
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 是一個(gè)較難學(xué)的,今天我給大家總結(jié)一下非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的使用和練習(xí),希望大家能把非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞學(xué)會(huì)。
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是在句子中充當(dāng)除謂語(yǔ)以外的句子成分的動(dòng)詞形式
是動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式.動(dòng)詞一般在句子中充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ).在句中可起名詞,形容詞,副詞的作用,在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),表語(yǔ),補(bǔ)語(yǔ),定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ).即動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式除了不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)外,可以承擔(dān)句子的任何成分
3種形式:不定式,分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞),動(dòng)名詞
1.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的相同點(diǎn)有:
(1)如果是及物動(dòng)詞都可與賓語(yǔ)連用,例如:
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
(2)都可以被狀語(yǔ)修飾:
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used t fit him very well.
(3)都有主動(dòng)與被動(dòng), “體”式(一般式;進(jìn)行式;完成式)的變化。例如:
He was punished by his parents.(謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
He avided being punished by his parents.(動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式)
We have written the cmpsitin.(謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí))
Having written the cmpsitin, we handed it in.(現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式)
(4)都可以有邏輯主語(yǔ)
They started the wrk at nce.(謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ))
The bss rdered them t start the wrk.(動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ))
We are League members.(謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ))
We being League member, the wrk was well dne.
(現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ))
2、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的不同點(diǎn)有:
(1)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以有名詞作用(如動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞),在句中做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。
(2)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以有形容詞作用(如動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞),在句中做定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
(3)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以有副詞作用(如動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞),在句中作狀語(yǔ)。
(4)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ),受主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)的限制;非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ),它不受主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)的限制。
(二)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句法功能:
二、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用法:
(一)動(dòng)詞不定式:(t)+d,具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征。
1.不定式的形式:(以動(dòng)詞write為例)
否定式:nt + (t) d
(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后,
例如:
I'm glad t meet yu.
He seems t knw a lt.
We plan t pay a visit.
He wants t be an artist.
The patient asked t be perated n at nce.
The teacher rdered the wrk t be dne.
(2)進(jìn)行式:不定式的進(jìn)行式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,例如:
The by pretended t be wrking hard.
He seems t be reading in his rm.
(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前,例如:
I regretted t have tld a lie.
I happened t have seen the film.
He is pleased t have met his friend.
2.不定式的句法功能:
(1)作主語(yǔ):
T finish the wrk in ten minutes is very hard.
T lse yur heart means failure.
動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),常用it作形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)不定式置于句后,例如上面兩句可用如下形式:
It is very hard t finish the wrk in ten minutes.
It means failure t lse yur heart.
常用句式有:1、It+be+名詞+t d。2、It takes sb.+sme time+t d。3、It+be+形容詞+f sb +t d。4、It+be+形容詞+fr sb.+t d。常用careless,,clever,gd,flish,hnest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示贊揚(yáng)或批評(píng)的形容詞,不定式前的sb.可作其邏輯主語(yǔ)。
(2)作表語(yǔ):
Her jb is t clean the hall.
He appears t have caught a cld.
(3)作賓語(yǔ):
常與不定式做賓語(yǔ)連用的動(dòng)詞有:want, hpe, wish, ffer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, prmise, prefer, 如果不定式(賓語(yǔ))后面有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),則用it作形式賓語(yǔ),真正的賓語(yǔ)(不定式)后置,放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)后面,例如:
Marx fund it imprtant t study the situatin in Russia.
動(dòng)詞不定式也可充當(dāng)介詞賓語(yǔ),如:
I have n chice but t stay here.
He did nthing last Sunday but repair his bike.
動(dòng)詞不定式前有時(shí)可與疑問(wèn)詞連用,如:
He gave us sme advice n hw t learn English.
(4)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):
在復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中,動(dòng)詞不定式可充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),如下動(dòng)詞常跟這種復(fù)合賓語(yǔ):want, wish, ask, tell, rder, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allw, prepare, cause, frce, call n, wait fr, invite.
此外,介詞有時(shí)也與這種復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)連用,如:
With a lt f wrk t d, he didn't g t the cinema.
有些動(dòng)詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有t的不定式連用,但改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),不定式要加t, 如:
I saw him crss the rad.
He was seen t crss the rad.
(5)作定語(yǔ):
動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ),放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。與所修飾名詞有如下關(guān)系:
①動(dòng)賓關(guān)系:
I have a meeting t attend.
注意:不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),所修飾的名詞如果是地點(diǎn)、工具等,應(yīng)有必要的介詞,如:
He fund a gd huse t live in.
