后一句As a writer says, future geniuses cme frm thse with "intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple gd frtune, wh are able t change the wrld.”正如一位作家所說(shuō)，未來(lái)的天才來(lái)自那些具有 "智慧、創(chuàng)造力和毅力" 的人和簡(jiǎn)單的好運(yùn)，那些能改變世界的人?？v觀全文可知，天成具有多樣性，故選B項(xiàng)。
4.【2021全國(guó)乙卷 B篇】
When almst everyne has a mbile phne, why are mre than half f Australian hmes still paying fr a landline（座機(jī)）?
These days yu'd be hard pressed t find anyne in Australia ver the age f 15 wh desn't wn a mbile phne. In fact plenty f yunger kids have ne in their pcket. Practically everyne can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent f Australians have a landline phne at hme and nly just ver a quarter (29%) rely nly n their smartphnes, accrding t a survey（調(diào)查）. Of thse Australians wh still have a landline, a third cncede that it's nt really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket—19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case f emergencies. I think my hme falls int that categry.
Mre than half f Australian hmes are still chsing t stick with their hme phne. Age is naturally a factr（因素）—nly 58 percent f Generatin Ys still use landlines nw and then, cmpared t 84 percent f Baby Bmers wh've perhaps had the same hme number fr 50 years. Age isn't the nly factr; I'd say it's als t d with the makeup f yur husehld.
Generatin Xers with yung families, like my wife and I, can still find it cnvenient t have a hme phne rather than prviding a mbile phne fr every family member. That said, t be hnest the nly peple wh ever ring ur hme phne are ur Baby Bmers parents, t the pint where we play a game and guess wh is calling befre we pick up the phne (using Caller ID wuld take the fun ut f it).
Hw attached are yu t yur landline? Hw lng until they g the way f gas street lamps and mrning milk deliveries?
1.What des paragraph 2 mainly tell us abut mbile phnes?
A.Their target users.
B.Their wide ppularity.
C.Their majr functins.
D.Their cmplex design.
2.What des the underlined wrd "cncede" in paragraph 3 mean?
A.Admit. B.Argue. C.Remember. D.Remark.
3.What can we say abut Baby Bmers?
A.They like smartphne games.
B.They enjy guessing callers' identity.
C.They keep using landline phnes.
D.They are attached t their family.
4.What can be inferred abut the landline frm the last paragraph?
A.It remains a family necessity.
B.It will fall ut f use sme day.
C.It may increase daily expenses.
D.It is as imprtant as the gas light.
【文章大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。當(dāng)今世界上幾乎所有人都有手機(jī)，但一半以上澳大利亞家庭仍然擁有座機(jī)，本文說(shuō)明了出現(xiàn)這一現(xiàn)象的原因。
1..B【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)題干信息paragraph 2，定位到文章第二段。分析可知，該段主要說(shuō)明手機(jī)在澳大利亞的使用率非常高，手機(jī)使用十分普及。故選B。
2.A【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)題干信息cncede，定位到第三段Still, 55 percent f Australians have a landline phne at hme… Of thse Australians wh still have a landline, a third cncede that it's nt really necessary…。分析可知，雖然55%的人的家中都還有座機(jī)，但他們中的三分之一的人認(rèn)為座機(jī)其實(shí)并不十分必要。由此我們可以推測(cè)，這些人在說(shuō)it's nt necessary的時(shí)候是在承認(rèn)這件事。故選A。
3.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干信息Baby Bmers，定位到第四段Age is naturally a factr （因素）— nly 58 percent f Generatin Ys still use landlines nw and then, cmpared t 84 percent f Baby Bmers wh've perhaps had the same hme number fr 50 years.分析可知，84%的Baby Bmers仍用座機(jī)，而且他們可能已經(jīng)用同一個(gè)座機(jī)號(hào)碼50年了。由此可知，Baby Bmers仍在用座機(jī)。故選C。
科普小知識(shí)：Baby Bmer指在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后（1946-1962）生育高峰期出生的人。
4.B【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干信息last paragraph，定位到原文最后一段Hw lng until they g the way f gas street lamps and mrning milk deliveries? 。分析可知，煤氣路燈和早晨送牛奶服務(wù)都離我們現(xiàn)在的生活比較久遠(yuǎn)，它們基本已經(jīng)消失了。作者發(fā)出疑問(wèn)：多久以后座機(jī)會(huì)走上煤氣路燈、早晨送牛奶服務(wù)的老路呢？因此可以推測(cè)，座機(jī)有一天也會(huì)消失。選項(xiàng)B中的fall ut f use意為開(kāi)始不用、漸漸廢棄，符合文意。故選B。
5.【2021全國(guó)乙卷 C篇】
Yu've heard that plastic is plluting the cean—between 4.8 and 12.7 millin tnnes enter cean ecsystems every year. But des ne plastic straw r cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Vn Wng wants yu t knw that it des. He builds massive sculptures ut f plastic garbage, frcing viewers t re-examine their relatinship t single-use plastic prducts.
At the beginning f the year, the artist built a piece called "Strawpcalypse, " a pair f 10-ft-tall plastic waves, frzen mid-crash. Made f 168, 000 plastic straws cllected frm several vlunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shpping center in H Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% f glbal plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by n means the biggest surce（來(lái)源）f plastic pllutin, but they've recently cme under fire because mst peple dn't need them t drink with and, because f their small size and weight, they cannt be recycled. Every straw that's part f Vn Wng's artwrk likely came frm a drink that smene used fr nly a few minutes. Once the drink is gne, the straw will take centuries t disappear.
In a piece frm 2018, Vn Wng wanted t illustrate（說(shuō)明） a specific statistic: Every 60 secnds, a trucklad's wrth f plastic enters the cean. Fr this wrk, titled "Trucklad f Plastic, " Vn Wng and a grup f vlunteers cllected mre than 10, 000 pieces f plastic, which were then tied tgether t lk like they'd been dumped（傾倒） frm a truck all at nce.
Vn Wng hpes that his wrk will als help pressure big cmpanies t reduce their plastic ftprint.
1.What are Vn Wng's artwrks intended fr?
A.Beautifying the city he lives in.
B.Intrducing ec-friendly prducts.
C.Drawing public attentin t plastic waste.
D.Reducing garbage n the beach.
2.Why des the authr discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?
A.T shw the difficulty f their recycling.
B.T explain why they are useful.
C.T vice his views n mdern art.
D.T find a substitute fr them.
3.What effect wuld "Trucklad f Plastic" have n viewers?
A.Calming. B.Disturbing.
C.Refreshing. D.Challenging.
4.Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A.Artists' Opinins n Plastic Safety
B.Media Interest in Cntemprary Art
C.Respnsibility Demanded f Big Cmpanies
D.Ocean Plastics Transfrmed int Sculptures
【文章大意】本文為說(shuō)明文。講述了藝術(shù)家Benjamin Vn Wng用回收到的廢舊吸管創(chuàng)作藝術(shù)作品“吸管末日”，目的是提醒人們警惕所生產(chǎn)、消費(fèi)的塑料垃圾，以及提高人們對(duì)改善環(huán)境問(wèn)題的參與意識(shí)。
1.C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段最后一句可知，該藝術(shù)家創(chuàng)作的初衷是督促公眾重新審視與一次性塑料制品的關(guān)系。故選C。
2.A【解析】推理判斷題。第三段作者闡述了吸管由于體積小，重量輕，很難回收。故選A。
3.B 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)首段… frcing viewers t re-examine their relatinship t… 及尾段… will als help pressure big cmpanies t reduce their plastic ftprint… 可知，原文中的Vn Wng希望讓人們可以重新審視他們對(duì)于塑料制品的處理方式。B選項(xiàng)Disturbing的意思為 "令人不安的, 引起恐慌的" ，符合文意。故選B。
4.D【解析】主旨大意題。本文圍繞環(huán)保話題，介紹了一位叫本杰明的藝術(shù)家，試圖用塑料垃圾創(chuàng)作雕塑作品，喚起公眾對(duì)塑料垃圾的重視。故選D。
6.【2021全國(guó)乙卷 D篇】
During an interview fr ne f my bks, my interviewer said smething I still think abut ften. Annyed by the level f distractin（干擾）in his pen ffice, he said, "That's why I have a membership at the cwrking space acrss the street—s I can fcus." His cmment struck me as strange. After all, cwrking spaces als typically use an pen ffice layut（布局）. But I recently came acrss a study that shws why his apprach wrks.
The researchers examined varius levels f nise n participants as they cmpleted tests f creative thinking. They were randmly divided int fur grups and expsed t varius nise levels in the backgrund, frm ttal silence t 50 decibels（分貝）, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between mst f the grups were statistically insignificant; hwever, the participants in the 70 decibels grup—thse expsed t a level f nise similar t backgrund chatter in a cffee shp—significantly utperfrmed the ther grups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that ur creative thinking des nt differ that much in respnse t ttal silence and 85 decibels f backgrund nise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study als suggests that the right level f backgrund nise—nt t lud and nt ttal silence—may actually imprve ne's creative thinking ability. The right level f backgrund nise may interrupt ur nrmal patterns f thinking just enugh t allw ur imaginatins t wander, withut making it impssible t fcus. This kind f "distracted fcus" appears t be the best state fr wrking n creative tasks.
S why d s many f us hate ur pen ffices? The prblem may be that, in ur ffices, we can't stp urselves frm getting drawn int thers' cnversatins while we're trying t fcus. Indeed, the researchers fund that face-t-face interactins and cnversatins affect the creative prcess, and yet a cwrking space r a cffee shp prvides a certain level f nise while als prviding freedm frm interruptins.
1.Why des the interviewer prefer a cwrking space?
A.It helps him cncentrate.
B.It blcks ut backgrund nise.
C.It has a pleasant atmsphere.
D.It encurages face-t-face interactins.
2.Which level f backgrund nise may prmte creative thinking ability?
A.Ttal silence. B.50 decibels.
C.70 decibels. D.85 decibels.
3.What makes an pen ffice unwelcme t many peple?
A.Persnal privacy unprtected.
B.Limited wrking space.
C.Restrictins n grup discussin.
D.Cnstant interruptins.
4.What can we infer abut the authr frm the text?
A.He's a news reprter.
B.He's an ffice manager.
C.He's a prfessinal designer.
D.He's a published writer.
【文章大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)分析了過(guò)分辦公室噪音對(duì)于辦公效率的影響，但合伙辦公有利于集中注意力，適量的聲音有利于創(chuàng)新思維。
1.A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段第二句"… s I can fcus"可知，采訪者喜歡在公用工作場(chǎng)所辦公，是因?yàn)樗梢约芯Α９蔬xA。
2.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段"the participants in the 70 decibels grup… significantly utperfrmed the ther grups"可知，在70分貝下采訪者的表現(xiàn)最優(yōu)，說(shuō)明該環(huán)境可以改善創(chuàng)造性思維能力。故選C。
3.D 【解析】推理判斷題。由最后一段第二句"… can't stp urselves frm getting drawn int ther's cnversatins while we're trying t fcus"可知，開(kāi)放式辦公環(huán)境中，經(jīng)常有其他事情分散人們的注意力。故選D。
4.D【解析】推理判斷題。由第一段第一句可知，作者在為自己的書(shū)接受采訪，可推斷他是作家。故選D。
7.【2021.6 浙江卷 C篇】
If yu ever get the impressin that yur dg can "tell" whether yu lk cntent r annyed, yu may be nt smething. Dgs may indeed be able t distinguish between happy and angry human faces, accrding t a new study.
Researchers trained a grup f 11 dgs t distinguish between images（圖像） f the same persn making either a happy r an angry face. During the training stage, each dg was shwn nly the upper half r the lwer half f the persn's face. The researchers then tested the dgs' ability t distinguish between human facial expressins by shwing them the ther half f the persn's face r images ttally different frm the nes used in training. The researchers fund that the dgs were able t pick the angry r happy face by tuching a picture f it with their nses mre ften than ne wuld expect by randm chance.
The study shwed the animals had figured ut hw t apply what they learned abut human faces during training t new faces in the testing stage. "We can rule ut that the dgs simply distinguish hetween the pictures bused n a simple cue, such as the sight f teeth, " said study anthr Crsin Muller. "Instead, ur results suggest that the surcessful dgs realized that a smiling muth means the same thing as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies t an angry muth having the same meaning as angry eyes."
"With ur study, we think we can nw cnfidently cnclude that at least sme dgs can distinguish human facial expressins," Muller tld Live Science.
At this pint, it is nt clear why dgs seem t be equipped with the ability t recgnize different facial expressins in humans."T us, the mst likely explanatin appears t be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lt f expsure t human facial expressins, ” and this expsure has prvided them with many chances t learn t distinguish between them, Muller said.
1.The new study fcused n whether dgs can .
A.distinguish shapes
B.make sense f human faces
C.feel happy r angry
D.cmmunicate with each ther
2.What can we learn abut the study frm paragraph 2?
A.Researchers tested the dgs in randm rder.
B.Diverse methds were adpted during training.
C.Pictures used in the tw stages were different.
D.The dgs were phtgraphed befre the test.
3.What is the last paragraph mainly abut?
A.A suggestin fr future studies.
B.A pssible reasn fr the study findings.
C.A majr limitatin f the study.
D.An explanatin f the research methd.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇科普類說(shuō)明文，實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明，狗能夠辨別人類的不同的面部的高興還是憤怒表情。
1.B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第二句 "Dgs may indeed be able t distinguish between happy and angry human faces, accrding t a new study." 可知，狗能夠分辨開(kāi)心的表情和不開(kāi)心的表情，故選B。
2 .C【解析】推斷題。根據(jù)第二段第三句 "The researchers then tested the dgs' ability t distinguish between human facial expressins by shwing them the ther half f the persn's face r images ttally different frm the nes used in training." 可知，訓(xùn)練時(shí)和測(cè)試時(shí)使用的人臉照片完全不同，故選C。
3.B【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章最后一段可知，狗為何能夠識(shí)別人的表情的原因不明，緊接著給出了最可能的解釋：可能是狗長(zhǎng)期與人類生活，所以練就了識(shí)別人類表情的能力，故選B。
8.【2021年6月天津卷A篇】
When starting cllege, mst students enjy a week's stay n campus befre classes actually begin. What shuld yu d with that time? Belw are several tips t ease（使熟悉） yurself int cllege life.
