?十年（2010~2020）高考英語真題分項詳解19
閱讀理解·議論文體類
1.（2020年，天津卷，第一次高考）
Studying a subject that you feel pointless is never a fun or easy task. If you're studying history, asking yourself the question "why is history important "is a very good first step. History is an essential part of human civilization. You will find something here that will arouse your interest, or get you thinking about the significance of history.
History grounds us in our roots. History is an important and interesting field of study, and learning the history of our home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful glimpse（一瞥）into our ancestral pasts, and how we got to where we are today. Many people feel like they need a sense of cultural belonging, which is something that studying your roots and being open-minded to the evolution of your culture can provide.
History enriches our experience. Reading history is an amazing experience because it enables us to reflect on the social and economic life of the people living long time ago According to the experts, problems faced by people regardless of the past and present are the same. With the information about the ancestors, one can become more experienced in handling challenges of life.
History makes us more empathetic（具有共情能力的）, Studying history can give us insight （洞察力）into why our culture does certain things, and how the past has shaped it into what we know now. It also provides a rather strong foundation for empathy across cultures. Fear and hate for others is usually caused by ignorance （無知）. We're scared of the things that we don't understand. History has the potential to break down those boundaries by offering us insight into entire worlds that would otherwise be foreign to us.
History can inspire us to learn more. what's fantastic about history is the way it broadens our horizons. It's almost impossible to learn about one historical period without having dozens of questions about related concepts. Study the 19th century England, and you might catch a glimpse of Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist. Look up Charles Dickens, and you might learn a thing or two about realism. Or maybe you end up switching your attention away from novels, and discover the history of romantic poets in England. It can go anywhere, and there is something in there for absolutely anybody.
The value of history cannot be underestimated. We don't have to live in the past, but we can definitely do better by learning from it and using the lessons learnt to lead more meaningful lives.
1.The underlined part "where we are today" in Para. 2 probably means __________.
A.the turning point in our history
B.the present state of our nation
C.the location of our homeland
D.the total area of our country
2.According to the experts, why is history useful for people to handle challenges of life?
A.The problems at present are similar to those in the past.
B.Ancient people laid economic foundations for people today.
C.The current challenges of life were predicted by the ancestors.
D.People living long time ago knew more about how to solve problems.
3.What can be concluded from Para.4?
A.It is difficult to get rid of cultural barriers.
B.People are willing to accept foreign cultures.
C.Cultural conflicts in history are difficult to ignore.
D.History helps us improve our cross-cultural awareness.
4.With the example in Para.5, the writer intends to show that______________.
A.Charles Dickens contributes much to British literature.
B.Oliver Twist can satisfy our curiosity for romantic poets.
C.reading novels is a way to learn about a historical period.
D.studying history can arouse people's interest in other fields.
5.What could be the best title for the passage?
A.How to Build Cultural Identity
B.Why Studying History Matters
C.Know the Past, Know the Present
D.History: a Way to Broaden Horizons
【答案】1.B 2.A 3.D 4.D 5.B
【解析】本文是議論文。開頭提出問題為什么歷史重要。然后分四方面論述學歷史的好處，最后總結扣題說明學歷史的意義——歷史的價值不可低估，通過從中學習，并利用學到的教訓過更有意義的生活。
1.猜測詞義題。根據(jù)上句learning the history of our home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful glimpse(一瞥 )into our ancestral pasts.,可知學習我們祖國的歷史能更深、更有意義地了解我們祖先的過去。此處指學歷史著眼于大局，是從國家層面講的，與之一致，可推知畫線的where we are today指的是我們國家的現(xiàn)狀。故選B。
2.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段According to the experts, problems faced by people regardless of the past and present are the same. With the information about the ancestors, one can become more experienced in handling challenges of life.可知專家認為，無論過去和現(xiàn)在，人們面臨的問題都是一樣的。有了祖先的信息，我們在處理生活中的挑戰(zhàn)時會更有經驗。故選A。
3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中It also provides a rather strong foundation for empathy across cultures和History has the potential to break down those boundaries by offering us insight into entire worlds that would otherwise be foreign to us.可知歷史為跨文化的同理心提供了一個相當堅實的基礎，歷史有可能打破對未知事物的恐懼和憎恨，為我們提供洞悉整個世界的機會。由此推之歷史幫助我們提高跨文化意識。故選D。
4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段標題是 History can inspire us to learn more:(歷史可以激勵我們學習更多),下面列舉了閱讀Oliver Twist的例子,通過Oliver Twist我們能去了解作者 Charles Dickens,還可能會學到一些關于現(xiàn)實主義的東西，會發(fā)現(xiàn)英國浪漫主義詩人的歷史。作者通過這個例子是為了說明學習歷史可以引起人們對其他領域的興趣。故選D。
5.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段If you're studying history, asking yourself the question" why is history important" is a very good first step.提到學歷史前先問自己為什么歷史重要。下文分四方面論述學歷史的好處，最后一段總結扣題說明學歷史的意義——歷史的價值不可低估，通過從中學習，并利用學到的教訓過更有意義的生活。故Why Studying History Matters?能概括全文內容。故選B。
2.（2020年，天津卷，第二次高考）
After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.
Together, these deep human urges (驅策力) count for much more that ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”
Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them.
“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied.
Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake.
How should you start? Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.
One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom’s Cabin while cooking. You’re too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78.
However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment.
6.In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to ________.
A.propose a definition
B.make a comparison
C.reach a conclusion
D.present an argument
7.What does the example of Galileo tell us?
A.Trial and error leads to the finding of truth.
B.Scientists tend to be curious and ambitious.
C.Creativity results from challenging authority.
D.Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore.
8.What can you do to recapture curiosity and discontent?
A.Observe the unknown around you.
B.Develop a questioning mind.
C.Lead a life of adventure.
D.Follow the fashion.
9.What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7?
A.Gaining success helps you become an expert.
B.The genius tends to get things done creatively.
C.Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action.
D.You should remain modest when approaching perfection.
10.What could be the best tile or the passage?
A.Curious Minds Never Feel Contented
B.Reflections on Human Nature
C.The Keys to Achievement
D.Never Too Late to Learn
【答案】6.D 7.D 8.B 9.C 10.C
【解析】本文是一篇議論文。文章論述了獲得成就的兩個關鍵因素——好奇心和不滿足。
6.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段內容After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.可知，作者經過多年對人性的觀察，認為成就非凡的人和平庸的人的區(qū)別在于好奇心和不滿足，而且兩者是相輔相成的。由此推知，作者寫第一段的目的是提出一個論點。故選D。
7.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”可知，像伽利略一樣，歷史上所有的偉人都感到好奇，并不滿地問：“為什么？為什么？為什么？”由此推知，伽利略的例子告訴我們，偉大來自于持久的探索欲望。故選D。
8.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”及第四段中的“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd.可知，歷史上所有的偉人都感到好奇，并不滿地問：“為什么？為什么？為什么？”孟子認為“不失去孩子的心，就是偉大的人?！比欢覀兇蠖鄶?shù)人確實失去了它。我們不再問問題。我們不再挑戰(zhàn)習俗。我們只是隨大流。由此可知，你可以通過培養(yǎng)了一個善于提問的頭腦，來重新獲得好奇心和不滿。故選B。
9.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段中的How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.及第七段中的You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done.以及列舉了Thomas Costain在57歲時出版了他的第一部小說，Grandma Moses在78歲時展示了她的第一批照片。由此可知，這兩段想告訴我們“缺乏天賦和時間不是不采取行動的理由”。故選C。
10.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段內容After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.及下文論述可知，本文主要論述了獲得成就的兩個關鍵因素——好奇心和不滿足。由此可知，C項The Keys to Achievement(成就的關鍵)適合做本文最佳標題。故選C。
3.（2017年6月，浙江卷）
Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids. According to a new survey(調查) by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.
How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age. Babies need a lot of rest: most of them sleep about 18 hours a day! Adults need about eight hours. For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的). But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10- to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours. And guess what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV.
“More children are going to bed with TVs on, and there are more opportunities(機會) to stay awake, with more homework, the Internet and the phone,” says Dr. Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical School. She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep. Other experts say part of the problem is chemical. Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers’ bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before 11 pm.
Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers, some school districts have decided to start high school classes later than they used to. Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota, changed the start time from 7:25 am to 8:30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results.
11.What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on?
A.American kids’ sleeping habits. B.Teenagers’ sleep-related diseases.
C.Activities to prevent sleeplessness. D.Learning problems and lack of sleep.
12.How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day?
A.7 hours. B.8 hours.
C.10 hours. D.18 hours.
13.Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon?
A.They are affected by certain body chemicals.
B.They tend to do things that excite them.
C.They follow their parents’ examples.
D.They don’t need to go to school early.
【答案】11.A 12.C 13.B
【解析】這是一篇議論文。首先用數(shù)據(jù)告訴我們美國孩子睡眠狀況堪憂，接著告訴我們孩子在不同年齡段需要不同的睡眠時間，然后分析了孩子晚睡的原因，最后介紹了一些學校為了讓孩子們有更多的睡眠時間而推遲了上課的時間。
11.細節(jié)理解題，根據(jù)第一段“According to a new survey(調查) by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.”可知，第一段向我們說明美國有51%的10到18歲的孩子上床睡覺的時間偏晚，也調查了60%的7到12歲的孩子在白天感到疲憊，15%的孩子會在學校睡著，所以這些調查都是關于美國孩子的睡眠習慣的。故選A項。
12.細節(jié)理解題，根據(jù)第二段“For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal”可知，11歲的上學小孩子的睡眠時間需要10個小時，故選C項。
13.細節(jié)理解題，根據(jù)第三段“She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep”,可知， Carskadon說，睡前的這些活動會讓孩子們興奮不已，讓他們難以平靜下來入睡。所以 Carskadon認為孩子們睡覺晚的原因是他們會在睡前做一些讓他們興奮的活動。故選B項。
4.（2016年6月，浙江卷）
＂Did you hear what happened to Adam last Friday?＂ Lindsey whispers to Tori.
With her eyes shining, Tori brags, ＂You bet I did. Sean told me two days ago.＂
Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about? It just happens to be yours truly, Adam Freedman. I can tell you that what they are saying is (a) not nice and (b) not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori aren’t very different from most students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip(閑話). I have noticed three effects of gossip: it can hurt people, it can give gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction, and it can cause social pressures in a group.
An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about a topic — breakups, trouble at home, even dropping out — that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.
If we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us. Sharing the latest rumor(傳言) can make a person feel important because he or she knows something that others don’t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the ＂in group.＂ In other words, gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging or even superiority(優(yōu)越感).
Gossip also can have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. The do’s and don’ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.
The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your ＂juicy story＂ might have.
14.The author uses a conversation at the beginning of the passage to __________.
A.introduce a topic B.present an argument
C.describe the characters D.clarify his writing purpose
15.An important negative effect of gossip is that it _________.
A.breaks up relationships B.embarrasses the listener
C.spreads information around D.causes unpleasant experiences
16.In the author’s opinion, many people like to gossip because it __________.
A.gives them a feeling of pleasure
B.helps them to make more friends
C.makes them better at telling stories
D.enables them to meet important people
17.Professor David Wilson thinks that gossip can ________.
A.provide students with written rules
B.help people watch their own behaviors
C.force schools to improve student handbooks
D.attract the police’s attention to group behaviors
18.What advice does the author give in the passage?
A.Never become a gossiper. B.Stay away from gossipers.
C.Don’t let gossip turn into lies. D.Think twice before you gossip.
