2021-2022學(xué)年高中英語新牛津譯林版必修第二冊(cè)語法專題之動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài) 學(xué)案-

這是一份2021-2022學(xué)年高中英語新牛津譯林版必修第二冊(cè)語法專題之動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài) 學(xué)案-，共15頁。學(xué)案主要包含了一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法，一般過去時(shí)的用法，一般將來時(shí)的用法，一般過去將來時(shí)的用法，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法，將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法等內(nèi)容，歡迎下載使用。
?專題四：動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)
時(shí)態(tài)是謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作或情況發(fā)生時(shí)間的各種形式。英語中的時(shí)態(tài)按動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間分為現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)、過去時(shí)態(tài)、將來時(shí)態(tài)和過去將來時(shí)態(tài)；按動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行形式分為一般性動(dòng)作、進(jìn)行性動(dòng)作、完成性動(dòng)作和完成進(jìn)行性動(dòng)作。這兩種動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)合為16種時(shí)態(tài)（以 do為例）。
時(shí)
態(tài)
種
類
構(gòu)成形式

現(xiàn)在

過去

將來

過去將來

一般時(shí)態(tài)

do/does

did

shall/will+do

should/would+do
進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)

am/is/are+doing

was/were+doing

shall/will+be+doing

should/would+be+doing
完成時(shí)態(tài)

have/has+done

had+done

shall/will+have+done

should/would+have+done
完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)


have/has+been
+doing


had+been+doing


shall/will+have+been+doing


should/would+have+been
+doing
其中常用的有11種：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)、一般過去將來時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)和將來完成時(shí)。下面分別進(jìn)行介紹。
一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法：
1. 構(gòu)成：do/does
2. 常用詞：常與always, often, sometimes, usually, never, seldom, every morning, in the morning, once a month, now and then等連用。
3. 用法：
①表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常與常用詞連用。
I usually get up at six o’clock. 我通常六點(diǎn)鐘起床。
He goes to school every day. 他每天去上學(xué)。
They go to the cinema twice a month. 他們一個(gè)月去看兩次電影。
②表示客觀事實(shí)、真理和自然現(xiàn)象。
The earth moves around the sun. 地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。
Knowledge is power. 知識(shí)就是力量。
It is hot in summer and cold in winter. 夏天熱冬天冷。
③表示現(xiàn)在的特征或狀態(tài)。
I live in Lianyungang. 我居住在連云港。
They are students. 他們是學(xué)生。
④表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，用于倒裝句中。
Look! Here comes the bus. 看！公共汽車來了。
Listen! There goes the bell. 聽！鈴響了。
⑤在when, before, until, as soon as, the moment等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句和if, unless, even if等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。
I will go with you as soon as I finish my work. 我一完成工作就和你一起去。
If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go there. 如果明天下雨，我們就不去那兒了。
⑥一些動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃（主要指按時(shí)刻表、日程表）或安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。常見的動(dòng)詞有：come, go, leave, depart, start, begin, stay, return, run, arrive, open, close, take, take off等。
The plane takes off at 8 a.m. tomorrow. 飛機(jī)明天上午8點(diǎn)鐘起飛。
The meeting begins at 2:00 and ends at 5:00 in the afternoon. 會(huì)議下午兩點(diǎn)鐘開始，五點(diǎn)鐘結(jié)束。
He comes here tonight. 他今晚來這兒。
⑦書報(bào)的標(biāo)題，小說等情節(jié)介紹常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
Beckham Takes Football Movie Role 貝克漢姆出演足球電影。（新聞標(biāo)題）
練習(xí)：
1) —When will you come to see me, Dad?
—I will go to see you when you ________________ (finish) the training course.
2) —Do you know when Tom _________________ from abroad?
—Perhaps it will be a long time before he _________________. (come)
3) Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 1026 ______________ (take) off at 18: 20.
4) This machine ______________ (not work). It hasn’t worked for years.
5) The chemistry teacher told us that water _____________ (boil) at 100℃.
6) I _______________ (play) ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the new year.
7) The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people _________________ (persuade) to eat more fruit and vegetables.
8) Listen! There ________________ (go) the ring.
(答案：1. finish 2. will come/comes 3. takes (will take) 4. doesn’t work 5. boils 6. play 7. are persuaded 8. goes )