Participating in Campus Welcme Activities
Mst universities hst welcme events befre the academic year fficially begins, including freshmen rientatins （迎新會(huì)），campus picnics, and entertainments like cncerts.
Participating in such events is a great way t learn abut schl facilities and understand campus culture: What d students d fr fiin? What are their favrite classes? What is the histry f yur university? It can help yu bserve campus life utside the classrm.
Explring Campus
Getting t knw where essential campus resurces are—such as the student advising center, psychlgical services, and the tutring center~~will make yur first few weeks n campus a lt easier, because yu wn't have t lk fr them while still getting used t yur classes.
Take sme time t check ut the buildings where yur classes will be held. This will prevent yu frm getting lst in the first few days f classes, and familiarize yu with hw lng it takes t get frm place t place. If yu're wrried abut taking classes ne after anther in different buildings, a quick test run wn't hurt. That way, yu will avid ptential time delays in getting t yur classes.
Starting a Rutine
Befre getting t excited abut all f the fun things yu will be able t d during the week, remember that yu d have a pretty big schedule change cming up. Starting classes means being in different places at different times, s it’s a great idea t start getting used t that rutine right this week.
What helps yu mst is t schedule yur sleep. Fllwing the planned time will ensure yu have enugh sleep t get t thse early classes and stay wide awake.
If yu have ther daily rutines, such as exercising r talking n the phne with family, wrk thse int yur day-t-day life befre classes start s that yu get a better idea f hw they fit in with yur schedule.
36．By participating in campus welcme activities, freshmen can .
A．learn abut campus culture B.get their curse schedule
C.have a physical examinatin D.take an entrance test
37．Why are freshmen advised t have a quick test run between buildings ?
A．T see hw many facilities they can use. B.T avid being late fr future classes.
C.T help thse getting lst n campus. D.T practice running n their way t class.
38．When is it best fr freshmen t start getting used t the new rutine?
A．On the first day f their classes. B.Befre the rientatin week.
C.After their first-day classes. D.During the rientatin week.
39．What des the authr suggest freshmen d t stay fcused in class?
A．Take physical exercise befre class. B.Leave their phnes pwered ff.
C.Take early classes every day. D.Keep t the sleep schedule.
40．What is the authr's purpse in writing this passage?
A．T ffer sme tips n making an easier start at cllege.
B.T remind freshmen abut the first day f schl.
C.T help freshmen rganize campus activities.
D.T share his cllege experience with the reader.
【答案】36．A 37．B 38．D 39．D 40．A
【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要針對(duì)新生真正開(kāi)學(xué)前一周的活動(dòng)給出一些建議，幫助新生輕松開(kāi)始大學(xué)生活。
36．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Participating in Campus Welcme Activities標(biāo)題下的第二段中“Participating in such events is a great way t learn abut schl facilities and understand campus culture:（參加這些活動(dòng)是了解學(xué)校設(shè)施和了解校園文化的好方法）”可知，參加歡迎活動(dòng)可以了解校園文化，故選擇A項(xiàng)。
37．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Explring Campus標(biāo)題下的第二段中“That way, yu will avid ptential time delays in getting t yur classes.（那樣，你將會(huì)避免在去上課時(shí)可能出現(xiàn)的延誤）”可知，快跑測(cè)試，可以避免將來(lái)上課遲到，故選擇B項(xiàng)。
38．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Starting a Rutine 標(biāo)題下的第一段“Starting classes means being in different places at different times, s it’s a great idea t start getting used t that rutine right this week.（課程開(kāi)始意味著在不同的時(shí)間呆在不同的地方，所以就在這周開(kāi)始習(xí)慣這種常規(guī)活動(dòng)是個(gè)好主意）”可知，right this week指的是正式開(kāi)學(xué)前的這一周，也叫rientatin week“迎新周” ，故選擇D項(xiàng)。
39．推理判斷題題。根據(jù)Starting a Rutine 標(biāo)題下的第二段“What helps yu mst is t schedule yur sleep. Fllwing the planned time will ensure yu have enugh sleep t get t thse early classes and stay wide awake.（最有幫助的就是安排好的你的睡眠，按照計(jì)劃的時(shí)間，將確保你有足夠的睡眠來(lái)參加早上的課程，并保持清醒）”可知，想要保持清醒專注，就要保證睡眠時(shí)間。故選擇D項(xiàng)。
40．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Belw are several tips t ease（使熟悉） yurself int cllege life.（以下是幾個(gè)幫你輕松進(jìn)入大學(xué)生活的建議）”可知，作者主要是提出一些輕松開(kāi)始大學(xué)生活的建議。故選擇A項(xiàng)。

9.【2021年6月天津卷C篇】
In the fictinal wrlds f film and TV, artificial intelligence （Al） has been described as s advanced that it is indistinguishable frm humans. But what if we're actually getting clser t a wrld where Al is capable f thinking and feeling?
Tech cmpany UneeQ is heading fr its "digital humans", which appear life like n the screen nt nly in terms f language, but als because f facial mvements: raised eyebrws, a smile, even a nd. They lk clse t a human, but nt quite.
What lies beneath UneeQ9 s digital humans? Their 3D faces are mdeled n actual human features. Speech recgnitin enables them t understand what a persn is saying, and natural language prcessing is used t wrk ut a respnse. Meanwhile, anther Al cmpany, Sul Machines, is taking a mre bilgical apprach, with a "digital brain", that imitates aspects f the human brain t adjust the emtins "fblt" and "expressed" by its "digital peple".
Shiwali Mhan, an Al scientist at the Pal Research Center, is skeptical f these digital beings. "They're humanlike in their lks and the way they sund, but that in itself is nt being human," she says. "Human qualities als invlve hw yu think, hw yu apprach prblems, and hw yu break them dwn; and that takes a lt f algrithmic (算 法)design. Designing fr human-level intelligence is a different attempt than designing images that behave like humans." She then cntinues, “If smething lks like a human, we have high expectatins f them, but they might behave differently in ways that humans just instinctively (直覺(jué)地)knw hw ther humans react.
Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adptin f its digital emplyees acrss the financial, health care, and cmmercial sectrs （行業(yè)）. "Unless these sectrs make their business mdels much mre efficient digitally, they might be left behind," says Chetan Dube, UneeQ9s CEO.
Sme ther cmpanies are taking their digital beings a step further, enabling rganizatins and individuals t create digital humans themselves using free-access platfrms they prvide. "The biggest mtivatin fr such platfrms is t ppularize Al," Dube says.
Mhan is cautius abut this apprach, yet she supprts the purpse behind these digital beings and is ptimistic abut where they are headed. "As we develp mre advanced Al technlgy, we wuld then have t use new ways f cmmunicating with that technlgy,she says. "'Hpefully, all f that is designed t supprt humans in their gals."
46．Accrding t Para. 2, in what respect（s） d UneeQ9s "digital humans" resemble human beings?
A．In the way they mve arund. B.In the way they act and react.
C.In bservatin and analysis. D.In speech and facial expressins.
47．Sul Machines’digital brain is a technlgical breakthrugh because it .
A．learns t make prper emtinal respnses
B.tends t imitate human beings' tne vividly
C.recgnizes the speech sunds it receives
D.prcesses the natural language it hears
48．In Mhan's pinin, what human quality is lacking in digital beings?
A．Calculating brain. B.Language skills.
C.Instinctive judgments. D.Prblem-slving ability.
49．What makes many sectrs emply digital humans?
A．The fear f falling behind in efficiency.
B.The urgency t prmte e-cmmerce.
C.The wish t spread digital technlgy.
D.The need t upgrade the health care system.
50．What des Mhan think f the future f digital beings?
A．It's well planned. B.It is prmising. C.It is uncertain. D.It's quite hpeless.
【答案】46．D 47．A 48．C 49．A 50．B
【分析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。短文介紹許多科技公司正在推進(jìn)、研發(fā)“數(shù)字人類”，并被很多部門(mén)使用。但一些科學(xué)家對(duì)此表示懷疑，并指出了“數(shù)字人類”并不是真正的人類，有很多缺陷。但前景還是很有希望的。46．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Tech cmpany UneeQ is heading fr its "digital humans", which appear life like n the screen nt nly in terms f language, but als because f facial mvements: raised eyebrws, a smile, even a nd.”（科技公司UneeQ正在研發(fā)一種“數(shù)字人”，這種人在屏幕上看起來(lái)栩栩如生，不僅因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)言，還因?yàn)槊娌縿?dòng)作:眉毛揚(yáng)起、微笑，甚至點(diǎn)頭。）由此可知，根據(jù)第2段，UneeQ9s的“數(shù)字人”在言語(yǔ)和面部表情上方面與人類相似。故選D項(xiàng)。
47．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Meanwhile, anther Al cmpany, Sul Machines, is taking a mre bilgical apprach, with a "digital brain", that imitates aspects f the human brain t adjust the emtins "fblt" and "expressed" by its “digital peple”.”（與此同時(shí)，另一家Al公司，靈魂機(jī)器公司，正在采取一種更具生物性的方法，擁有一個(gè)“數(shù)字大腦”，它模仿人腦的各個(gè)方面來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)其“數(shù)字人”的“fblt”和“表達(dá)”的情緒。）由此可知，靈魂機(jī)器的數(shù)字大腦是一項(xiàng)技術(shù)突破，因?yàn)樗鼉A向于做出適當(dāng)?shù)那榫w反應(yīng)。故選A項(xiàng)。
48．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“"They're humanlike in their lks and the way they sund, but that in itself is nt being human," she says. "Human qualities als invlve hw yu think, hw yu apprach prblems, and hw yu break them dwn; and that takes a lt f algrithmic (算 法)design, but they might behave differently in ways that humans just instinctively (直覺(jué)地)knw hw ther humans react.”（“他們的外表和聲音都像人類，但這本身不是人類，”她說(shuō)?！叭祟惖钠焚|(zhì)還包括你如何思考、如何處理問(wèn)題以及如何分解問(wèn)題；這需要大量的算法設(shè)計(jì)。但他們的行為方式可能不同，人類只是本能地知道其他人的反應(yīng)?！保┯纱伺袛喑?，在Mhan看來(lái)，數(shù)字人缺少本能的判斷。故選C項(xiàng)。
49．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段“Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adptin f its digital emplyees acrss the financial, health care, and cmmercial sectrs （行業(yè)）.Unless these sectrs make their business mdels much mre efficient digitally, they might be left behind”（但需求依然存在，UneeQ的數(shù)字員工在金融、醫(yī)療和商業(yè)行業(yè)的使用率很高。除非這些行業(yè)將它們的商業(yè)模式數(shù)字化得更高效，否則它們可能會(huì)被甩在后面）由此可知，害怕效率落后讓許多行業(yè)使用“數(shù)字人類”。故選A項(xiàng)。
50．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Mhan is cautius abut this apprach, yet she supprts the purpse behind these digital beings and is ptimistic abut where they are headed.”（ Mhan對(duì)這種方法持謹(jǐn)慎態(tài)度，但她支持這些數(shù)字生物背后的目的，并對(duì)他們的未來(lái)持樂(lè)觀態(tài)度）由此判斷出，Mhan數(shù)字人的未來(lái)是有希望的。故選B項(xiàng)。
10.【2021年6月天津卷D篇】
Art is everywhere. Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind t be bth functinal and beautiful. Why, then, is art still s widely cnsidered t be "the easy subject" at schl, insignificant t wider sciety, a waste f time and effrt?
Art can cnnect culture with cmmercial prducts in a way that nt many ther things can; art generates mney and hlds significant emtinal and cultural value within cmmunities. When peple attend a cncert, they are paying fr music, sure, maybe even htel rms, meals, and transprt, but they als gain an incredible experience, a unique atmsphere and a memry that will g thrugh the rest f their lives. Peple dn't just want material things anymre, they want t experience life一the arts are a perfect crssver（交迭）between culture and cmmerce.
Furthermre, the arts can bring cmmunities tgether, reducing lneliness and making peple feel safer. Scial bnds are created amng individuals when they share their arts experiences thrugh reflectin and discussin, and their expressin f cmmn values thrugh artwrks in hnur f events significant t a natin's experience.
The arts clearly have a pretty psitive impact n physical and psychlgical health. It is fund that peple wh frequent cultural places r participate in artistic events are mre likely t gain gd health cmpared t thse wh d nt; mre engagement with the arts is linked t a higher level f peple's wellbeing. The Ryal Sciety f Public Health discvered that music and art, when used in hspitals, help t imprve the cnditins f patients by reducing stress, anxiety and bld pressure.
Children wh are invlved with the arts make greater achievements in their educatin: thse engaged with drama have greater literary ability while thers taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and languages. Kids with preference fr the arts have a greater chance f finding emplyment in the future. Participating in the arts is essential fr child develpment; encuraging children t express themselves in cnstructive ways culd help t frm healthy emtinal respnses in later life.
Vital t human life, art is celebrated and used by natins acrss the wrld fr varius purpses. Life withut art wuld be bring and dead still, fr art is a part f what makes us human.
51．Art prducts differ frm mst ther cmmercial prducts because .
A．mst peple purchase them fr cllectin
B.they are mre expensive and less accessible
C.they have bth cmmercial and cultural values
D.their prices may climb up as time passes
52．By sharing their arts experiences, cmmunity members can .
A．keep the cmmunity safe frm illnesses
B.develp a strnger tie between them
C.learn t appreciate their wn wrks f art
D.ffer hnurable slutins t their prblems
53．What can we learn abut peple wh are invlved in artistic activities?
A．They enjy better living cnditins.
B.They like t cmpare themselves with thers.
C.They are particularly gd at bth music and art.
D.They tend t be healthier physically and mentally.
54．Hw des kids' engagement with the arts benefit them?