【答案】14.A 15.D 16.A 17.B 18.D
【解析】本文是一篇議論文。文章討論了傳言的危害和人們?yōu)槭裁聪矚g傳閑話。
14.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段的Many of our conversations are gossip(閑話)可知，我們的許多談話都是閑話。所以判斷出短文以對話的形式開始，就是為了引出第三段既本文的主題。故選A。
15.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段的An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain可知，閑話的一個重要的負面影響是它會傷害被談論的人，人們常認為閑話是無害的，但殘酷的謊言會引起痛苦。所以閑話的一個重要的負面影響是引起不愉快的經歷。故選D。
16.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第五段的The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us可知人們散播傳言是因為它會給他們帶來滿足感，故選A。
17.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第六段的Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group可知他認為傳言能幫助人們監(jiān)督、觀察自身的行為，故選B。
18.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段的The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story” might have可知，下次當你有傳播最新消息的沖動時，想想你為什么想八卦，你的“有趣的故事”會有什么影響。由此判斷出作者的建議是讓人們在傳閑話之前三思而后行。故選D。
5.（2013年，全國卷I）
It happened to me recently. I was telling someone how much I had enjoyed reading Barack Obama’s Dreams From My Father and how it had changed my views of our President. A friend I was talking to agreed with me that it was, in his words ,“a brilliantly written book” However, he then went on to talk about Mr. Obama in a way which suggested he had no idea of his background at ail. I sensed that I was talking to a book liar.
And it seems that my friend is not the only one. Approximately two thirds of people have lied about reading a book which they haven’t. In the World Book Day’s “Report on Guilty Secrets”, Dreams From My Father is at number 9. The report lists ten books, and various authors, which people have lied about reading, and as I’m not one to lie too often (I’d hate to be caught out), I will admit here and now that I haven’t read the entire top ten. But I’m pleased to say that, unlike 42 percent of people, I have read the book at number one ,Gorge Orwell’s 1984. I think it’s really brilliant.
The World Book Day report also has some other interesting information in it. It says that many people lie about having read Jane Austin Austen, Charles Dickens, Fyodor Dostoevsky (I haven't read him, but haven’t lied about it either) and Herman Melville.
Asked why they lied, the most common reason was to “impress” someone they are speaking to. This could be tricky if the conversation became more in-depth!
But when asked which authors they actually enjoy, people named J.K. Rowling, John Grisham, Sophie Kinsella (ah, the big sellers, in other words). Forty-two percent of people asked admitted they turned to the back of the book to read the end before finishing this story (I will come clean: I do this and am astonished that 58 percent said they had never done so.).
19.How did the author find his friend a book liar?
A.By judging his manner of speaking.
B.By looking into his background.
C.By mentioning a famous name.
D.By discussing the book itself.
20.Which of the following is a “guilty secret” according to the World Book Day report?
A.Charles Dickens is very low on the top-ten list.
B.42% of people pretended to have read 1984.
C.The author admitted having read 9 books.
D.Dreams From My Father is hardly read.
21.By lying about reading, a person hopes to ________.
A.control the conversation
B.appear knowledgeable
C.learn about the book
D.make more friends
22.What is the author’s attitude to 58% of readers?
A.Favorable. B.Uncaring.
C.Doubtful. D.Friendly.
【答案】19.D 20.B 21.B 22.C
【解析】作者通過與朋友聊天引出本文的話題book liar，列舉了大家謊稱讀了實際未讀的書目，以及大家喜歡的一些作家，并闡述了人們撒謊的最常見的理由
19.D考查推理判斷題：根據(jù)文章第一段However, he then went on to talk about Mr. Obama in a way which suggested he had no idea of his background at all.然后他繼續(xù)以一種能暗示出他對奧巴馬背景一無所知的方式繼續(xù)談論奧巴馬，可知作者跟他的朋友談論有關奧巴馬的那本書時，發(fā)現(xiàn)朋友對奧巴馬的背景一無所知，這暗示出朋友其實并沒有讀過這本書，朋友對此書的深入討論暴露了他對奧巴馬背景的無知，故選D
20.B考查細節(jié)理解題：根據(jù)文章第二段But I am pleased to say that, unlike 42 percent of people, I have read the book at number one, George Orwell’s 1984.I think it’s really brilliant.可知，不像百分之四十二的人那樣，我很高興地說，我讀過排在第一位的George Orwell’s 1984。由此可知，作者讀過這本書，而百分之四十二的人卻沒讀過，故選B。
21.B考查推理判斷題：根據(jù)文章第四段“當被問及為什么撒謊的時候，最普遍的理由是想給正在說話的人留下深刻的印象”可知，人們之所以選擇撒謊是想讓對方覺得自己知識淵博，從而給對方留下一個好的印象，故B正確
22.C考查推理判斷題：根據(jù)第五段話最后一句“我很驚訝58%的人說他們從來沒這么做過”，表明作者態(tài)度的詞是astonished，所以是懷疑態(tài)度，故選C
6.（2014年，安徽卷）
Should we allow modern buildings to be built next to older buildings in a historic area of a city? In order to answer this question, we must first examine whether people really want to preserve the historic feel of an area. Not all historical buildings are attractive. However, there may be other reasons—for example, economic (經濟的) reasons—why they should be preserved. So, let us assume that historical buildings are both attractive and important to the majority of people. What should we do then if a new building is needed?
In my view, new architectural styles can exist perfectly well alongside an older style. Indeed, there are many examples in my own home town of Tours where modern designs have been placed very successfully next to old buildings. As long as the building in question is pleasing and does not dominate (影響) its surroundings too much, it often improves the attractiveness of the area.
It is true that there are examples of new buildings which have spoilt (破壞) the area they are in, but the same can be said of some old buildings too. Yet people still speak against new buildings in historic areas. I think this is simply because people are naturally conservative(保守的)and do not like change.
Although we have to respect people’s feelings as fellow users of the buildings, I believe that it is the duty of the architect and planner to move things forward . If we always reproduced what was there before, we would all still be living in caves. Thus, I would argue against copying previous architectural styles and choose something fresh and different , even though that might be the more risky choice.
23.What does the author say about historical buildings in the first paragraph?
A.Some of them are not attractive.
B.Most of them ate too expensive to preserve.
C.They are more pleasing than modern buildings.
D.They have nothing to do with the historic feel of an area.
24.Which of the following is true according to the author ?
A.We should reproduce the same old buildings.
B.Buildings should not dominate their surroundings.
C.Some old buildings have spoilt the area they are in.
D.No one understands why people speak against new buildings.
25.By “move things forward ” in the last paragraph , the author probably means“ ”
A.destroy old buildings
B.put things in a different place
C.respect people’s feelings for historical buildings
D.choose new architectural styles
26.What is the main purpose of the passage?
A.To explain why people dislike change.
B.To argue that modern buildings can be built in historic areas.
C.To warn that we could end up living in caves.
D.To admit how new buildings have ruined their surroundings.
【答案】23.A 24.C 25.C 26.D
【解析】文章對于現(xiàn)在人們經常討論的問題——是否現(xiàn)代的建筑應該和古老的歷史建筑在一起——進行闡述，在作者看來歷史建筑應該保存，但是我們的建筑風格也應該改變，不能因為歷史建筑破壞我們的生活。
23.D 細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段的句子：not all historical buildings are attractive.可知，這是部分否定的句子，說明一些歷史建筑不夠有吸引力，故選D。
24.A 推理題。根據(jù)第三段的第一個句子：It is true that there are examples of new buildings which have spoilt (破壞) the area they are in, but the same can be said of some old buildings too.（新建筑破壞了古建筑，而古建筑也是這樣），可知作者認為一些歷史建筑將他們生活的地方破壞了，故選A
25.C 句意理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段的句子：If we always reproduced what was there before, we would all still be living in caves.（如果我們總是復制以前的東西，我們現(xiàn)在還住在山洞里面），可知“moving things forward”意思是“選擇新的建筑風格”，故選C。
26.B 主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段的第一句：Should we allow modern buildings to be built next to older buildings in a historic area of a city?可知，這篇文章是論證現(xiàn)代的建筑可以建在歷史遺跡的地方，故選B。
7.（2012年，全國卷）
Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships. For example, in American culture (文化) the smile is in general an expression of pleasure. Yet it also has other uses. A woman’s smile at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child. A smile may show love or politeness. It can also hide true feelings. It often causes confusion (困惑) across cultures. For example, many people in Russia consider smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even improper. Yet many Americans smile freely at strangers in public places (although this is less common in big cities).Some Russians believe that Americans smile in the wrong places; some Americans believe that Russians don’t smile enough. In Southeast Asian cultures, a smile is frequently used to cover painful feelings. Vietnamese people may tell a sad story but end the story with a smile.
Our faces show emotions (情感), but we should not attempt to "read" people from another culture as we would "read" someone from our own culture. The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another does not mean that they do not experience emotions.
Rather, there are cultural differences in the amount of facial expressions permitted. For example, in public and in formal situations many Japanese do not show their emotions as freely as Americans do. When with friends, Japanese and Americans seem to show their emotions similarly.
It is difficult to generalize about Americans and facial expressiveness because of personal and cultural differences in the United States. People from certain cultural backgrounds in the United States seem to be more facially expressive than others. The key is to try not to judge people whose ways of showing emotion are different. If we judge according to our own cultural habits, we may make the mistake of "reading" the other person incorrectly.
27.What does the smile usually mean in America?
A.Love. B.Politeness.
C.Joy. D.Thankfulness.
28.The author mentions the smile of the Vietnamese to prove that smile can ___ .
A.show friendliness to strangers
B.be used to hide true feelings
C.be used in the wrong places
D.show personal habits
29.What should we do before attempting(嘗試) to "read" people?
A.Learn about their relations with others.
B.Understand their cultural backgrounds.
C.Find out about their past experience.
D.Figure out what they will do next.
30.What would be the best title for the test?
A.Cultural Differences
B.Smiles and Relationship
C.Facial Expressiveness
D.Habits and Emotions
【答案】27.C 28.B 29.B 30.C
【解析】本文是一篇議論文。文章闡述了面部表情取決于情景和人們之間的關系。文章通篇闡述了面部表情的種種表現(xiàn)形式，以及文化之間的差異導致的面部表情的含義不同。
27.C 細節(jié)理解題：根據(jù)文章第一段中的“in American culture (文化) the smile is in general an expression of pleasure”可知，在美國文化中，一般地說，微笑是快樂的表情。此處joy是pleasure的同義詞。故選C。
28.B 細節(jié)理解題：根據(jù)文章第一段中的“It can also hide true feelings. It often causes confusion (困惑) across cultures.”可知這是一個中心句，其后用例證法闡述：微笑能隱藏真正的感情。它常常導致跨文化間的困惑。其中越南人講故事的例子就是為了說明這一觀點。故選B。
29.B推理判斷題：根據(jù)文章最后一段中的“The key is to try not to judge people whose ways of showing emotion are different. If we judge according to our own cultural habits, we may make the mistake of “reading” the other person incorrectly.”可知，我們在“讀”人們的表情的時候，要現(xiàn)理解他們的文化背景，否則，就會出錯，故選B。
30.C標題判斷題：文章通篇闡述了面部表情的種種表現(xiàn)形式，以及文化之間的差異導致的面部表情的含義不同，面部表情是文章的主旨，故選C。
8.（2016年，上海卷）
Enough ＂meaningless drivel＂. That’s the message from a group of members of the UK government who have been examining how social media firms like LinkedIn gather and use social media data.
The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report, released last week, has blamed firms for making people sign up to long incomprehensible legal contracts and calls for an international standard or kitemark (認證標記) to identify sites that have clear terms and conditions.