The child has nthing t wrry abut.
What did yu pen it with?
如果不定式修飾time, place, way,可以省略介詞:
He has n place t live.
This is the best way t wrk ut this prblem.
如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動(dòng)作承受者,不定式可用主動(dòng)式也可用被動(dòng)式:
Have yu gt anything t send?
Have yu gt anything t be sent?
②說(shuō)明所修飾名詞的內(nèi)容:
We have made a plan t finish the wrk.
③被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語(yǔ):
He is the first t get here.
(6)作狀語(yǔ):
①表目的:
He wrked day and night t get the mney.
She sld her hair t buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首時(shí),邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)要一致:
wrng:T save mney, every means has been tried.
right:T save mney, he has tried every means.
wrng:T learn English well, a dictinary is needed.
right:T learn English well, he needs a dictinary.
②表結(jié)果:
He arrived late t find the train gne.
常用nly放在不定式前表示強(qiáng)調(diào):
I visited him nly t find him ut.
③表原因:
They were very sad t hear the news.
④表程度:
It's t dark fr us t see anything.
The questin is simple fr him t answer.
(7)作獨(dú)立成分:
T tell yu the truth, I dn't like the way he talked.
(8)不定式的省略:保留t省略d動(dòng)詞。
If yu dn't want t d it, yu dn't need t.
(9)不定式的并列:第二個(gè)不定式可省略t。
He wished t study medicine and becme a dctr.
(二)動(dòng)名詞:
動(dòng)名詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征,又具有名詞的句法功能。
1.動(dòng)名詞的形式:
否定式:nt + 動(dòng)名詞
(1)一般式:
Seeing is believing. 眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。
(2)被動(dòng)式:
He came t the party withut being invited.他未被邀請(qǐng)就來(lái)到了晚會(huì)。
(3)完成式:
We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過(guò)這部電影。
(4)完成被動(dòng)式:
He frgt having been taken t Guangzhu when he was five years ld.
他忘記五歲時(shí)曾被帶到廣州去過(guò)。
(5)否定式:nt + 動(dòng)名詞
I regret nt fllwing his advice. 我后悔沒(méi)聽(tīng)他的勸告。
(6)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):物主代詞(或名詞所有格)+ 動(dòng)名詞
He suggested ur trying it nce again. 他建議我們?cè)僭囈淮巍?br>His nt knwing English trubled him a lt.
他不懂英語(yǔ)給他帶來(lái)許多麻煩。
2.動(dòng)名詞的句法功能:
(1)作主語(yǔ):
Reading alud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。
Cllecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。
當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)常用it作形式主語(yǔ)。
It's n use quarrelling.爭(zhēng)吵是沒(méi)用的。
(2)作表語(yǔ):
In the ant city, the queen's jb is laying eggs.
在螞蟻王國(guó),蟻后的工作是產(chǎn)卵。
(3)作賓語(yǔ):
They haven't finished building the dam. 他們還沒(méi)有建好大壩。
We have t prevent the air frm being plluted.
我們必須阻止空氣被污染。
注意動(dòng)名詞既可作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)也可作介詞賓語(yǔ),如上面兩個(gè)例句。此外,動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),若跟有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),則常用形式賓語(yǔ)it,例如:
We fund it n gd making fun f thers. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。
要記住如下動(dòng)詞及短語(yǔ)只跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ):
enjy, finish, suggest, avid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, cnsider, admit(承認(rèn)),deny(否認(rèn)), mind, permit, frbid, practise, risk(冒險(xiǎn)), appreciate(感激), be busy, be wrth, feel like, can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think f, dream f, be fnd f, prevent…(frm),keep …frm, stp…(frm),prtect…frm, set abut, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used t, lk frward t, bject t, pay attentin t, insist n, feel like
(4)作定語(yǔ):
He can't walk withut a walking-stick. 他沒(méi)有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pl in yur schl? 你們學(xué)校有游泳池嗎?
(5)作同位語(yǔ):
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個(gè)山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening t the news n the radi remains unchanged.
他收聽(tīng)收音機(jī)新聞節(jié)目的習(xí)慣仍未改變。
(三)現(xiàn)在分詞:
現(xiàn)在分詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征,又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。
1、現(xiàn)在分詞的形式:
否定式:nt + 現(xiàn)在分詞
(1)現(xiàn)在分詞的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的一般式表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,完成
式表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生,常作狀語(yǔ)。例如:
They went t the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說(shuō)向公園走去。
Having dne his hmewrk, he played basket-ball. 做完作業(yè),他開(kāi)始打籃球。
(2)現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):一般式表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作,完成式表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)
詞之前的被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。
The prblem being discussed is very imprtant. 正在被討論的問(wèn)題很重要。
Having been tld many times, the naughty by made the same mistake.
