?專題01 閱讀理解之說明文（一）
1.（2020屆安徽省合肥市高三第二次質(zhì)檢） People often talk about cultural differences between western and eastern countries, but how about the western world itself? Surprisingly, a closer look at it can reveal a good many curious details.
The most obvious characteristic of the majority of Americans is that they smile a lot. It does not matter whether they have a strong reason to smile; they do it, sometimes simply because they have to. A smile is not just a powerful marketing tool but also a way to show that someone is friendly, and that life in general is fine. Europeans, on the contrary, prefer to keep a more neutral (不露聲色的) facial expression. They smile mostly when they are in a good mood, or feel amused; if not, a European’s face will remain neutral, or even dull. In Russia, for example, there is a proverb saying that laughing for no reason is a sign of a fool. It does not mean that Europeans are serious, or that they do not have a sense of humor.
The same refers to communication in general. Americans are extremely communicative; small talk and chats are common. Europeans talk mostly when there is something to say, and rarely enter communication just for the purpose of talking to other people. American people prefer to express what they think carefully, considering how it might affect surrounding people. Europeans are more straightforward, even with unfamiliar people. A European friend will almost always voice their opinion on different occasions, and will not hesitate to remind you that you need to lose some weight or take a shower.
It can be said that Americans are people of contrasts. They are open-minded, flexible, and ready to accept everything new enthusiastically; but at the same time, American society manages to bring up unbelievable conservatives. Americans are extremely politically correct, which, in most cases, is indeed a secure and beneficial practice, but it can also mess up daily or even private communication, sometimes preventing having close relationships. Europeans, on the contrary, are more straightforward, preferring to tell the truth in direct ways. Each way of communication is different — neither is correct or incorrect.
4．What does the author say about smiling?
A．It is culture-related within western countries.
B．It is a powerful marketing tool across cultures.
C．It is thought of as a sign of a fool in America.
D．It is regarded as being socially necessary in Europe.
5．What is typical of Europeans’ communication?
A．Beating around the bush. B．Having small talk and chats.
C．Hiding their feelings carefully. D．Expressing themselves openly.
6．What does the underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refer to?
A．Being straightforward. B．Being politically correct.
C．Accepting everything new. D．Raising unbelievable conservatives.
7．How is the text mainly developed?
A．By analyzing cause and effect. B．By making comparisons.
C．By classifying body language. D．By discussing research findings.
【答案】
4．A
5．D
6．B
7．B
【解析】本文是說明文。西方國家之間對于同一事物的理解也存在著文化差異，文章主要通過對比美國人和歐洲人在微笑上的不同來分析西方人的文化差異。
4．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“People often talk about cultural differences between western and eastern countries, but how about the western world itself? Surprisingly, a closer look at it can reveal a good many curious details.”可知，人們經(jīng)常談?wù)撐鞣胶蜄|方國家的文化差異，但是西方世界本身呢？令人驚訝的是，仔細(xì)觀察它可以揭示出許多有趣的細(xì)節(jié)。下文通過對比美國人和歐洲人在對待微笑的理解上的不同來分析西方人的文化差異。由此可知，作者認(rèn)為微笑與西方國家的自身文化有關(guān)。故選A。
5．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“A European friend will almost always voice their opinion on different occasions, and will not hesitate to remind you that you need to lose some weight or take a shower.”可知，一個歐洲朋友幾乎總是會在不同場合發(fā)表自己的意見，并且會毫不猶豫地提醒您，您需要減肥或洗個澡。由此可知，歐洲人交流的典型特征是公開表達(dá)自己的想法。故選D。
6．詞義猜測題。由but表示轉(zhuǎn)折可知，it指代的是本句話中前面出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容，即it指的是“Americans are extremely politically correct”一事，意為“美國人是明哲保身的”，which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句是對這一行為的肯定，這與but之后的內(nèi)容在邏輯上是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。故選B。
7．推理判斷題。文章通過對比美國人和歐洲人在微笑上的不同來分析文化對于西方人的影響，因此這是通過做比較的方法來組織文章的思路的。故選B。
2.（2020屆安徽省合肥市高三第二次質(zhì)檢） Scientists have created the world’s first living, self-healing (自愈) robots using stem cells from frogs. Named after the African clawed frog from which they take their stem cells, xenobots are less than a millimeter wide (0. 04 inches) — small enough to travel inside human bodies. They can walk and swim, survive for weeks without food, and work together in groups. These are “entirely new life-forms,” said project co-leader Michael Levin, director of the Allen Discovery Center.
The researchers removed living stem cells, which have the ability to develop into different cell types, from frog embryos (胚胎), and left them to incubate (孵化). Then, the cells were cut and reshaped into specific “body forms” designed by a supercomputer.” They’re neither a traditional robot nor a known species of animal,” said robotics expert Joshua Bongard. The cells then began to work on their own and even have the regenerative power; when the scientists cut the living robot almost in half, its cells automatically zippered its body back up.
Xenobots don’t look like traditional robots-they have no shiny clothing or robotic arms. Instead ,they look more like a tiny drop of moving pink flesh. The researchers say this is deliberate-this biological machine can achieve things typical robots of steel and plastic cannot do.” Traditional robots degrade (降解) over time and can produce harmful ecological and health side effects,” researchers said in the study. As biological machines, xenobots are more environmentally friendly and safer for human health, the study said.
Research is being done into using the robots to clean up radioactive waste or even microplastics from the oceans. Scientists are also trying to include a greater variety of cells; a new nervous system for example. However, some people argue that the addition of nerve cells would cause moral problems. The general public have also expressed concern that humans would be taken control of by robots. However, Michael Levin thinks there’s no need to worry. “Xenobots have no ability to reproduce or evolve. The supercomputer which is used to produce them does use artificial intelligence. But for now, all is fine,” said Levin.
8．What is the text mainly about?
A．The advantage of AI technology. B．The introduction of a latest robot.
C．The medical value of African frogs. D．The application of robots in medicine.
9．Which of the following best explains “regenerative” underlined in Paragraph 2?
A．Healing by itself. B．Replacing old cells.
C．Living much longer. D．Defending against attacks.
10．What do we know about xenobots?
A．They can break up steel and plastic while degrading.
B．They can do everything that traditional robots can do.
C．They do less harm to the environment and human health.
D．They often change their color deliberately while moving.
11．What is Michael Levin’s attitude toward the development of xenobots?
A．Ambiguous. B．Positive.
C．Skeptical. D．Cautious.
【答案】
8．B
9．A
10．C
11．B
【解析】本文是說明文。文章講述了科學(xué)家們利用青蛙的干細(xì)胞創(chuàng)造了世界上第一個活著的，能夠自愈的機器人，它不需要食物就可以生存數(shù)周。作為生物機器，對人類的健康有好處，更安全。目前使用它清除海洋中的放射性廢物甚至微塑料的研究正在進(jìn)行中。
8．主旨大意題。通讀全文尤其是第一段可知，文章講述的是：科學(xué)家們利用青蛙的干細(xì)胞創(chuàng)造了世界上第一個活著的，能夠自愈的機器人，下文對其進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的介紹。故選B。
9．詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第二段中的“when the scientists cut the living robot almost in half, its cells automatically zippered its body back up.”可知，當(dāng)科學(xué)家將活著的機器人幾乎切成兩半時，它的細(xì)胞會自動向后伸展。結(jié)合第一段中提到的“self-healing(自愈)”，由此可知，劃線詞意為“自愈”。故選A。
10．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“As biological machines, xenobots are more environmentally friendly and safer for human health, the study said.”可知，這項研究說，xenobots機器人作為生物機器，對人類健康更環(huán)保，更安全。即xenobots對環(huán)境和人類健康的危害較小。故選C。
11．推理判斷題。最后一段中的“Xenobots have no ability to reproduce or evolve. The supercomputer which is used to produce them does use artificial intelligence. But for now, all is fine.”可知，xenobots機器人沒有能力繁殖或進(jìn)化。用于生產(chǎn)它們的超級計算機確實使用人工智能。但是目前，一切都很好。即Michael Levin對xenobots機器人的發(fā)展持肯定態(tài)度。故選B。
3.（2020屆安徽省合肥市高三第二次質(zhì)檢） A new study recently found that elephants in central African forests can encourage the growth of slow-growing trees and increase the ability of the forest to store carbon.
