?北京市朝陽區(qū)高三年級第二學(xué)期質(zhì)量檢測二
英語
(考試時間90分鐘 滿分100分)
本試卷共10頁?？忌鷦?wù)必在答題卡指定區(qū)域作答，在試卷上作答無效。
第一部分知識運用(共兩節(jié)，30分)
第一節(jié)(共10小題;每小題1.5分，共15分)
閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。
My son was born with breathing difficulties, so he had to stay in NICU, the hospital unit for newborns needing intensive care. There he could only be fed through a tube. I hated the tube. The lovely dreams I had of nursing my baby were entirely___1___.
On the fifth day, I___2___about the tube, saying that I wanted to feed him with a bottle. The doctors agreed to let me try. My son’s feedings would be closely recorded to see if he was able to get___3___milk intake without the tube. After eighteen hours, it was determined he could not do that and the tube was back. This meant he wasn’t getting stronger. The___4___felt so dark.
Seated outside the NICU, I started crying. Just then, a young nurse came and sat beside me. When I had___5___ my sorrow a little, she handed me a tissue and asked if I wanted to talk. I asked again if we could remove the tube.
The nurse replied, “Not today. But remember, tomorrow is a new day.”
She seemed much younger than me, but her words were___6___and hope-filled, and I held on to them. I remembered her advice and repeated it to myself multiple times a day. The nurse changed my perspective away from current___7___to see the hope of tomorrow. Gradually, things started to ___8___. On day eight, my son drank half of his milk without the tube. On day ten, the doctors approved taking off the tube___9___. “Tomorrow” came. It just came a few days later than expected. On day fifteen, we were released from the hospital, and my son “graduated” from the NICU.
What I learned from that nurse was to look beyond today and the suffering of it and to consider tomorrow with_____10_____. After all, tomorrow is a new day.
1. A. controlled B. destroyed C. questioned D. recalled
2. A. protested B. wondered C. forgot D. warned
3. A. maximum B. restricted C. sufficient D. additional
4. A. plot B. spot C. atmosphere D. situation
5. A. spared B. contained C. shared D. exhibited
6. A. wise B. plain C. familiar D. sharp
7. A. mistakes B. dreams C. challenges D. doubts
8. A. go away B. look up C. make sense D. fall apart
9. A. frequently B. slightly C. completely D. occasionally
10. A. intention B. imagination C. urge D. faith
【答案】1. B 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. D
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇記敘文。文章講述了作者的兒子由于呼吸困難，必須呆在新生兒重癥監(jiān)護病房(NICU)，作者感到很難過，一位護士的話讓她改變了觀點，從挑戰(zhàn)中看到了希望。作者領(lǐng)悟到明天又是新的一天。
【1題詳解】
考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：我照顧孩子的美好夢想被徹底摧毀了。A. controlled控制；B. destroyed破壞，摧毀；C. questioned詢問，質(zhì)疑；D. recalled回憶。根據(jù)“My son was born with breathing difficulties, so he had to stay in NICU”可知，由于孩子住在重癥監(jiān)護室，作者照顧孩子的夢想被摧毀了。故選B。
【2題詳解】
考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：在第五天，我對使用管子提出抗議，說我想用奶瓶喂他。A. protested抗議，反對；B. wondered想知道；C. forgot忘記；D. warned警告。根據(jù)“I hated the tube.”和“saying that I wanted to feed him with a bottle.”可知，此處表示作者反對用管子給孩子進食。故選A。
【3題詳解】
考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：我兒子的喂食會被密切記錄下來，看看他是否能在沒有管子的情況下攝入足夠的牛奶。A. maximum最大的；B. restricted受限制的；C. sufficient足夠的；D. additional額外的，附加的。根據(jù)下文“On day eight, my son drank half of his milk without the tube.”可知，此處記錄孩子的喂食情況，看看是否在沒有管子的情況下能攝入足夠的牛奶。故選C。
【4題詳解】
考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：情況讓人感覺很黑暗。A. plot故事情節(jié)；B. spot地點，場所；C. atmosphere大氣，氛圍；D. situation情況，形勢。根據(jù)“After eighteen hours, it was determined he could not do that and the tube was back.”可知，又重新用上了管子，說明情況不是很好。故選D。
【5題詳解】
考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：當(dāng)我稍稍克制住自己的悲傷時，她遞給我一張紙巾，問我是否想談?wù)劇. spared抽出，勻出；B. contained包含，控制；C. shared分享；D. exhibited展覽，展出。根據(jù)“Seated outside the NICU, I started crying.”以及“asked if I wanted to talk. ”可知，此處指稍微控制下情緒。故選B。
【6題詳解】
考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：她看起來比我年輕得多，但她的話充滿智慧和希望，我牢牢記住了。A. wise明智的；B. plain普通的；C. familiar熟悉的；D. sharp尖銳的。根據(jù)“hope-filled”和“I remembered her advice and repeated it to myself multiple times a day.”可知，作者認為那位護士的話充滿智慧和希望。故選A。
【7題詳解】
考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：護士改變了我的觀點，讓我從當(dāng)前的挑戰(zhàn)中看到了明天的希望。A. mistakes錯誤；B. dreams夢想；C. challenges挑戰(zhàn)；D. doubts懷疑。根據(jù)“to look beyond today and the suffering of it”可知，此處指當(dāng)前的挑戰(zhàn)。故選C。
【8題詳解】
考查動詞短語辨析。句意：漸漸地，情況開始好轉(zhuǎn)。A. go away離開；B. look up改善，查閱；C. make sense有道理，有意義；D. fall apart崩潰。根據(jù)“On day eight, my son drank half of his milk without the tube.”可知，孩子的情況開始有所改善。故選B。
【9題詳解】
考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：第十天時，醫(yī)生同意完全取下管子。A. frequently經(jīng)常地；B. slightly輕微地；C. completely完全地；D. occasionally偶爾地。根據(jù)“On day eight, my son drank half of his milk without the tube.”和““Tomorrow” came.”可知，醫(yī)生同意完全取下管子。故選C。
【10題詳解】
考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：我從那位護士身上學(xué)到的是，要超越今天和今天的苦難，用信心去考慮明天。A. intention意圖，打算；B. imagination想象力；C. urge沖動，強烈的欲望；D. faith信心，信任。根據(jù)“but her words were___6___and hope-filled”和“to see the hope of tomorrow.”可知，作者學(xué)到要對明天充滿信心。故選D。
第二節(jié)(共10小題;每小題1.5分,共15分)
A
閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。請在答題卡指定區(qū)域作答。
As a variant of American football flag football is a type of sport in which a player must remove a flag belt from the ball carrier to end a down. The first rule of the game is that contact____11____players is not permitted. Recently, it____12____(gain) great popularity in China among young people. It’s engaging and ridiculously fun. That’s why the percentage of people____13____ (join) a flag football club through online channels has risen to a new high level.