A．It prmtes their academic perfrmance and emtinal grwth.
B.It gives them mre cnfidence in exhibiting their learning skills.
C.It inspires their creativity in designing their future career.
D.It helps t make respnsible peple ut f them.
55．What is the best title fr this passage?
A．Hw Art Cures Our Hearts B.Art: A Blessing t Humankind
C.Hw Art Benefits Cmmunities D.Art: A Bridge Between Cultures
【答案】51．C 52．B 53．D 54．A 55．B
【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。講述了藝術(shù)這一活動(dòng)對(duì)人類的重要意義，是我們不可或缺的社會(huì)生活之一。從賦予商品的商業(yè)價(jià)值，人類的身心健康和青少年的學(xué)術(shù)和情感發(fā)展等方面論述了藝術(shù)的重要意義。
51．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind t be bth functinal and beautiful.”（任何公共空間都是由藝術(shù)家精心設(shè)計(jì)的，既實(shí)用又美觀。）以及“Art can cnnect culture with cmmercial prducts in a way that nt many ther things can”（藝術(shù)可以將文化與商業(yè)產(chǎn)品聯(lián)系起來(lái)，這是其他很多東西都做不到的。）可以看出，可見(jiàn)藝術(shù)參與的作品兼具文化價(jià)值和商業(yè)價(jià)值。故選擇C。
52．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Scial bnds are created amng individuals when they share their arts experiences thrugh reflectin and discussin,, and their expressin f cmmn values thrugh artwrks in hnr f events significant t a natin's experience.”（當(dāng)個(gè)人通過(guò)反思和討論分享他們的藝術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，并通過(guò)藝術(shù)作品表達(dá)共同的價(jià)值觀，以紀(jì)念對(duì)一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)驗(yàn)有重要意義的事件時(shí)，社會(huì)紐帶就在他們之間建立起來(lái)。），可見(jiàn)通過(guò)分享經(jīng)歷，可以建立一種特殊的聯(lián)系和紐帶。故選擇B。
53．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“It is fund that peple wh frequent cultural places r participate in artistic events are mre likely t gain gd health cmpared t thse wh d nt”（研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，經(jīng)常出入文化場(chǎng)所或參加藝術(shù)活動(dòng)的人比不經(jīng)常出入文化場(chǎng)所或參加藝術(shù)活動(dòng)的人更容易獲得健康;），可見(jiàn)參加藝術(shù)活動(dòng)的人們?cè)谏硇纳隙枷鄬?duì)更加健康。故選擇D。
54．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段“Children wh are invlved with the arts make greater achievements in their educatin”（參與藝術(shù)的孩子在他們的教育中取得更大的成就）以及“encuraging children t express themselves in cnstructive ways culd help t frm healthy emtinal respnses in later life.”（有助于在以后的生活中形成健康的情感反應(yīng)。）可見(jiàn)藝術(shù)活動(dòng)促進(jìn)了孩子們的學(xué)業(yè)表現(xiàn)和情感成長(zhǎng)。故選擇A。
55．主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段“Vital t human life, art is celebrated and used by natins acrss the wrld fr varius purpses. Life withut art wuld be bring and dead still, fr art is a part f what makes us human.”（藝術(shù)對(duì)人類的生命至關(guān)重要，世界各國(guó)為各種目的慶祝和使用藝術(shù)。沒(méi)有藝術(shù)的生活將是無(wú)聊和死氣沉沉的，因?yàn)樗囆g(shù)是我們?nèi)祟惖囊徊糠?。）可?jiàn)藝術(shù)是人類重要的部分，文章中也詳細(xì)描述了藝術(shù)對(duì)不同人群的好處。所以短文的最佳標(biāo)題為“藝術(shù):人類的福祉”。故選擇B。
11.【2021年6月新高考2卷D篇】
An Australian prfessr is develping a rbt t mnitr the health f grazing cattle, a develpment that culd bring big changes t a prfessin that's relied largely n a lw-tech apprach fr decades but is facing a labr shrtage.
Salah Sukkarieh, a prfessr at the University f Sydney, sees rbts as necessary given hw cattlemen are aging. He is building a fur-wheeled rbt that will run n slar and electric pwer. It will use cameras and sensrs t mnitr the animals. A cmputer system will analyze the vide t determine whether a cw is sick. Radi tags (標(biāo)簽) n the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality f grassland will be tracked by mnitring the shape, clr and texture (質(zhì)地) f grass. That way, cattlemen will knw whether they need t mve their cattle t anther field fr nutritin purpses.
Machines have largely taken ver planting, watering and harvesting crps such as cm and wheat, but the mnitring f cattle has gne thrugh fewer changes.
Fr Texas cattleman Pete Bnds, it's increasingly difficult t find wrkers interested in watching cattle. But Bnds desn't believe a rbt is right fr the jb. Years f experience in the industry - and failed attempts t use technlgy - have cnvinced him that the best way t check cattle is with a man n a hrse. Bnds, wh bught his first cattle almst 50 years ag, still has each f his cwbys inspect 300 r 400 cattle daily and lk fr signs that an animal is getting sick.
Other cattlemen see mre prmise in rbts. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president f the Oklahma Cattlemen's Assciatin, said a rbt culd be extremely useful given rising cncerns abut cattle theft. Cattle tend t be kept in remte places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets.
12. What is a prblem with the cattle-raising industry?
A. Sil pllutin.B. Lack f wrkers.
C. Aging machines.D. Lw prfitability.
13. What will Sukkarieh's rbt be able t d?
A. Mnitr the quality f grass.B. Cure the diseased cattle.
C. Mve cattle t anther field.D. Predict weather changes.
14. Why des Pete Bnds still hire cwbys t watch cattle?
A. He wants t help them earn a living.B. He thinks men can d the jb better.
C. He is inexperienced in using rbts.D. He enjys the traditinal way f life.
15. Hw may rbts help with cattle watching accrding t Michael Kelsey?
A. Increase the value f cattle.B. Bring dwn the cst f labr.
C. Make the jb mre appealing.D. Keep cattle frm being stlen.
【【答案】】12. B 13. A 14. B 15. D
【【解析】】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章講述了澳大利亞一名教授正在開(kāi)發(fā)一種機(jī)器人，用于監(jiān)測(cè)放牧牛健康狀況。
【12題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“An Australian prfessr is develping a rbt t mnitr the health f grazing cattle, a develpment that culd bring big changes t a prfessin that's relied largely n a lw-tech apprach fr decades but is facing a labr shrtage.（澳大利亞一名教授正在開(kāi)發(fā)一種機(jī)器人，用于監(jiān)測(cè)放牧牛的健康狀況，這一開(kāi)發(fā)可能會(huì)給畜牧業(yè)帶來(lái)重大變化。幾十年來(lái)，畜牧業(yè)主要依靠低技術(shù)手段，但目前正面臨勞動(dòng)力短缺的問(wèn)題。）”可知，畜牧產(chǎn)業(yè)面臨勞動(dòng)力短缺的問(wèn)題。故選B。
【13題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“The quality f grassland will be tracked by mnitring the shape, clr and texture (質(zhì)地) f grass.（通過(guò)監(jiān)測(cè)草形狀、顏色和質(zhì)地來(lái)跟蹤草地的質(zhì)量。）”可知，Sukkarieh的機(jī)器人可以監(jiān)測(cè)草的質(zhì)量。故選A。
【14題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段“But Bnds desn't believe a rbt is right fr the jb. Years f experience in the industry - and failed attempts t use technlgy - have cnvinced him that the best way t check cattle is with a man n a hrse.（但邦茲認(rèn)為機(jī)器人并不適合這份工作。多年的行業(yè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)——以及使用技術(shù)的失敗嘗試——使他確信，檢查牛的最好方法是讓一名男子騎在馬上。）”可知，皮特·邦茲仍然雇傭牛仔看牛是因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為人能做得更好。故選B。
【15題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president f the Oklahma Cattlemen's Assciatin, said a rbt culd be extremely useful given rising cncerns abut cattle theft.（俄克拉荷馬州養(yǎng)牛人協(xié)會(huì)副會(huì)長(zhǎng)邁克爾·凱爾西·帕里斯說(shuō)，鑒于人們對(duì)偷牛的擔(dān)憂不斷上升，機(jī)器人可能會(huì)非常有用。）”可知，機(jī)器人幫助照看牛，可以防止牛被偷。故選D。
三、2020年高考真題
1. 【2020·全國(guó)卷I，C】
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shws, while mst likely cntributing t fewer injuries. It des, hwever, have its wn prblem.
Race walkers are cnditined athletes. The lngest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilmeter race walk, which is abut five miles lnger than the marathn. But the sprt’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight thrugh mst f the leg swing and ne ft remain in cntact (接觸) with the grund at all times. It’s this strange frm that makes race walking such an attractive activity, hwever, says Jaclyn Nrberg, an assistant prfessr f exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, Accrding t mst calculatins, race walkers mving at a pace f six miles per hur wuld burn abut 800 calries(卡路里) per hur, which is apprximately twice as many as they wuld burn walking, althugh fewer than running, which wuld prbably burn abut 1,000 r mre calries per hur.
Hwever, race walking des nt pund the bdy as much as running des, Dr. Nrberg says. Accrding t her research, runners hit the grund with as much as fur times their bdy weight per step, while race walkers, wh d nt leave the grund, create nly abut 1.4 times their bdy weight with each step.
As a result, she says, sme f the injuries assciated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncmmn amng race walkers. But the sprt’s strange frm des place cnsiderable stress n the ankles and hips, s peple with a histry f such injuries might want t be cautius in adpting the sprt. In fact, anyne wishing t try race walking shuld prbably first cnsult a cach r experienced racer t learn prper technique, she says. It takes sme practice.
1. Why are race walkers cnditined athletes?
A. They must run lng distances.
B. They are qualified fr the marathn.
C. They have t fllw special rules.
D. They are gd at swinging their legs.
2. What advantage des race walking have ver running?
A. It’s mre ppular at the Olympics.
B. It’s less challenging physically.
C. It’s mre effective in bdy building.
D. It’s less likely t cause knee injuries.
3. What is Dr. Nrberg’s suggestin fr smene trying race walking?
A. Getting experts’ pinins.
B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced cach.
D. Ding regular exercises.
4. Which wrd best describes the authr’s attitude t race walking?
A. Skeptical.B. Objective.
C. Tlerant.D. Cnservative.
【文章大意】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。短文介紹了競(jìng)走相比跑步有諸多的優(yōu)勢(shì)，但是之前受過(guò)傷的人，要想從事這樣運(yùn)動(dòng)要謹(jǐn)慎，最好咨詢專家的建議。
1. C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“But the sprt’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight thrugh mst f the leg swing and ne ft remain in cntact with the grund at all times.”可知，但這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的規(guī)則要求競(jìng)走者的膝蓋在擺動(dòng)腿的大部分時(shí)間保持伸直，一只腳始終與地面接觸。由此可知，競(jìng)走運(yùn)動(dòng)員是需要具備某些條件的運(yùn)動(dòng)員是因?yàn)檫\(yùn)動(dòng)員需要遵守特殊的規(guī)則。故選C項(xiàng)。
2. D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“As a result, she says, sme f the injuries assciated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncmmn amng race walkers.”可知，一些與跑步有關(guān)的損傷，比如跑步者的膝蓋，在競(jìng)走者中并不常見(jiàn)。由此可知，競(jìng)走與跑步相比的優(yōu)勢(shì)是不太可能導(dǎo)致膝蓋受傷。故選D項(xiàng)。
3. A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段Dr. Nrberg說(shuō)的話“In fact, anyne wishing t try race walking shuld prbably first cnsult a cach r experienced racer t learn prper technique(事實(shí)上，任何想嘗試競(jìng)走的人都應(yīng)該首先咨詢教練或有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的競(jìng)走運(yùn)動(dòng)員，學(xué)習(xí)適當(dāng)?shù)募记伞?”可知，Dr. Nrberg建議想嘗試競(jìng)走的人征詢專家的建議。故選A項(xiàng)。
4. B【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shws, while mst likely cntributing t fewer injuries. It des, hwever, have its wn prblem.”可知，研究表明，競(jìng)走和跑步一樣有很多健身益處，而且它還很少導(dǎo)致受傷。不過(guò)，它也有自己的問(wèn)題。由此判斷出作者對(duì)于競(jìng)走的態(tài)度是客觀的。故選B項(xiàng)。
2. 【2020·全國(guó)卷I，D】
The cnnectin between peple and plants has lng been the subject f scientific research. Recent studies have fund psitive effects. A study cnducted in Yungstwn，Ohi，fr example, discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther，emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute f Technlgy(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual cmpsitin f plants in rder t get them t perfrm diverse，even unusual functins. These include plants that have sensrs printed nt their leaves t shw when they’re shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in grundwater. ＂We’re thinking abut hw we can engineer plants t replace functins f the things that we use every day,＂explained Michael Stran, a prfessr f chemical engineering at MIT.
One f his latest prjects has been t make plants glw(發(fā)光)in experiments using sme cmmn vegetables. Stran’s team fund that they culd create a faint light fr three-and-a-half hurs. The light，abut ne-thusandth f the amunt needed t read by，is just a start. The technlgy, Stran said, culd ne day be used t light the rms r even t turn trees int self-pwered street lamps.
In the future，the team hpes t develp a versin f the technlgy that can be sprayed nt plant leaves in a ne-ff treatment that wuld last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are als trying t develp an n and ff＂switch＂where the glw wuld fade when expsed t daylight.
Lighting accunts fr abut 7% f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce(電源)-such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway-a lt f energy is lst during transmissin(傳輸).Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly abut?