“As a tree, there’s a trade-off you can’t have it all,” explained Fabio Berzaghi, who led the study. “You either invest in growing fast, or in building a lot of structure with carbon to be more resistant.” Elephants prefer to eat fast-growing trees in more open spaces. As they feed and walk, they cause damage to these species, knocking over trees or breaking off branches, which results in an ecosystem that favors large, slow-growing hardwood trees. “As the elephants thin the forest, they increase the number of slow-growing trees and the forest is capable of storing more carbon, ” said Stephen Blake, one of the paper’s authors.
Scientists collected field measurements in the Congo Basin and used a computer model to predict how elephants would affect forest structure, and carbon storage potential in the long term. The data confirmed that when elephants are present, the forest contains larger trees and higher abundances of species with high wood density. Conversely (相反地)，should forest elephants go extinct, leaving those slow-growing trees struggling to compete with fast-growing species, it would result in a 7 percent loss of above-ground biomass (生物總量). As a result, central African forests could lose up to three billion tons of carbon, potentially accelerating climate change.
The sad reality is that humans are doing their best to rid the planet of elephants. “This study comes at a time when forest elephants are threatened as never before,” said Iain Douglas Hamilton, founder of Save the Elephants. “It is shocking that just as we are beginning to understand how elephants might have a key role in Africa in storing carbon, they are under real threat of extinction.” One limitation of the study, Mr. Berzaghi said, is that we do not know how much carbon has already been lost because of the elephants’ decline. But it does seem certain, he added, that putting a stop to illegal hunting and restoring forest elephant populations would bring climate benefits.
12．What can we infer about slow-growing trees in Paragraph 2?
A．They are elephants’ favorite food. B．They are easily hurt by elephants.
C．They can help forests store carbon. D．They may reduce elephant populations.
13．What would happen without elephants living in central African forests?
A．Climate change would possibly be sped up.
B．The forest structure would remain unchanged.
C．The forests would lose more fast-growing trees.
D．Larger trees would defeat fast-growing species.
14．What did Mr. Berzaghi suggest people do?
A．Lead a low-carbon life. B．Evaluate the carbon loss.
C．Stop destroying forests. D．Protect forest elephants.
15．What is the best title for the text?
A．Humans and Nature Live in Harmony
B．Elephants Disappear in Parts of Africa
C．Climate Change Affects Forest Structure
D．Elephants Defend Against Climate Change
【答案】
12．C
13．A
14．D
15．D
【解析】本文是說明文。文章講述了最近的一項新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，非洲中部森林中的大象可以促進(jìn)生長緩慢的樹木生長，并增加森林的碳儲存能力以延緩氣候變化的速度。
12．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“As the elephants thin the forest, they increase the number of slow-growing trees and the forest is capable of storing more carbon”可知，隨著大象使森林不再那么茂盛，它們增加了生長緩慢的樹木的數(shù)量，并且使森林能夠儲存更多的碳。因此可以推斷出樹木可以幫助森林儲存碳。故選C。
13．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Conversely, should forest elephants go extinct, leaving those slow-growing trees struggling to compete with fast-growing species, it would result in a 7 percent loss of above-ground biomass (生物總量). As a result, central African forests could lose up to three billion tons of carbon, potentially accelerating climate change.”可知，相反地，如果森林象滅絕，那些生長緩慢的樹木就難以與快速生長的物種競爭，這將導(dǎo)致地表上損失7％的生物總量。非洲中部森林可能會釋放出多達(dá)30億噸的碳，這有可能加劇氣候變化。即如果沒有大象生活在非洲中部森林中，氣候變化可能會加快。故選A。
14．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“But it does seem certain, he added, that putting a stop to illegal hunting and restoring forest elephant populations would bring climate benefits.”可知，但他補充說，停止非法捕獵和恢復(fù)森林象的數(shù)量似乎確實會給氣候帶來好處。即Mr. Berzaghi建議人們保護森林象。故選D。
15．主旨大意題。通讀全文尤其是第一段可知，最近的一項新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，最近的一項新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，非洲中部森林中的大象可以促進(jìn)生長緩慢的樹木生長，并增加森林的碳儲存能力以延緩氣候變化的速度，因此文章的最佳標(biāo)題是“大象阻止氣候變化”。故選D。
4.（2020屆福建省福州市高三畢業(yè)班質(zhì)量檢測）
The Most Tech Friendly School in the World
Forget a pen and paper! This new-fashioned school relies on iPad’s, touch screens, projectors and even electronic locker keys. The Philadelphia School of the Future’s main goal is to equip students with the most knowledge in technology fields. While it struggled back when it opened in 2006, it is now one of the most in-demand schools.
Hamburger University
No, this school isn’t about perfecting the hamburger. Actually, it sort of is! The McDonald’s training facility is where restaurant managers go to learn the craft (手藝). From making a hamburger to dealing with complaining customers, it takes a lot to handle the running of Micky D’s. Also, imagine having Hamburger University on your resume (簡歷), now that would make you stand out from the crowd!
Real Life Clown (小丑) College
While movies and televisions shows love to make fun of kids and adults alike running off to join clown college or the circus but turns out, it wasn’t made up. The Ringling Brothers set up a number of courses and schools around the United States to teach willing students the art of clowning around. It’s a tough job alright? Imaging wearing a bright red nose while kids scream at you for a balloon animal.
Charles Howard Santa Claus School
Set up in the 1930’s this famous institution aims to produce the very best Santa’s. Potential Mr Claus’ will learn how to interact with children and of course, how to laugh like the real deal. While you wouldn’t take the course unless you planned on being a professional Santa, it sure would be fun to play dress up for a day!
1．What do we know about The Philadelphia School of the Future?
A．It has been run smoothly since 2006.
B．It employs digital device in fruitful ways.
C．Its popularity has declined in recent years.
D．It aims to spread knowledge in many fields.
2．Which school may help you become a comedian?
A．The Philadelphia School of the Future. B．Hamburger University.
C．Real Life Clown College. D．Charles Howard Santa Claus School.
3．Which of the following best describes the four school?
A．Entertaining. B．Ancient.
C．Wild. D．Unusual.
【答案】
1．B
2．C
3．D
【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章簡略地介紹了四所值得一去的學(xué)校。
1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞The Philadelphia School of the Future可將答案定位于第一段。由第一段中的This new-fashioned school relies on iPad’s, touch screens, projectors and even electronic locker keys.(這所新式學(xué)校依靠iPad、觸摸屏、投影儀甚至電子鎖鑰匙)和While it struggled back when it opened in 2006, it is now one of the most in-demand schools.(雖然在2006年開學(xué)時，它曾一度舉步維艱，但現(xiàn)在它是最受歡迎的學(xué)校之一)可知，這所新式學(xué)校以卓有成效的方式使用數(shù)字設(shè)備。故選B項。
2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段中的The Ringling Brothers set up a number of courses and schools around the United States to teach willing students the art of clowning around.(Ringling兄弟在美國各地開設(shè)了許多課程和學(xué)校，教有志的學(xué)生如何在周圍表演小丑)可知，小丑是喜劇演員之一。由此可知，Real Life Clown College可幫你成為喜劇演員。故選C項。
3．推理判斷題。由第一段中的The Philadelphia School of the Future’s main goal is to equip students with the most knowledge in technology fields.(費城未來學(xué)校的主要目標(biāo)是讓學(xué)生掌握技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的大部分知識)可知The Most Tech Friendly School in the World的主要目標(biāo)是讓學(xué)生掌握技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的大部分知識；由第二段中的No, this school isn’t about perfecting the hamburger. Actually, it sort of is! The McDonald’s training facility is where restaurant managers go to learn the craft.(不，這所學(xué)校不是為了完善漢堡包。實際上，有點！麥當(dāng)勞的培訓(xùn)設(shè)施是餐廳經(jīng)理們學(xué)習(xí)手藝的地方)可知，Hamburger University是教學(xué)生做漢堡的學(xué)校；由第三段中的The Ringling Brothers set up a number of courses and schools around the United States to teach willing students the art of clowning around.(Ringling兄弟在美國各地開設(shè)了許多課程和學(xué)校，教有志的學(xué)生如何在周圍表演小丑)可知，Real Life Clown College是教學(xué)生成為小丑喜劇演員的地方；由第四段中的Set up in the 1930’s this famous institution aims to produce the very best Santa’s.(這個著名的機構(gòu)成立于1930年，旨在培養(yǎng)出最優(yōu)秀的圣誕老人)可知，Charles Howard Santa Claus School是教學(xué)生成為圣誕老人的學(xué)校；四所學(xué)校教授課程與普通學(xué)校教授的課程不一樣、不同尋常。故選D項。
5.（2020屆福建省福州市高三畢業(yè)班質(zhì)量檢測） Brain disease research could be sped up using a smartphone-controlled “plug-and-play” neural implant (神經(jīng)植入管) invented by scientists from the USA and South Korea.