【答案】11. between
12. has gained
13. joining
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講述了奪旗橄欖球在中國年輕人中很受歡迎。
【11題詳解】
考查介詞。句意：比賽的第一條規(guī)則是球員之間不允許有身體接觸。表示“在兩者之間”應(yīng)用介詞between。故填between。
【12題詳解】
考查動詞時態(tài)。句意：最近，它在中國年輕人中很受歡迎。根據(jù)時間狀語“recently”可知，使用現(xiàn)在完成時，主語為it，助動詞用has。故填has gained。
【13題詳解】
考查非謂語動詞。句意：這就是為什么通過在線渠道加入奪旗橄欖球俱樂部的人的比例上升到一個新的高度。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，已有謂語動詞has risen，空處需填非謂語動詞作定語，people和join為邏輯主謂關(guān)系，需填現(xiàn)在分詞形式。故填joining。
B
閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。請在答題卡指定區(qū)域作答。
Old Connections, a telecommunications museum in Seattle, with a working exchange from the 1940s,____14____(show) how telephones brought us together, but also tore us apart. Perhaps it should not be____15____(surprise) that the Internet has brought with it a new wave of horrific destructiveness. History itself is a kind of radio programme, broadcast to us in frequencies that become harder to receive as we forget the old ways. But as long as we keep the ancient exchanges running, we have a way to remember and understand____16____we come from.
【答案】14 shows
15. surprising
16. where
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章以西雅圖的電信博物館“舊連接”一臺從20世紀(jì)40年代就開始運作的交換機引入話題，告訴我們要保留古老的交流方式。
【14題詳解】
考查動詞時態(tài)。句意：西雅圖的電信博物館“舊連接”(Old Connections) 擁有一臺從20世紀(jì)40年代就開始運作的交換機，它展示了電話是如何讓我們走到一起的，但也讓我們分開了。此處陳述客觀事實，使用一般現(xiàn)在時，主語Old Connections是專有名詞，謂語動詞使用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。故填shows。
【15題詳解】
考查形容詞。句意：互聯(lián)網(wǎng)帶來了一波可怕的破壞性浪潮，也許這并不奇怪?？仗幮杼钚稳菰~作表語，修飾后文提到的事情，需用-ing結(jié)尾的形容詞。故填surprising。
【16題詳解】
考查賓語從句。句意：但只要我們保持這種古老的交流，我們就有辦法記住和理解我們來自哪里?？仗幰龑?dǎo)賓語從句，句子缺少地點副詞，用連接副詞where引導(dǎo)。故填where。
C
閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。請在答題卡指定區(qū)域作答。
Wang Dakang, aged 88, is a model of lifelong learning. In the 1980s, he was the first person____17____(accomplish) a round trip of China using only a bicycle. To edit this experience into his book, Wang decided to go to college. At the age of 61, he____18____(admit) into college, majoring in journalism. By 2012, he had completed three majors in college. At present, Wang lives in Leshan, where he spends his days following carefully____19____(plan) routines. His study starts at 6 am every morning, during____20____he reads and takes notes from newspapers. Wang said, “There is so much to learn and I will continue learning until the very end.”
【答案】17. to accomplish
18 was admitted
19. planned
20. which
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇記敘文。文章講述了騎游中國的王大康的人生經(jīng)歷。
【17題詳解】
考查非謂語動詞。句意：在20世紀(jì)80年代，他是第一個只用自行車完成中國往返旅行的人。名詞person前面有the first修飾，需填動詞不定式作后置定語。故填to accomplish。
【18題詳解】
考查動詞時態(tài)語態(tài)和主謂一致。句意：61歲時，他被大學(xué)錄取了，主修新聞專業(yè)。此處陳述過去發(fā)生的事情，使用一般過去時，be admitted into為固定短語，意為“被……錄取”，主語為he，be動詞用was。故填was admitted。
【19題詳解】
考查非謂語動詞。句意：目前，王住在樂山，在那里他每天都按照精心安排的日程生活。空處需填非謂語動詞作定語，修飾名詞routines，二者為邏輯動賓關(guān)系，需填過去分詞形式。故填planned。
【20題詳解】
考查定語從句。句意：他每天早上6點開始學(xué)習(xí)，在此期間他閱讀并從報紙上做筆記。空處引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，先行詞是前面的句子，在定語從句中作介詞during的賓語，需用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)。故填which。
第二部分閱讀理解(共兩節(jié)，38分)
第一節(jié)(共14小題;每小題2分，共28分)
閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。
A
Columbia Engineering’s Summer High School Academic Program for Engineers (SHAPE) is a selective pre-college program for high school students and recent graduates. SHAPE is tailored for students with a gift for STEM: science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Each 3-week session offers college-level, project-based courses in engineering taught by celebrated professors at the university.