＂The term and conditions statement that we all carelessly agree to is meaningless drivel to anyone,＂ says Andrew Miller, the chair of the committee. Instead, he says, firms should provide a plain-English version of their terms. The simplified version would be checked by a third party and awarded a kitemark if it is an accurate reflection of the original.
It is not yet clear who would administer the scheme, but the UK government is looking at introducing it on a voluntary basis. ＂we need to think through how we make that work in practice,＂ says Miller.
Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark? ＂I think if you went and did the survey, people would like to think they would,＂ says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampton, UK, who studies open data. ＂We do know people worry a lot about the inappropriate use of their information.＂ But what would happen in practice is another matter, he says.
Other organisations such as banks ask customers to sign long contracts they may not read or understand, but Miller believes social media requires special attention because it is so new. ＂We still don’t know how significant the long-term impact is going to be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in 20 years’ time,＂ he says.
Shadbolt, who gave evidence to the committee, says the problem is that we don’t know how companies will use our data because their business models and uses of data are still evolving. Large collections of personal information have become valuable only recently, he says.
The shock and anger when a social media firm does something with data that people don’t expect, even if users have apparently permission, show that the current situation isn’t working. If properly administered, a kitemark on terms and conditions could help people know what exactly they are signing up to. Although they would still have to actually read them.
31.What does the phrase ＂ meaningless drivel＂ in paragraphs 1 and 3 refer to?
A.Legal contracts that social media firms make people sign up to.
B.Warnings from the UK government against unsafe websites.
C.Guidelines on how to use social media websites properly.
D.Insignificant data collected by social media firms.
32.It can be inferred from the passage that Nigel Shadbolt doubts whether _______.
A.social media firms would conduct a survey on the kitemark scheme
B.people would pay as much attention to a kitemark as they think
C.a kitemark scheme would be workable on a nationwide scale
D.the kitemark would help companies develop their business models
33.Andrew Miller thinks social media needs more attention than banks mainly because _______.
A.their users consist largely of kids under 20 years old
B.the language in their contracts is usually harder to understand
C.the information they collected could become more valuable in future
D.it remains unknown how users’ data will be taken advantage of
34.The writer advises users of social media to _______.
A.think carefully before posting anything onto such websites
B.read the terms and conditions even if there is a kitemark
C.take no further action if they can find a kitemark
D.avoid providing too much personal information
35.Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
A.Say no to social media?
B.New security rules in operation?
C.Accept without reading?
D.Administration matters!
【答案】31.A 32.B 33.D 34.B 35.C
【解析】這是一篇議論文。當我們在社交媒體上注冊登記的時候，總會簽署一些無意義的法律合同，文章就此現(xiàn)象展開了討論，并列舉了多人的不同觀點。
31.詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“...... has blamed firms for making people sign up to long incomprehensible legal contracts....”可知很多社交媒體公司和用戶簽訂了沒有意義的法律合同。而這些合同是沒有意義的廢話，也起不到任何作用，很多用戶根本沒有仔細閱讀合同的具體內容。所以通過上下文的語境可以判斷出第1和第3段中的“meaningless drivel”指的是社交媒體公司讓人們簽署的法律合同。故A選項正確。
32.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段前二句“Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark? “I think if you went and did the survey, people would like to think they would,” says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampton, UK, who studies open data.”可知，我們能不能多注意一下風箏標記？“我認為如果你去做了調查，人們會認為他們會去做，”英國南安普敦大學研究公開數(shù)據(jù)的奈杰爾·沙博爾特說。所以Nigel Shadbolt認為如果我們去做相關調查，人們會認為他們會很注意這些認證標記的。故B項正確。
33.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段最后一句Shadbolt, who gave evidence to the committee, says the problem is that we don’t know how companies will use our data because their business models and uses of data are still evolving.” he says.可知。Shadbolt向委員會提供了證據(jù)，他說問題是我們不知道公司將如何使用我們的數(shù)據(jù)，因為他們的商業(yè)模式和數(shù)據(jù)的使用仍在發(fā)展。所以Andrew Miller認為社交媒體比銀行需要更多的關注，主要是因為用戶的數(shù)據(jù)將如何被利用仍然是個未知數(shù)。故D項正確。
34.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一句If properly administered, a kitemark on terms and conditions could help people know what exactly they are signing up to. Although they would still have to actually read them.可知文章建議我們即使有認證標志，我們呀應該認真閱讀那些無意義的合同中的條款和內容，我們要知道我們所簽署的協(xié)議的具體內容。作者判斷出建議社交媒體用戶閱讀條款和條件，即使有一個風箏標識。故B正確。
35.主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，現(xiàn)在的網站中或者社交媒體軟件中，我們在注冊用戶名或安裝的時候，總會有一些合同或條約讓我們簽署。很多人從來都沒有詳細閱讀這些合同條款就簽名了。文章就此話題展開討論，作者提出我們應該仔細閱讀條款內容，然后在簽名。故C項“未閱讀就接受？”為短文最佳標題。故選C項。
9.（2015年，天津卷）
Once when I was facing a decision that involved high risk, I went to a friend. He looked at me for a moment, and then wrote a sentence containing the best advice I’ve ever had: Be bold and brave — and mighty (強大的) forces will come to your aid.
Those words made me see clearly that when I had fallen short in the past, it was seldom because I had tried and failed. It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all. On the other hand, whenever I had plunged into deep water, forced by courage or circumstance, I had always been able to swim until I got my feet on the ground again.
Boldness means a decision to bite off more than you can eat. And there is nothing mysterious about the mighty forces. They are potential powers we possess: energy, skill, sound judgment, creative ideas — even physical strength greater than most of us realize.
Admittedly, those mighty forces are spiritual ones. But they are more important than physical ones. A college classmate of mine, Tim, was an excellent football player, even though he weighed much less than the average player. “In one game I suddenly found myself confronting a huge player, who had nothing but me between him and our goal line,” said Tim. “I was so frightened that I closed my eyes and desperately threw myself at that guy like a bullet（子彈） — and stopped him cold.”
Boldness — a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme—is not one that can be acquired overnight. But it can be taught to children and developed in adults. Confidence builds up. Surely, there will be setbacks (挫折) and disappointments in life; boldness in itself is no guarantee of success. But the person who tries to do something and fails is a lot better off than the person who tries to do nothing and succeeds.
So, always try to live a little bit beyond your abilities—and you’ll find your abilities are greater than you ever dreamed.
36.Why was the author sometimes unable to reach his goal in the past?
A.He faced huge risks.
B.He lacked mighty forces.
C.Fear prevented him from trying.
D.Failure blocked his way to success.
37.What is the implied meaning of the underlined part?
A.Swallow more than you can digest.
B.Act slightly above your abilities.
C.Develop more mysterious powers.
D.Learn to make creative decisions.
38.What was especially important for Tim’s successful defense in the football game?
A.His physical strength.
B.His basic skill.
C.His real fear.
D.His spiritual force.
39.What can be learned from Paragraph 5?
A.Confidence grows more rapidly in adults.
B.Trying without success is meaningless.
C.Repeated failure creates a better life.
D.Boldness can be gained little by little.
40.What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?
A.To encourage people to be courageous.
B.To advise people to build up physical power.
C.To tell people the ways to guarantee success.
D.To recommend people to develop more abilities.

【答案】36.C 37.B 38.D 39.D 40.A
【解析】本文是一篇議論文。作者聯(lián)系自己的經歷說明了膽量的重要性，并鼓勵人們有勇氣和膽量。
36.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all.可知, 這通常是因為我讓失敗的恐懼阻止了我去嘗試。所以作者過去沒能達成目標是因為他害怕失敗。故選C。
37.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段They are potential powers we possess：energy，skill，sound judgment，creative ideas-even physical strength greater than most of us realize.可知強大的力量也沒有什么神秘，我們都有比自己意識到的更大的潛在力量，甚至包括體力，而劃線部分的原意為吃得比你能吃的多，由此可推斷劃線句子的隱含意思指"你做的事情要比你能做的事情多。故選B。
38.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段首句中Admittedly, those mighty forces are spiritual ones.可知，誠然，這些強大的力量是精神力量。所以精神力量對蒂姆在足球比賽中成功的防守特別重要。故選D。
39.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段首句Boldness — a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme—is not one that can be acquired overnight.可知膽量——愿意將自己延伸到極限——不是一朝一夕就能獲得的。所以膽量是一點點獲得的。故選D。
40.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段So, always try to live a little bit beyond your abilities—and you’ll find your abilities are greater than you ever dreamed.可知，所以，永遠試著超越你的能力去生活，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)你的能力比你夢想的還要強大。所以判斷出作者寫這篇短文的目的就是鼓勵人們要有膽量。故選A。
10.（2015年，湖南卷）
Forget Cyclists, Pedestrians are Real Danger
We are having a debate about this topic. Here are some letters from our readers.
■Yes, many cyclists behave dangerously. Many drivers are disrespectful of cyclists. But pedestrians are probably the worse offenders.
People of all ages happily walk along the pavement with eyes and hands glued to the mobile phone, quite unaware of what is going on around them. They may even do the same thing while crossing a road at a pedestrian crossing or elsewhere. The rest of us have to evade (避讓) them or just stand still to wait for the unavoidable collision.
The real problem is that some pedestrians seem to be, at least for the moment, in worlds of their own that are, to them, much more important than the welfare of others.
——Michael Horan
■I love the letter from Bob Brooks about cyclists (Viewpoints, May 29). I am afraid they seem to think they own the roads.
I was walking across Altrincham Road one morning when a cyclist went round me and on being asked what he was doing he shouted at me.
The government built a cycle lane on the road but it is hardly used.
The police do nothing. What a laugh they are!
The cyclists should all have to be made to use the cycle lanes and wear helmets, fluorescent (發(fā)熒光的) jacket and lights at night and in the morning they should pay some sort of tax and be fined for not wearing them.
——Carol Harvey
■Cyclists jump on and off pavements (which are meant for pedestrians), ride at speed along the pavements, and think they have a special right to go through traffic lights when they are on red.
I was almost knocked down recently by a cyclist riding on the pavement when there was a cycle lane right next to him.
Other road users, including horse riders, manage to obey the rules so why not cyclists?
It's about time they had to be registered and insured, so when they do hit a pedestrian or a vehicle, or cause an accident, at least they can be treated and there might be an opportunity to claim.
——JML
Write to Viewpoints of the newspaper.
41.Michael Horan wrote the letter mainly to show that _______.
A.drivers should be polite to cyclists
B.road accidents can actually be avoided
C.sine pedestrians are a threat to road safety
D.walking while using phones hurts one's eyes
42.Carol Harvey suggests that cyclists should _______.
A.be provided with enough roads
B.be asked to ride on their own lanes
C.be made to pay less tax for cycling
D.be fined for laughing at policemen
43.What is a complaint of JML?
A.Very few drivers are insured.
B.Cyclists ride fast on pavements.
C.Pedestrians go through red traffic lights.
D.Horse riders disrespect other road users.
44.The underlined word "they" in the third letter refers to ______.
A.accidents B.vehicles
C.pedestrians D.cyclists
45.The three letters present viewpoints on _______.