The researchers, who come primarily from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) and the University of Washington, designed the soft device to deliver drugs or coloured lights directly to targeted neurons (神經(jīng)元), with the goal of accelerating discovery about addiction, depression and pain. The LEDs involved are smaller than a grain of salt, and the drugs are delivered by tiny channels with the thickness of a human hair.
For researchers, the main advantage of the new wireless implant is ease of use. The inventors describe its replaceable drug tube as “l(fā)ego-like” and “plug-and-lay”, while set-up happens over an “elegant, simple” smartphone interface (界面).
For the subjects, in current testing — the small, soft device won’t impede movement and is safer to use over time.
Current devices used in this field are rigid, so they cause damages in soft brain tissue over time. With the new devices, scientists can now monitor one area of the brain over much longer periods, and with the test subjects moving freely.
“It allows us to better analyze the neural basis of behavior in various ways,” said Michael Bruchas, a professor at the University of Washington School of Medicine who heads the Bruchas Lab. “We are also eager to use the device to help us develop new treatments for pain, addiction and emotional disorders.”
The researchers, who published their findings in the journal Nature Biomedical Engineering, created the implant for laboratory use with animals but would like to develop the technology for clinical applications in the future, meaning one day a similar device could be tested on humans.
Their invention comes after three years of cooperation between the Jeong group at KAIST in Daejeon and the Bruchas Lab in Seattle. The former specializes in soft electronics for wearable and implantable devices, while the latter is a research laboratory focusing on stress, depression, addiction, pain and other diseases.
12．How does the device work?
A．It locates a certain position in neurons. B．It directly cures the damaged neurons.
C．It delivers drugs through a human hair. D．It directly controls coloured lights.
13．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “impede” in Paragragh 4?
A．Destroy. B．Increase.
C．Improve. D．Prevent.
14．What can we learn about the device?
A．It helps to observe the whole brain work.
B．It has been tested on humans to deal with diseases.
C．It helps to find new ways to cure some diseases.
D．It has been invented by the Bruchas Lab.
15．What is the best title for the text?
A．Brain Neural Implant by Smartphone
B．A New Smartphone That Controls Brain
C．The Development in Exploring Brains
D．A New Cure for the Brain Diseases
【答案】
12．A
13．D
14．C
15．A
【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章講述了利用由美國和韓國科學(xué)家發(fā)明的智能手機控制的神經(jīng)植入管，腦疾病的研究可以被加快，神經(jīng)植入管是一種軟性裝置，小巧、柔軟且更安全。
12．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段第一句“The researchers, who come primarily from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) and the University of Washington, designed the soft device to deliver drugs or coloured lights directly to targeted neurons (神經(jīng)元), with the goal of accelerating discovery about addiction, depression and pain.(這些研究人員主要來自韓國高級科學(xué)技術(shù)研究所(KAIST)和華盛頓大學(xué)，他們設(shè)計了一種軟性裝置，將藥物或彩燈直接傳送到靶向神經(jīng)元，目的是加速發(fā)現(xiàn)上癮、抑郁和疼痛)可知，這種裝置是在神經(jīng)元中的某個位置上工作。故選A項。
13．詞義猜測題。由第四段句子For the subjects, in current testing — the small, soft device won’t impede movement and is safer to use over time.(對受試者來說，在目前的測試中，這種小巧、柔軟的設(shè)備不會impede運動，而且隨著時間的推移使用起來更安全)可推知，這種小巧、柔軟的設(shè)備不會妨礙運動。由此可知，劃線詞impede意為“妨礙、阻止”。故選D項。
14．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由倒數(shù)第三段最后一句We are also eager to use the device to help us develop new treatments for pain, addiction and emotional disorders.(我們也渴望利用這一設(shè)備幫助我們開發(fā)出治療疼痛、上癮和情緒障礙的新療法)可知，此設(shè)備有助于找到治療某些疾病的新方法。故選C項。
15．主旨大意題。由第一段句子Brain disease research could be sped up using a smartphone-controlled “plug-and-play” neural implant invented by scientists from the USA and South Korea.(腦疾病的研究可以被加快，通過使用由美國和韓國科學(xué)家發(fā)明的智能手機控制的神經(jīng)植入管)可知，文章第一段點明了本文主要講智能手機控制的神經(jīng)植入管，后面段落是對此設(shè)備的介紹。故選A項。
6.（2020屆福建省廈門市高三一次質(zhì)檢）
For much of the 20th century, milk was a simple part of daily life in the U.S., as farmers raised cows, milkmen delivered bottles and children drank it at school. But those days are fading. On January 5 Borden Dairy, the milk processor with a cheery Elsie the cow on its label, announced to be filing for bankruptcy (破產(chǎn)) protection. Borden Dairy, which said it was affected by “market challenges facing the milk industry,” follows Dean Foods, America’s largest milk producer, which filed for bankruptcy protection in November.
America has fallen out of love with drinking milk, as there are more lower-calorie options and people are preferring water bottles to milk cartons (盒子). Americans each drank about 146 lb. of fluid milk-a category that includes products from skim to creamin 2018, according to the USDA’s Economic Research Service. That may sound like a lot, but it’s down 26% just since 2000.
The downturn has been tough on milk processors like Borden and Dean, which buy fresh milk from farms and use techniques to create a consumer-safe drink with a longer shelf life. For the past five years, thanks to technology that increased milk production, fresh-milk prices were relatively low, which meant processors could break even although there was shifting demand. But prices went up again last year, squeezing the processors’ already tight profits. “Declining sales in a business with small profit is not a good recipe for success” says Mark Stephenson, director of dairy policy analysis at the University of Wisconsin.
Milk processors are also facing competition from big retailers (零售商), which have set up their own processing plants. In 2018, Walmart opened a milk-processing plant in Indiana to serve hundreds of stores in the Midwest, taking away approximately 95 million gal. of milk-processing business from Dean Foods.
8．What can we learn about American milk industry?
A．Consumers favor bottled milk.
B．Milk producers have cows on their labels.
C．Processed milk is losing its popularity.
D．Borden Dairy is the largest milk producer.
9．What does the underlined part “break even”，in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Have no loss. B．Upgrade technology.
C．Go bankrupt. D．Produce large quantities of goods.
10．What’s Mark Stephenson’s attitude towards the milk industry?
A．Positive. B．Concerned.
C．Ambiguous. D．Prejudiced.
11．Why have some big retailers brought a challenge to milk processors?
A．They open stores abroad. B．They lower the price of milk.
C．They process milk by themselves. D．They won’t offer fresh milk to processors.