SHAPE gives students a more realistic picture of what it means to be an engineer, and its professional development components help students develop the skills they need to get there.
Courses
SHAPE features creative problem-solving courses and exposes students to innovative engineering techniques and knowledge presented by professors. Please note that SHAPE does not provide college credit.
Students gain access to the famous MakerSpace and state-of-the-art research laboratories after completing the safety training and will only do so under close guidance.
SHAPE also provides students with workshops to explore career fields, professional development, and guidance on sharpening one’s college application from admissions officers. Students in the program will be visiting companies and organizations that show the classroom content in practice.
Application
Students are selected based on the following criteria:
1. Strong academic record
2. Personal statement to demonstrate excitement and interest in STEM through engagement in challenging courses, activities, projects, etc.
3. Enthusiastic letter of recommendation submitted by a math or science teacher
4. Creative responses to two required questions and one of the three optional questions
We encourage all students to apply by the priority deadline of June 15, 2023, so there is no application fee. After the priority deadline, a $50 application fee is required.
SHAPE is dedicated to supporting students and their families in need of financial assistance. We offer a limited number of need-based scholarships, which cover the full cost of SHAPE. To be considered for a need-based scholarship, families will need to provide a recent pay receipt and complete a Family Income and Expense Worksheet.
Email: shape@columbia.edu for more information.
21. What can we learn about SHAPE?
A. It suits students talented in STEM. B. It shows the procedure of learning STEM.
C. It serves as the start of students’ college life. D. It gives students chances to work with engineers.
22. In SHAPE, students can .
A. be free to explore the MakerSpace B. earn college credit for future study
C. put school knowledge into practice D. be equipped with skills for engineering
23. To secure a place in SHAPE, students need to .
A. show their family financial state B. answer all the given questions
C. pay application fees before deadline D. prove their learning capability
【答案】21. A 22. D 23. D
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章主要介紹了一項針對高中生和應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生的選擇性大學(xué)預(yù)科課程：SHAPE。介紹了其課程特色以及申請要求。
【21題詳解】
細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“SHAPE is tailored for students with a gift for STEM: science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.(SHAPE是為具有STEM：科學(xué)、技術(shù)、工程和數(shù)學(xué)天賦的學(xué)生量身定制的)”可知，SHAPE適合在STEM領(lǐng)域有天賦的學(xué)生。故選A。
【22題詳解】
細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“SHAPE gives students a more realistic picture of what it means to be an engineer, and its professional development components help students develop the skills they need to get there.(SHAPE讓學(xué)生對成為一名工程師意味著什么有了一個更現(xiàn)實的認識，它的專業(yè)發(fā)展部分幫助學(xué)生發(fā)展他們到達那里所需的技能)”可知，在SHAPE，學(xué)生可以掌握工程技能。故選D。
【23題詳解】
細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Application部分中“Personal statement to demonstrate excitement and interest in STEM through engagement in challenging courses, activities, projects, etc.(個人陳述，通過參與具有挑戰(zhàn)性的課程、活動、項目等，展示對STEM的興奮和興趣)”可知，申請條件中需要學(xué)生陳述自己參加過的有挑戰(zhàn)性的課程、活動、項目，這能證明自己的學(xué)習(xí)能力，由此可知，為了在SHAPE獲得一席之地，學(xué)生需要證明自己的學(xué)習(xí)能力。故選D。
B
I lost my leg to cancer at 30. My first trip out of the house as a one-legged woman would be to see a sick friend in hospital with my mom.
As I made my way through the hospital, I was prepared for looks of curiosity, sympathy, and even shock. But one thing shook me to a depth I had never experienced before. Two kids were playing in the hallway. As I passed by on my crutches (拐杖), they looked up at me, and suddenly, the little boy pointed at me. “Look at that lady!” It seemed that he was shouting loud enough for the entire hospital to hear. “She only has one leg! Doesn’t that look funny?”
Both of the kids burst into laughter. Heads turned, and I felt the blood rush to my face. I put my head down and rushed out as fast as I dared on my crutches. I held my tears back until the car door closed. As I fell into the seats, I cried, “How could they think this is funny?”
My mom tried her best to comfort me, “Honey, they are just kids. They don’t know any better.” They were just kids, but that did not excuse their rude behavior. I felt a wave of belief flood through me. I knew what I had to do. “Well, someone has to teach them!” I said. And I knew that someone would be me.
When I was well enough, I started to visit elementary schools and talk to children about being different. I was teaching children to be respectful of people who are different, and teaching them people come in all shapes, colors and sizes and we are each special and unique.
Speaking to children was just the beginning for me. I became an inspirational speaker and author and learned that being grateful for all the remaining parts of me was the only way to start and end my day. I shared my story in my book called I Am Choosing to Smile. I do, indeed, choose to smile. Waking up every morning, I look down at my one foot and say with all sincerity, “Good morning, five toes. I’m very glad to see you!”
24. What shocked the author in the hospital?
A. The curious look a boy had.
B. The words a boy shouted out.
C The game the boys were playing.