A. A new study f different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Emplyees frm varius wrkplaces.
D. Benefits frm green plants.
2. What is the functin f the sensrs printed n plant leaves by MIT engineer?
A. T detect plants’ lack f water
B. T change cmpsitins f plants
C. T make the life f plants lnger.
D. T test chemicals in plants.
3. What can we expect f the glwing plants in the future?
A. They will speed up energy prductin.
B. They may transmit electricity t the hme.
C. They might help reduce energy cnsumptin.
D. They culd take the place f pwer plants.
4. Which f the fllwing can be the best title fr the text?
A. Can we grw mre glwing plants?
B. Hw d we live with glwing plants?
C. Culd glwing plants replace lamps?
D. Hw are glwing plants made pllutin-free?
【文章大意】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要說(shuō)明了綠色植物對(duì)人們很有好處，因此麻省理工學(xué)院的工程師開(kāi)發(fā)了一種發(fā)光植物。文章介紹了他們發(fā)明這種植物的過(guò)程，以及這種植物的一些優(yōu)勢(shì)，指出在未來(lái)發(fā)光植物有可能取代路燈，達(dá)到節(jié)約能源的作用。
1. D【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段中A study cnducted in Yungstwn, Ohi, fr example ,discvered that greener areas f the city experienced less crime. In anther, emplyees were shwn t be 15% mre prductive when their wrkplaces were decrated with huseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州揚(yáng)斯敦進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，城市綠化較好的地區(qū)犯罪率較低。在另一項(xiàng)研究中，當(dāng)員工的工作場(chǎng)所被室內(nèi)植物裝飾時(shí)，他們的工作效率會(huì)提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是關(guān)于綠色植物的益處。故選D。
2. A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中These include plants that have sensrs printed n their leaves t shw when they're shrt f water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in grundwater.可知這就包括葉子上印有傳感器來(lái)顯示植物缺水的情況的植物，還有一種植物可以檢測(cè)到地下水中的有害化學(xué)物質(zhì)。由此可知，麻省理工學(xué)院工程師植物葉片上印上傳感器的作用是檢測(cè)植物缺水的情況。故選A。
3. C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.可知發(fā)光的植物可以縮短這段距離，從而幫助節(jié)約能源。由此可知，這種發(fā)光的植物在未來(lái)可能有助于減少能源消耗。故選C。
4. C【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段中Lighting accunts fr abut 7%f the ttal electricity cnsumed in the US. Since lighting is ften far remved frm the pwer surce-such as the distance frm a pwer plant t street lamps n a remte highway-a lt f energy is lst during transmissin. Glwing plants culd reduce this distance and therefre help save energy.可知照明約占美國(guó)總耗電量的7%。由于照明通常遠(yuǎn)離電源，例如從發(fā)電廠到偏僻公路上路燈的距離，在傳輸過(guò)程中會(huì)損失大量能源。發(fā)光的植物可以縮短這段距離，從而幫助節(jié)約能源。結(jié)合文章主要說(shuō)明了綠色植物對(duì)人們很有好處，因此麻省理工學(xué)院的工程師開(kāi)發(fā)了一種發(fā)光植物，文章介紹了他們發(fā)明這種植物的過(guò)程，以及這種植物的一些優(yōu)勢(shì)，指出在未來(lái)發(fā)光植物有可能取代路燈，達(dá)到節(jié)約能源的作用。由此可知，C選項(xiàng)“發(fā)光的植物能取代路燈嗎？”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選C。
3. 【2020·全國(guó)卷 = 2 \* ROMAN II，B】
Sme parents will buy any high-tech ty if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychlgist Susan Levine, an expert n mathematics develpment in yung children the University f Chicag, fund children wh play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develp better spatial skills. Puzzle play was fund t be a significant predictr f cgnitin(認(rèn)知) after cntrlling fr differences in parents’ incme, educatin and the amunt f parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed vide recrdings f 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at hme and fund children wh play with puzzles between 26 and 46 mnths f age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 mnths f age.
“The children wh played with puzzles perfrmed better than thse wh did nt, n tasks that assessed their ability t rtate(旋轉(zhuǎn))and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked t interact with their children as they nrmally wuld, and abut half f children in the study played with puzzles at ne time. Higher-incme parents tended t have children play with puzzles mre frequently, and bth bys and girls wh played with puzzles had better spatial skills. Hwever, bys tended t play with mre cmplex puzzles than girls, and the parents f bys prvided mre spatial language and were mre active during puzzle play than parents f girls.
The findings were published in the jurnal Develpmental Science.
1. In which aspect d children benefit frm puzzle play?
A. Building cnfidence.B. Develping spatial skills.
C. Learning self-cntrl.D. Gaining high-tech knwledge.
2. What did Levine take int cnsideratin when designing her experiment？
A. Parents’ age.B. Children’s imaginatin.
C. Parents’ educatin.D. Child-parent relatinship.
3. Hw d by differ frm girls in puzzle play?
A. They play with puzzles mre ften.
B. They tend t talk less during the game.
C. They prefer t use mre spatial language.
D. They are likely t play with tugher puzzles.
4. What is the text mainly abut?
A. A mathematical methd.B. A scientific study.
C. A wman psychlgistD. A teaching prgram.
【文章大意】本文是說(shuō)明文。是關(guān)于孩子們玩智力游戲的研究，介紹了研究考慮的因素，研究過(guò)程和結(jié)果。
1. B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中…fund children wh play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 develp better spatial skill(在2歲到4歲之間玩智力游戲的兒童在空間能力方面更好)可知，孩子們可以從智力游戲中發(fā)展更好的空間技能。B. Develping spatial skills(發(fā)展空間能力)符合以上說(shuō)法，故選B項(xiàng)。
2. C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中Puzzle play was fund t be a significant predictr f cgnitin after cntrlling fr difference in parents' incme, educatin and the amunt f parent talk, Levine said.( Levine說(shuō)，在父母的收入、教育和父母談話次數(shù)方面控制差異性之后，拼圖游戲被發(fā)現(xiàn)是一個(gè)重要的認(rèn)知預(yù)測(cè))可知Levine在設(shè)計(jì)這個(gè)試驗(yàn)時(shí)考慮了父母的收入、教育程度和父母談話的次數(shù)。C. Parents' educatin.(父母的教育)符合以上說(shuō)法，故選C項(xiàng)。
3. D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中Hwever, bys tended t play with mre cmplex puzzles than girls,可知男孩比女孩更喜歡玩復(fù)雜的謎題，即他們可能會(huì)玩難度更大的謎題。D. They are likely t play with tugher puzzles.(他們有可能玩更復(fù)雜的謎題)符合以上說(shuō)法，故選D項(xiàng)。
4. B【解析】主旨大意題。本文是關(guān)于孩子們玩智力游戲的研究，介紹了研究考慮的因素，研究過(guò)程和結(jié)果。所以是關(guān)于科學(xué)研究的。B. A scientific study(一項(xiàng)科學(xué)研究)符合以上說(shuō)法，故選B項(xiàng)。
4. 【2020·全國(guó)卷 = 2 \* ROMAN II，C】
When yu were trying t figure ut what t buy fr the envirnmentalist n yur hliday list, fur prbably didn’t crss yur mind. But sme eclgists and fashin (時(shí)裝)enthusiasts are trying t bring back the market fr fur made frm nutria(海貍鼠).
Unusual fashin shws in New Orleans and Brklyn have(shwcased)nutria fur made int clthes in different styles. “It sunds crazy t talk abut guilt-free fur-unless yu understand that the nutria are destrying vast wetlands every year”, says Cree McCree, prject directr f Righteus Fur.
Scientists in Luisiana were s cncerned that they decided t pay hunters $5 a tail. Sme f the fur ends up in the fashin shws like the ne in Brklyn last mnth.
Nutria were brught there frm Argentina by fur farmers and let g int the wild. “The ecsystem dwn there can’t handle this nn-native species(物種).It’s destrying the envirnment. It’s them r us.” says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check fr decades，but when the market fr nutria cllapsed in the late 1980s，the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Bilgist Edmnd Mutn runs the nutria cntrl prgram fr Luisiana. He says it’s nt easy t cnvince peple that nutria fur is green, but he has n dubt abut it. Hunters bring in mre than 300,000 nutria tails a year, s part f Mutn’s jb these days is trying t prmte fur.
Then there’s Righteus Fur and its unusual fashin. Mdel Paige Mrgan says，”T give peple a guilt-free ptin that they can wear withut smene thrwing paint n them-1 think that’s ging t be a massive thing, at least here in New Yrk.” Designer Jennifer Andersn admits it tk her a while t cme arund t the pinin that using nutria fur fr her creatins is mrally acceptable. She trying t cme up with a lable t attach t nutria fashins t shw it is ec-friendly.
28. What is the purpse f the fashin shws in New Orleans and Brklyn?
A. T prmte guilt-free fur.
B. T expand the fashin market.
C. T intrduce a new brand.
D. T celebrate a winter hliday.
29. Why are scientists cncerned abut nutria?
A. Nutria damage the ecsystem seriusly.
B. Nutria are an endangered species.
C. Nutria hurt lcal cat-sized animals.
D. Nutria are illegally hunted.
30. What des the underlined wrd “cllapsed” in paragraph 5 prbably mean?
A. Bmed.B. Became mature.C. Remained stable.D. Crashed.
31. What can we infer abuf wearing fur in New Yrk accrding t Mrgan?
A. It’s frmal.B. It’s risky.C. It’s harmful.D. It’s traditinal.
【答案】
28. A29. A30. D31. B
【文章大意】本文是說(shuō)明文。介紹了美國(guó)新奧良和布魯克林舉辦了不同尋常的時(shí)裝秀。展出海貍鼠制成的皮衣。海貍鼠們每年都在破壞大片的濕地，因此設(shè)計(jì)師稱這是一種環(huán)保的舉措，科學(xué)家們也對(duì)海貍鼠損壞生態(tài)平衡表示了擔(dān)憂。
28. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段Unusual fashin shws in New Orleans and Brklyn have shwcased nutria fur made int clthes in different styles. “It sunds crazy t talk abut guilt-free fur-unless yu understand that the nutria are destrying vast wetlands every year,”says Cree McCree, prject directr f Righteus Fur.得知，美國(guó)新奧爾良和布魯克林舉辦了不同尋常的時(shí)裝秀，時(shí)裝秀上展出海貍鼠皮制成的不同風(fēng)格的衣服，項(xiàng)目總監(jiān)Cree McCree說(shuō)：“除非了解海貍鼠正每年破壞大片濕地，否則談?wù)摕o(wú)罪感皮衣是很瘋狂的事情”，可以判斷出由于海貍鼠對(duì)生態(tài)造成了巨大的破壞，這場(chǎng)海貍鼠皮衣時(shí)裝秀銷售的是無(wú)罪惡感皮衣。故選A。
29. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段Scientists in Luisiana were s cncerned that they decided t pay hunters $5 a tail.得知，科學(xué)家們?nèi)绱藫?dān)心以至于他們決定按照一條海貍鼠尾巴付給獵人們5美元，可以推斷出科學(xué)家們擔(dān)憂海貍鼠們嚴(yán)重破壞生態(tài)平衡，。故選A。
30. 詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第五段The fur trade kept nutria in check fr decades, but when the market fr nutria cllapsed in the late 1980s,the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy. 得知，毛皮貿(mào)易使海貍鼠受到了幾十年的控制，但是當(dāng)海貍鼠市場(chǎng)在20世紀(jì)80年代末崩潰時(shí)，這種貓大小的動(dòng)物數(shù)量瘋長(zhǎng)，根據(jù)but判斷，這是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，以前由于皮毛交易，海貍鼠處于控制，現(xiàn)在這種海貍鼠之所以能夠數(shù)量激增，是由于市場(chǎng)不再銷售海貍鼠皮毛導(dǎo)致的，可以推斷出劃線詞cllapsed 是和D.crashed倒閉的意思最相近。故選D。
31. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段Mdel Paige Mrgan says, “T give peple a guilt –free ptin that they can wear withut smene thrwing paint n them-I think that’s ging t be a massive thing, at least in New Yrk. ” 得知，為了給人們一種無(wú)罪的選擇，人們可以穿皮衣而不被人們潑油漆，我認(rèn)為在紐約將是一件巨大的事情，根據(jù)模特摩根所說(shuō)得知，在紐約穿皮質(zhì)衣服是有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的。故選B。
5. 【2020·全國(guó)卷 = 3 \* ROMAN III，D】
We are the prducts f evlutin, and nt just evlutin that ccurred billins f years ag. As scientists lk deeper int ur genes(基因), they are finding examples f human evlutin in just the past few thusand years. Peple in Ethipian highlands have adapted t living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising peple in East Africa and nrthern Eurpe have gained a mutatin (突變) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team f researchers reprted a new kind f adaptatin — nt t air r t fd, but t the cean. A grup f sea-dwelling peple in Sutheast Asia have evlved int better divers. The Bajau, as these peple are knwn, number in the hundreds f thusands in Indnesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditinally lived n husebats; in recent times, they’ve als built huses n stilts (支柱) in castal waters. “They are simply a stranger t the land,” said Redney C. Jubilad, a University f Hawaii researcher wh studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilad first met the Bajau while grwing up n Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing r harvesting shellfish. “We were s amazed that they culd stay underwater much lnger than us lcal islanders,” Dr. Jubilad said. “I culd see them actually walking under the sea.”
In2015, Melissa Ilard, then a graduate student in genetics at the University f Cpenhagen, heard abut the Bajau. She wndered if centuries f diving culd have led t the evlutin f physical characteristics that made the task easier fr them. “it seemed like the perfect chance fr natural selectin t act n a ppulatin,” said Dr. Ilard. She als said there were likely a number f ther genes that help the Bajau dive.