【答案】
8．C
9．A
10．B
11．C
【解析】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了美國牛奶加工業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀以及面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。
8．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“America has fallen out of love with drinking milk, as there are more lower-calorie options and people are preferring water bottles to milk cartons”可知，美國人已經(jīng)不再喜歡喝牛奶了，因為現(xiàn)在有更多低熱量的選擇，而且人們更喜歡瓶裝水而不是盒裝牛奶，這說明加工的牛奶越來越不受歡迎了，故C項正確。
9．詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞前的“thanks to technology that increased milk production, fresh-milk prices were relatively low,”可知，由于技術(shù)提高了牛奶產(chǎn)量，而且從農(nóng)場購買鮮奶的價格又相對較低，所以盡管需求在變化（人們不買那么多牛奶了），但（由于投入少了，產(chǎn)量大了）牛奶加工商仍能實現(xiàn)盈虧平衡，由此可知畫線詞的意思是“沒有損失”，故A項正確。
10．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的““Declining sales in a business with small profit is not a good recipe for success” says Mark Stephenson, director of dairy policy analysis at the University of Wisconsin.”可知，威斯康星大學(xué)乳品政策分析主任馬克?斯蒂芬森表示，在一家利潤微薄的企業(yè)中，銷售額下降并不是成功的良方，由此可知，馬克?斯蒂芬森對對牛奶工業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀表示擔(dān)憂，故B項正確。
11．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Milk processors are also facing competition from big retailers (零售商), which have set up their own processing plants.”可知，牛奶加工商還面臨著來自大型零售商的競爭，因為這些零售商已經(jīng)建立了自己的牛奶加工廠，故C項正確。
7.（2020屆福建省廈門市高三一次質(zhì)檢）
Wandering the British Museum, you can see some of the finest objects ever created by human hands. But some of our most precious objects are things that were once thrown away. Today, they have become invaluable tools for learning about the past.
On display in Room 3, Disposable? exhibits a group of objects: finds from Staple Howe, a settlement sometime between 700 BC and 450 BC．These pot pieces, animal bones, and tools were cast aside when they were no longer useful. Thousands of years later they allow us to study the people who made, used, and threw them away. From Staple Howe’s rubbish we know that its inhabitants were very resourceful: a broken pot was recycled to make a spindle whorl, and a razor has been heavily sharpened to lengthen its life.
The second half of the Disposable? displays the human impact of modem waste in the Pacific Island nations. Single-use products made from plastic are often thrown away poorly. This has led to almost eight million metric tons of plastic entering our oceans every year.
A simple yet technically beautiful yellow fishing basket made by Guam artist Guerrero highlights the plastic waste problem in the Pacific. For centuries, fishing baskets in Guam were made of coconut leaves but here Guerrero used plastic wrapping found on his local beach. While the basket is made using traditional techniques, the plastic wrapping is more durable than plant fibers. Guerrero has found a creative and practical way to give this single-use material a second life.
Communities across the Pacific are working together to fight the problem through re-purposing thrown — away items and banning some single-use plastic items. However, these local responses can by no means reduce the scale of the problem. The plastic crisis cannot be left to individuals or communities and will take a concerted international effort by governments across the globe.
If the rubbish from Staple Howe can help us build stories and details of people living in ancient Britain, what can today’s plastic rubbish tell us about ourselves?
12．Why are the deserted objects in Staple Howe valuable?
A．They were created by hand. B．They were beautifully decorated.
C．They consist of precious materials. D．They bear information of life in the past.
13．In which way did Guerrero change the traditional fishing basket?
A．Material. B．Technique.
C．Color. D．Wrapping.
14．The exhibition, Disposable? ________.
A．is displayed in two rooms
B．is held by Pacific communities
C．displays both ancient and modem items
D．shows Staple Howe’s influence on Pacific communities
15．What does the writer suggest about the plastic crisis?
A．Leaving it to individuals.
B．Holding international concerts.
C．Local responses from Staple Howe.
D．A united effort by global governments.
【答案】
12．D
13．A
14．C
15．D
【解析】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了大英博物館3號房間的一次性？展覽所展示的展品及其意義和反映的問題。
12．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“From Staple Howe’s rubbish we know that its inhabitants were very resourceful: a broken pot was recycled to make a spindle whorl, and a razor has been heavily sharpened to lengthen its life.”可知，從斯特普爾豪斯的廢棄物中我們了解到它的居民是充滿智慧的：一個破碎的罐子被回收用來制作一個紡錘輪，一把剃刀被磨快來延長它的使用壽命，由此可知，斯特普爾豪斯被遺棄的物品有價值是因為它們承載了過去生活的信息（從它們我們能夠了解過去人們生活的一些情況），故D項正確。
13．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“For centuries, fishing baskets in Guam were made of coconut leaves but here Guerrero used plastic wrapping found on his local beach.”可知，幾個世紀(jì)以來，關(guān)島的捕魚籃都是用椰葉做的，但格雷羅在這里使用的是當(dāng)?shù)睾┥习l(fā)現(xiàn)的塑料包裝，也就是說格雷羅通過改變制作材料改變了傳統(tǒng)的捕魚籃，故A項正確。
14．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“On display in Room 3, Disposable? exhibits a group of objects: finds from Staple Howe, a settlement sometime between 700 BC and 450 BC.”可知，一次性？展覽展出了在斯特普爾豪斯發(fā)現(xiàn)的、公元前700年到公元前450年之間的人類定居點的一組廢棄物品；再根據(jù)第三段中的“The second half of the Disposable? displays the human impact of modem waste in the Pacific Island nations.”可知，一次性？展覽的后半部分展示現(xiàn)代垃圾對太平洋島國居民的影響，由此可知，一次性？展覽展示了古代和現(xiàn)代物品，故C項正確。
15．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“The plastic crisis cannot be left to individuals or communities and will take a concerted international effort by governments across the globe.”可知，作者認(rèn)為解決塑料危機不能只靠個人和社區(qū)，需要全球各國政府共同努力，故D項正確。
8.（2020屆廣東省高考模擬 ）
Africa Water Week -nearly one billion people around the world have no access to drinking water, that lack of clean water association with un-proper hygiene and shortage of toilets kills 3. 3 million a year. And this is a common problem in many parts of the developing world, but its effect is not widely known, according to experts at the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting.
As part of the World Water Day tradition, the center is screening films about international water issues at the Environmental Film Festival in Washington, D．C．The films describe a variety of conflicts over water.
“The challenge in presenting these films,” says Peter Sawyer, project coordinator at the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, “is to share with a wider audience the urgent issues surrounding water. Our goal for this screening is to just get these issues out there,” he says. “We don't feel that they attract public attention and we think that they should because they are really important.”
In Dhaka's Challenge, filmmaker Stephen Sapienza explores one of the fastest growing cities in Asia. He says one-third of the 15 million people in the Bangladeshi capital live in places where safe water is limited. Each year 400, 000 newcomers join Dhaka's urban poor. City water from Dhaka's Water and Sewer Authority (WASA) comes at a price, available only to land owners. The film records how a non-profit group helped change the law to give the same equal water rights to the urban poor.
Diabalok Sing Ha, who is the group's founder, said, “A win-win situation actually occurred because Dhaka WASA wanted their incomes and on the other hand, poor people wanted the service and they immediately see the economic advantage of getting Dhaka WASA water supply because that is cheap, so they immediately buy in.”
“My story was just trying to point out that these problems are solvable on some level even if you have to start small and it's possible in the long run to save many lives,” says Sapienza.
8．Which of the following is the main purpose of the films?
A．To show the number of people lacking clean water.
B．To let more people know the serious water problems.
C．To attract people to pay attention to the world conflicts.
D．To get people to have a good knowledge of water.
9．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about?
A．Ways to get cheap water. B．The film Dhaka's Challenge.
C．Filmmaker Stephen Sapienza. D．A non-profit group.
10．Which of the following does Diabalok Sing Ha agree with?
A．Most people can't afford the water supply.
B．Rich people in Dhaka will buy in at once.
C．Poor people in Dhaka need the service of water.
D．Dhaka WAS A will see soon the economic advantage.