D. The sympathy the boys expressed.
25. How did the experience in the hospital change the author?
A. She found the purpose of her life.
B. She began to realize her difference.
C. She understood kids’ characteristics.
D. She learned the importance of respect.
26. Which of the following words can best describe the author?
A. Patient. B. Brave. C. Intelligent. D. Caring.
【答案】24. B 25. A 26. B
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文，主要講的是作者因癌癥失去了一條腿，在有一次去醫(yī)院看望一位生病的朋友時，作者受到了一個孩子的嘲笑，作者的媽媽告訴作者需要有人來教這些孩子不能嘲笑別人的殘疾，后來作者開始訪問小學(xué)，教孩子們要尊重不一樣的人，后來作者成為了一名鼓舞人心的演說家和作家。
【24題詳解】
細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“But one thing shook me to a depth I had never experienced before. Two kids were playing in the hallway. As I passed by on my crutches (拐杖), they looked up at me, and suddenly, the little boy pointed at me. “Look at that lady!” It seemed that he was shouting loud enough for the entire hospital to hear. “She only has one leg! Doesn’t that look funny?”(但有一件事讓我感到前所未有的震驚。兩個孩子在走廊里玩。當(dāng)我拄著拐杖走過時，他們抬頭看著我，突然，那個小男孩指著我?！翱茨俏慌?！”他的叫聲似乎大到整個醫(yī)院都能聽到?！八挥幸粭l腿！”看起來是不是很有趣？”)”可知，在醫(yī)院時，讓作者震驚的是一個男孩喊出來的話，故選B。
【25題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段的“I knew what I had to do. “Well, someone has to teach them!” I said. And I knew that someone would be me.(我知道我該怎么做。“嗯，總得有人教他們！”我說。我知道那個人就是我。)”和最后一段的“Speaking to children was just the beginning for me. I became an inspirational speaker and author and learned that being grateful for all the remaining parts of me was the only way to start and end my day.(對我來說，對孩子們講話只是個開始。我成為了一名鼓舞人心的演說家和作家，并學(xué)會了對自己剩下的部分心存感激，這是開始和結(jié)束一天的唯一方式。)”可知，在醫(yī)院的經(jīng)歷使作者找到了自己的人生目標(biāo)，故選A。
【26題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的“I shared my story in my book called I Am Choosing to Smile. I do, indeed, choose to smile. Waking up every morning, I look down at my one foot and say with all sincerity, “Good morning, five toes. I’m very glad to see you!”(我在我的書《我選擇微笑》中分享了我的故事。我的確選擇微笑。每天早上醒來，我低頭看著我的一只腳，真誠地說:“早上好，五個腳趾。我很高興見到你！”)”可知，作者勇敢地面對自己的缺陷，因此他是勇敢的，故選B。
C
Researchers from a U.K. plant research institute have found a way to provide plants with an antibody-based defense for a specific threat, potentially speeding the creation of crops resistant to any kind of emerging virus, or bacterium (細菌). The strategy is to inoculate a protein from the plant pathogen (病原體) to be targeted to a camel or other camel relatives, purify the unusually small antibodies the camels produce, and engineer the corresponding gene section for them into a plant’s own immune gene.
Farmers lose many billions of dollars to plant diseases each year, and emerging pathogens pose new threats to food security in the developing world. Plants have evolved their own immune system, kick-started by cell receptors that recognize general pathogen features, such as a bacterial cell wall, as well as intracellular receptors for molecules (分子) produced by specific pathogens. If a plant cell detects these molecules, it may trigger its own death to save the rest of the plant. But plant pathogens often evolve and escape from those receptors.
A long-standing dream in plant biotechnology is to create designer disease resistance genes that could be produced as fast as pathogens emerge. One approach is to edit the gene for a plant immune receptor, changing the protein’s shape to recognize a particular pathogenic molecule.
Instead, Sophien Kamoun, a molecular biologist at the Sainsbury Laboratory, and his colleagues used an animal immune system to help make the receptor adjustments. During an infection with a new pathogen, animals produce billions of slightly different antibodies, ultimately selecting and mass-producing those that best target the virus.
Camelids, which include camels, are workhorses for antibody design because their immune systems create unusually small versions, called nano-bodies. As a proof of principle of the new plant defense strategy, Kamoun’s group turned to two standard camelid nano-bodies that recognize two different molecules, including one called green fluorescent protein (GFP), to detect test viruses, in this case a potato virus, engineered to make the fluorescent proteins. They investigated how well plants with the nano-body-enhanced receptors detected the changed potato viruses. It was found that the plants increased an active immune response and experienced almost no viral reproduction.
“The exciting part about this technology is that we have the potential of made-to-order resistance genes and keeping up with a pathogen,” Kamoun says. “This technology is a potential game changer,” says Jeff Dangl, a plant researcher at the University of North Carolina. Ksenia Krasileva, a scientist at the University of California, Berkeley, says the mixture of nano-bodies with plant immune receptors opens up a vast body of biomedical knowledge for plant scientists. “We can now dig into all of that research and translate it to save crops.”
27. What does the underlined word “inoculate” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A. Compare. B. Restore. C. Introduce. D. Label.
28. What is the main purpose of Paragraph 2?
A. To illustrate the function of cells in saving the plant.
B. To explain how to strengthen plant receptors effectively.
C. To demonstrate the solutions to farmers’ annual heavy losses.
D. To reveal why plants fail to handle constantly-updated diseases.
29. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Editing plant receptors is to match the shape of pathogens.