32. What des the authr want t tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?
A. Envirnmental adaptatin f cattle raisers.B. New knwledge f human evlutin.
C. Recent findings f human rigin.D. Significance f fd selectin.
33. Where d the Bajau build their huses?
A. In valleys.B. Near rivers.C. On the beach.D. Off the cast.
34. Why was the yung Jubilad astnished at the Bajau?
A. They culd walk n stilts all day.B. They had a superb way f fishing.
C. They culd stay lng underwater.D. They lived n bth land and water.
35. What can be a suitable title fr the text?
A. Bdies Remdeled fr a Life at SeaB. Highlanders’ Survival Skills
C. Basic Methds f Genetic ResearchD. The Wrld’s Best Divers
【答案】
32. B33. D34. C35. A
【文章大意】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。最近一項(xiàng)對(duì)人類基因的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類的進(jìn)化不僅僅發(fā)生在數(shù)十億年前，而且最近幾千年也有。Bajau人因?yàn)榭亢樯麄兊纳眢w已經(jīng)進(jìn)化成更能適應(yīng)海洋生活。
32. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的we are the prducts f evlutin, and nt just evlutin that ccurred billins f years ag. As scientists lk deeper int ur genes, they are finding examples f human evlutin in just the past few thusand years.(我們是進(jìn)化的產(chǎn)物，而且不僅僅是數(shù)十億年前的產(chǎn)物。當(dāng)科學(xué)家更深入的研究我們的基因時(shí)，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類在過(guò)去幾千年進(jìn)化的例子)可知，作者列舉第一段的例子是為了告訴我們關(guān)于人類進(jìn)化的一個(gè)新信息，那就是人類在最近幾千年也在進(jìn)化。B. New knwledge f human evlutin.(人類進(jìn)化的新知識(shí))符合以上說(shuō)法，故選B項(xiàng)。
33. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的The Bajau, as these peple are knwn, number in hundreds f thusands in Indnesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditinally live n husebats; in recent times, they've als built huses n stilts in castal waters.(這些人被稱為Bajau，在印度尼西亞、馬來(lái)西亞和菲律賓有數(shù)十萬(wàn)人。他們一直住在船屋上；最近他們也把房子建在沿海水域的吊腳樓上)可知，Bajau把房子建在沿海區(qū)域。D. Off the cast.(沿海)符合以上說(shuō)法，故選D項(xiàng)。
34. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的we were s amazed that they culd stay underwater much lnger than us lcal islanders.(我們很驚訝，他們?cè)谒麓臅r(shí)間比我們當(dāng)?shù)氐膷u民要長(zhǎng)的多)可知，讓Jubilad感到吃驚的是Bajau人能在水下待更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。C. They culd stay lng underwater. (他們能在水下待很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間)符合以上說(shuō)法，故選C項(xiàng)。
35. 主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章的主要內(nèi)容，尤其是第二段的On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team f researchers reprted a new kind f adaptin-nt t air r t fd, but t the cean.(周四，在《細(xì)胞》雜志上發(fā)表的一篇文章中，一群研究人員報(bào)道了一種新的適應(yīng)——不是空氣也不是食物，而是海洋)可知，本文主要講述了一種新的進(jìn)化，即長(zhǎng)期生活在海邊，靠海為生的生活方式，讓Bajau人的身體進(jìn)化成更適應(yīng)海洋生活。A. Bdies Remdeled fr a Life at Sea.(身體為適應(yīng)海洋生活而重塑)可以作為本文標(biāo)題，故選A項(xiàng)。
6. 【2020·山東卷，D】
Accrding t a recent study in the Jurnal f Cnsumer Research, bth the size and cnsumptin habits f ur eating cmpanins can influence ur fd intake. And cntrary t existing research that says yu shuld avid eating with heavier peple wh rder large prtins(份), it's the beanples with big appetites yu really need t avid.
T test the effect f scial influence n eating habits, the researchers cnducted tw experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate wmen were individually invited int a lab t stensibly(表面上)participate in a study abut mvie viewership. Befre the film began, each wman was asked t help herself t a snack. An actr hired by the researchers grabbed her fd first. In her natural state, the actr weighed 105 punds. But in half the cases she wre a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight t 180 punds.
Bth the fat and thin versins f the actr tk a large amunt f fd. The participants fllwed suit, taking mre fd than they nrmally wuld have. Hwever, they tk significantly mre when the actr was thin.
Fr the secnd test, in ne case the thin actr tk tw pieces f candy frm the snack bwls. In the ther case, she tk 30 pieces. The results were similar t the first test: the participants fllwed suit but tk significantly mre candy when the thin actr tk 30 pieces.
The tests shw that the scial envirnment is extremely influential when we're making decisins. If this fellw participant is ging t eat mre, s will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. Hwever, we'll adjust the influence. If an verweight persn is having a large prtin, I'll hld back a bit because I see the results f his eating habits. But if a thin persn eats a lt, I'll fllw suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?
12. What is the recent study mainly abut?
A. Fd safety.B. Mvie viewership.
C. Cnsumer demand.D. Eating behavir.
13. What des the underlined wrd “beanples” in paragraph 1 refer t?
A. Big eaters.B. Overweight persns.
C. Picky eaters.D. Tall thin persns.
14. Why did the researchers hire the actr?
A. T see hw she wuld affect the participants.
B. T test if the participants culd recgnize her.
C. T find ut what she wuld d in the tw tests.
D. T study why she culd keep her weight dwn.
15. On what basis d we “adjust the influence” accrding t the last paragraph?
A. Hw hungry we are.B. Hw slim we want t be.
C. Hw we perceive thers.D. Hw we feel abut the fd.
【答案】
12. D13. D14. A15. C
【文章大意】本文是說(shuō)明文。最近的研究表明：我們的飲食伙伴的大小和消費(fèi)習(xí)慣都會(huì)影響我們的食物攝入量。文章詳述了這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的過(guò)程。
12. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Accrding t a recent study in the Jurnal f Cnsumer Research, bth the size and cnsumptin habits f ur eating cmpanins can influence ur fd intake”可知，根據(jù)消費(fèi)者研究雜志最近的一項(xiàng)研究，我們的飲食伙伴的大小和消費(fèi)習(xí)慣都會(huì)影響我們的食物攝入量。因此這項(xiàng)研究是關(guān)于飲食行為的。故選D。
13. 詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)前半句“And cntrary t existing research that says yu shuld avid eating with heavier peple wh rder large prtins（份）”可知，現(xiàn)有的研究認(rèn)為：你應(yīng)該避免和體重較重、點(diǎn)大份飯菜的人一起吃飯。后半句認(rèn)為，你真正應(yīng)該避免的是the beanples with big appetites。由cntrary t可推斷出，畫(huà)線詞和heavier peple（超重的人）相反，結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，D選項(xiàng)（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavier peple正好相反。故選D。
14. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“T test the effect f scial influence n eating habits, the researchers cnducted tw experiments”可知， 為了測(cè)試社會(huì)影響對(duì)飲食習(xí)慣的影響，研究人員進(jìn)行了兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知，在兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，胖的和瘦的演員都吃了大量的食物。參與者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。 然而，當(dāng)演員是瘦的時(shí)候，參與者們服用的食物更多。由此推斷，研究人員雇用演員是為了看看她如何影響參與者。故選A。
15. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“If an verweight persn is having a large prtin, I’ll hld back a bit because I see the results f his eating habits. But if a thin persn eats a lt, I’ll fllw suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can’t I? ”可知，如果一個(gè)超重的人吃很大一份，我會(huì)忍住一點(diǎn)，因?yàn)槲铱吹搅怂嬍沉?xí)慣的結(jié)果。但如果一個(gè)瘦的人吃很多，我會(huì)跟著做。如果他吃得多保持苗條，為什么我不能呢？ 因此推斷我們是根據(jù)我們對(duì)他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）來(lái)調(diào)整影響的。故選C。
三、模擬演練
1、
An Israeli law banning t skinny mdels went int effect with the start f 2013. The law, apprved last March in Israel, requires mdels t prve they have maintained a Bdy Mass Index (BMI) f at least 18.5 fr three mnths befre a fashin shw. That means a wman wh is 68 inches tall can weigh n less than 119 punds.
“This law is anther step in the war against eating disrders,” said physician Adatt. “Underweight mdels,” he explained, “can n lnger serve as rle mdels fr inncent yung peple wh cpy their false image f being skinny.”
But sme critics in this cuntry say it is misguided, fcusing n weight instead f health. They als say the Israeli ban is bund t fail because f the strng pwer f the fashin industry. “I think it’s an apprach that isn’t ging t wrk.” said eating disrder expert Susan Ice, wh wrked with an rganizatin which creates a healthy wrking envirnment fr mdels.
But Adatt tld the reprter that he began t cncern the issue after meeting an ambitius mdel wh lked like she needed t be hspitalized. He said. “I realized that nly legislatin(立法) can change the situatin. There was n time t waste; s many girls were dieting t death.”
Hwever, the effrts t regulate mdels’ weight in Spain and Italy have nt resulted in significant changes in part because f difficulties in determining reliable methds f measuring weight and health.
Still, flks including Ice say there’s n denying that images frm Hllywd and the fashin industry can be difficult fr yung wmen t deal with. “Certainly I dn't believe the mdeling industry has caused the rise in eating disrders, but it makes it harder,” she says. “It’s a difficult recvery envirnment, wrshiping thinness as the beauty ideal.”
4．One benefit the new Israeli law may bring is ______.
A．t change the wrking cnditins f mdels
B．t lwer the chance f skinny mdels’ death
C．t prvide guidance fr wmen wrshiping thinness
D．t prevent mdels frm suffering frm eating disrders
5．In the pinin f the critics, the law wn’t succeed because _______.
A．it misleads yung wmen t frm a bad eating habit
B．the fashin industry is much t influential
C．it desn’t create a healthy wrking envirnment fr mdels
D．it desn’t prvide a prper apprach that can wrk well
6．What caused Adatt t think that a law was needed t change the situatin?
A．Being interviewed by a reprter.
B．Establishing his fashin mdel agent.
C．Meeting an ambitius but t skinny mdel.
D．Seeing a mdel die frm eating disrders.
7．Accrding t the passage, the new Israeli law banning skinny mdels is _____ .
A．practicalB．cntrversial
C．a(chǎn)cceptableD．reasnable

【答案】
4．D
5．B
6．C
7．B
【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了在時(shí)尚產(chǎn)業(yè)中，年輕模特追求過(guò)度纖瘦唯美產(chǎn)生的社會(huì)問(wèn)題。
4．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“This law is anther step in the war against eating disrders,” said physician Adatt. 可知，新法能使模特免于飲食失調(diào)，故選D。
5．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的They als say the Israeli ban is bund t fail because f the strng pwer f the fashin industry. 可知，時(shí)尚界的影響力太大了，因此禁令有可能失敗，故選B。
6．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段的he began t cncern the issue after meeting an ambitius mdel wh lked like she needed t be hspitalized. 可知，在遇到一位看起來(lái)像需要住院治療的雄心勃勃的模特后，他開(kāi)始關(guān)注這個(gè)問(wèn)題，故選C。
7．推理判斷題。A. practical 實(shí)際的； B. cntrversial 有爭(zhēng)議的； C. acceptable 可接受的； D. reasnable 合理的。由文章內(nèi)容可知，以色列新法律（禁用過(guò)瘦的模特）是存在爭(zhēng)議的，有支持者也有反對(duì)的，故選B。
2、
Crprate culture is the values and beliefs a cmpany develps ver time.The rle f crprate culture ist imprve a cmpany’s missin and strategies,with lng-term hpes f imprvements in a cmpany’s prfit.Mstly crprate culture cmes frm a cmpany’s tp management.
One rle f crprate culture is t influence emplyee behavir, hnesty, and cmpliance（服從）. A cmpany des nt have t necessarily create a direct influence fr these actins.A direct influence may be a setf written regulatins r ther plicies,and while these may be in place,the crprate culture is usually mref an indirect influence.
While many cmpanies try t create crprate culture thrugh the use f written plicies,its rle isharder t define.The human factr has an influence n hw crprate culture is expressed.The way uppermanagement acts and reacts t varius situatins defines hw lwer-level emplyees will act,and this aspectmay be mre imprtant than any written plicy.
A cmpany’s crprate culture can als extend beynd the walls f the business. Cnsumers wh believe a cmpany t be hnest and frthright（直率）may be mre lyal in their buying behavir. Emplyees in a cmpany’s custmer service department can als exhibit psitive crprate culture t utside individuals.Inthis case,the culture creates a link between the cmpany’s emplyees and its custmers.Hw custmers reactmay be a direct result frm the cmpany’s crprate culture.
Prduct quality can als be influenced by a cmpany’s crprate culture.Cmpanies that fcus nly nprfits may decide t avid high-quality materials in prducts,but try t suggest that the prducts are fhigher quality than they really are.This negative culture can then result in lwer brand lyalty withcnsumers.
12．What d we knw abut crprate culture frm this passage?
A．It is a set f rules and regulatins.
B．It is the way the emplyees act.
C．It is the values and beliefs f a cmpany.
D．It is the lng term hpe f a cmpany.
13．Which f the fllwing is mre efficient in creating crprate culture?
A．Making a set f rules and regulatins.
B．Setting an example fr the emplyees.
C．Learning the crprate culture regularly.
D．Encuraging the emplyees t wrk harder.
14．What can we infer frm the furth paragraph?
A．The custmer is always right.
B．Crprate culture has different functins.
C．Withut crprate culture,a cmpany will die.
D．Psitive crprate culture can prmte sales.
15．Which wrd can describe the cmpanies mentined in the last paragraph?
A．Creative.B．Efficient.
C．Dishnest.D．Dislyal.