A.real source of road danger
B.ways to improve road facilities
C.measures to punish road offences
D.increased awareness of road rules
【答案】41.C 42.B 43.B 44.D 45.A
【解析】這是一篇議論文。本文圍繞一個主題展開一場爭論——誰才是馬路安全隱患的威脅。
41.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的最后一句話：But pedestrians are probably the worse offenders. (但是，路人可能才是更嚴重的罪犯)可知Michael Horan的觀點是，路人對道路安全存在威脅。故選C
42.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第八段的開頭：The cyclists should all have to be made to use the cycle lanes and wear helmets.可知Carol Harvey建議騎自行車的人應該在他們應該走的車道去騎行。故選B
43.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第四段第一句話Cyclists jump on and off pavements(which are meant for pedestrians)，ride at speed along the pavement, and think they have special right to go through traffic lights when they are on red可知，騎自行車的人沿著人行道快速行駛，并且認為他們享有紅燈時通過的特權。所以JML抱怨騎自行車的人騎的太快，對道路安全產生隱患，故選B
44.詞義猜測題。根據(jù)最后一段It’s about time they had to be registered and insured, so when they do hit a pedestrian or a vehicle, or cause an accident, at least they can be treated and there might be an opportunity to claim可知，JML希望對自行車擁有者登記，當他們撞到行人或者車輛、制造出車禍的時候，他們能夠被追查到，所以判斷出they在此指的是cyclists。故選D
45.主旨大意題。根據(jù)Forget Cyclists, Pedestrians are Real Danger. We are having a debate about this topic. Here are some letters from our readers. 忘掉自行車吧，行人才是真正的危險,我們正在就這個話題進行辯論。所以通過一些讀者來信和文章的標題可以判斷出，這三封信表達了對道路危險真正來源的看法。故選A
11.（2015年，安徽卷）
As Internet users become more dependent on the Internet to store information, are people remember less? If you know your computer will save information, why store it in your own personal memory, your brain? Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how.
In a recent study, Professor Betsy Sparrow conducted some experiments. She and her research team wanted to know the Internet is changing memory. In the first experiment, they gave people 40 unimportant facts to type into a computer. The first group of people understood that the computer would save the information. The second group understood that the computer would not save it. Later, the second group remembered the information better. People in the first group knew they could find the information again, so they did not try to remember it.
In another experiment, the researchers gave people facts to remember, and told them where to find the information on the Internet. The information was in a specific computer folder (文件夾). Surprisingly, people later remember the folder location (位置) better than the facts. When people use the Internet, they do not remember the information. Rather, they remember how to find it. This is called “transactive memory (交互記憶)”
According to Sparrow, we are not becoming people with poor memories as a result of the Internet. Instead, computer users are developing stronger transactive memories; that is, people are learning how to organize huge quantities of information so that they are able to access it at a later date. This doesn’t mean we are becoming either more or less intelligent, but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing.
46.The passage begins with two questions to ________.
A.introduce the main topic B.show the author’s attitude
C.describe how to use the Internet D.explain how to store information
47.What can we learn about the first experiment?
A.Sparrow’s team typed the information into a computer.
B.The two groups remembered the information equally well.
C.The first group did not try to remember the formation.
D.The second group did not understand the information.
48.In transactive memory, people ________.
A.keep the information in mind
B.change the quantity of information
C.organize information like a computer
D.remember how to find the information
49.What is the effect of the Internet according to Sparrow's research?
A.We are using memory differently.
B.We are becoming more intelligent.
C.We have poorer memories than before.
D.We need a better way to access information.
【答案】46.A 47.C 48.D 49.A
【解析】本文是議論文。文章主要講的是互聯(lián)網給人類的記憶帶來的影響。互聯(lián)網使用者越來越依賴互聯(lián)網來儲存信息，人們這樣做是否會喪失記憶事物的能力呢？專家懷疑互聯(lián)網可能正在改變人們的記憶內容和方式。
46.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how.”專家們想知道，互聯(lián)網是否正在改變我們的記憶，以及如何改變我們的記憶？這是本文的中心話題。因此推斷，作者使用兩個問句是為了引出要討論的話題。故選A。
47. 細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“People in the first group knew they could find the information again, so they did not try to remember it.”可知第一組沒有試著記住信息。故選C。
48. 細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Rather, they remember how to find it. This is called "transactive memory (交互記憶)"”可知，在交互記憶里，人們記得怎樣找到信息。故選D。
49.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing”可知，互聯(lián)網對人們的記憶產生的影響是它改變了我們使用記憶力的方式。
12.（2014年，陜西卷）
Why do Americans struggle with watching their weight, while the French, who consume（消耗） rich food, continue to stay thin? Now a research by Cornell University suggests how life style and decisions about eating may affect weight. Researchers concluded that the French tend to（往往，傾向于） stop eating when they feel full. However, Americans tend to stop when their plate is empty or their favorite TV show is over.
??? According to Dr. Joseph Mercola, a health expert, the French see eating as an important part of their life style. They enjoy food and therefore spend a fairly long time at the table, while Americans see eating as something to be squeezed（擠出） between the other daily activities. Mercola believes Americans lose the ability to sense when they are actually full. So they keep eating long after the French would have stopped. In addition, he points out that Americans drive to huge supermarkets to buy canned and frozen foods for the week. The French, instead, tend to shop daily, walking to small shops and farmers’ markets where they have a choice of fresh fruits, vegetables, and eggs as well as high-quality meats for each meal.
???After a visit to the United States, Mireille Guiliano, author of?French Women Don’t Get Fat, decided to write about the importance of knowing when to stop rather than suggesting how to avoid food. Today she continues to stay slim and rarely goes to the gym.
???In spite of（盡管） all these differences, evidence shows that recent life style changes may be affecting French eating habits. Today the rate of obesity —?or? extreme?overweight — among adults is only 6%. However, as American fast food gains acceptance and the young reject（拒絕） older traditions, the obesity rate among French children has reached 17% — and is growing.
50.In what way are the French different from Americans according to Dr. Joseph Mercola?
A.They go shopping at supermarkets more frequently.
B.They squeeze eating between the other daily activities.
C.They regard eating as a key part of their lifestyles.
D.They usually eat too much canned and frozen food.
51.This text is mainly the relationship between _________.
A.Americans and the French
B.life style and obesity
C.children and adults
D.fast food and overweight
52.The text is mainly developed __________.
A.by contrast?（對比） B.by space C.by process（變化過程） D.by classification（分類）
53.Where does this text probably come from?
A.A TV interview B.A food advertisement
C.A health report D.A book review（書評）
【答案】50.C 51.B 52.A 53.C
【解析】本文是一篇議論文。主要討論了美國和法國的生活方式的不同，以及他們的生活方式與肥胖之間的關系。作者認為美國人在與肥胖作斗爭而法國人享受著美食且保持身材苗條，由此引出話題，并展開討論。
50.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的第一句“ According to Dr. Joseph Mercola, a health expert, the French see eating as an important part of their life style.”可知法國人將飲食當作生活重要的一部分，故選C。
51.主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，文章主要介紹了美國和法國的生活方式的不同，而且美國的飲食宜造成肥胖，而法國的飲食可保持身體苗條，因此推斷文章主要介紹生活方式與肥胖之間的關系，故選B。
52.推理判斷題?？v觀全文可知，作者在討論生活方式與肥胖的關系的時候，使用對比手法，對比了美國人與肥胖作斗爭而法國人則享受著美食并保持身材苗條。故選A。
53.推理判斷題。本文主要介紹了美國和法國生活方式的不同以及生活方式帶來的體型變化等，故應是來源于健康報告。故選C。
13.（2014年，全國卷I）
A typical lion tamer (馴獸師) in people’s mind is an entertainer holding a whip (鞭子)and a chair .The whip get all of the attention , but it’s mostly for show .In reality , it’s the chair that does the important work .When a lion tamer holds a chair in front of the lion’s face , the lion tries to focus on all four legs of the chair at the same time .With its focus divided , the lion becomes confused and is unsure about what to do next .When faced with so many options , the lion chooses to freeze and wait instead of attacking the man holding the chair.
How often do you find yourself in the same position as the lion ? How often do you have something you want to achieve (e,g. lose weight , start a business , travel more ) –only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress ?
This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best , the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information .The end result is that we feel like we can’t focus or that we’re focused on the wrong things , and so we take less action , make less progress , and stay the same when we could be improving .
It doesn’t have to be that way .Anytime you find the world waving a chair in your face , remember this :All you need to do is focus on one thing .You just need to get started .Starting before you feel ready is one of the habits of successful people .If you have somewhere you want to go , something you want to accomplish , someone you want to become ….take immediate action .If you’re clear about where you want to go , the rest of the world will either help you get there or get out the way .
54.Why does the lion tamer use a chair?
A.To trick the lion.
B.To show off his skill .
C.To get ready for a fight.
D.To entertain the audience.
55.In what sense are people similar to a lion facing a chair?
A.They feel puzzled over choices.
B.They hold on to the wrong things.
C.They find it hard to make changes.
D.They have to do something for show.
56.What is the author’s attitude towards the experts mentioned in paragraph 3?
A.Tolerant B.Doubtful C.Respectful D.Supportive
57.When the world is “waving a chair in your face”, you’re advised to_____.
A.wait for a better chance B.break your old habits
C.make a quick decision D.ask for clear guidance
【答案】54.A 55.A 56.B 57.C
【解析】這是一篇議論文。本文通過馴獸師馴獅子的經過，讓我們了解到“當你發(fā)現(xiàn)這個世界在你的面前揮舞著椅子時,你要做的事情就是把注意力集中在一件事情上,你需要的就是開始”。
54.推理判斷題。由第一段When a lion tamer holds a chair in front of the lion’s face , the lion tries to focus on all four legs of the chair at the same time .With its focus divided , the lion becomes confused and is unsure about what to do next .When faced with so many options , the lion chooses to freeze and wait instead of attacking the man holding the chair.當馴獅師把椅子放在獅子面前時，獅子試圖同時集中注意力在椅子的四條腿上。當它的注意力被分開時，獅子會感到困惑，不知道下一步該做什么。當面對如此多的選擇時，獅子選擇了凍結和等待，而不是攻擊坐在椅子上的人。由此判斷出,馴獸師拿著椅子的目的就是為了讓獅子感到不知所措。故選A項。
55.細節(jié)理解題。由第二段的最后“only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress”可知,結果被擺在你面前的所有選擇弄得不知所措，再也沒有進步。所以人類和獅子的相似之處是:面臨許多選擇時會感到困惑。故選A項。
56.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第一句This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best , the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information .可知,專家們對最佳選擇爭論不休,而那些想提高生活的人們對這些矛盾的信息困惑不解,作者對此感到心煩。由此可知,專家的做法無助于問題的解決,作者對他們持懷疑態(tài)度。故選B項。
57.細節(jié)理解題。由第四段第二、三句Anytime you find the world waving a chair in your face , remember this :All you need to do is focus on one thing .You just need to get started .可知,當你發(fā)現(xiàn)這個世界在你的面前揮舞著椅子時,你要做的事情就是把注意力集中在一件事情上,你需要的就是開始。也就是迅速做出決定。故選C項。
14.（2014年，江西卷）
Everyone looks forward to progress, whether in one’s personal life or in the general society. Progress indicates a person’s ability to change the way he is living at the moment. Progress must lead a better way of doing things. All these, however, remains true only in so far as people want to accept technology and move forward by finding new and more efficient ways of doing things.
However, at the back of the minds of many people, especially those who missed the “good old days”,_______________When communication becomes efficient, people are able to contact one another no matter where they are and at whatever time they wish to. The click of a button allows people miles apart to talk or to see each other without even leaving their homes. With the communication gadgets, such as mobile phones and iPads, people often do not take the effect to visit one another personally. A personal visit carries with it the additional feature of having to be in the person’s presence for as long as the visit lasts. We cannot unnecessarily excuse our selves or turn the other person off.
With efficiency also comes mass production. Such is the nature of factories and the success of industrialization today. Factories have improved efficiency. Unskillful tasks are left to machines and products are better made and produced with greater accuracy than any human hand could ever have done. However, with the improvements in efficiency also comes the loss of the personal touch when making these products. For example, many handcrafts(手工藝品) are now produced in a factory. Although this means that supply is better able to increase demand, now that the supply is quick and efficient, the demand might fall because mass production lowers the quality of the handicraft and it is difficult to find unique designs on each item.