B. Nano-bodies can help plants catch up with pathogen changes.
C. Plants select the best antibodies from animals to fight viruses.
D. Plants with nano-bodies respond actively in massive virus copying.
30. According to the passage, scientists will .
A. apply the outcome in the real world B. prove the findings of resistance genes
C. identify similar means to fight diseases D. seek more support for the new strategy
【答案】27. C 28. D 29. B 30. A
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。主要說明了英國一家植物研究所的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種方法，可以為植物提供一種基于抗體的防御機制，以抵御一種特定的威脅，這可能會加速作物對任何新出現(xiàn)的病毒或細菌的抗性的產(chǎn)生。
【27題詳解】
詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞下文“a protein from the plant pathogen (病原體) to be targeted to a camel or other camel relatives, purify the unusually small antibodies the camels produce, and engineer the corresponding gene section for them into a plant’s own immune gene(將植物病原體中的一種蛋白質(zhì)接種到駱駝或其他駱駝親屬，純化駱駝產(chǎn)生的異常小的抗體，并將其相應(yīng)的基因片段轉(zhuǎn)化為植物自身的免疫基因)”可知，要純化駱駝產(chǎn)生的異常小的抗體，并將相應(yīng)的基因片段設(shè)計成植物自身的免疫基因，需要把一種來自植物病原體的蛋白質(zhì)引入到駱駝或其他駱駝的近親身上，故畫線詞意思是“引入”。故選C。
【28題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Farmers lose many billions of dollars to plant diseases each year, and emerging pathogens pose new threats to food security in the developing world. Plants have evolved their own immune system, kick-started by cell receptors that recognize general pathogen features, such as a bacterial cell wall, as well as intracellular receptors for molecules (分子) produced by specific pathogens. If a plant cell detects these molecules, it may trigger its own death to save the rest of the plant. But plant pathogens often evolve and escape from those receptors.(農(nóng)民每年因植物病害損失數(shù)十億美元，新出現(xiàn)的病原體對發(fā)展中國家的糧食安全構(gòu)成了新的威脅。植物已經(jīng)進化出了自己的免疫系統(tǒng)，由識別一般病原體特征（如細菌細胞壁）的細胞受體以及識別特定病原體產(chǎn)生的分子的細胞內(nèi)受體啟動。如果一個植物細胞檢測到這些分子，它可能會觸發(fā)自己的死亡，以拯救植物的其余部分。但植物病原體經(jīng)常進化并逃離這些受體)”可推知，第二段的主要目的是揭示為什么植物不能應(yīng)對不斷更新的疾病。故選D。
【29題詳解】
細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段““The exciting part about this technology is that we have the potential of made-to-order resistance genes and keeping up with a pathogen,” Kamoun says.( Kamoun說：“這項技術(shù)令人興奮的部分是，我們有可能定制抗性基因，并跟上病原體的步伐?！?”可知，納米體可以幫助植物跟上病原體的變化。故選B。
【30題詳解】
細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Ksenia Krasileva, a scientist at the University of California, Berkeley, says the mixture of nano-bodies with plant immune receptors opens up a vast body of biomedical knowledge for plant scientists. “We can now dig into all of that research and translate it to save crops.”(加州大學(xué)伯克利分校的科學(xué)家Ksenia Krasileva說，納米體與植物免疫受體的混合為植物科學(xué)家開辟了一個龐大的生物醫(yī)學(xué)知識體系。“我們現(xiàn)在可以深入研究所有這些研究，并將其轉(zhuǎn)化為拯救作物。”)”可知，科學(xué)家將把研究結(jié)果應(yīng)用到現(xiàn)實世界中。故選A。
D
Superhuman artificial intelligence is already among us. Well, sort of. When it comes to playing games like chess and Go, or solving difficult scientific challenges like predicting protein structures, computers are well ahead of us. But we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind reading.
Humans have a mysterious ability to reason the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a crucial skill that means we can anticipate other people’s actions and the consequences of our own. Reading minds comes so easily to us, though, that we often don’t think to spell out what we want. If AIs are to become truly useful in everyday life—to cooperate effectively with us or to understand that a child might run into the road after a bouncing ball—we have to give them this gift that evolution has given us to read other people’s minds.
Psychologists refer to the ability to infer another’s mental state as theory of mind. In humans, this capacity starts to develop at a very young age. How to reproduce the capability in machines is far from clear, though. One of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no. But this requires huge amounts of background knowledge about running, weather and human preferences.
Moreover, whether humans or AI, the theory of mind is supposed to emerge naturally from one’s own learning process. Building prior knowledge into AI makes it reliant on our imperfect understanding of theory of mind. In addition, AI may be capable of developing approaches we could never imagine. There can be many forms of theory of mind that we don’t know about simply because we live in a human body that has certain types of senses and a certain ability to think.
Yet we might still want AI to have a more human-like form of theory of mind. Humans can clearly explain their goals and desires to each other using common language and ideas. While letting AI form the theory of mind in their learning process is likely to lead to developing more powerful AI, plainly building in shared ways to represent knowledge may be crucial for humans to trust and communicate with AI.
It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research: building truly self-aware machines. Whether we will ever get there remains to be seen. But along the way thinking about other people and other agents, we are on the path to learning to think about ourselves.