【答案】
12．C
13．B
14．D
15．C
【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。企業(yè)文化是一個(gè)公司隨著時(shí)間的推移而發(fā)展起來(lái)的價(jià)值觀和信念。企業(yè)文化的作用是完善企業(yè)的使命和戰(zhàn)略，并有望長(zhǎng)期企業(yè)利潤(rùn)的提高。文章并指出了企業(yè)文化對(duì)企業(yè)銷量和質(zhì)量的影響作用。
12．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一句“Crprate culture is the values and beliefs a cmpany develps ver time.”可知企業(yè)文化是一個(gè)公司隨著時(shí)間的推移而發(fā)展起來(lái)的價(jià)值觀和信念。故選C。
13．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Mstly crprate culture cmes frm a cmpany’s tp management.”可知企業(yè)文化大多來(lái)自公司的高層管理人員。即樹(shù)立員工榜樣更能有效地創(chuàng)造企業(yè)文化，故選B。
14．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段倒數(shù)第二、三句“Emplyees in a cmpany’s custmer service department can als exhibit psitive crprate culture t utside individuals. In this case, the culture creates a link between the cmpany’s emplyees and its custmers.”可知公司客服部門(mén)的員工也可以向外界展示積極的企業(yè)文化。在這種情況下，企業(yè)文化在員工和客戶之間建立了聯(lián)系，而客戶的反應(yīng)可能是公司企業(yè)文化的直接結(jié)果。即可知積極的企業(yè)文化可以促進(jìn)銷售。故選D
15．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。最后一段第二句“Cmpanies that fcus nly n prfits may decide t avid high-quality materials in prducts, but try t suggest that the prducts are f higher quality than they really are.”可知那些只注重利潤(rùn)的公司可能會(huì)決定在產(chǎn)品中避免使用高質(zhì)量的材料，但要盡量表明產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量比實(shí)際質(zhì)量高。公司用低質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品冒充品質(zhì)好的產(chǎn)品，這是一種“不誠(chéng)實(shí)”的行為，故選C。
3、
A sheet f transparent new material at a University f Maryland lab lks like it might be plastic. But it’s actually wd—and it culd eventually be used t make energy-efficient windws r even see-thrugh buildings.
"Cmpared t glass, wd has lwer heat cnductivity, and it's lighter, strnger, and mre envirnmentally friendly," says Liangbing Hu, a materials science prfessr at the University f Maryland and ne f the authrs f a new study f the material.
The idea is t emply the material in buildings. With a windw made frm transparent wd instead f glass, fr example, a building wuld take less energy t heat and cl. Because f the structure f the wd, the windws culd als reduce glare frm the sun while allwing in natural light.
Researchers have experimented with transparent wd in the past, but the new methd is mre sustainable.
Other methds usually put the wd in a chemical cmpund Nacl t remve lignin, part f the wd that gives it structure. But this can weaken the wd, and it prduces waste that is hard t recycle. Hu and his team made slight changes t the prcess s it desn't fully remve the lignin. By brushing hydrgen perxide(過(guò)氧化物) ver the wd and leaving it under a UV light, they remved nly the parts f the lignin that give it clr. The result is transparent wd that can be cated in epxy(環(huán)氧樹(shù)脂).
It’s just ne f a number f ways scientists and engineers are rethinking hw we can use this renewable resurce in cnstructin. Skyscrapers made entirely ut f wd are gaining ppularity in cities arund the wrld. And scientists recently discvered a technique t grw wd in a lab, pening up the pssibility f using wd withut having t cut dwn a frest.
The transparent wd is 50% strnger than previus transparent wd and culd even be used t build lad-bearing walls in a building. It culd als ptentially be used in ther ways, such as layers used in slar cells. A new cmpany called InventWd is wrking t cmmercialize the technlgy.
8．Why wuld peple like t chse transparent wd in their buildings in preference t glass?
A．It can cnduct heat mre quickly.
B．It is lighter and mre delicate.
C．It can let light in with less heat.
D．It has higher energy cnsumptin.
9．Cmpared with the experiment in the past, what is the difference f the new methd?
A．The new methd is less envirnmentally friendly.
B．The new methd can make the wd weaker.
C．Researchers brushed Nacl ver the wd.
D．Researchers nly tk away the lignin related t clr.
10．Which f the fllwing statements may the authr agree with ?
A．This see-thrugh wd can replace glass windws.
B．This see-thrugh wd is in mass prductin.
C．This transparent wd has been grwn in labs.
D．This transparent wd is nly ppular in cities.
11．What des the last paragraph mainly fcus n?
A．The advantages f transparent wd.
B．The prspect f transparent wd.
C．The prductin f transparent wd.
D．The cmpanies f transparent wd.

【答案】
8．C
9．D
10．A
11．B
【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要介紹了透明木頭這一新型的建筑材料的制作原理及諸多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，并可能在其他方面的潛在用途。
8．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“wd has lwer heat cnductivity, and it's lighter, strnger, and mre envirnmentally friendly (木頭具有更低的熱傳導(dǎo)性，并且它更輕、更結(jié)實(shí)也更環(huán)保)”和第三段“the windws culd als reduce glare frm the sun while allwing in natural light (窗戶也能減少陽(yáng)光照射的強(qiáng)度，并同時(shí)讓自然光照射進(jìn)屋子)”可知，安裝透明木材裝修家受到很多人的青睞，因?yàn)樗哂泻芏鄡?yōu)點(diǎn)。故選C。
9．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第五段“they remved nly the parts f the lignin that give it clr(他們只移除了部分的讓木頭有顏色的木質(zhì)素)”可知，跟之前的實(shí)驗(yàn)不一樣的地方在于，這些研究者只移除了賦予木頭顏色的木質(zhì)素，故選D。
10．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章首段“But it’s actually wd—and it culd eventually be used t make energy-efficient windws r even see-thrugh buildings (但事實(shí)上，它是木頭，并且它可以被用于制作節(jié)能型的窗戶或者透視大樓)”可知，作者認(rèn)為透明木頭有可能取代現(xiàn)在的玻璃窗戶。故選A。
11．主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章尾段“It culd als ptentially be used in ther ways, such as layers used in slar cells. (它也可以有其他多種用途，比如用于太陽(yáng)能電池的涂層)”可知，文章最后一段主要講述了透明木頭潛在的用途，故選B。
4、
A year f lckdwn has brught abut sme questinable fashin trends. In US suburbs, bathrbes and slippers are nw scially-acceptable clthing fr a trip t the grcery stre.
Ugly shes are als having mment. Crcs the maker f plastic clgs(木屐) nw with market wrth f $5. 3 billin, had a recrd 2020. The distinctive shes, with their punch(打孔機(jī)) hle design, have lng been ppular with hspital staff. During the COVID-19 utbreak, they have becme a sught-after item fr thse lking fr smething easy t wear and clean.
The cmpany sld mre than 69 millin pairs f shes in 2020 and pulled in nearly $1. 4 billin, a 13% jump frm 2019. The share price, up 650 percent frm its pandemic lw, has set repeated new highs this year.
Birkenstck is anther brand riding high n the shift t a mre casual lifestyle. The German grup recently sld itself t a LVMH-backed grup in a 4 billin deal.
The tw brands' ppularity shws n sign f fading. Pshmark, the secnd-hand clthing app, said Crcs and Birkenstck remained tp trending brands n its site in March. Sales are up sharply fr bth cmpared with the year-ag perid. Cperatin with celebrities (Justin Bieber fr Crcs, wmen's brand Prenza Schuler fr Birkenstck) shuld help maintain the trend.
The same cannt be said fr dress shes, which were already falling ut f fashin. Office clsures and fewer special ccasins such as weddings and graduatins have accelerated the trend. Sales fr the categry plummeted last year, accrding t market researchers The NPD Grup. These accunted fr nly 8% f ttal fashin ftwear dllar sales in 2020, cmpared with 17% in 2017.
Peple will sn reach again fr ging-ut clthes, mre frmal than pyjamas. But the market fr dress shes will never recver entirely. The ugly she mvement is here t stay.
12．What des the underlined wrd "plummeted" in paragraph 5 prbably mean?
A．Increased sharply.B．Increased slightly.
C．Decreased sharply.D．Decreased slightly.
13．What's the authr's pinin abut the prspect f ugly shes?
A．UncertainB．Pessimistic.C．Cautius.D．Cnfident.
14．What can be the best title f this passage?
A．Crcs give dress shes a kicking.B．Casual clthes are making a cmeback.
C．Punch hle design becmes a trend.D．Dress shes are falling ut f fashin.
15．What’s the purpse f this text?
A．T recmmend new shes.B．T present a new tendency.
C．T change peple’s lifestyle.D．T questin a fashin trend
【答案】
12．C
13．D
14．A
15．B
【解析】本文是說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了受疫情影響人們的對(duì)鞋的偏好發(fā)生了變化，穿起來(lái)和清洗起來(lái)都很方便是拖鞋或木屐更受人們的喜愛(ài)，相反正裝鞋正在被人們所拋棄。
12．詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第六段“The same cannt be said fr dress shes, which were already falling ut f fashin.(正裝鞋的情況就不一樣了，它們已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)了)”和“Sales fr the categry plummeted last year, accrding t market researchers The NPD Grup. These accunted fr nly 8% f ttal fashin ftwear dllar sales in 2020, cmpared with 17% in 2017.(市場(chǎng)研究機(jī)構(gòu)NPD Grup的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，去年這類產(chǎn)品的銷量plummeted。2020年，這些產(chǎn)品僅占時(shí)尚鞋類總銷售額的8%，而2017年為17%)”可知，2017年正裝鞋銷量(dress shes)占時(shí)尚鞋類總銷售額的17%，而2020年的僅占8%，說(shuō)明這類鞋的銷量急劇下滑，“Sales fr the categry plummeted last year”中plummeted表示“急劇下滑”。故選C項(xiàng)。
13．推理判斷題。根據(jù)末段“But the market fr dress shes will never recver entirely. The ugly she mvement is here t stay.(但正裝鞋市場(chǎng)永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)完全恢復(fù)。丑鞋子的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)將會(huì)持續(xù)下去)”可推知，作者非常看好丑鞋子的前景，對(duì)其有發(fā)展有信心。故選D項(xiàng)。
14．主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，文章介紹了以Crcs的塑料木屐為代表的丑鞋子(ugly shes)正在代替正裝鞋(dress shes)成為潮流，再根據(jù)末段“But the market fr dress shes will never recver entirely. The ugly she mvement is here t stay.(但正裝鞋市場(chǎng)永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)完全恢復(fù)。丑鞋子的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)將會(huì)持續(xù)下去)”可推知，A項(xiàng)“Crcs give dress shes a kicking.(Crcs鞋給正裝鞋一記重?fù)?”是最佳標(biāo)題。故選A項(xiàng)。
15．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“A year f lckdwn has brught abut sme questinable fashin trends.(一年的封鎖帶來(lái)了一些讓人難以相信的時(shí)尚趨勢(shì))”和后文介紹以Crcs的塑料木屐為代表的丑鞋子(ugly shes)正在代替正裝鞋(dress shes)成為潮流可推知，本文的寫(xiě)作目的是：呈現(xiàn)在一種新的時(shí)尚趨勢(shì)。 故選B項(xiàng)。
5、
Culd lking thrugh trees be the view t a greener future? Trees replacing the clear glass in yur windws is nt a wrk f science fictin. It's happening nw.
Frest Prducts Labratry researcher Junyng Zhu tgether with clleagues frm the University f Maryland and University f Clrad has develped a transparent wd material that may be the windw f tmrrw. Researchers fund that transparent wd has the ptential t utperfrm glass currently used in cnstructin in nearly every way.
While glass is the mst cmmn material used in windw cnstructin, it cmes with quite a few bad cnsequences. Heat easily transfers thrugh glass and amunts t higher energy bills when it escapes during cld weather and purs in when it's warm. Glass prductin used fr cnstructin als cmes with a heavy carbn ftprint. Manufacturing emissins alne are apprximately 25,000 metric tns per year, withut cnsidering the heavy ftprint f transprting the glass.
The innvatin was develped using wd frm the balsa tree, which is native t Suth and Central America. The team treated balsa wd t an xidizing bath, where the wd is kept in a bleach slutin at rm temperature t remve the light-absrbing substance frm the structure. The wd is then penetrated（注入）with a synthetic plymer called plyvinyl alchl（PVA）, creating a prduct that is virtually transparent. S the transparent wd is created, which is far mre durable and lighter than glass.
Switching t transparent wd culd prve t be cst efficient as well. It is apprximately five times mre thermally efficient than glass. cutting energy csts. It is made frm a sustainable, renewable resurce with lw carbn emissins.
With all f these ptential benefits fr cnsumers, manufacturing and the envirnment, the case fr transparent wd culdn't be clearer.
8．What is the main prblem with glass used in windw cnstructin?
A．It is inefficient in letting heat ut.
B．It des nt reflect light and heat.
C．It cause a high eclgical cst
D．It is incnvenient t transprt.
9．What des the underlined part "a bleach slutin" refer t?
A．A liquid t make bjects white.
B．A prcess t slve prblems.
C．A cntainer t stre liquids.
D．A way t make clrs fade.
10．What des paragraph 4 fcus n?
A．Hw t make things transparent
B．Hw t prduce the new material.
C．The benefits f the wd material.
D．The great imprtance f innvatin.
11．What is the authr's attitude twards transparent wd?
A．Skeptical.B．Ambiguus.
C．Cnservative.D．Appreciative.