Nevertheless, we must not commit the mistake of analyzing progress only from one point of view. In fact, progress has allowed tradition to keep up. It is only with progress and the invention of new technology that many old products can be brought back to their old state. New technology is required for old products to stay old.
It is people’s attitude towards progress that causes the type of influence that technology has on society. Technology is flexible. There is no fixed way of making use of it. Everything depends on people’s attitude. The worst effects of progress will fall on those who are unable to rethink their attitudes and views of society. When we accept progress and adapt it to suit our needs, a new “past” is created.
58.According to Paragraph 1, progress can benefit people when they are willing to _______.
A.live a better life
B.look for better methods
C.change ways of living
D.accept technology and advance steadily
59.The underlined word “gadgets” is closest in meaning to _______.
A.tools B.messages C.barriers D.skills
60.The author explains “efficiency comes with a price” by _______.
A.describing a process B.using examples
C.following time order D.making classification
61.Compared with home-made handicrafts, machine made products _______.
A.lack great accuracy B.lack the personal touch
C.are of high value D.are quite welcome
62.What can be learned about technology from Paragraph 4?
A.It can destroy old traditions.
B.It can lead to social progress.
C.It can be used to correct mistakes.
D.It can be used to preserve old products.
63.What can be concluded from the last paragraph?
A.Progress can suit the needs of daily life.
B.People review the past with great regret.
C.Technology should be introduced in a fixed way.
D.People’s attitude decides the use of technology.
【答案】58.D 59.A 60.B 61.B 62.D 63.D
【解析】這是一篇議論文。眾所周知，發(fā)展可以為人類和社會帶來各種便利，但新技術的使用對社會產生何種影響取決于人們的態(tài)度。因為發(fā)展的同時，會付出一定的代價。如，大批量生產使手工產品質量的降低，產品個性的缺失，產品人文性的喪失等。呼吁先進性與傳統(tǒng)性要協(xié)調同步發(fā)展。
58.D解析：細節(jié)理解題 文章第一段告訴我們，不論個人還是社會都需要發(fā)展，發(fā)展為的是改善現(xiàn)狀，求得更有效的行事方法。但是，所有的這些只有在人們接受這些技術和改進（All these, however, remains true only in so far as people want to accept technology and move forward......），這樣發(fā)展才能起更大作用。因此D選項符合此意。
59.A解析：詞義猜測題 原文說“有了交際......，比如手機，ipads 等，人們就不會經常登門拜訪（With the communication gadgets, such as mobile phones and ipads, people often do not take the effect to visit one another personally.），根據(jù)所劃線部分詞舉的例子，我們可以猜出是指手機等交往工具。因此A選項正確。
60.B解析：寫作手法理解題 該段首句提出，懷舊的人們認為：高效率帶來的發(fā)展要有代價的。接著作者以人們手機，平板電腦等的使用為例加以說明。由此得知，B選項與此意吻合。
61.B解析：細節(jié)理解題 第三段告訴我們高效率帶來產品的大批量的生產。但比起手工制作， 因沒有個性造成與人類聯(lián)系的缺失（However, with the improvements in efficiency also comes the loss of the personal touch when making these products.）。.所以B 選項正確。
62.D解析：段意理解題 第四段從發(fā)展的另一角度告訴我們，新技術可以用來保持傳統(tǒng)。就是因為發(fā)展和新技術的運用使許多古老的東西風韻猶存（It is only with progress and the invention of new technology that many old products can be brought back to their old state.），所以D 選項正確。
63.D解析：主旨要義題 最后一段首句告訴我們，人們對發(fā)展的態(tài)度是技術給社會產生相應影響的根源（It is people’s attitude towards progress that causes the type of influence that technology has on society.）；然后作者從正反兩方面論證這一中心。所以D 選項正確。
15.（2014年，江蘇卷）
However wealthy we may be, we can never find enough hours in the day to do everything we want. Economics deals with this problem through the concept of opportunity cost, which simply refers to whether someone’s time or money could be better spent on something else.
Every hour of our time has a value. For every hour we work at one job we could quite easily be doing another, or be sleeping or watching a film. Each of these options has a different opportunity cost—namely, what they cost us in missed opportunities.
Say you intend to watch a football match but the tickets are expensive and it will take you a couple of hours to get to and from the stadium. Why not, you might reason, watch the game from home and use the____money and____to have dinner with friends? This—the alternative use of your cash and time—is the opportunity cost.
For economists, every decision is made by knowledge of what one must forgo—in terms of money and enjoyment—in order to take it up. By knowing precisely what you are receiving and what you are missing out on, you ought to be able to make better-informed, more reasonable decisions. Consider that most famous economic rule of all: there’s no such thing as a free lunch. Even if someone offers to take you out to lunch for free, the time you will spend in the restaurant still costs you something in terms of forgone opportunities.
Some people find the idea of opportunity cost extremely discouraging: imagine spending your entire life calculating whether your time would be better spent elsewhere doing something more profitable or enjoyable. Yet, in a sense it’s human nature to do precisely that—we assess the advantages and disadvantages of decisions all the time.
In the business world, a popular phrase is “value for money.” People want their cash to go as far as possible. However, another is fast obtaining an advantage: “value for time.” The biggest restriction on our resources is the number of hours we can devote to something, so we look to maximize the return we get on our investment of time. By reading this passage you are giving over a bit of your time which could be spent doing other activities, such as sleeping and eating. In return, however, this passage will help you to think like an economist, closely considering the opportunity cost of each of your decisions.
64.According to the passage, the concept of “opportunity cost” is applied to ________.
A.making more money
B.taking more opportunities
C.reducing missed opportunities
D.weighing the choice of opportunities
65.The “l(fā)eftover ... time” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to the time ________.
A.spared for watching the match at home
B.taken to have dinner with friends
C.spent on the way to and from the match
D.saved from not going to watch the match
66.What are forgone opportunities?
A.Opportunities you forget in decision-making.
B.Opportunities you give up for better ones.
C.Opportunities you miss accidentally.
D.Opportunities you make up for.
【答案】64.D 65.C 66.B
【解析】本文是一篇議論文。文章論述了不管我們多么的富有，在一天里我們不可能找到足夠的時間做我們想要做的一切。因此，我們要放棄一些事情選擇做更好的事情。
64.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二、三段，尤其第三段最后一句This—the alternative use of your cash and time—is the opportunity cost可知“機會成本”這個概念應用于衡量機會的選擇方面。故D正確。
65.詞義猜測題。題中“l(fā)eftover money and time”是指“剩下來的錢和時間”。根據(jù)文章第三段第一句Say you intend to watch a football match but the tickets are expensive and it will take you a couple of hours to get to and from the stadium.可知leftover … time所指的是“花在觀看比賽（路上）來去的時間”。故C正確。
66.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段，尤其最后一句Even if someone offers to take you out to lunch for free, the time you will spend in the restaurant still costs you something in terms of forgone opportunities.可以推測出forgone opportunities是指“所放棄用于更好的機會”。故B正確。
16.（2014年，福建卷）
Perhaps you think you could easily add to your happiness with more money. Strange as it may seem, if you're unsatisfied, the issue is not a lack of means to meet your desires but a lack of desires—not that you cannot satisfy your tastes but that you don't have enough tastes.
Real riches consist of well-developed and hearty capacities (能力) to enjoy life. Most people are already swamped(淹沒) with things. They eat, wear, go and talk too much. They live in too big a house with too many rooms, yet their house of life is a hut.
Your house of life ought to be a mansion (豪宅) , a royal palace. Every new taste, every additional interest, every fresh enthusiasm adds a room. Here are several rooms your house of life should have.
Art should be a desire for you to develop simply because the world is full of beautiful things. If you only understood how to enjoy them and feed your spirit on them, they would make you as happy as to find plenty of hamburgers and eggs when you're hungry.
Literature, classic literature, is a beautiful, richly furnished room where you might find many an hour of rest and refreshment. To gain that love would go toward making you a rich person, for a rich person is not someone who has a library but who likes a library.
Music like Mozart's and Bach's shouldn't be absent. Real riches are of the spirit. And when you've brought that spirit up to where classical music feeds it and makes you a little drunk, you have increased your thrills and bettered them. And life is a matter of thrills.
Sports, without which you remain poor, mean a lot in life. No matter who you are, you would be more human, and your house of life would be better supported against the bad days, if you could, and did, played a bit.
Whatever rooms you might add to your house of life, the secret of enjoying life is to keep adding.
67.The author intends to tell us that____________.
A.true happiness lies in achieving wealth by fair means
B.big houses are people's most valued possessions
C.big houses can in a sense bring richness of life
D.true happiness comes from spiritual riches
68.The underlined sentence in the second paragraph probably implies that______.
A.however materially rich, they never seem to be satisfied
B.however materially rich, they remain spiritually poor
C.though their house is big, they prefer a simple life
D.though their house is big, it seems to be a cage
69.It can be learned from the passage that __________.
A.more money brings more happiness
B.art is needed to make your house beautiful
C.literature can enrich your spiritual life
D.sports contribute mainly to your physical fitness
70.What would be the best title for the passage?
A.House of Life B.Secret of Wealth
C.Rest and Refreshment D.Interest and Enthusiasm
【答案】67.D 68.B 69.C 70.A
【解析】本文是一篇議論文。主要論證了精神富有與真正快樂之間的關系。很多人物質上非常豐富，住豪宅，享美食。但是他們真正幸福嗎？他們的內心生活的房子又是如何呢？作者在文章里告訴我們，要想得到內心的幸福，需要了解藝術，文學，音樂等等不同的內容來豐富我們的內心世界。
67.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章4,5,6,7段第一句Art should be a desire for you和 Literature, classic literature, is a beautiful, richly furnished room和Music like Mozart's and Bach's shouldn't be absent.和Sports, without which you remain poor, mean a lot in life.可知，真正幸福的人需要懂得和擁有：藝術，文學，音樂和運動等，而這些主要是與我們精神上的豐富有關系的。也就是說真正的幸福是精神上的富有。故選D項正確。
68.句意猜測題。根據(jù)本句句意可知，很多人住的是豪宅，但是他內心里的生命的住所是一個小棚屋。因此推斷無論他物質上多么富有，但是內心的精神世界是貧窮的。故選B項正確。
69.主旨大意題?？v觀全文可知，本文主要講述了現(xiàn)實生活里很多人物質上非常豐富，住豪宅，享美食。但是他們精神上卻是貧窮的，要想得到內心的幸福，需要了解藝術，文學，音樂等等不同的內容來豐富我們的內心世界。文章中多次提到house，把生活比喻為一所房子，要想幸福，必須在這所房子里填滿藝術、文學、音樂等精神上的東西。故A項中House of Life涵蓋了這些內容。故選A項正確。
17.（2013年，天津卷）
Last night’s meteor (流星) shower left many people in the community dissatisfied and demanding answers. According to Gabe Rothschild, Emerald Valley’s mayor, people gathered in the suburbs of the city, carrying heavy telescopes, expecting to watch the brightly burning meteors passing through the sky. What they found instead was a sky so brightened by the city’s lights that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead.
“My family was so frustrated,” admitted town resident Duane Cosby, “We wanted to make this an unforgettable family outing, but it turned out to be a huge disappointment.”
Astronomers—scientists who study stars and planets—have been complaining about this problem for decades. They say that light pollution prevents them from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past. They call on people and the government to take measures to fight against it.