31. According to the passage, which of the following contexts can AI understand well?
A. When you are asked to eat spicy food for dinner and you reply “a sore throat”.
B. When a teacher asks for a boy’s homework and he answers “my dog ate it”.
C. When a mom tells her kid some food is good for health and the kid eats it.
D. When kids see their mom after hurting themselves and they cry louder.
32. The author believes that .
A. humans’ theory of mind is far from perfect
B. humans limit AI’s theory of mind to an extent
C. we should reject human-like forms of abilities for AI
D. shared forms of theory of mind result in more powerful AI
33. As for AIs, what does the author value most?
A. Reliability. B. Practicability.
C. Reasoning capability. D. Communication ability.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage?
A. AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is Expected
B. AI with Theory of Mind Will Reshape Our Future
C. AI’s Theory of Mind Is a Blessing or Suffering to Humans
D. Theory of Mind Bridges the Gap Between Humans and AI
【答案】31. C 32. B 33. C 34. A
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇議論文。當(dāng)涉及到下棋和圍棋等游戲，或解決預(yù)測蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)等棘手的科學(xué)挑戰(zhàn)時，計算機遠遠領(lǐng)先于我們。但我們有一個他們還沒有掌握的超能力：讀心術(shù)。作者希望人工智能也能具備這種思維能力，實現(xiàn)人類與人工智能的交流。
【31題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“But we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind reading. (但我們有一個他們還沒有掌握的超能力：讀心術(shù))”和第二段“Humans have a mysterious ability to reason the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a crucial skill that means we can anticipate other people’s actions and the consequences of our own. (人類有一種神秘的能力來推理他人的目標(biāo)、欲望和信仰，這是一項至關(guān)重要的技能，意味著我們可以預(yù)測他人的行為和自己的后果) ”和第三段的“For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no.(例如，如果有人問你是否要跑步，而你回答“正在下雨”，他們很快就會得出結(jié)論，答案是否定的)”可知，讀心需要經(jīng)過一定的推理，而計算機不具備人類所擁有的讀心的能力。A項“When you are asked to eat spicy food for dinner and you reply “a sore throat”. (你被要求晚餐吃辣的食物時，你回答說“喉嚨痛”)”、B項“When a teacher asks for a boy’s homework and he answers “my dog ate it”. (當(dāng)老師問一個男孩的家庭作業(yè)時，他回答說“我的狗吃了”)”和D項“When kids see their mom after hurting themselves and they cry louder. (當(dāng)孩子們在傷害自己后看到他們的媽媽時，他們哭得更大聲)”都需要運用到思維理論去解釋人們的目標(biāo)和欲望。C項“When a mom tells her kid some food is good for health and the kid eats it. (當(dāng)媽媽告訴她的孩子一些食物對健康有益時，孩子就會吃)”是直接的陳述，不需要運用思維理論。故選C。
【32題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“In humans, this capacity starts to develop at a very young age. How to reproduce the capability in machines is far from clear, though. One of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no. But this requires huge amounts of background knowledge about running, weather and human preferences. (心理學(xué)家將推斷他人精神狀態(tài)的能力稱為心理理論。在人類中，這種能力在很小的時候就開始發(fā)展。然而，如何在機器中復(fù)制這種能力還遠不清楚。主要挑戰(zhàn)之一是語境問題。例如，如果有人問你是否要跑步，而你回答“正在下雨”，他們很快就會得出結(jié)論，答案是否定的。但這需要大量關(guān)于跑步、天氣和人類偏好的背景知識)”可知，人類在一定程度上限制了人工智能的思維理論。故選B。
【33題詳解】
推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Yet we might still want AI to have a more human-like form of theory of mind. Humans can clearly explain their goals and desires to each other using common language and ideas. While letting AI form the theory of mind in their learning process is likely to lead to developing more powerful AI, plainly building in shared ways to represent knowledge may be crucial for humans to trust and communicate with AI. (然而，我們可能仍然希望人工智能擁有一種更像人類的思維理論。人類可以用共同的語言和想法向彼此清楚地解釋他們的目標(biāo)和欲望。雖然讓人工智能在學(xué)習(xí)過程中形成思維理論可能會導(dǎo)致開發(fā)出更強大的人工智能，但以共享的方式表達知識可能對人類信任人工智能和與人工智能交流至關(guān)重要)”可知，關(guān)于人工智能，作者最看重的是它的推理能力，這樣才能實現(xiàn)人類人工智能的交流。故選C。
【34題詳解】
主旨大意題。通讀全文，結(jié)合最后一段的“It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research: building truly self-aware machines. (然而，重要的是要記住，追求具有思維理論的機器不僅僅是為了制造更有用的機器人。這也是邁向人工智能和機器人研究更深層目標(biāo)的墊腳石：建造真正有自我意識的機器)”可知，作者期待建造真正有自我意識的機器，即作者期待人工智能具備思維理論。故A項“AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is Expected(期待人工智有擁有自己的心智理論)”可以作為本文的最佳標(biāo)題。故選A。
第二節(jié)(共5小題;每小題2分，共10分)
根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的七個選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。選項中有兩項為多余選項。
In our modern world, there are endless alternatives. Have you ever found yourself wondering whether you should quit or stay in your job, accept an offer or give it up for another? There is a simple and practical method that solves this problem.____35____When you understand the concept, you have the power to measure every alternative with precision and make the right decision.
In the field of economics, opportunity cost is the value that you have to give up when you choose an option over another good option.____36____Every time you choose something, you give up other alternatives together with their financial benefits. It is not all the other options, but the most valued one that is defined as the opportunity cost.
____37____Take the simple example of trying to decide whether to take public transportation for 80 minutes or to drive for 40 minutes. You might save on the cost of gas while riding the bus but double the trip length and miss out on other things you could have done during that time.____38____This is how you create priorities in your daily life.