被告訴了好幾遍,這個(gè)淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。
2.現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能:
(1)作定語(yǔ):現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ),當(dāng)分詞單獨(dú)做定語(yǔ)時(shí),放在所修飾的名詞前;如果是分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)
放在名詞后。
In the fllwing years he wrked even harder.
在后來(lái)的幾年中,他學(xué)習(xí)更努力了。
The man speaking t the teacher is ur mnitr's father.
正與老師談話的那個(gè)人是我們班長(zhǎng)的父親。
現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的句法功能,如:in the fllwing years也可用in the years that fllwed; the man speaking t the teacher可改為the man wh is speaking t the teacher.
(2)現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ):
The film being shwn in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。
The present situatin is inspiring. 當(dāng)前的形勢(shì)鼓舞人心。
be + ding既可能表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),也可能是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ),它們的區(qū)別在于be + ding表示進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作是進(jìn)行時(shí),而表示特征時(shí)是系動(dòng)詞be與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。
(3)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):
如下動(dòng)詞后可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, ntice, bserve, listen t, lk at, leave, catch等。例如:
Can yu hear her singing the sng in the next rm? 你能聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她在隔壁唱歌嗎?
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門(mén)口等著。
(4)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ):
①作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):
(While) Wrking in the factry, he was an advanced wrker.
在工廠工作時(shí),他是一名先進(jìn)工人。
②作原因狀語(yǔ):
Being a League member, he is always helping thers. 由于是共青團(tuán)員,他經(jīng)常幫助他人。
③作方式狀語(yǔ),表示伴隨:
He stayed at hme, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗。
④作條件狀語(yǔ):
(If) Playing all day, yu will waste yur valuable time.
要是整天玩,你就會(huì)浪費(fèi)寶貴的時(shí)間。
⑤作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ):
He drpped the glass, breaking it int pieces. 他把杯子掉了,結(jié)果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的狀語(yǔ):
He went swimming the ther day. 幾天前他去游泳了。
⑦作讓步狀語(yǔ):
Thugh raining heavily, it cleared up very sn.
雖然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
⑧與邏輯主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格:
I waiting fr the bus, a bird fell n my head.
我等汽車時(shí),一只鳥(niǎo)落到我頭上。
All the tickets having been sld ut, they went away disappintedly.
所有的票已經(jīng)賣光了,他們失望地離開(kāi)了。
Time permitting, we'll d anther tw exercises.
如果時(shí)間允許,我們將做另兩個(gè)練習(xí)。
有時(shí)也可用with (withut) +名詞(代詞賓格)+分詞形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點(diǎn)著燈睡著了。
⑨作獨(dú)立成分:
udging frm(by) his appearance, he must be an actr.
從外表看,他一定是個(gè)演員。
Generally speaking, girls are mre careful. 一般說(shuō)來(lái),女孩子更細(xì)心。
(四)過(guò)去分詞:
過(guò)去分詞只有一種形式:規(guī)則動(dòng)詞由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾-ed構(gòu)成。不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則要求,要一一記住。
過(guò)去分詞的句法功能:
1.過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ):
Our class went n an rganized trip last Mnday. 上周一我們班開(kāi)展了一次有組織的旅行。
Thse elected as cmmittee members will attend the meeting. 當(dāng)選為委員的人將出席這次會(huì)。
注意當(dāng)過(guò)去分詞是單詞時(shí),一般用于名詞前,如果是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ),就放在名詞的后面。過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句。
2.過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ):
The windw is brken. 窗戶破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對(duì)眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。
注意:be + 過(guò)去分詞,如果表示狀態(tài)是系表結(jié)構(gòu),如果表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。區(qū)別:
The windw is brken.(系表)
The windw was brken by the by.(被動(dòng))
有些過(guò)去分詞是不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的,不表示被動(dòng),只表示完成。如:
biled water(開(kāi)水) fallen leaves(落葉)
newly arrived gds(新到的貨) the risen sun(升起的太陽(yáng))
the changed wrld(變了的世界)
這類過(guò)去分詞有:gne, cme, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3.過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):
I heard the sng sung several times last week.
上周我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)這首歌被唱了好幾次。
有時(shí)過(guò)去分詞做with短語(yǔ)中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):
With the wrk dne, they went ut t play. 工作做完了,他們出去玩去了。
4.過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ):
Praised by the neighburs, he became the pride f his parents.