There is yet a population besides professional and amateur star observers that suffers even more from light pollution. This population consists of birds, bats, frogs, snakes, etc. For example, outdoor lighting severely affects migrating (遷徙的) birds. According to the International Dark-Sky Association, “100 million birds a year throughout North America die in crashes with lighted buildings and towers.”
Countless more animal casualties (傷亡) result from the use of artificial lighting. Clearly, people enjoy the benefits of lighting their evenings. But some scientists think it can be harmful for humans, too. They worry that exposure to light while sleeping can increase a person’s chances of getting cancer.
Emerald Valley is only one community that is becoming aware of the negative effects of light pollution. For years, Flagstaff, Arizona, has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory. Similar efforts have been made worldwide, and a movement is underway to remind us to turn off lights when we are not using them, so that other creatures can share the night.
71.It happened last night that _____.
A.the city’s lights affected the meteor watching
B.the meteors flew past before being noticed
C.the city light show attracted many people
D.the meteor watching ended up a social outing
72.What do the astronomers complain about?
A.Meteor showers occur less often than before.
B.Their observation equipment is in poor repair.
C.Light pollution has remained unsolved for years.
D.Their eyesight is failing due to artificial lighting.
73.What is the author concerned about according to Paragraph 4?
A.Birds may take other migration paths.
B.Animals’ living habits may change suddenly
C.Varieties of animals will become sharply reduced
D.Animals’ survival is threatened by outdoor lighting.
74.Lighting regulations in Flagstaff, Arizona are put into effect to _____.
A.lessen the chance of getting cancer
B.create an ideal observation condition
C.ensure citizens a good sleep at night
D.enable all creatures to live in harmony
75.What message does the author most want to give us?
A.Saving wildlife is saving ourselves.
B.Great efforts should be made to save energy.
C.Human activities should be environmentally friendly.
D.New equipment should be introduced for space study..
【答案】71.A 72.C 73.D 74.B 75.C
【解析】許多人想在晚上看流星雨，結果由于光線太亮，影響了他們的觀看效果。由此引發(fā)了人們對光污染的思考。本文是一篇議論文，文章由一個事例引發(fā)出要討論的話題。
71.第一段的最后一句話a sky so brightened by the city’s lights that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead表明答案為A。
72.題干中的Astronomers出現(xiàn)在第三段，文中有一句話have been complaining about this problem for decades，第一段就提到了光線太亮，這句話的后面又提到了light pollution。結合選項，答案為C。
73.第四段第一句話就告訴我們除了專業(yè)及業(yè)余的觀星者之外，還有些群體也收到了光污染的影響。而這些群體指的就是birds、bats等動物。D項的意思是“動物的生存受到戶外燈光的影響”。
74.題干中的信息告訴我們答案應該出現(xiàn)在最后一段，根據(jù)“in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory”，答案顯然為B。
75.文中作者反復強調光污染問題對人類的一些活動和動物的影響。這顯然是強調環(huán)境問題。
18.（2013年，天津卷）
When asked about happiness, we usually think of something extraordinary, an absolute delight, which seems to get rarer the older we get.
For kids, happiness has a magical quality. Their delight at winning a race or getting a new bike is unreserved (毫無掩飾的).
In the teenage years the concept of happiness changes. Suddenly it’s conditional on such things as excitement, love and popularity. I can still recall the excitement of being invited to dance with the most attractive boy at the school party.
In adulthood the things that bring deep joy—love, marriage, birth—also bring responsibility and the risk of loss. For adults, happiness is complicated (復雜的).
My definition of happiness is “the capacity for enjoyment”. The more we can enjoy what we have, the happier we are. It’s easy to overlook the pleasure we get from the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, and even good health.
I experienced my little moments of pleasure yesterday. First I was overjoyed when I shut the last lunch-box and had the house to myself. Then I spent an uninterrupted morning writing, which I love. When the kids and my husband come home, I enjoyed their noise after the quiet of the day.
Psychologists tell us that to be happy we need a mix of enjoyable leisure time and satisfying work. I don’t think that my grandmother, who raised 14 children, had much of either. She did have a network of close friends and family, and maybe this what satisfied her.
We, however, with so many choices and such pressure to succeed in every area, have turned happiness into one more thing we’ve got to have. We’re so self-conscious about our “right” to it that it’s making us miserable. So we chase it and equal it with wealth and success, without noticing that the people who have those things aren’t necessarily happier.
Happiness isn’t about what happens to—it’s about how we see what happens to us. It’s the skillful way of finding a positive for every negative. It’s not wishing for what we don’t have , but enjoying what we do possess.
76.As people grow older, they ____.
A.feel it harder to experience happiness
B.associate their happiness less with others
C.will take fewer risks in pursuing happiness
D.tend to believe responsibility means happiness
77.What can we learn about the author from Paragraphs 5 and 6?
A.She cares little about her own health.
B.She enjoys the freedom of traveling.
C.She is easily pleased by things in daily life.
D.She prefers getting pleasure from housework.
78.What can be inferred from Paragraph 7?
A.Psychologists think satisfying work is key to happiness.
B.Psychologists’ opinion is well proved by Grandma’s case.
C.Grandma often found time for social gatherings.
D.Grandma’s happiness came from modest expectations of life.
79.People who equal happiness with wealth and success ______.
A.consider pressure something blocking their way
B.stress their right to happiness too much
C.are at a loss to make correct choices
D.are more likely to be happy
80.What can be concluded from the passage?
A.Happiness lies between the positive and the negative
B.Each man is the master of his own fate.
C.Success leads to happiness.
D.Happy is he who is content.
【答案】76.A 77.C 78.D 79.B 80.D
【解析】幸福是什么？隨著年齡的增長，童年，少年，成年，老年……幸福不會一成不變，時間會默默改變一切。但是真正的幸福不是在于我們身上發(fā)生了什么，而是在于我們如何看待這已經發(fā)生的一切。
76.A 推理判斷題。通過第二、三、四段的描述可知，兒時的夢想很簡單，青少年時幸福的概念就換了，而成年時幸福就變得復雜了，因此隨著年齡的增長，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)體會幸福越來越難了。故選A。
77.C 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段中的內容可知，作者說越享受自己擁有的，我們就會越幸福；第六段中作者用自己的體驗敘述了作者經歷的小小的幸福的時刻。因此可從第五、六段知道，作者很容易因生活中的一些小事而感到幸福。故選C。
78.D 細節(jié)理解題。第七段中說奶奶沒有快樂的休閑時間，也沒有令人滿意的工作，但奶奶卻有家人和朋友的密切的聯(lián)系網，因此奶奶也很幸福。由此可知奶奶的幸福來自于對生活的樸素的期盼。故選D。
79.B 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第八段中的內容，因為有那么多的選擇、有想成功的壓力，我們很多人把快樂變成了比我們所擁有的更想要的東西。而那些把幸福和財富以及成功等同起來的人，太過于看重自己擁有幸福的權利了。故選B。
80.D 主旨大意題。文章主要講述了幸福，最后一段闡述了如何獲得幸福：在逆境中找到積極的因素以及知足常樂。據(jù)此可知選D。
19.（2013年，江西卷）
One might expect that the ever-growing demands of the tourist trade would bring nothing but good for the countries that receive the holiday-makers. Indeed, a rosy picture is painted for the long-term future of the holiday industry. Every month sees the building of a new hotel somewhere. And every month another rock-bound Pacific island is advertised as the ‘last paradise(天堂) on earth’.
However, the scale and speed of this growth seem set to destroy the very things tourists want to enjoy. In those countries where there was a rush to make quick money out of sea-side holidays, over-crowded beaches and the concrete jungles of endless hotels have begun to lose their appeal.
Those countries with little experience of tourism can suffer most. In recent years, Nepal set out to attract foreign visitors to fund developments in health and education. Its forests, full of wildlife and rare flowers, were offered to tourists as one more untouched paradise. In fact, the nature all too soon felt the effects of thousands of holiday-makers traveling through the forest land. Ancient tracks became major routes for the walkers, with the consequent exploitation of precious trees and plants.
Not only can the environment of a country suffer from the sudden growth of tourism. The people as well rapidly feel its effects. Farmland makes way for hotels, roads and airports; the old way of life goes. The one-time farmer is now the servant of some multi-national organization; he is no longer his own master. Once it was his back that bore the pain; now it is his smile that is exploited. No doubt he wonders whether he wasn't happier in his village working his own land.
Thankfully, the tourist industry is waking up to the responsibilities it has towards those countries that receive its customers. The protection of wildlife and the creation of national parks go hand in hand with tourist development and in fact obtain financial support from tourist companies. At the same time, tourists are being encouraged to respect not only the countryside they visit but also its people.
The way tourism is handled in the next ten years will decide its fate and that of the countries we all want to visit. Their needs and problems are more important than those of the tourist companies. Increased understanding in planning world-wide tourism can preserve the market for these companies. If not, in a few years' time the very things that attract tourists now may well have been destroyed.
81.What does the author indicate in the last sentence of Paragraph 1?
A.The Pacific island is a paradise.
B.The Pacific island is worth visiting.
C.The advertisement is not convincing.
D.The advertisement is not impressive.
82.The example of Nepal is used to suggest ________.
A.its natural resources are untouched
B.its forests are exploited for farmland
C.it develops well in health and education
D.it suffers from the heavy flow of tourists
83.What can we learn about the farmers from Paragraph 4?
A.They are happy to work their own lands.
B.They have to please the tourists for a living.
C.They have to struggle for their independence.
D.They are proud of working in multi-national organizations.
84.Which of the following determines the future of tourism?
A.The number of tourists.
B.The improvement of services.
C.The promotion of new products.
D.The management of tourism.
85.The author's attitude towards the development of the tourist industry is ________.
A.optimistic B.doubtful
C.objective D.negative
【答案】81.C 82.D 83.B 84.D 85.C
【解析】本文為說明文。文章主要介紹了旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展對當?shù)厝藗兊纳钜约碍h(huán)境等方面的影響。
81.推理判斷題。由第一段中的最后一句And every month another rock--bound Pacific island is advertised as the 'last paradise(天堂)on earth'.可知，每個月廣告上不停地更換所謂的太平洋上某個島是“地球上最后的天堂”，由此可推出這些廣告是不可信的，故選C項。
82.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的In fact, the nature all too soon felt the effects of thousands of holiday-makers traveling through the forest land.(事實上，大自然很快就感受到了成千上萬的度假者穿越森林的影響)可知，尼泊爾為了發(fā)展旅游業(yè)，對外開放了森林，然而大自然很快就受到了旅游業(yè)帶來的負面影響。所以用尼泊爾的例子說明這個國家正經受著旅游業(yè)帶來的痛苦。故選D項。
83.推理判斷題。由第四段中的后幾句“The one -time farmer is now the servant of some multi--national organization；he is no longer his own master.Once it was his back that bore the pain；now it is his smile that is exploited.”可知，從前的農夫現(xiàn)在是一個多民族組織的仆人，他不再是他自己的主人了。從前是他背痛，現(xiàn)在是他的微笑被利用了。由此推斷他們不得不通過取悅游客來謀生。故選B項。
84.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的"The way tourism is handled in the next ten years will decide its fate and that of the countries we all want to visit.(未來十年旅游業(yè)的經營方式將決定其命運，也將決定我們都想去的國家的命運)"可知，未來十年，如何管理旅游業(yè)將決定旅游業(yè)和我們要去參觀的國家的命運，所以旅游業(yè)的管理方式將決定旅游業(yè)未來的命運。故選D項。
85.推理判斷題。綜觀全文可知，作者既講了旅游產業(yè)的負面影響，也講了旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展優(yōu)勢，所以，作者對旅游產業(yè)的發(fā)展持客觀的（objective）態(tài)度。故選C項。
20.（2013年，北京卷）
Does Fame Drive You Crazy?