11．What does Sapienza intend to tell us by making the film Dhaka's Challenge?
A．The problem of water can possibly be solved.
B．All the people cannot get city water from WASA．
C．A win-win situation is expected by every filmmaker.
D．Dhaka WASA is very popular with the local people.
【答案】
8．B
9．B
10．C
11．A
【解析】這是一篇說明文。世界各地近10億人無法獲得飲用水，普利策危機報道中心的專家表示，在許多發(fā)展中國家，這是一個普遍問題，但其影響并不廣為人知。作為世界水日傳統(tǒng)的一部分，該中心正在華盛頓特區(qū)的環(huán)境電影節(jié)上放映有關(guān)國際水資源問題的影片《Dhaka的挑戰(zhàn)》。文章還說明了這一電影的目的、內(nèi)容以及人們對影片的看法。
8．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“The challenge in presenting these films,” says Peter Sawyer, project coordinator at the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, “is to share with a wider audience the urgent issues surrounding water. Our goal for this screening is to just get these issues out there,” he says.可知“呈現(xiàn)這些影片的挑戰(zhàn)，”普利策危機報道中心的項目協(xié)調(diào)員Peter Sawyer說，“是要與更廣泛的觀眾分享與水有關(guān)的緊迫問題。我們的篩選目標(biāo)就是讓這些問題浮出水面，”他說。由此可知，電影的主要目的是讓更多的人知道嚴(yán)重的水問題。故選B。
9．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第四段中In Dhaka's Challenge, filmmaker Stephen Sapienza explores one of the fastest growing cities in Asia.可知在《Dhaka的挑戰(zhàn)》中，導(dǎo)演斯Stephen Sapienza探索了亞洲發(fā)展最快的城市之一。結(jié)合后文The film records how a non-profit group helped change the law to give the same equal water rights to the urban poor.可知影片記錄了一個非營利組織如何幫助修改法律，給予城市貧民同等的用水權(quán)利。由此可知，第4段主要講了電影《Dhaka的挑戰(zhàn)》。故選B。
10．推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中A win-win situation actually occurred because Dhaka WASA wanted their incomes and on the other hand, poor people wanted the service and they immediately see the economic advantage of getting Dhaka WASA water supply because that is cheap, so they immediately buy in.可知雙贏的局面出現(xiàn)了，因為Dhaka WASA需要他們的收入，而另一方面，窮人想要這項服務(wù)，他們立即看到了獲得Dhaka WASA供水的經(jīng)濟優(yōu)勢，因為它很便宜，所以他們立即購買。由此可推知，Diabalok Sing Ha贊同Dhaka的窮人需要水。故選C。
11．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“My story was just trying to point out that these problems are solvable on some level even if you have to start small and it's possible in the long run to save many lives,” says Sapienza.可知Sapienza 說：“我的故事只是試圖指出，這些問題在某種程度上是可以解決的，即使你必須從小處著手，但從長遠(yuǎn)來看，拯救許多人的生命是可能的?！庇纱丝芍?，通過制作電影《Dhaka的挑戰(zhàn)》，Sapienza想告訴我們水的問題是有可能解決的。故選A。
8.（2020屆廣東省廣州市普通高中畢業(yè)班綜合測試）
After 400 years, William Shakespeare (1564-1616) is still widely celebrated as a great crafter of language and playwright (劇作家).But he was not the only great master of dramatic writing to die in 1616, and he is certainly not the only writer to have left a lasting impact on theatre. While less known worldwide, Tang Xianzu is rightly considered China’s greatest playwright and is highly admired in that country of ancient literary and dramatic traditions.
Tang was born in 1550 in Linchuan, Jiangxi Province, and worked as a government official until, in 1598 and aged 49, he retired to focus on writing. Unlike Shakespeare's large body of plays and poems, Tang wrote only four major plays: The Purple Hairpin, A Dream under a Southern Bough, Dream of Handan and The Peony Pavilion - widely considered to be his masterpiece. In the latter three, much of the story is told through dream sequences. Tang used these scenes to explore human emotions in ways that challenged the feudal system of his time. It is a similar dream structure that we find in Shakespeare^ A Midsummer Night's Dream.
Tang lived towards the end of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) and, similarly to Shakespeare, his lasting success was partly due to the growth of theatre as an artistic practice during his lifetime. As in Shakespeare's England, it became hugely popular in China, with public theatres opening in different cities and traveling performance groups becoming common. Theatrical audiences started to populate open public spaces, and theatre as a popular form of entertainment found its place outside palaces. However, unlike in Shakespeare’s England, there was hardly any mixing of the rich with commoners at theatrical events.
During this time, the way in which play-texts were enjoyed, spread and performed also changed. Initially, Chinese dramas had an emphasis on poetic language and were distributed in book form, to be read like novels. They were seldom, if ever, performed. However, from the mid-16th century, kunqu opera, a form of musical drama, spread from southern China to become a symbol of Chinese culture.
While Tang and Shakespeare lived a world away from each other, they share in common the humanity of their drama, their heroic figures, their love for language, a lasting popularity — and the anniversary during which we still celebrate them.
12．Why does the writer refer to Shakespeare throughout this article about Tang?
A．To compare the writing styles of the writers.
B．To emphasize Tang’s importance in literature.
C．To assess the achievements of these two great writers.
D．To examine the different influences of Tang and Shakespeare.
13．What distinguishes The Purple Hairpin from Tang’s other plays?
A．It does not rely heavily on dream scenes.
B．It is widely considered to be his best work.
C．It was the only play to be publicly performed.
D．It challenged the feudal system of ancient China.
14．What characteristic was shared by both English and Chinese theatre during Tang’s lifetime?
A．Music and poetry were present in most performances.
B．The popularity of public theatrical performances grew rapidly.
C．Different social classes often attended the same performances.
D．Most plays were written to be read as novels rather than performed.
15．Which of the following would the author probably agree with?
A．Tang’s plays were superior to his poems.
B．Tang is more widely read than Shakespeare.
C．Tang is the best playwright in Chinese history.
D．Tang and Shakespeare knew of each other s works.
【答案】
12．B
13．A
14．B
15．C
【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了湯顯祖的作品特點和時代意義。
12．推理判斷題。第一句提到：威廉·莎士比亞是世界語言大師和劇作家。第二句一轉(zhuǎn)折，提到：他并不是唯一一個在1616年去世的戲劇大師，他也肯定不是唯一一個對戲劇產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)影響的作家。接著文章就提出湯顯祖。下文中，不斷地將莎士比亞和湯顯祖對照，以此凸顯湯顯祖的藝術(shù)成就和作用。故選B。
13．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Tang wrote only four major plays: The Purple Hairpin, A Dream under a Southern Bough, Dream of Handan and The Peony Pavilion - widely considered to be his masterpiece. In the latter three, much of the story is told through dream sequences”可知，除去the Purple Hairpin，其余三部戲劇均是通過夢境來講述的。只有the Purple Hairpin不是這樣。故選A。
14．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“As in Shakespeare's England, it became hugely popular in China, with public theatres opening in different cities and traveling performance groups becoming common. Theatrical audiences started to populate open public spaces, and theatre as a popular form of entertainment found its place outside palaces”可知，就像在莎士比亞的英國，它在中國非常受歡迎，在不同的城市開設(shè)了公共劇院，旅游表演團體也變得普遍起來。戲劇觀眾開始聚集在開放的公共場所，劇院作為一種流行的娛樂形式在宮殿之外找到了自己的位置。B選項（公眾戲劇表演迅速普及）表達(dá)此意。故選B。
15．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Tang Xianzu is rightly considered China’s greatest playwright and is highly admired in that country of ancient literary and dramatic traditions”可知，湯顯祖被認(rèn)為是中國最偉大的劇作家，在中國有著悠久的文學(xué)和戲劇傳統(tǒng)。故選C。
9.（2020屆廣東省深圳市高三第一次調(diào)研 ）
Jeremy from America cannot understand why a lady he met outside the Hyde Park in London said, “Ooh, isn’t it cold?”, and he thinks of this behaviour as a distinctively English concern about the weather. In fact, the female was just trying to strike up a conversation with Jeremy. Not necessarily a long conversation — just an exchange of greetings. It is not always quite that obvious, but all English weather conversations have a distinctive structure conducted according to unwritten but accepted rules.