受到鄰居們的表?yè)P(yáng),他成為父母的驕傲。(表示原因)
Once seen, it can never be frgtten.
一旦它被看見(jiàn),人們就忘不了。(表示時(shí)間)
Given mre time, I'll be able t d it better.
如果給予更多的時(shí)間,我能做得更好。(表示條件)
Thugh tld f the danger, he still risked his life t save the by.
雖然被告之有危險(xiǎn),他仍然冒生命危險(xiǎn)去救那個(gè)孩子。(表示讓步)
Filled with hpes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充滿了希望與恐懼,他走進(jìn)山洞。
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)分析
1.The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C,didn't include wmen players until 1919.
A.first playing B.t be first played C.first played D.t be first playing
析:根據(jù)題干,必須選表示被動(dòng)的選項(xiàng),故排除A、D;因B選項(xiàng)表“將要被舉行”意,不合題干之用,只有C選項(xiàng)(相當(dāng)于which was first played)才合用。
2.Eurpean ftball is played in 80 cuntries, ______ it the mst ppular sprt in the wrld.
A.making B.makes C.made D.t make
析:B、C是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,在此不可用。D項(xiàng)t make或表目的,或表“將要使得”,這都不合題干情景。只有A.making,可作狀語(yǔ),表結(jié)果。再舉一現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)例:
The bus was held up by the snwstrm,causing the delay.公共汽車被大風(fēng)雪所阻,因而耽誤了。
3.Little Jim shuld lve ______ t the theatre this evening.
A.t be taken B.t take C.being taken D.taking
析:根據(jù)this evening,應(yīng)選表示將來(lái)義的選項(xiàng),C、D應(yīng)排除。Take后無(wú)賓語(yǔ),必然要用被動(dòng)式,故答案為A。
4.Jhn was made ______ the truck fr a week as a punishment.
A.t wash B.washing C.wash D.t be washing
析:根據(jù)be made t d sth.句式,可定答案為A。
5.The patient was warned ______ ily fd after the peratin.
A.t eat nt B.eating nt C.nt t eat D.nt eating
析:根據(jù)warn sb.(nt)t d sth.句式,可排除B、D兩項(xiàng);又根據(jù)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定式nt總是在首位的規(guī)律,又可排除A,而定C。
6.——I usually g there by train. ——Why nt ______ by bat fr a change?
A.t try ging B.trying t g C.t try and g D.try ging
析:此題可根據(jù)why nt后直接跟原形動(dòng)詞規(guī)律而一舉確定正確答案為D。若將B項(xiàng)改為try t g,則要根據(jù)其與try ging意義之別來(lái)確定答案。依據(jù)題干對(duì)話內(nèi)容,乙方是建議甲方嘗試乘船變變花樣,所以答案仍為D。
7.______ a reply,he decided t write again.
A.Nt receiving B.Receiving nt C.Nt having received D.Having nt received
析:非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定式nt應(yīng)置于首位,B、D皆為錯(cuò)誤形式。A項(xiàng)不能表達(dá)先于decided的動(dòng)作,只有選C項(xiàng)才表沒(méi)收到信在先,決定再寫(xiě)信在后,所以C為正確答案。
8.Charles Babbage is generally cnsidered ______ the first cmputer.
A.t invent B.inventing C.t have invented D.having invented
析:cnsider表“考慮”意時(shí),其后動(dòng)詞用ding形式,此處不表“考慮”,而表“認(rèn)為”,這時(shí)cnsider后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)多為t d,t have dne,t be等形式。據(jù)此可排除B、D兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)。又因A表“要發(fā)明”意,不合題用,只有C表“發(fā)明了”意,才合題用,故選C。
9.Mst f the artists ______ t the party were frm Suth Africa.
A.invited B.t invite C.being invited D.had been invited
析:“被邀請(qǐng)參加晚會(huì)”,應(yīng)選表被動(dòng)意的選項(xiàng),B不可用。D項(xiàng)少引導(dǎo)詞wh,也應(yīng)排除。又因短暫動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式不可作定語(yǔ),C也應(yīng)排除,只有A.invited(=wh were invited)才是正確答案。
10.The murderer was brught in,with his hands ______ behind his back.
A.being tied B.having tied C.t be tired D.tied
析:B表主動(dòng)意,應(yīng)排除。C表“將要被捆綁”,A表“正在被捆綁”都不合題意,只有D項(xiàng)填入空白才能表達(dá)“雙手被反綁著”這一意思,符合題干情景。再看一類似例句: He came in,(with)his head held high.他昂首走了進(jìn)來(lái)。
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