Although being famous might sound like a dream come true, today's stars, feeling like zoo animals, face pressures that few of us can imagine. They are at the center of much of the world's attention. Paparazzi(狗仔隊) camp outside their homes, cameras ready. Tabloids(小報) publish thrilling stories about their personal lives. Just imagine not being able to do anything without being photographed or interrupted for a signature!
According to psychologist Christina Villarreal, celebrities—famous people—worry constantly about their public appearance. Eventually, they start to lose track of who they really are, seeing themselves the way their fans imagine them, not as the people they were before everyone knew their names. “Over time，” Villarreal says, “they feel separated and alone.”
The phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages. In the 4th century B.C., painters followed Alexander the Great into battle, hoping to picture his victories for his admirers. When Charles Dickens visited America in the 19th century, his sold-out readings attracted thousands of fans, leading him to complain(抱怨) about his lack of privacy. Tabloids of the 1920s and 1930s ran articles about film-stars in much the same way that modern tabloids and websites do.
Being a public figure today, however, is a lot more difficult than it used to be. Superstars cannot move about without worrying about photographers with modern cameras. When they say something silly or do something ridiculous, there is always the Internet to spread the news in minutes and keep their “story” alive forever.
If fame is so troublesome, why aren't all celebrities running away from it? The answer is there are still ways to deal with it. Some stars stay calm by surrounding themselves with trusted friends and family or by escaping to remote places away from big cities. They focus not on how famous they are but on what they love to do or whatever made them famous in the first place.
Sometimes a few celebrities can get a little justice. Still, even stars who enjoy full justice often complain about how hard their lives are. They are tired of being famous already.
86.It can be learned from the passage that stars today ________.
A.are often misunderstood by the public
B.can no longer have their privacy protected
C.spend too much on their public appearance
D.care little about how they have come into fame
87.What is the main idea of Paragraph 3?
A.Great heroes of the past were generally admired.
B.The problem faced by celebrities has a long history.
C.Well-known actors are usually targets of tabloids.
D.Works of popular writers often have a lot of readers.
88.What makes it much harder to be a celebrity today?
A.Availability of modern media.
B.Inadequate social recognition.
C.Lack of favorable chances.
D.Huge population of fans.
89.What is the author's attitude toward modern celebrity?
A.Sincere. B.Sceptical.
C.Disapproving. D.Sympathetic.
【答案】86.B 87.B 88.A 89.D
【解析】本文是議論文。文章講述的是成名給名人們的生活帶來的影響，以及處理這些問題的方法，并依此引發(fā)讀者思考。
86.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的“They are at the center of much of the world’s attention. Paparazzi (狗仔隊) camp outside their homes, cameras ready. Tabloids (小報) publish thrilling stories about their personal lives”他們是全世界關注的焦點，狗仔隊在他們家外面扎營，小報上到處都是關于他們私人生活的驚悚故事?？芍?，他們的生活完全被媒體多報道，生活中的隱私已經處于了沒有任何保護的狀態(tài)了，故選B。
87.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的中心句，即第一句“The phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages”可知，該段落主要講的是追蹤名人已經有了很久的歷史了，故選B。
88.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段的“Superstars cannot move about without worrying about photographers with modern cameras. When they say something silly or do something ridiculous, there is always the Internet to spread the news in minutes and keep their “story” alive forever”可知，他們做任何事情都會被現(xiàn)代照相機、英特網等當代媒體捕捉到，因此，這些現(xiàn)代媒體讓今天的人成為名人不容易，故選A。
89.推理判斷題。通讀全文可知，作者介紹了很多名人受成名所累，失去了生活的隱私，失去了自我，變得孤獨、變得被世界隔離，因此可以推斷出作者對他們抱有同情的態(tài)度，故選D。
21.（2012年，全國卷I）
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(嘗試) increase the length of time we will remember it.
In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.
The multiplication tables(乘法口訣表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, becausetheyare another of the things we overlearn in childhood.
The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突擊學習)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development.
90.What is the main idea of paragraph 1?
A.People remember well what they learned in childhood.
B.Children have a better memory than grown-ups.
C.Poem reading is a good way to learn words.
D.Stories for children are easy to remember.
91.The author explains the law of overlearning by_________.
A.presenting research findings
B.setting down general rules
C.making a comparison
D.using examples
92.According to the author, being able to use multiplication tables is_______.
A.a result of overlearning
B.a special case of cramming
C.a skill to deal with math problems
D.a basic step towards advanced studies
93.What does the word "they" in Paragraph 4 refer to?
A.Commonly accepted rules.
B.The multiplication tables.
C.Things easily forgotten.
D.School subjects.
94.What is the author's opinion on cramming?
A.It leads to failure in college exams.
B.It's helpful only in a limited way.
C.It's possible to result in poor memory.
D.It increases students' learning interest.
【答案】90.A 91.D 92.A 93.B 94.B
【解析】本文是一篇議論文。成年人常常驚嘆他們能很好地記著兒時學過的東西。作者認為這是兒時過度學習的結果，是因為當我們兒時學會一樣東西的時候，我們不是就此停止，而是繼續(xù)練習，才使我們記憶深刻。文章用例證法說明了“過度學習”的概念。 最后作者談到了“過度學習”的好處和突擊學習的弊端。
90.根據(jù)文章的第一段的“Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.”可知：文章講得是成年人常常驚嘆他們非常好的記著兒時學過的東西。C、D斷章取義，講得太具體，B項錯誤，因為那是過度學習的結果，不是兒時記憶力好。所以A正確。
【考點定位】考查細節(jié)理解。
91.根據(jù)文章的內容可知：作者采用了舉例子的說明方法。比如：practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. 和The multiplication tables(乘法口訣表) are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.
【考點定位】考查判斷推理。
92.根據(jù)文章的第4段“becausetheyare another of the things we overlearn in childhood.”可知：乘法口訣仍然是兒時過度學習的結果。所以選A。
【考點定位】考查細節(jié)理解。
93.此處考查的是代詞指代的問題。根據(jù)文意可知，they指的是“乘法口訣表”。此題較易。
【考點定位】考查猜測詞義。
94.根據(jù)文章的最后一段中的“By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned.”可知：突擊學習只在有限的方面有幫助。所以B正確。
【考點定位】考查簡單的判斷推理。
22.（2013年，北京卷）
Holidays are really important. Many of us will have childhood memories of summer holidays where we were taken away from home to experience new environments and learn in different ways.
But holidays are expensive and, for those on low wages or living on benefits, they are often unobtainable. Even the cheapest holidays require travel and other additional costs that are difficult for many families to meet.
For working parents, the long summer break can be a very difficult problem for childcare. When an annual leave allowance amounts to only five weeks, there is a need to spread this across the year. Couples can find themselves taking leave in turn in order to care for children who are on holiday. For some, this makes even an affordable family holiday difficult.
The schools that I visit in Nottingham are full of experienced staff committed to giving our children a caring and inspiring learning environment. The number of children receiving free school meals is quite large in Nottingham and many schools have breakfast clubs to make sure that children get a healthy start to the day. Most schools undertake programs of group or individual educational support. Schools also have an important role in safeguarding children's welfare through the ongoing touch and support with their pupils. During the long summer holidays, much of this is missed.
While teachers are holidaying in the UK, many of their pupils spend the whole six weeks on the street where they live. The lack of free school meals for six weeks can result in pressure on a family budget and an inability to afford the inspiring experiences that help children to continue their learning.
In setting out its plans for a five-term year, Nottingham City Council (委員會)is seeking to reduce the summer holiday down to four and a half weeks, with a more balanced five terms of roughly eight weeks, each followed by a two-week break. We believe this will give real “down time" for school staff and pupils alike but will be short enough not to cause a real break in learning.
We acknowledge that this change may be difficult for some school staff, particularly whose own children are educated in other authorities. However, this must be weighed against the benefits for city children for whom we all have the greatest duty of care.
95.The passage is probably written by .
A.an experienced teacher B.a working parent
C.an inspired student D.a city council member
96.The underlined word "they" in the second paragraph refers to " ’.
A.environments B.holidays C.wages D.benefits
97.It is suggested in the passage that the summer break be reduced to.
A.2 weeks B.4.5 weeks C.5 weeks D.6 weeks
98.The plans for a shorter summer holiday will help students_____ .
A.obtain the cheapest holidays without additional costs
B.get a chance to spend six weeks a term with teachers in school
C.benefit more from the caring and inspiring learning environment
D.have more school days to receive free school meals
99.It can be inferred from the passage that _______.
A.working parents can enjoy a five-week break to care for their children
B.the suggested plans for a five-term school year can hardly be carried out
C.the long summer holiday gives teachers and students real "down time"
D.some school staff will say “ No" to the plans for a shorter summer holiday
【答案】95.D 96.B 97.B 98.C 99.D
【解析】本文是一篇議論文。假期使我們放松并去一些地方去游玩，使我們釋放壓力，但是對于一些低收入家庭或靠救濟而過活的家庭來說造成很多的經濟負擔，本文提倡在不影響學生學習的前提下減少假期的時間。
95.推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段第一句話的口氣可知作者是City Council的一名成員，D項正確。
96.詞義猜測題。根據(jù)上文提到的holidays are expensive可知they指的是holidays，本句意為：假期是非常貴的，對于那些低收入或靠救濟來過活的家庭的人來說，假期是獲得不到的。故選B。
97.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段In setting out its plans for a five-term year, Nottingham City Council (委員會)is seeking to reduce the summer holiday down to four and a half weeks,可知，建議把暑假縮短為四個半周。故選B。
98.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第五段The lack of free school meals for six weeks can result in pressure on a family budget and an inability to afford the inspiring experiences that help children to continue their learning.(六周沒有免費的學校餐會導致家庭預算緊張，無法負擔幫助孩子繼續(xù)學習的鼓舞人心的經歷。)可推斷出，較短的暑假將幫助學生從關心和鼓舞人心的學習環(huán)境中受益更多。故選C。
99.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第一句話We acknowledge that this change may be difficult for some school staff, particularly whose own children are educated in other authorities. (我們承認這個改變對于一些教職工尤其是對于家里的孩子在其他機關接受教育的家庭來說是很難接受的)可推斷出對于減少假期的時間學校的一些教職工是不支持的。故選D。
23.（2012年，北京卷）
Wilderness
“In wilderness(荒野) is the preservation of the world.” This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism. The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection: whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved.
As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out, there is a strong appeal in images of the wild, the untouched; more than anything else, they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly. The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploitation(開發(fā)) brings to such landscapes(景觀) is real. Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans need—the rainforests, for example, store carbon in vast quantities. To Mr.Sauven, these ”ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation.
Lee Lane, a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute, takes the opposing view. He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services, such as water conservation. But that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation. There are ever more people on the Earth, and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives, rather than merely struggle for survival. While the ways of using resources have improved, there is still a growing need for raw materials, and some wildernesses contain them in abundance. If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide, the argument goes, there is no further reason not to do so. Being untouched is not, in itself, a characteristic worth valuing above all others.
I look forwards to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants. One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly. And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm.
This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings, but also the guidance of reason. What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking.
100.John Sauven holds that_____.
A.many people value nature too much
B.exploitation of wildernesses is harmful
C.wildernesses provide humans with necessities
D.the urge to develop the ecosystem services is strong
101.What is the main idea of Para. 3?
A.The exploitation is necessary for the poor people.
B.Wildernesses cannot guarantee better use of raw materials.