The unpredictable nature of our weather ensures that there is always something new to comment on, or perhaps most importantly, agree about. We have already established that weather-speak greetings like “Cold, isn’t it?” require the response expressing agreement, as in “Yes, isn’t it?” .It would be very rude to respond with “No, actually it’s quite mild.” or “It’s pretty hot to me.” If you deliberately break the rule, you will find that the atmosphere becomes rather tense and awkward. There may be an uncomfortable silence. Most likely, they will either change the subject or continue talking about the weather among themselves politely, if coldly, ignoring your faux pas.
There is, however, one situation in which English weather-speakers are not required to observe the agreement rule at all and that is the male-bonding argument, particularly the pub-argument. In the special environment of the pub, constant disagreement not just on the weather, but on everything else as well is a means of expressing friendship.
While we may spend much of our time complaining about our weather, foreigners are not allowed to criticize it. Indeed, this brings us to the weather as family rule. In this respect, we treat the English weather like a member of our family: one can complain about the behavior of one’s own children or parents, but any blame from an outsider is unacceptable. The weather may be one of the few things about which the English are still unconsciously and unashamedly patriotic （愛國的）.
8．Why did the lady comment on the weather to Jeremy?
A．To build up friendship.
B．To begin a casual chat.
C．To send seasonal greetings.
D．To express dissatisfaction.
9．What does the underlined phrase “faux pas” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A．Improper response.
B．Careless attitude.
C．Rude interruption.
D．Frequent complaint.
10．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?
A．Male bonding in pubs.
B．Argument about weather.
C．Exception to the agreement rule.
D．Making friends by disagreement.
11．What is the best title for this text?
A．Politeness Tips for Foreigners
B．Accepted Rules in Social Life
C．English Politeness in Weather Conversation
D．Hidden Rules of English Weather Conversation
【答案】
8．B
9．A
10．C
11．D
【解析】本文是說明文。文章講述英國人在談?wù)撎鞖鈺r是按照未成文但被人們普遍接受的規(guī)則進(jìn)行的，談?wù)撎鞖馐怯艘环N獨有的情懷。
8．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“In fact, the female was just trying to strike up a conversation with Jeremy. Not necessarily a long conversation — just an exchange of greetings.”可知，實際上這名女性只是想與Jeremy搭一下話。不必是長時間的對話，只是互相問好。因此這位女士對Jeremy評論天氣是為了開始一個隨便的聊天。故選B。
9．短語猜測題。根據(jù)第二段中的“The unpredictable nature of our weather ensures that there is always something new to comment on, or perhaps most importantly, agree about.”可知，我們天氣的不可預(yù)測性確保我們始終有新的東西可以評論，或者說最重要的是要達(dá)成對天氣的共識。由此可知，人們在談?wù)撎鞖鈺r，雙方往往會有一致的看法。由“If you deliberately break the rule, you will find that the atmosphere becomes rather tense and awkward. There may be an uncomfortable silence.”可知，如果你故意違反規(guī)則，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)氣氛變得非常緊張和尷尬。可能會有不舒服的沉默。因此說話雙方就要做出選擇，即下文的“他們很可能會改變話題，或者繼續(xù)禮貌地談?wù)撎鞖狻?。如果對話氛圍不好的話，他們自然會忽略你的回?yīng)。因此，這說明你的回應(yīng)是不合適的，即違背了人們默認(rèn)的規(guī)則。即劃線短語意為“不當(dāng)?shù)幕貞?yīng)”。 故選A。
10．段落大意題。根據(jù)第三段中的“There is, however, one situation in which English weather-speakers are not required to observe the agreement rule at all and that is the male-bonding argument, particularly the pub-argument. In the special environment of the pub, constant disagreement not just on the weather, but on everything else as well is a means of expressing friendship.”可知，有一種情況下，英國談?wù)撎鞖獾娜瞬恍枰袷匾?guī)則，這是發(fā)生在男人小圈子里的，尤其是在酒吧。在酒吧的特殊環(huán)境中，天氣上的不斷的分歧和在其他所有方面的分歧都是表達(dá)友誼的一種手段。即第3段主要講的是遵守天氣對話規(guī)則的例外。故選C。
11．標(biāo)題判斷題。通讀全文尤其是第一段的“all English weather conversations have a distinctive structure conducted according to unwritten but accepted rules.”可知，所有關(guān)于天氣的對話都是按照未成文但被人們普遍接受的規(guī)則進(jìn)行的。文章接下來具體地對該規(guī)則進(jìn)行了解釋，因此本文的最佳標(biāo)題是“英國人天氣對話的潛規(guī)則”。故選D。
10.（2020屆廣東省深圳市高三第一次調(diào)研 ）
Should we be thrilled that, for the first time in a century, Australia went more than a week without using any coal to make electricity? While some are welcoming this as a sign that the country is going green, the bigger picture is less encouraging. For one thing, renewables （可再生能源）supplied only 23 per cent of electricity during this coal-free period, while 45 per cent came from natural gas. In the past decade, the country has gone from getting a third of its electricity from coal to obtaining more than a third from renewables like onshore wind on average. Australia now gets 11 per cent of its electricity from “renewable” biomass （生物質(zhì)能）, much of it using imported wood. But forest campaigners say swapping coal for wood isn’t truly renewable and is actually doing huge damage to the environment.
For another, Australia is off-track when it comes to meeting its long-term targets for cutting greenhouse gas emissions (排放).Producing electricity without burning fossil fuels is relatively easy. But it is much harder to heat homes, to make cement and steel, to grow food and to power cars, ships and planes without producing any greenhouse gases. In view of this, we should handle the energy and climate crises at the same time by finding climate-friendly alternatives to coal.
Australia has now stopped the financial aid that drove its renewables revolution. So growth in renewable energy is expected to come to a stop in a decade. The global renewables revolution seems to be following the same trend. The International Energy Agency （IEA） recently announced that the world added 180 gigawatts （千兆瓦）of solar, wind, hydro power and bioenergy in 2018, the same as in 2017. But IEA said we must add 300 gigawatts a year to have a chance of limiting global warming to under 2°C by 2100. So we should cheer the end of coal, but continue to worry about how it will be replaced.
12．In the “coal-free week”, what did Australia use most to make electricity?
A．Natural gas. B．Onshore wind.
C．Biomass. D．Wood.
13．What can be inferred about the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in Paragraph 2?
A．Positive results are tracked.
B．Long-term goals are ambitious.
C．Additional efforts are required.
D．Climate changes are unavoidable.
14．What can we learn about renewable energy in Paragraph 3?
A．It ought to be replaced.
B．It will see an adequate increase.
C．It starts a revolution in Australia.
D．It needs constant financial aid.
15．What is the author’s attitude towards the coal-free week?
A．Skeptical. B．Optimistic.
C．Thrilled. D．Ambiguous.
