初中英語考試易錯知識點(diǎn)辨析：非謂語動詞

不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別(1) 動名詞作主語往往表示普通的、一般的行為,不定式作主語常表示某次具體的行為。不定式(或不定式短語)作主語時(shí)常用“it” 來代替,稱為形式主語,真正主語(不定式)放在句尾。如:Collecting information about children's health is his job.收集有關(guān)兒童健康的信息是他的工作。It's necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher.與一位有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的老師討論這個(gè)問題是有必要的。(2) 常用不定式作主語的句型有:① It's difficult (important,necessary)for sb. to do...② It's kind (good,friendly,polite,careless,rude,cruel,clever,foolish,brave)of sb. to do...(3) 常用動名詞作主語的句型有:① It's no good (use,fun)doing...② It is a waste of time doing... 不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別stopto do停下來去做做另一件事doing停止做停止正做的事 forgetto do忘記要去做某事未做doing忘記做過某事已做過 rememberto do記住去做還未做doing記得做過已做 regretto do對要做的事遺憾未做doing對做過的事遺憾已做 tryto do努力去做未做doing試著做  meanto do打算/想做 doing意味著  go onto do繼續(xù)去做做另外一件事情doing接著做原先沒做完的事 They stopped to smoke a cigarette.他們停下來,抽了根煙。I must stop smoking.我必須戒煙了。Don't forget to come tomorrow.別忘了明天來。He forgot turning the light off.他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了。Remember to go to the post office after school.記著放學(xué)后去趟郵局。Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個(gè)人嗎?I regret to tell you that you can't pass the examination.我很遺憾地通知你你不能通過這次考試。I regret disturbing you so long.我很抱歉打擾了你那么久。Please try to finish this work in thirty minutes.請盡量在30分鐘完成這項(xiàng)工作。Why didn't you try riding a bike to go to school?為什么不試著騎車去學(xué)校呢?I meant to give you this book today,but I forgot.我本來打算今天給你這本書的,可是我忘了。Missing this train means waiting for another hour.錯過這輛火車意味著你得再等一小時(shí)。動詞不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞做賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別(1) see,watch,hear,feel,notice,have等動詞既可跟不帶to的不定式做賓補(bǔ),也可跟現(xiàn)在分詞做賓補(bǔ)。跟不帶to的不定式做賓補(bǔ)表事情全過程或一次性動作;跟現(xiàn)在分詞表主動或正在進(jìn)行。如:I heard her sing an English song just now.剛才我聽見她唱了一首英文歌。I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天經(jīng)過她房間時(shí),我聽見她在唱英文歌。現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別(1) 語態(tài)上不同:現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的意思,而過去分詞多由及物動詞變來,表示被動的意思。如:an exciting story一個(gè)令人興奮的故事(主動)the excited listeners激動的聽眾(被動,即被引起激動的)a moving film一部感動人的影片a moved audience受感動的觀眾(2) 時(shí)間關(guān)系上不同:一般說來,現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作往往正在進(jìn)行,而過去分詞所表示的動作,往往已經(jīng)完成。如:the changing world正在變化著的世界the changed world已經(jīng)起了變化的世界developing countries發(fā)展中國家developed countries發(fā)達(dá)國家have sb. do sth.have sb. doinghave sth. done(1) have sb. do sth.“have+sb. (賓語)+do sth. (賓語補(bǔ)足語)”意為“讓/叫/使某人做某事”。此結(jié)構(gòu)中的 have是使役動詞,sb.作賓語,其后的do sth.是省去to的動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。如:I'll have someone repair the bike for you.我會讓人為你修理自行車的。(2) have sb. /sth. doing“have+sb. /sth. (賓語)+現(xiàn)在分詞(賓語補(bǔ)足語)”意為“叫/讓/使某人一直做某事或讓某種情況一直發(fā)生”。賓語 sb. /sth.后面用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語,表示賓語與現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動作之間為主動關(guān)系,且動作正在進(jìn)行。如:Don't have the dog barking much.別讓狗狂吠不停。(3) have sth. done“have+sth. (賓語)+過去分詞(賓語補(bǔ)足語)”意為“讓/叫/使/請別人做某事”。賓語sth.后面用過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語,說明sth.與過去分詞表示的動作之間是被動關(guān)系。如:He has had his hair cut.他(請人給他)理發(fā)了。6含doing的常見短語have difficulty /trouble/problem/fun//a good time +(in)+doing;feel like doing=would like to do想要做某事;spend time (in)doing sth花費(fèi)時(shí)間做某事;go+doing表示“從事某項(xiàng)活動”;be busy doing 忙著做……;make a contribution to doing 為……作貢獻(xiàn);look forward to doing 期待……;prefer doing to doing 比起做……更喜歡做......;be used to doing 習(xí)慣于……