【答案】
8．C
9．A
10．B
11．D
【解析】本文是說(shuō)明文，研究發(fā)明了一種新型材料，透明的木材被創(chuàng)造出來(lái)，它比玻璃更耐用，也更輕。
8．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Heat easily transfers thrugh glass and amunts t higher energy bills when it escapes during cld weather and purs in when it's warm. Glass prductin used fr cnstructin als cmes with a heavy carbn ftprint. Manufacturing emissins alne are apprximately 25,000 metric tns per year withut cnsidering the heavy ftprint f transprting the glass”熱量很容易通過(guò)玻璃傳遞，當(dāng)它在寒冷的天氣中逃逸，在溫暖的天氣中涌入時(shí)，會(huì)導(dǎo)致更高的能源賬單。用于建筑的玻璃生產(chǎn)也帶來(lái)了沉重的碳足跡。如果不考慮玻璃運(yùn)輸?shù)某林刈阚E，僅制造業(yè)每年的排放量就約為25,000公噸?？芍?，玻璃窗戶會(huì)產(chǎn)生更高的能源賬單，有嚴(yán)重的碳足跡，說(shuō)明玻璃窗戶的主要問(wèn)題是不利于環(huán)境、生態(tài)代價(jià)高。故選C項(xiàng)。
9．詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第四段中的“The team treated balsa wd t an xidizing bath, where the wd is kept in a bleach slutin at rm temperature t remve the light-absrbing substance frm the structure”研究小組將巴爾沙木材處理到氧化浴中，在室溫下將木材保存在漂白劑溶液中，以去除結(jié)構(gòu)上的吸光物質(zhì)。 研究小組將巴爾沙木材置于a bleach slutin 中可知，slutin 是一種液體，且能去除結(jié)構(gòu)中的吸光物質(zhì)。結(jié)合常識(shí)，白色不吸光，所以巴爾沙木材會(huì)變白，可得出a bleach slutin 是一種能讓物體變白的液體。故選A項(xiàng)。
10．主旨大意題。第四段最后一句“S the transparent wd is created, which is far mre durable and lighter than glass.” 因此，透明的木材被創(chuàng)造出來(lái)，它比玻璃更耐用，也更輕。本句話是對(duì)這一段內(nèi)容的總結(jié)：如何生產(chǎn)出這種新型材料。故選B項(xiàng)。
11．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“With all f these ptential benefits fr cnsumers, manufacturing and the envirnment, the case fr transparent wd culdn't be clearer” 由于透明木材對(duì)消費(fèi)者、制造業(yè)和環(huán)境都有潛在的好處，使用透明木材的理由再清楚不過(guò)了。可知，作者認(rèn)為透明木材對(duì)消費(fèi)者、制造業(yè)和環(huán)境有潛在好處，說(shuō)明作者對(duì)透明木材持欣賞的（Appreciative）態(tài)度。故選D項(xiàng)。
六、
Visual language is a frm f cmmunicatin that uses visual elements (元素) as ppsed t frmal written language t cnvey meaning r an idea. Graphicacy, the ability t cmmunicate visually, is cnsidered as imprtant as literacy and numeracy, the abilities t read and cunt. Sme peple are visual thinkers, using that part f the brain that is emtinal and creative t prcess and give meaning t infrmatin. Visual cmmunicatin can find expressin in paintings, drawings, symbls, r simply lines and shapes arranged fr a specific effect.
Art is an example f visual language. A painting r sculpture can cnvey ideas r aruse specific kinds f emtinal respnses. It may als express ideas abut histrical events, abstract cncepts, r simply be abut the way certain shapes r frms “wrk” tgether r create a certain effect n the mind. Sme researchers believe that different parts f the brain respnd in unique ways t clrs and shapes.
Pictgrams (象形文字) and idegrams (表意文字) are types f visual language. Pictgrams are pictures that are similar t what they represent. They are still used tday t cmmunicate infrmatin. Many peple arund the wrld are familiar with the pictgrams indicating such things as airprts, public facilities, and nn-smking areas indicated by a cigarette in a circle with a line acrss it. Idegrams are pictures that represent ideas and can ften be understd withut the aid f written language. Sme schlars track mdern alphabets t pictures. Letters are actually ancient pictures, and wrds are a series f pictures. Mdern alphabet letters are nt nly phnetic (語(yǔ)音的) symbls but are based n ancient religius images and symbls.
Musivisual cmmunicatin is als a part f visual language. The term refers t music created specifically t imprve the visual experience f film. It crrespnds t the images being seen n the screen, and the music aruses a sense f terrr, fear, r ther emtins. Mst mvie gers understand the language f musical clues shwing that smething dramatic r imprtant is abut t happen.
12．What is Visual language accrding t the text?
A．An idea cnveyed by artists.
B．An ability t read and cunt.
C．A system used t aruse emtins.
D．A way f prcessing and expressing infrmatin.
13．What may be the rigin f the mdern alphabet letters?
A．Public facilities.B．Imaginary lines.
C．Living cnditins.D．Religius images.
14．What can we learn abut the music f a film frm the last paragraph?
A．A visual thinker can make it better.
B．It can help the audience predict the plt.
C．It ften changes withut the audience’s ntice.
D．It makes the film mre emtinal and cmplex.
15．What can be the best title fr the text?
A．What Is Visual Language?
B．What Is the Origin f Language?
C．Hw can We Learn Visual Language?
D．Hw des Visual Language Affect Life?

【答案】
12．D
13．D
14．B
15．A
【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要介紹了什么是視覺(jué)語(yǔ)言及它的用途。
12．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段關(guān)鍵句“Visual language is a frm f cmmunicatin that uses visual elements (元素) as ppsed t frmal written language t cnvey meaning r an idea.”（視覺(jué)語(yǔ)言是一種交流形式，它使用視覺(jué)元素而不是正式的書(shū)面語(yǔ)言來(lái)傳達(dá)意義或想法。）可知，視覺(jué)語(yǔ)言是一種交流形式，它使用視覺(jué)元素來(lái)傳達(dá)意義或想法，由此可知，視覺(jué)語(yǔ)言是一種處理和表達(dá)信息的方式。故選D項(xiàng)。
13．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段關(guān)鍵句“Mdern alphabet letters are nt nly phnetic (語(yǔ)音的) symbls but are based n ancient religius images and symbls.”（現(xiàn)代字母表的字母不僅是語(yǔ)音符號(hào)，而且是基于古老的宗教形象和符號(hào)。）可知，現(xiàn)代字母表的字母是基于古老的宗教形象和符號(hào)而產(chǎn)生的，由此可知，現(xiàn)代字母表的字母的起源可能是宗教形象。故選D項(xiàng)。
14．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段關(guān)鍵句“Mst mvie gers understand the language f musical clues shwing that smething dramatic r imprtant is abut t happen.”（大多數(shù)電影觀眾都能理解音樂(lè)的語(yǔ)言，這些音樂(lè)暗示著一些戲劇性或重要的事情即將發(fā)生。）可知，電影里的音樂(lè)暗示著一些戲劇性或重要的事情即將發(fā)生，由此可推斷出，電影音樂(lè)可以幫助觀眾預(yù)測(cè)接下來(lái)即將發(fā)生的情節(jié)。故選B項(xiàng)。
15．主旨大意題。通讀文章，結(jié)合第一段關(guān)鍵句“Visual language is a frm f cmmunicatin that uses visual elements (元素) as ppsed t frmal written language t cnvey meaning r an idea.”（視覺(jué)語(yǔ)言是一種交流形式，它使用視覺(jué)元素而不是正式的書(shū)面語(yǔ)言來(lái)傳達(dá)意義或想法。）可知，文章主要介紹了什么是視覺(jué)語(yǔ)言，并在后文分別介紹了“pictgrams”、“idegrams”和“musivisual cmmunicatin”等不同種類的視覺(jué)語(yǔ)言，“What Is Visual Language?”意為“什么是視覺(jué)語(yǔ)言？”能夠概括文章主要內(nèi)容。故選A項(xiàng)。
6、
TerraCycle is a cmpany that has recycled and upcycled (升級(jí)改造) just abut any garbage it can get its hands n. It upcycles things like pens and markers int dust bins and picnic tables and cigarette ends int railrad ties.
Nw, TerraCycle wants t help families waste even less with a new bk Make Garbage Great: The TerraCycle Family Guide t a Zer-Waste Lifestyle. The bk is part wake-up call, part histry lessn, part hw-t, and part DIY arts and crafts instructin.
In an effrt t help peple d what they can t curb their cntributin t the tns f waste created every day, Make Garbage Great gives the histry f varius materials, discusses why thse varius materials are a prblem, and gives tips and DIY prjects t recycle r upcycle each material.
There is a chapter each n plastics, metals, paper, glass, wd, rubber and rganics. Each chapter is filled with tns f tips and ideas fr reducing the amunt f waste yu create and fr respnsibly handling the waste yu end up creating in yur hme. If yu’re a cnscius cnsumer, sme f the infrmatin yu may already knw, but there are als tips in this bk that will help yu recycle mre than yu thught yu were able t. It has infrmatin n where yu can take ld sneakers, pillws, and all that electrnic waste that seems t pile up quicker and quicker each year.
Whether the bk inspires yu t get a little clever at dealing with yur waste r simply inspires yu t think befre yu buy r befre yu thrw, anyne wh is cncerned abut the amunt f waste ur culture creates will find sme ideas here. Even the physical bk itself is a bit f an inspiratin. It’s printed n tree-free paper and is a reminder that there is usually a sustainable (可持續(xù)的) alternative t many f the prducts that we waste.
8．What is the bk intended t d?
A．T advertise fr the cmpany.
B．T help families make mney.
C．T instruct peple t learn arts.
D．T help families reduce waste.
9．What can we knw abut the bk?
A．It is intended fr husewives.
B．It is envirnmentally friendly.
C．It is well received all ver the wrld.
D．It is nt different frm ther paper bks.
10．What des the authr’s attitude twards the bk?
A．Psitive.B．Negative.
C．Dubtful.D．Objective.
11．What culd be the best title fr the text?
A．Live A Mre Healthy Life?
B．Want A Zer-waste Lifestyle?
C．TerraCycle — A Respnsible Cmpany
D．Make Garbage Great — A Key t Success

【答案】
8．D
9．B
10．A
11．B
【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了致力于垃圾回收和升級(jí)改造的TerraCycle公司為了幫助人們減少生活垃圾而出版了一本書(shū)，書(shū)中介紹了一些關(guān)于對(duì)廢棄物品重新再利用的方法。
8．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的Nw, TerraCycle wants t help families waste even less with a new bk Make Garbage Great: The TerraCycle Family Guide t a Zer-Waste Lifestyle. (現(xiàn)在，TerraCycle希望通過(guò)一本新書(shū)《讓垃圾變得偉大：TerraCycle家庭零廢物生活指南》來(lái)幫助家庭減少浪費(fèi))可知，這本書(shū)的目的是為了幫助家庭減少浪費(fèi)。故選D。
9．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的后兩句Even the physical bk itself is a bit f an inspiratin. It’s printed n tree-free paper and is a reminder that there is usually a sustainable (可持續(xù)的) alternative t many f the prducts that we waste.(甚至實(shí)體書(shū)本身也有一些靈感。它印在沒(méi)有樹(shù)木的紙上，提醒我們通常有一個(gè)可持續(xù)的選擇來(lái)替代我們浪費(fèi)的許多產(chǎn)品)可知，這本書(shū)的用紙不是由樹(shù)制成的，這本書(shū)是環(huán)保的。故選B。
10．推理判斷題。根據(jù)全文尤其最后一段作者的描述Whether the bk inspires yu t get a little clever at dealing with yur waste r simply inspires yu t think befre yu buy r befre yu thrw, anyne wh is cncerned abut the amunt f waste ur culture creates will find sme ideas here. Even the physical bk itself is a bit f an inspiratin.(無(wú)論這本書(shū)是鼓勵(lì)你在處理廢物方面變得更聰明一點(diǎn)，還是只是鼓勵(lì)你在買(mǎi)東西或扔?xùn)|西之前思考一下，任何關(guān)心我們的文化造成的廢物的人都會(huì)在這里找到一些想法。甚至實(shí)體書(shū)本身也有一些啟發(fā))可以看出，作者對(duì)這本書(shū)的態(tài)度是積極肯定的。故選A。
11．主旨大意題。本文主要內(nèi)容是幫助人們減少生活垃圾和對(duì)廢物的重新利用的方法。由此可知，B. Want A Zer-waste Lifestyle?(想要零廢物的生活方式嗎？)可以體現(xiàn)文章的中心，適合做本文最佳標(biāo)題。故選B。
7、
Children grw taller in rural husehlds where their mthers are supprted t grw their wn fd, accrding t new research frm the University f East Anglia (UEA). The research, which lked at husehlds in sme develping cuntries, shwed grwing their wn fd helped mthers t prevent their children frm being stunted, wasting away and underweight. Their children’s fd was mre varied, meaning these children had access t different classes f fd nutrients.
The team frm UEA analyzed studies that intrduced wmen t hme farming in sme African and Asian cuntries. The hme farming included grwing brightly clred vitamin A-rich fruit and vegetables, and smetimes als included chicken farming. The health f these wmen’s children was assessed ver the next year r mre, and they did better than children f ther wmen. N studies, hwever, reprted n children’s eye health. The researchers cncluded that high-quality trials are needed t assess the impact f hme fd prductin n nutritinal blindness in children, which is caused by an insufficient intake f vitamin A．Arund 250 millin pre-schl children are deficient in vitamin A, accrding t the Wrld Health Organizatin. Vitamin A deficiency is the main glbal cause f childhd blindness, which als increases the risk f dying frm ther childhd diseases and vitamin A plays a significant rle in nrmal immune functin. It remains ne f the mst widespread micrnutrient deficiencies glbally.
Mrs Chizba Bassey led the team cnducting the systematic review. She said, “Well-evidenced interventins such as vitamin A supplementatin prgrams shuld be adpted and expanded t children at greatest risk t prevent nutritinal blindness.”
Currently there is nt enugh evidence f the effects f hme gardening n xerphthalmia, night blindness r the death rate in children, but the evidence frm the research shws that if wmen take up hme gardening, the risk f being stunted, wasting away and underweight in their children will be reduced. Hme farming may help t achieve sustainability in cntrlling vitamin A deficiency and can assist vitamin A supplementatin prgrams where they are available.
12．What des the new study fcus n?
A．Fruit and vegetables suitable fr family gardening.
B．The develpment f farming in Africa and Asia.
C．Rural children’s health prblems.
D．Benefits f hme farming.
13．What is mainly talked abut in Paragraph 3?
A．The imprtance f nutrients.B．Causes f childhd blindness.
C．Health risks f lack f vitamin A．D．Ways t imprve kids’ immune functin.
14．Which f the fllwing may Mrs Bassey agree with?
A．Nutritinal blindness is preventable.
B．Mst f pre-schl kids suffer frm a nutrient deficiency.
C．Hme fd prductin has prved gd fr children’s eyes.
D．Vegetables grwn by husewives have higher nutritinal value.
15．What des the authr want t express in the last paragraph?
A．The urgency f ding further research.
B．The necessity f encuraging hme farming.
C．The difficulty in cntrlling vitamin A deficiency.
D．The relatinship between hme gardening and xerphthalmia.