【答案】
12．A
13．C
14．D
15．A
【解析】本文是說明文。文章講述了一個世紀(jì)以來，首次沒有使用任何煤炭發(fā)電的澳大利亞引起人們的關(guān)注，雖然這是一個好的勢頭，但總體情況卻不太樂觀。促進(jìn)可再生能源更新需要持續(xù)的財政援助和不斷的努力。
12．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“For one thing, renewables supplied only 23 per cent of electricity during this coal-free period, while 45 per cent came from natural gas.”可知，可再生能源在這個無煤時期僅提供了23％的電力，而45％的電力來自天然氣。因此在“無煤周”中，澳大利亞用的最多的來發(fā)電的東西是天然氣。故選A。
13．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“For another, Australia is off-track when it comes to meeting its long-term targets for cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Producing electricity without burning fossil fuels is relatively easy. But it is much harder to heat homes, to make cement and steel, to grow food and to power cars, ships and planes without producing any greenhouse gases. In view of this, we should handle the energy and climate crises at the same time by finding climate-friendly alternatives to coal.”可知，在實現(xiàn)減少溫室氣體排放的長期目標(biāo)方面，澳大利亞偏離了軌道。在不燃燒化石燃料的情況下生產(chǎn)電力相對容易。但是，在不產(chǎn)生任何溫室氣體的情況下，為房屋供暖，制造水泥和鋼鐵，種植食物以及為汽車，輪船和飛機提供動力要困難得多。有鑒于此，我們應(yīng)該通過尋找對氣候有好處的煤炭替代品來同時應(yīng)對能源和氣候危機。由此可知，關(guān)于減少溫室氣體的排放，還需要作出額外的努力。故選C。
14．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Australia has now stopped the financial aid that drove its renewables revolution. So growth in renewable energy is expected to come to a stop in a decade. The global renewables revolution seems to be following the same trend.”可知，澳大利亞現(xiàn)已停止了推動其可再生能源革新的財政援助。因此，可再生能源的增長預(yù)計將在十年內(nèi)停止。全球可再生能源革新似乎正在遵循同樣的趨勢。即促進(jìn)可再生能源更新需要持續(xù)的財政援助。故選D。
15．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Should we be thrilled that, for the first time in a century, Australia went more than a week without using any coal to make electricity? While some are welcoming this as a sign that the country is going green, the bigger picture is less encouraging.”和“So we should cheer the end of coal, but continue to worry about how it will be replaced.”可知，一個世紀(jì)以來首次沒有使用任何煤炭發(fā)電的澳大利亞讓有些人對此表示歡迎，這表明澳大利亞正在走向綠色環(huán)保，但總體情況卻不那么令人鼓舞。我們應(yīng)該為煤炭使用的終結(jié)歡呼，但還要繼續(xù)擔(dān)心它將如何被取代。因此可知，作者對“無煤周”持懷疑態(tài)度。故選A。
11.（2020屆河南省安陽市高三第二次模擬） What’s the deal with new words? Where do they come from and how do they go from unknown to official? First, new words have to circulate in culture to make it into the dictionary. They have to be used and understood. Words have a much better chance of getting added to the dictionary if you see them in print or hear them in conversation. It’s actually a full-time job to search popular communication to figure out what new words are surfacing in our vernacular（方言）. Lexicographers get to decide which words make it into the dictionary, and they do so by reading widely across industries and disciplines. However, they also make decisions about which idioms make it in.
Dictionaries can sometimes get over 1,000 new words per year. In 2019 the Merriam-Webster added over 600 in April and another 500+ in September. After lexicographers decide which words will be included, they write a new definition. Some existing words also gain additional meanings, and there are usually thousands of revisions. The dictionary is a constantly changing work-in-progress, just like the language it describes and defines. For instance, the word “peak” recently went from being just a sharp, pointed end to also being something at the height of popularity. Occasionally fake words actually end up in the dictionary by mistake.
If you have a word that you think should be in the dictionary, you’re welcome to get in touch with the lexicographers and suggest it. However, the word needs to be fairly popular. It has to have “widespread, frequent, meaningful usage”. For instance, OMG was added to the dictionary in 2009 after lexicographers had observed it in general use for about 15 years.
New words spring from new technologies and disciplines, but they’re very often invented by authors and writers who love language and play with it to create new meanings. One of the greatest creators was William Shakespeare who created over 1,700 new words often by adapting usage and using new compounds. He’s responsible for words like eyeball, excitement, fashionable, and lonely. “Hard-boiled” was invented by Mark Twain.
8．What kind of new words can be included in dictionaries?
A．Words which have been widely used for long.
B．Words which were created by famous writers.
C．Words which have been spoken by some locals.
D．Words which frequently appear in a private conversation.
9．What does the underlined word “Lexicographers” in the first paragraph probably mean?
A．New word creators. B．Writers of a dictionary.
C．Specialists in languages. D．Historians on ancient cultures.
10．What does the author think of a dictionary?
A．Quite ambiguous. B．Error-free.
C．Extremely rigid. D．Gradually developing.
11．What is the best title for the text?
A．How the Dictionary Is Revised
B．How New Words Spread in Culture
C．How Words Get Added to the Dictionary
D．How New Words Are Invented by Famous Authors
【答案】
8．A
9．B
10．D
11．C
【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講述新詞是如何被收錄入詞典成為官方語言的。
8．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段內(nèi)容“First, new words have to circulate in culture to make it into the dictionary. They have to be used and understood. Words have a much better chance of getting added to the dictionary if you see them in print or hear them in conversation.( 首先，新詞必須在文化中流傳，才能被收入詞典。它們必須被使用和理解。如果你在出版物中看到或在對話中聽到這些詞，它們被收入詞典的機會要大得多。)”可知，新詞必須得到了廣泛使用才被收錄到字典里。故選A項。
9．詞義猜測題。根據(jù)劃線單詞之后的動作內(nèi)容“decide which words make it into the dictionary, and they do so by reading widely across industries and disciplines.”可知，Lexicographers決定了那些詞被收錄入詞典，因此他們應(yīng)是詞典編撰者。故選B項。
10．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段內(nèi)容“The dictionary is a constantly changing work-in-progress, just like the language it describes and defines.( 字典就像它所描述和定義的語言一樣，是一個不斷變化的半成品)”可知，在作者看來，詞典時在不斷變化的。故選D項。
11．主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)為總分結(jié)構(gòu)，首段提出了本文的中心話題。作者用設(shè)問的方式提出了話題“What’s the deal with new words? Where do they come from and how do they go from unknown to official? First, new words have to circulate in culture to make it into the dictionary.( 新詞是怎么回事?他們從何而來，又如何從默默無聞走向官方?首先，新詞必須在文化中流傳，才能被收入詞典。)”可知，本文主要講述新詞是如何被收錄入詞典成為官方語言的。選項C. How Words Get Added to the Dictionary概括了文章主題，可作最佳標(biāo)題。故選C項。
12.（2020屆河南省鄭州市高三第二次質(zhì)量預(yù)測） Time magazine listed its top inventions of 2019, some of which will surely become a big part of our everyday lives over the next decade. Here are some we're most looking forward to.
●Virtual （虛擬的）surgery
According to Harvard Business Review, our current system of training surgeons can't keep up with the speed of technological development. “Even after 4 years of college, 4 years of medical school and 5 years of advanced training after working, 30% of graduates still can't operate on their own,” said Justin Barad, who is the CEO and co-founder of Osso VR.
This VR software is made to give doctors virtual operating-room experience so they can practice and prepare for surgeries. Apparently, it works. Gideon Blumstein of California University conducted a study on using Osso VR. His team found that participants' overall surgical performance improved by an astonishing 230% over traditional training methods.
● Vending veggies （出售素食）
"Eat happier. ” That's the Farmers Fridge advertising message. It is a good one, as this company wants to bring fresh, healthy food to people on the go.
It's trying to change more than just food, though. It also wants to change the delivery method. Farmers Fridge has created its very own automatic machines. They can be placed in high-traffic areas. These super-smart vending machines can know their contents at any moment, and can allow customers to reserve and pay in advance. They can even learn about what customers want. Shayna Harris is the company's Chief Growth Officer. “We have developed salads, sandwiches and breakfast items that taste as fresh as if you were to make them in your home kitchen,” she said in an interview with Insider Trends.
● Recycling pollution
When we write with black ink, we're writing with soot — a powder made by burning coal or oil. Cars are machines that produce soot. To collect the soot, Anirudh Sharma, creator of AIR-INK, made a device called Kaalink, which attaches to a vehicle’s exhaust pipe （排氣管）.Once collected, it's made into ink color and mixed with vegetable oil to create inks, markers and paints with the brand AIR-INK.
“I don't know if it's pollution, but the quality of the ink is really special,” said artist Kristopher Ho. “It's black, really thick and dries extremely quickly.”