C.Useful services of wildernesses are not the reason for no exploitation.
D.All the characteristics concerning the exploitation should be treated equally.
102.What is the author’s attitude towards this debate?
A.Objective. B.Disapproving. C.Sceptical. D.Optimistic.
103.Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
CP: Central Point P: Point Sp: Sub-point(次要點) : Conclusion
A. B. C. D.
【答案】100.B 101.C 102.A 103.D
【解析】本文為說明文，本文客觀闡述了不同的人對于怎么利用荒原持有的不同的觀點。
100.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段these "ecosystem services" far outweigh the gains from exploitation.。得知John Sauven認為“生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務”遠比開發(fā)的利益重要得多，由此可推斷他的觀點是開發(fā)荒野有害。故選B 。
101.主旨大意題。根據(jù)本段第二句和第三句He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services, such as water conservation. But that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation.可知，荒野的有益服務不能作為不開發(fā)的理由，故選C。
102.作者態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第四段I look forward to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants.就可以看出，作者并沒有偏向任何一個觀點。只是比較客觀的進行闡述。選A。
103.文章結構題。通讀文章可知，作者就荒野保護的問題客觀中立地闡述了對立雙方的觀點，文章第一段提出中心論點；第二、三兩段分別闡述了兩種不同的觀點；第四段是作者自己的觀點；最后一點是文章的結論。推出選D。
24.（2011年，北京卷）
Students and Technology in the Classroom
I love my blackberry—it’s my little connection to the larger world that can go anywhere with me . I also love my laptop computer ，as it holds all of my writing and thought .Despite this love of technology ,I know that there are times when I need to move away from these device and truly communication with others.On occasion ,I teach a course called History Matters for a group of higher education managers. My goals for the class include a full discussion of historical themes and ideas .Because I want students to thoroughly study the material and exchange their ideas with each other in the classroom ,I have a rule —no laptop ,ipads ,phones ,etc .When students were told my rule in advance of the class, some of them were not happy .
Most students assume that year reasons for this rule include unpleasant experiences in the past with students misusing technology . There’s a bit of truth to that.Some students assume that I am anti-technology . There’s no truth in that at all . I love technology and try to keep up with it so I relate to my students.
The real reason why I ask students to leave technology at the door is that I think there are very few places in which we can have deep conversions and truly____complex ideas. Interruptions by technology often break concentration and allow for too much dependence on outside information for ideas . I want students to think differently and make connections between the course the material and the class discussion .
I’ve been teaching my history class in this way for many years and the educations reflect student satisfaction with the environment that I create .Students realize that with deep conversation and challenge , they learn at a level that helps them keep the course material beyond the classroom .
I’m not saying that I won’t ever change my mind about technology use in my history class, but until I hear a really good reason for the change ,I’m sticking to my plan. a few hours of technology-free dialogue is just too give up.
104.some of the students in the history class were unhappy with____
A.the course material B.others’ misuse of technology
C.discussion topics D.the author’s class regulator
105.the underlined word “engage ”in para.4 probably means ____
A.explore B.accept C.change D.reject
106.according to the author ,the use of technology in the classroom may ____
A.keep students from doing independent thinking
B.encourage students to have in-depth conversations
C.help students to better understand complex themes
D.affect students’ concentration on course evaluation
107.it can be inferred from the last paragraph that the author ____
A.is quite stubborn
B.will give up teaching history
C.will change his teaching plan soon
D.values technology-free dialogues in his class
【答案】104.D 105.A 106.A 107.D
【解析】議論文，文章論述的主題是，"students and technology"，文章以教師的口吻談到為何不允許學生在課堂上玩ipad、手機等通訊工具，因為technology會影響我們的深入交流。
104.細節(jié)理解題。由文章第二段內容可以得出。
105.細節(jié)理解題。由I think there are vf Feplacpmn which we can have deep conversions and
tulyengage complex ideas.可知technology會影響我們的深入交流。Engage 與eplore探索意義表述與
之為吻合。.
106.推理判斷題。Students realize that with deep conversation and challenge.they learn at a level that helps them keep the course maternal beyond the classroom可以推知作者認為technology會阻礙我們
的獨立思考能力。
107.推理判斷題。由文章最后一段作者深信自己的technology會影響我們的深入交流。并且堅持她的values technology- free dialogues in his class的觀點。
25.（2011年，福建卷）
The internet will open up new vistas (前景), create the global village —you can make new friends all around the world .That, at least, is what it promised us. The difficulty is that it did not take the human mind into account. The reality is that we cannot keep relationships with more than a limited number of people. No matter how hard the internet tries to put you in communication, its best efforts will be defeated human mind.
The problem is twofold（雙重的）.First, there is a limit on the number of people we can hold in mind and have a meaningful relationship with. That number is about 150 and is set by the size of our brain. Second, the quality of your relationships depends on the amount of time you invest（投入）in them. We invest a lot in a small number of people and then distribution what’s left among as many others as we can. The problem is that if we invest little time in a person, our engagement with that person will decline（減弱）until eventually it dies into “someone I once knew”.
This is not, of course, to say that the internet doesn’t serve a socially valuable function. Of course it does. But the question is not that it allows you to increase the size of your social circle to include the rest of the world, but that you can keep your relationships with your existing friends going even though you have to move to the other side of the world.
In one sense, that’s a good thing. But it also has a disadvantage. If you continue to invest in your old friends even though you can no longer see then, then certainly you aren’t using your time to make new friends where you now live. And I suspect that probably isn’ t the best use of your time. Meaningful relationships are about being able to communicate with each other, face to face. The internet will slow down the rate with which relationships end, but it won’t stop that happening eventually.
108.What is stressed in the first paragraph?
A.The present situation of the internet.
B.The difficulty in communication on the internet.
C.The socially valuable function of the internet.
D.The role of the human mind in the internet communication.
109.The underlined word “engagement” in the second paragraph probably means “ ”.
A.appointment B.connection C.interview D.agreement
110.According to the passage, the author holds the view that .
A.the internet fails to play so valuable a role in communication as it promised
B.the Internet determines the quality of social relationships
C.the internet greatly increases the size of social circles
D.the internet communication is no less effective than the face-to-face talk
111.What is the author’s attitude towards the use of the internet to strengthen relationships?
A.He is uncertain about it. B.He is hopeful of it
C.He approves of it D.He doubts it
【答案】108.D 109.B 110.A 111.D
【解析】本文為議論文。本文闡述了網絡將開創(chuàng)新局面，創(chuàng)建“地球村”。通過網絡人與人之間能夠進行交流、交友。然而受到大腦和時間投入的局限,人與人之間無法按網絡所承諾的那樣進行交友。為此,作者對網絡能夠加強人與人之間的關系表示懷疑。
108.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段第三、四句The reality is that we cannot keep relationships with more than a limited number of people. No matter how hard the internet tries to put you in communication, its best efforts will be defeated human mind.(現(xiàn)實是，我們只能和有限的幾個人保持聯(lián)系。無論互聯(lián)網多么努力地想讓你與人溝通，它的最大努力將被人類的思維打敗)可知，本段強調的是人類思維在互聯(lián)網交流中的作用，故選D。
109.詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文章第二段內容及畫線句子可知，如果我們沒有投入時間在他人身上，最后逐漸變成“似曾相識的路人甲”，這里指的是和那個人的“關系”將會減弱，故選項 B 項符合語境。故選B。
110.推理判斷題。根據(jù)No matter how hard the internet tries to put you in communication, its best efforts will be defeated human mind.可知，無論互聯(lián)網多么努力地想讓你與人溝通，它的最大努力將被人類的思維打敗，互聯(lián)網并沒有像它承諾的那樣在交流中扮演如此重要的角色，故選A。
111.作者態(tài)度題。根據(jù)文章最后一段最后兩句Meaningful relationships are about being able to communicate with each other, face to face. The internet will slow down the rate with which relationships end, but it won’t stop that happening eventually可知，有意義的關系是相互之間面對面的交流。網絡將減慢這種關系的結束，但它最終將無法阻止這種情況的發(fā)生?？芍髡邔W絡能夠加強人與人之間的關系表示懷疑。故選D。
26.（2009年，上海卷）
The latest research suggests that the key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished is not I.Q., a generally bad predictor of success. Instead, it’s purposeful practice. Top performers spend more hours practising their craft. It you wanted to picture how a typical genius might develop, you’d take a girl who possessed a slightly above average language ability. It wouldn’t have to be a big talent, just enough so that she might gain some sense of distinction. Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally shared some similar qualities. Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same family background, or shared the same birthday.
This contact would give the girl a vision of her future self. It would hive her some idea of a fascinating circle who might someday join. It would also help if one of her parents died when she was 12, giving her a strong sense of insecurity and fueling a desperate need for success. Armed with this ambition, she would read novels and life stories of writers without end. This would give her a primary knowledge of her field. She’s be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly understand its inner workings.
Then she would practise writing. Her practice would be slow, painstaking and error-focused. By practising in this way, she delays the automatizing process. Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious. Automatically performed skills. By practising slowly, by breaking skills down into tiny parts and repeating, she forces the brain to internalize a better pattern of performance. Then she would find an adviser who would provide a constant stream of feedback, viewing her performance form the outside, correcting the smallest errors, pushing her to take on tougher challenges. By now she is redoing problems — how do I get characters into a room—dozens and dozens of times. She is establishing habits of thought she can call upon in order to understand or solve future problems.
The primary quality our young writer possesses is not some mysterious genius. It’s the ability to develop a purposeful, laborious and boring practice routine; the latest research takes some of the magic out of great achievement. But it underlines a fact that is often neglected. Public discussion is affected by genetics and what we’re “hard-wired” to do. And it’s true that genes play a role in our capabilities. But the brain is also very plastic. We construct ourselves through behaviour.
112.The passage mainly deals with .
A.the function of I.Q. in cultivating a writer
B.the relationship between genius and success
C.the decisive factor in making a genius
D.the way of gaining some sense of distinction
113.By reading novels and writers’ stories, the girl could .
A.come to understand the inner structure of writing
B.join a fascinating circle of writers someday
C.share with a novelist her likes and dislikes
D.learn from the living examples to establish a sense of security
114.In the girl’s long painstaking training process, ________.
A.her adviser forms a primary challenging force to her success
B.her writing turns into an automatic pattern of performance
C.she acquires the magic of some great achievement
D.she comes to realize she is “hard-wired” to write
115.What can be concluded from the passage?
A.A fueling ambition plays a leading role in one’s success
B.A responsible adviser is more important than the knowledge of writing.
C.As to the growth of a genius, I.Q. doesn’t matter, but just his/her effort.
D.What really matters is what you do rather than who you are.
【答案】112.C 113.A 114.B 115.D
【解析】這篇文章主要講了決定成功的主要因素并不是IQ,而是些后天的、有目的的訓練和努力。如果你要成功，重要的不是你的智商，而在于你的實際行動。
112.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段的The latest research suggests that the key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished is not I.Q., a generally bad predictor of success. Instead, it’s purposeful practice.可知文章講的是在成為天才的時候決定性的因素。故選C。
113.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第2段最后一句She’s be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly understand its inner workings.可知通過閱讀小說和作者的故事，女孩逐漸的理解寫作的內在結構。故選A。
114.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段2,3行Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious. Automatically performed skills.可知在女孩長期的痛苦的訓練過程中，她獲得了一些偉大的成就的魔力。故選B。
115.主旨大意題。從最后一段的句子：And it's true that genes play a role in our capabilities.But the brain is also very plastic.We construct ourselves through behaviour.文章講述了一個人要成功，重要的是自己的行動，而不是看你是什么樣的人，故選D。

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