【答案】
12．D
13．C
14．A
15．B
【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。研究表明，吃自家種植的食物的孩子成長(zhǎng)得更好。文章介紹了這一研究開(kāi)展的過(guò)程以及缺乏維生素A會(huì)帶來(lái)的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
12．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中“The team frm UEA analyzed studies that intrduced wmen t hme farming in sme African and Asian cuntries. The hme farming included grwing brightly clred vitamin A-rich fruit and vegetables, and smetimes als included chicken farming. The health f these wmen’s children was assessed ver the next year r mre, and they did better than children f ther wmen.(東安格利亞大學(xué)的研究小組分析了一些非洲和亞洲國(guó)家將婦女引入家庭農(nóng)業(yè)的研究。家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)包括種植顏色鮮艷的富含維生素A的水果和蔬菜，有時(shí)也包括養(yǎng)雞。在接下來(lái)的一年或更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間里，這些婦女的孩子的健康狀況得到了評(píng)估，他們比其他婦女的孩子做得更好)”可推斷，該研究關(guān)注的是家庭農(nóng)業(yè)的益處。故選D。
13．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段“Arund 250 millin pre-schl children are deficient in vitamin A, accrding t the Wrld Health Organizatin. Vitamin A deficiency is the main glbal cause f childhd blindness, which als increases the risk f dying frm ther childhd diseases and vitamin A plays a significant rle in nrmal immune functin. It remains ne f the mst widespread micrnutrient deficiencies glbally. (根據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織的數(shù)據(jù)，約有2.5億學(xué)齡前兒童缺乏維生素A。維生素A缺乏是全球兒童失明的主要原因，這也增加了兒童死于其他疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，維生素A在正常免疫功能中發(fā)揮著重要作用。它仍然是全球范圍內(nèi)最普遍的微量營(yíng)養(yǎng)素缺乏之一)”可知，本段主要講了缺乏維生素A會(huì)帶來(lái)的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。故選C。
14．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“Well-evidenced interventins such as vitamin A supplementatin prgrams shuld be adpted and expanded t children at greatest risk t prevent nutritinal blindness.(應(yīng)采取證據(jù)充分的干預(yù)措施，如維生素A補(bǔ)充方案，并將其擴(kuò)大到風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最大的兒童，以防止?fàn)I養(yǎng)性失明)”可知，Bassey認(rèn)為營(yíng)養(yǎng)性失明是可以預(yù)防的。故選A。
15．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Currently there is nt enugh evidence f the effects f hme gardening n xerphthalmia, night blindness r the death rate in children, but the evidence frm the research shws that if wmen take up hme gardening, the risk f being stunted, wasting away and underweight in their children will be reduced. Hme farming may help t achieve sustainability in cntrlling vitamin A deficiency and can assist vitamin A supplementatin prgrams where they are available.(目前，還沒(méi)有足夠的證據(jù)表明家庭種植對(duì)紅眼病、夜盲癥或兒童死亡率的影響，但研究證據(jù)表明，如果婦女從事家庭種植，其子女發(fā)育不良、消瘦和體重不足的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)將減少。家庭耕作可能有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)控制維生素A缺乏癥的可持續(xù)性，并能在有條件的地方協(xié)助維生素A補(bǔ)充方案)”可推斷，作者在最后一段想表達(dá)的是鼓勵(lì)家庭農(nóng)業(yè)的必要性。故選B。
8、
We’ve knwn fr years that plants can see, hear, smell and cmmunicate with chemicals. Nw, reprted New Scientist, they have been recrded making sunds when stressed.
In a yet-t-be-published study, Itzhak Khait and his team at Tel Aviv University, in Israel, fund that tmat and tbacc (煙草) plants can make ultrasnic (超聲的) nises. The plants “cry ut” due t lack f water, r when their stems (莖) are cut. It’s just t high-pitched (音調(diào)高的) fr humans t hear.
Micrphnes placed 10 centimeters away frm the plants picked up sunds in the ultrasnic range f 20 t 100 kilhertz (千赫茲). Human hearing usually ranges frm 20 hertz t 20 kilhertz. “These findings can change the way we think abut the plant kingdm,” they wrte.
On average, “thirsty” tmat plants made 35 sunds an hur, while tbacc plants made 11. When plant stems were cut, tmat plants made an average f 25 sunds in the fllwing hur, and tbacc plants 15. Unstressed plants prduced fewer than ne sund per hur, n average.
Perhaps mst interestingly, different types f stress led t different sunds. The researchers trained a machine-learning mdel t separate the plants’ sunds frm thse f the wind, rain and ther nises f the greenhuse. In mst cases, it crrectly identified (辨識(shí)) whether the stress was caused by dryness r a cut, based n a sund’s intensity(強(qiáng)度) and frequency. Water-hungry tbacc appears t make luder sunds than cut tbacc, fr example. Althugh Khait and his clleagues nly lked at tmat and tbacc plants, they think ther plants als make sunds when stressed.
If farmers culd hear these sunds, said the team, they culd give water t the plants that need it mst. As climate change causes mre drughts (旱災(zāi)), they said this wuld be imprtant infrmatin fr farmers. “The sunds that drught-stressed plants make culd be used in precisin agriculture (精準(zhǔn)農(nóng)業(yè)),” said Anne Visscher at the Ryal Btanic Gardens, Kew, in the UK.
Khait’s reprt als suggests that insects and mammals (哺乳動(dòng)物) can hear the sunds up t 5 meters away and respnd. Fr example, a mth (蛾子) may decide nt t lay eggs n a water-stressed plant. Edward Farmer, at the University f Lausanne, Switzerland, is dubtful. He said that the idea f mths listening t plants is “a little t speculative”.
If plants are screaming fr fear f their survival, maybe we shuld be glad we can’t hear them.
4．What did Khait and his team find frm their research?
A．Plants made lw-pitched sunds when in danger.
B．Plants made ultrasnic nises t cmmunicate with each ther.
C．Plants picked up a wider range f sunds when stressed.
D．Plants were able t prduce sunds in respnse t stresses.
5．Hw did tmat and tbacc plants react t different stresses accrding t the text?
A．A plant reacted t different stresses with the same sund.
B．Cut tmat plants prduced mre sunds per hur than water-hungry nes.
C．Cut tbacc plants seemed t make weaker sunds than drught-stressed nes.
D．Tbacc plants might make luder sunds than tmat plants when shrt f water.
6．What’s the main idea f Paragraph 6?
A．Challenges faced by farmers in the future.
B．The ptential applicatins f the research.
C．Farmers’ cntributins t the research.
D．What the future agriculture will be like.
7．The underlined wrd “speculative” in the secnd-t-last paragraph has the clsest meaning t “______”.
A．practicalB．unsupprted
C．surprisingD．cmplicated

【答案】
4．D
5．C
6．B
7．B
【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。一項(xiàng)尚未發(fā)表的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，植物在受到壓力時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)出聲音，不同類型的壓力導(dǎo)致了不同的聲音。
4．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中Nw, reprted New Scientist, they have been recrded making sunds when stressed. 現(xiàn)在，據(jù)《新科學(xué)家》報(bào)道，他們已經(jīng)被錄下了在壓力下發(fā)聲的聲音。以及第二段中In a yet-t-be-published study, Itzhak Khait and his team at Tel Aviv University, in Israel, fund that tmat and tbacc plants can make ultrasnic(超聲的)nises. The plants “cry ut” due t lack f water, r when their stems(莖)are cut. 在一項(xiàng)尚未發(fā)表的研究中，以色列特拉維夫大學(xué)的伊扎克·凱特(Itzhak Khait)和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，番茄和煙草植物可以發(fā)出超聲噪音。由于缺水或莖被剪斷時(shí)，植物會(huì)“哭泣”?？芍琄hait和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)植物能夠發(fā)出聲音來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)壓力。故選D項(xiàng)。
5．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段中In mst cases, it crrectly identified whether the stress was caused by dryness r a cut, based n a sund’s intensity and frequency. Water-hungry tbacc appears t make luder sunds than cut tbacc, fr example. 在大多數(shù)情況下，它能根據(jù)聲音的強(qiáng)度和頻率，正確地識(shí)別出壓力是由干燥引起的還是由切割引起的。例如，缺水的煙草似乎比切下來(lái)的煙草發(fā)出的聲音更大?？芍邢聛?lái)的煙草發(fā)出的聲音似乎比干旱脅迫下的煙草發(fā)出的聲音要弱。故選C項(xiàng)。
6．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第六段中As climate change causes mre drughts, they said this wuld be imprtant infrmatin fr farmers. “The sunds that drught-stressed plants make culd be used in precisin agriculture(精準(zhǔn)農(nóng)業(yè)),” said Anne Visscher at the Ryal Btanic Gardens, Kew, in the UK. 他們說(shuō)，隨著氣候變化導(dǎo)致更多的干旱，這對(duì)農(nóng)民來(lái)說(shuō)將是重要的信息?！笆芨珊得{迫的植物發(fā)出的聲音可以用于精準(zhǔn)農(nóng)業(yè)，”英國(guó)皇家植物園的Anne Visscher說(shuō)。可知，本段主要是講述了研究發(fā)現(xiàn)植物能發(fā)出聲音對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)的影響，也就是研究在農(nóng)業(yè)的潛在應(yīng)用價(jià)值。故選B項(xiàng)。
7．詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中Edward Farmer, at the University f Lausanne, Switzerland, is dubtful. He said that the idea f mths listening t plants is “a little t speculative”. 瑞士洛桑大學(xué)的Edward Farmer對(duì)此表示懷疑。他說(shuō)，讓飛蛾聽(tīng)植物的聲音這種想法“有點(diǎn)太___________了”。由dubtful可知Edward Farmer不確定這種說(shuō)法是否正確，因此猜測(cè)劃線詞speculative意為“未經(jīng)證實(shí)的，推測(cè)性的”。故選B項(xiàng)。
9、
As we clse ut the final days f this year, treat yurself t a deliciusly distracting new bk — a bk that yu can dip int and ut f thrughut the hlidays. Read up, rest up, and enjy yurself.
Yga fr Pregnancy, Birth and beynd
A must-have guide fr yga-lving mamas, Yga fr Pregnancy, Birth and Beynd ffers helpful relaxatin techniques and breathing exercises that are tailred t each pregnant (懷孕的) wman. The bk als lays ut valuable techniques fr labr and staying in tuch with yur bdy as it cntinuusly changes.
Mindfulness Activities fr Kids
We culd all use a little mre peace in ur lives. Uniquely suited fr children and parents t d tgether, the 40 mindfulness exercises recmmended here — frm pausing t fully enjy a tasty sandwich t taking chalk walk tgether — will nt nly teach children calm and gratitude, but als bring grwn-ups and their littles clser tgether.
Befre She Disappeared
Frankie Elkin is a recvering alchlic wh devtes her time t slving cld cases, especially thse invlving peple f clr. A new investigatin brings her t Bstn, searching fr a Haitian teenager wh disappeared mnths ag. But as Frankie starts asking questins, smene else will stp at nthing t keep the answers hidden.
Oak Flat
Lauren Redniss' Oak Flat tells the stry f the land near the San Carls Apache Reservatin thrugh an Apache family fighting t prtect the land, which the U. S. gvernment and tw wrld-pwer mining enterprises are attempting t seize and destry fr its cpper resurces. Visually striking and deeply reprted, Oak Flat tells a larger stry f endless westward expansin and native resistance.
1．Which bk can help t imprve family relatins?
A．Yga fr Pregnancy, Birth and Beynd.B．Mindfulness Activities fr Kids.
C．Befre She Disappeared.D．Oak Flat.
2．What d we knw abut the bk Oak Flat?
A．It centers n an Apache family's struggle.
B．It's a brief accunt f mining enterprises.
C．It sings high praise f the US gvernment.
D．It supprts westward expansin and native resistance.
3．Wh are the target readers f the fur bks?
A．Wmen.B．Teenagers.C．Grwn-ups.D．Pupils.
【答案】
1．B
2．A
3．C
【解析】本文是說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了四本假期閱讀的新書(shū)。
1．推理判斷題。根據(jù)Mindfulness Activities fr Kids部分的“We culd all use a little mre peace in ur lives. Uniquely suited fr children and parents t d tgether, the 40 mindfulness exercises recmmended here — frm pausing t fully enjy a tasty sandwich t taking chalk walk tgether — will nt nly teach children calm and gratitude, but als bring grwn-ups and their littles clser tgether.(我們都可以在生活中多一點(diǎn)和平。這里推薦的40個(gè)正念練習(xí)特別適合孩子和父母一起做——從暫停到充分享受美味的三明治到一起散步——不僅會(huì)讓孩子們冷靜和感激，而且能讓成年人和他們的小孩子更親密地在一起)”可知，這本書(shū)可以有助于改善家庭關(guān)系，故選B項(xiàng)。
2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段的“Lauren Redniss' Oak Flat tells the stry f the land near the San Carls Apache Reservatin thrugh an Apache family fighting t prtect the land, which the U. S. gvernment and tw wrld-pwer mining enterprises are attempting t seize and destry fr its cpper resurces.(勞倫·雷德尼斯的橡樹(shù)公寓講述了圣卡洛斯阿帕奇保留地附近的土地的故事，一個(gè)阿帕奇家族為保護(hù)這片土地而斗爭(zhēng)，美國(guó)政府和兩家世界電力礦業(yè)企業(yè)正試圖奪取和摧毀這塊土地，以獲取其銅資源)”可知，Oak Flat這部書(shū)的故事集中在一個(gè)阿帕奇家族的斗爭(zhēng)上。故選A項(xiàng)。
3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容“As we clse ut the final days f this year, treat yurself t a deliciusly distracting new bk — a bk that yu can dip int and ut f thrughut the hlidays. Read up, rest up, and enjy yurself.(當(dāng)我們結(jié)束今年最后幾天的時(shí)候，犒勞自己一本令人愉快地的消遣新書(shū)——一本你可以在整個(gè)假期深入瀏覽和翻閱的書(shū)。閱讀，休息，好好玩玩)”并對(duì)比選項(xiàng)可推斷，文章是寫(xiě)給成年人的。故選C。

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