The Guardian describes AIR-INK as "remarkably green”. Each 30-milliliter pen contains between 40—50 minutes of air pollution, while each 6-liter spray can hold 2,000 minutes of diesel exhaust （柴油廢氣）. In the past year, Sharma said, his team has cleaned nearly 1.7 trillion （萬億）liters of air in India and Hong Kong.
1．What can be known about Osso VR?
A．It is an assistant to help surgeons do operations.
B．It can perform operations on patients automatically.
C．It offers doctors a virtual environment to practice surgeries.
D．It is a piece of software to help medical students do research.
2．What makes Farmers Fridge different and special?
A．Why its advertisement works.
B．What its vending machines sell.
C．How its vending machines operate.
D．Where its vending machines serve.
3．What attitude does Kristopher Ho hold toward AIR-INK?
A．Doubtful. B．Casual.
C．Disapproving. D．Positive.
4．What is the author’s main purpose in writing the passage?
A．To encourage scientists to make technological inventions.
B．To tell readers some of the latest inventions in technology.
C．To call on people to keep up with technological development.
D．To raise everyone's awareness of the environmental protection.
【答案】
1．C
2．C
3．D
4．B
【解析】這是一篇說明文?！稌r代》雜志列出了2019年的頂級發(fā)明，有些肯定會在未來十年成為我們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹闹匾M成部分。文章列舉出幾項我們最期待的發(fā)明：虛擬手術(shù)；出售素食；污染物回收。
1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Virtual surgery部分的第二段中的This VR software is made to give doctors virtual operating-room experience so they can practice and prepare for surgeries.(這個虛擬現(xiàn)實軟件是為了給醫(yī)生提供虛擬手術(shù)室的體驗，讓他們可以練習(xí)和準(zhǔn)備手術(shù)。)可知Osso VR軟件為醫(yī)生提供了一個虛擬的手術(shù)環(huán)境。故選C項。
2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Vending veggies部分的第二段中的It’s trying to change more than just food, though. It also wants to change the delivery method.(不過，它試圖改變的不僅僅是食物。它還想改變送貨方式。)及These super-smart vending machines can know their contents at any moment, and can allow customers to reserve and pay in advance.(這些超級智能的自動售貨機可以隨時知道其貨品，并允許客戶提前預(yù)訂和付款。) 可知Farmers Fridge(農(nóng)民冰箱)的自動售賣機的運作方式是其與眾不同之處。故選C項。
3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)Recycling pollution部分的第二段中的“I don’t know if it’s pollution, but the quality of the ink is really special,” said artist Kristopher Ho. “It’s black, really thick and dries extremely quickly.”可知Kristopher Ho提到墨水的質(zhì)量真的很特別。它是黑色的，非常厚，而且干得非常快。因此可以推斷出Kristopher Ho對AIR-INK(空氣墨水)持肯定態(tài)度。故選D項。
4．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的Time magazine listed its top inventions of 2019, some of which will surely become a big part of our everyday lives over the next decade . Here are some we’re most looking forward to.(《時代》雜志列出了2019年的頂級發(fā)明，有些肯定會在未來十年成為我們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹闹匾M成部分。以下是我們最期待的。)及下文對一些發(fā)明物的介紹可推理知本文的意圖在于向讀者介紹一些最新的技術(shù)發(fā)明。故選B項。
13.（2020屆河南省鄭州市高三第二次質(zhì)量預(yù)測） "When I was 16 years old, I was diving in Greece, but I was disappointed because I saw more plastic bags than fish.” These are the words of Boyan Slat, an engineer who designed the world's first ocean plastic cleanup system.

Every year, more than 8 million tons of plastics end up in our oceans, according to the UN Environment Programme. It is predicted that the weight of ocean plastics will match the weight of all the fish in our oceans by 2050. To prevent this from happening, in 2013 Slat created the Ocean Cleanup, an environmental non?governmental organization, and put his plan for an ocean cleanup device into action.
After years of research and develop?ment in the Netherlands, a device called System 001/B successfully started gathering plastics on October 2, 2019. The device uses a 600-meter-long C-shaped tube to gather all the floating rubbish. Unlike other cleanup methods, the system floats freely according to the direction of the waves, which allows waste to flow into and stay within the device. A sea anchor is attached to either end. This slows down the system as it floats through the water and allows the faster-moving rubbish, carried by the waves, to flow into its mouth. System 001/B can also collect waste below the surface using a 3-meter-deep skirt（擋板）attached to the end. After being gathered, the trash will be dragged back to shore by boat and recycled.
Right now, the system operates in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, an area that is 3 times the size of France. Once operational, the Ocean Cleanup expects a full fleet to be able to clear 50% of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch in 5 years.
"It remains to be seen whether this dream will become a reality, but it is undeniable that humanity must work together to reduce our plastic use and repair the damage our waste has caused," Slat said. "We are starting to see a young generation that gets it and is excited about a sustainable （可持續(xù)的）future, but the question still comes down to: Are we going fast enough, and how much damage will have been done before we get there?"
12．The underlined word “match” in Paragraph 2 probably means “_________”.
A．compare B．equal
C．measure D．cover
13．Why did Boyan Slat create the Ocean Cleanup?
A．To collect ocean plastic waste.
B．To help to invent System 001/B．
C．To protect the living environment of fish.
D．To do research on the ocean environment.
14．What can we know about System 001/B?
A．It can collect and recycle garbage at the same time.
B．It can only gather ocean waste which floats on the water.
C．It aims to clear up the Great Pacific Garbage Patch in five years.
D．It is an ocean-cleaning device which has already been put to use.
15．What does Slat want to tell us according to the last paragraph?
A．Young generations care less about the environment.
B．The future ecology of the oceans is deeply worrying.
C．People should work hard to decrease plastic pollution.
D．It's quite difficult to repair the damage to the environment.
【答案】
12．B
13．A
14．D
15．C
【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了海洋塑料污染嚴(yán)重，工程師斯萊特設(shè)計了世界上第一個海洋塑料清理系統(tǒng)。一種名為System 001/B的裝置于2019年10月2日成功地開始收集塑料。目前，該系統(tǒng)在太平洋垃圾場運行。人類必須共同努力，減少塑料的使用，并修復(fù)我們的廢物造成的破壞。
12．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第二段中的Every year, more than 8 million tons of plastics end up in our oceans, according to the UN Environment Programme.(根據(jù)聯(lián)合國環(huán)境規(guī)劃署的數(shù)據(jù)，每年有超過800萬噸的塑料最終進(jìn)入我們的海洋。)及match前的the weight of ocean plastics(海洋塑料的重量)及其后的the weight of all the fish in our oceans(我們海洋中所有魚類的重量)可知每年都有許多的塑料進(jìn)入海洋，根據(jù)邏輯推理知海洋塑料的重量將會與魚類的重量相等，可推測知match在此處意為“相等”，故選B項。
13．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的It is predicted that the weight of ocean plastics will match the weight of all the fish in our oceans by 2050. To prevent this from happening, in 2013 Slat created the Ocean Cleanup(據(jù)預(yù)測，到 2050 年，海洋塑料的重量將與我們海洋中所有魚類的重量相匹配。為防止這種情況，Slat創(chuàng)立了The Ocean Cleanup)可知Slat創(chuàng)立The Ocean Cleanup是為了收集海洋塑料垃圾，防止塑料重量與魚類重量相等的狀況發(fā)生。故選A項。
14．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的a device called System 001/B successfully started gathering plastics on October 2, 2019.(一種名為System 001/B的設(shè)備于2019年10月2日成功開始收集塑料)可知System 001/B是一種已經(jīng)投入使用的海洋清潔設(shè)備。故選D項。
15．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的it is undeniable that humanity must work together to reduce our plastic use and repair the damage our waste has caused(不可否認(rèn)的是，人類必須共同努力減少塑料的使用并修復(fù)我們的廢物造成的破壞。)可知Slat想傳達(dá)出人們應(yīng)該努力減少塑料污染。故選C項。


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