Though useful in decision making, the biggest drawback of opportunity cost is that it’s often related to what’s hard to quantify.____39____After all, putting a number to your peaceful mind or happiness can be difficult.
Opportunity cost isn’t cut and dried. It varies from person to person. At the end of the day, you are in charge of what you own and what you want to gain.
A. It is about finding out the opportunity cost.
B. Weigh the losses and gains, and make your decision.
C. Opportunity cost matters not only in economics but also in real life.
D. This is especially true when the opportunity cost is of non-financial benefit.
E. The key principle underlying the idea is that there is no such thing as free lunch.
F. Most people overlook opportunity cost because the benefits are usually hidden from view.
G. It is the development of important skills that would help you move forward in your daily life.
【答案】35. A 36. E 37. C 38. B 39. D
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了機會成本。
【35題詳解】
根據(jù)上文“There is a simple and practical method that solves this problem.( 有一個簡單實用的方法可以解決這個問題。)”和下文“When you understand the concept, you have the power to measure every alternative with precision and make the right decision.(當(dāng)你理解了這個概念，你就有能力精確地衡量每一個選擇，并做出正確的決定。)”可知，空處提到了一個概念，就是機會成本。A項中的“the opportunity cost”和下文中的“the concept”對應(yīng)。A項：It is about finding out the opportunity cost.(這是關(guān)于找出機會成本。)符合語境。故選A。
【36題詳解】
根據(jù)下文“Every time you choose something, you give up other alternatives together with their financial benefits.(每次你選擇某樣?xùn)|西，你就放棄了其他的選擇以及它們的經(jīng)濟利益。)”可知，下文舉例說明機會成本的具體實施原則，選擇了某樣?xùn)|西，就要放棄其他的選擇以及它們的經(jīng)濟利益。E項：The key principle underlying the idea is that there is no such thing as free lunch.(這個觀點的關(guān)鍵原則是，天下沒有免費的午餐。)符合語境。故選E。
【37題詳解】
空處為段落主題句。根據(jù)下文“Take the simple example of trying to decide whether to take public transportation for 80 minutes or to drive for 40 minutes.(舉個簡單的例子，試著決定是乘80分鐘的公共交通工具還是開車40分鐘。)”可知，本段主要講述機會成本在日常生活中的應(yīng)用。C項：Opportunity cost matters not only in economics but also in real life.(機會成本不僅在經(jīng)濟學(xué)中很重要，在現(xiàn)實生活中也很重要。)符合語境。故選C。
【38題詳解】
根據(jù)上文“You might save on the cost of gas while riding the bus but double the trip length and miss out on other things you could have done during that time.(你可能會在乘坐公共汽車時節(jié)省汽油費用，但會使行程長度增加一倍，并錯過在這段時間內(nèi)你可以做的其他事情。)”可知，在做決定之前要權(quán)衡利弊。B項：Weigh the losses and gains, and make your decision.(權(quán)衡得失，再做決定。)符合語境。故選B。
【39題詳解】
根據(jù)上文“Though useful in decision making, the biggest drawback of opportunity cost is that it’s often related to what’s hard to quantify. (雖然機會成本在決策中很有用，但它最大的缺點是它往往與難以量化的東西有關(guān)。)”可知，此處提出機會成本的局限性，結(jié)合下文“After all, putting a number to your peaceful mind or happiness can be difficult.(畢竟，用一個數(shù)字來形容你內(nèi)心的平靜或快樂是很困難的。)”可知，像情緒等非經(jīng)濟利益機會成本難以形容。D項：This is especially true when the opportunity cost is of non-financial benefit.(當(dāng)機會成本是非經(jīng)濟利益時尤其如此。)符合語境。故選D。
第三部分書面表達(共兩節(jié)，32分)
第一節(jié)(共4小題;第40、41題各2分，第42題3分，第43題5分，共12分)
閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)題目要求用英文回答問題。請在答題卡指定區(qū)域作答。
The term “nostalgia” was first coined in 1688 and was defined as a mental illness of soldiers continually thinking about their homeland and longing for return. However, today we have a much more positive attitude to nostalgia. It’s a great example of the benefits of a strong memory.
In numerous scientific experiments, researchers have found that subjects are much more likely to report positive feelings from a given piece of music if they’ve heard it before. But there’s also a growing body of research into time travel “the other way”, because memory skills can take people into the future, too. Decades of studies have shown that time travel into the future can bring a whole new set of rewards. For example, athletes who practice by mentally visualizing and imagining successful performances in the future do perform better.
All these findings are inspiring and attractive. How could you become a confident time traveler to the past or into the future? Here are some tips for you:
·To take pleasure in helpful memories, maybe to reawaken happy feelings, use all your senses—not just sight. Smell, taste, touch and sound will also help you to recreate the past in rich clarity.
·If you find a memory that’s particularly helpful—for reassurance, say—keep using it!
You’ll get faster at finding it, and add extra layers of detail each time.
·When you’re procrastinating (拖延), visualize an end result. Flash forward to see the floor swept or the essay finished, and use that positive image to drive you into action.
·Ahead of major challenges, imagine the full impact of success. Don’t just picture yourself getting that great job: fill your mind with the really big ways it’s going to change your life.
There’ll still be times when old thoughts remind you of sadness, or you’re anxious about what’s next. But the more you learn to control your memory, the better you’ll be at mining your past, and shaping your future, to be your best self now.
40. What did nostalgia originally mean?
___________________________________________
41. What have the researchers found about time travel?
___________________________________________
42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
?Memory skills can bring us into the future, so we should imagine a negative end result to drive us into action when procrastinating.
___________________________________________
43. Describe one of the helpful time-travel experiences in your life. (In about 40 words)
___________________________________________
【答案】40. A mental illness of soldiers continually thinking about their homeland and longing for return.
41. They have found that time travel to the past and into the future both bring benefits to us.
42. ?Memory skills can bring us into the future, so we should imagine a negative end result to drive us into action when procrastinating.
Because we should use a positive end result to drive us into action when procrastinating.
43. (1) I often imagine myself attending my ideal university in September 2023 to cheer myself up. Picturing myself wandering on the campus and enjoying the harvest in the golden autumn can give me the motivation to overcome nervousness and stress at present with an optimistic attitude and in full gear.
(2) I recall the time of winning the first prize in a speech contest two years ago. Standing on the stage reaching out for the prize, I was filled with pride. This experience serves as a constant source of encouragement and confidence for me to keep working hard to improve myself.
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章就怎樣才能成為一個自信的時間旅行者，穿越到過去或未來提出建議。
【40題詳解】
考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)文章第一段“The term “nostalgia” was first coined in 1688 and was defined as a mental illness of soldiers continually thinking about their homeland and longing for return.(“懷舊”一詞最早出現(xiàn)于1688年，被定義為一種士兵的精神疾病，他們會不斷地想念自己的家園，渴望回歸。)”可知，“懷舊”原意為軍人不斷思念故土、渴望回歸的一種心理疾病。故答案是：A mental illness of soldiers continually thinking about their homeland and longing for return.
【41題詳解】
考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)文章第二段“In numerous scientific experiments, researchers have found that subjects are much more likely to report positive feelings from a given piece of music if they’ve heard it before. But there’s also a growing body of research into time travel “the other way”, because memory skills can take people into the future, too. Decades of studies have shown that time travel into the future can bring a whole new set of rewards.(在許多科學(xué)實驗中，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果受試者以前聽過某段音樂，他們更有可能從這段音樂中獲得積極的感覺。但也有越來越多的研究以“另一種方式”進行時間旅行，因為記憶技能也可以把人們帶到未來。幾十年的研究表明，穿越到未來可以帶來一系列全新的回報。)”可知，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)時間旅行到過去和到未來都會給我們帶來好處。故答案是：They have found that time travel to the past and into the future both bring benefits to us.
【42題詳解】
考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第三段“When you’re procrastinating (拖延), visualize an end result. Flash forward to see the floor swept or the essay finished, and use that positive image to drive you into action.(當(dāng)你在拖延的時候，想象一下最終的結(jié)果?？爝M到看到掃地或文章寫完了，用這些積極的形象來推動你行動起來。)”可知，記憶力可以把我們帶到未來，所以我們應(yīng)該想象一個積極的最終結(jié)果來推動我們在拖延的時候采取行動。故答案是：Memory skills can bring us into the future, so we should imagine a negative end result to drive us into action when procrastinating. Because we should use a positive end result to drive us into action when procrastinating.
【43題詳解】
開放性試題。(1) I often imagine myself attending my ideal university in September 2023 to cheer myself up. Picturing myself wandering on the campus and enjoying the harvest in the golden autumn can give me the motivation to overcome nervousness and stress at present with an optimistic attitude and in full gear.
(2) I recall the time of winning the first prize in a speech contest two years ago. Standing on the stage reaching out for the prize, I was filled with pride. This experience serves as a constant source of encouragement and confidence for me to keep working hard to improve myself.
(答案僅供參考，言之有理即可。)
第二節(jié)(20分)
44. 假設(shè)你是紅星中學(xué)高三學(xué)生李華。你最近讀完了外教Jim推薦的一本英文書，請你用英文給Jim寫一封郵件，內(nèi)容包括：
1.表達感謝并分享讀書收獲;
2.交流后續(xù)英文書閱讀計劃。
注意：1.詞數(shù)100左右;
2.開頭和結(jié)尾已給出，不計入總詞數(shù)。
Dear Jim,
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours
Li Hua
【答案】Dear Jim,
Thank you for your recommendation of the English novel The Old Man and the Sea.
Having finished reading, I’ve harvested a lot. The tough man who fights against the big fish and sharks alone in the sea inspires me to brave frustrations in my life. And I have learned that we should stick to our dreams no matter what hardships we may encounter.
The book unfolds a new world to me. Thus, I make a plan for further reading. English novels enlightening my mind will be included in my reading list. I intend to read one book a month. While reading, I will take down my understanding in time to gain more beyond the lines.
I would appreciate it if you could give me more recommendations.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
【導(dǎo)語】本篇書面表達是一篇應(yīng)用文，要求考生用英文給Jim寫一封郵件，內(nèi)容包括：1.表達感謝并分享讀書收獲；2.交流后續(xù)英文書閱讀計劃。
【詳解】1.詞匯積累
完成：finish→complete
激勵某人做某事：inspire sb. to do sth.→encourage sb. to do sth.
堅持：stick to→persist in
感謝：appreciate→be grateful
2.句式拓展
簡單句變復(fù)合句
原句：Thank you for your recommendation of the English novel The Old Man and the Sea.
拓展句：Thank you for your recommendation of the English novel whose name is The Old Man and the Sea.
【點睛】[高分句型1]
The tough man who fights against the big fish and sharks alone in the sea inspires me to brave frustrations in my life.(運用了who引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句)
[高分句型2]
And I have learned that we should stick to our dreams no matter what hardships we may encounter.(運用了that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，no matter what引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句)




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