二、一般過去時(shí)的用法：
1. 構(gòu)成：did
2. 常用詞：常與yesterday, last week, two days ago, just now, the other day, in the past, in 2000, at that time等連用。
3. 用法：
①表示在過去某一時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與常用詞連用。
I saw her in the street yesterday. 昨天在大街上我看見她了。
He went home just now. 剛才他回家了。
②表示過去經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常與always, often, sometimes, usually, never, seldom, every day等連用。
Their children often went hungry in the old days. 在舊社會(huì)，他們的孩子經(jīng)常挨餓。
He played football nearly every day last year. 去年他幾乎天天踢足球。
She was always late last term. 上學(xué)期她總是遲到。
③用“used to+動(dòng)詞原形”或“would+動(dòng)詞原形”也可表示過去經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
He used to go fishing. 他過去常常去釣魚。
He would sit under the tree and read English every morning.
每天早上他總是坐在樹下讀英語。
④在時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中表示過去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
She would ring me up as soon as she arrived. 她一到達(dá)就給我打電話。
They would come if we promised to wait for them. 如果我們答應(yīng)等他們，他們會(huì)來的。
⑤一般過去時(shí)可與today, this week, this month等時(shí)間狀語連用。
I met him today. 今天我遇見他了。
He came here late twice this week. 本周他遲到兩次。
練習(xí)：
1) On Saturday afternoon, Mrs. Green went to the market, ____________ (buy) some bananas and visited her cousin.
2) The teacher, with some students of her class, _______ (be) visiting a museum when the earthquake struck.
3) She ___________ (change) her hairstyle in her hometown before she came to Chongqing for a better job.
4) After a fire broke out in the lab, a lot of equipment ________________ (damage).
5)—Nancy is not coming tonight.
—But she ________________ (promise)!
6) He _____________ (work) in Yunnan for five years and now he _____________ (work) in Jiangsu.
7) She used to ___________ with her parents, but now she is used to __________ with her classmates at school. (live)
8) My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He___________________ (work) there for a few months and then went to America.
9) We _____________________ in the yard every evening and listened to his story.
每天晚上我們總是坐在院子里，聽他的故事。
(答案：1.bought 2. was 3. changed 4. was damaged 5. promised (have promised) 6. worked/is working 7. live/living 8. worked 9. would sit)




三、一般將來時(shí)的用法：
1. 構(gòu)成： shall/will+do （shall用于第一人稱,will 可用于各種人稱。）
2. 常用詞：常與tomorrow, tomorrow morning, next week, this afternoon, the day after tomorrow, in 2060等連用。
3. 用法：
①表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與常用詞連用。
We will visit the Great Wall tomorrow. 明天我們要去參觀長城。
I will be back in a week. 一周后我將回來。
②表示將來的看法、假定或推測(cè)。常用于由think, believe, suppose, expect, know, hope, doubt, wonder, be afraid等引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中。
I think he will visit his teacher. 我認(rèn)為他會(huì)去看望他的老師的。
We hope they will pass the exam. 我們希望他們將通過考試。
③常和時(shí)間狀語、條件狀語從句連用。
When it gets warmer, the snow will start to melt. 天氣變暖，雪就開始融化。
If you go there, you will see him. 如果你去那兒，你將看見他。
④用于“祈使句/名詞短語+and/or+陳述句”中。
Use your head, and you will find a way. 動(dòng)動(dòng)腦筋，你就會(huì)想出辦法的。
Hurry up, or you will be late. 快點(diǎn)，否則你會(huì)遲到的。
One more step further, and I will beat you flat. 再往前走一步，我將把你揍扁。

一般將來時(shí)除了“shall/will +動(dòng)詞原形”外，還有以下幾種形式：
⑤“be (am/is/are) going to+動(dòng)詞原形”可以表示將來。表示打算、準(zhǔn)備干某事或有跡象要發(fā)生的事。
I’m going to play football tomorrow. 我打算明天踢足球。
The play is going to be put on next week. 這部戲下周將上演。
Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain. 看天上的烏云，要下雨了。
⑥“be (am/is/are) to+動(dòng)詞原形”可以表示將來。表示計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
We are to meet our professor at the station this afternoon. 今天下午我們要去火車站接教授。
Am I to wait here till their arrival? 我要在這兒一直等到他們抵達(dá)嗎？
⑦“be (am/is/are) about to+動(dòng)詞原形；be on the point of +doing”可以表示將來，表示正要干某事或即將干某事。不能與具體的時(shí)間連用，但可以和when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用。即：am/is/are about to do sth. when… ; am/is/are on the point of doing sth. when…意為“正要干……這時(shí)……”。
We are about to leave. 我們即將動(dòng)身。
I am about to go out when the phone rings. 我正要出去，這時(shí)電話響了。
She is on the point of leaving when I arrive. 她正要出去，這時(shí)我到了。
⑧“be (am/is/are) +doing”可以表示將來。這些動(dòng)詞有：come, go, leave, arrive, start, open, return, stay等。
I am coming in a minute. 一會(huì)兒我就來。
They are going there tomorrow. 明天他們要去那兒。
She is leaving for Beijing. 她要?jiǎng)由砣ケ本?br /> ⑨有些動(dòng)詞可以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。這些動(dòng)詞有：be, come, go, leave, arrive, take off等。
Tomorrow is Sunday. 明天是星期天。
The meeting starts at five o’clock. 會(huì)議將于五點(diǎn)鐘開始。
The plane takes off at five p.m..飛機(jī)下午五點(diǎn)鐘起飛。
練習(xí)：
1) — Your job _________________ (keep) open for your return.
— Thanks.
2) Let’s keep to the point or we _______________ (never reach) any decisions.
3) _____________ (turn on) the television and you will often see advertisements showing happy families.
4) Because the shop _________________ (close down), all the T-shirts are sold at half price.
5)—Is everybody here?
—No. The speaker __________________ (come) soon.
6) Look at the lightning. It _____________________ (rain).
7) Our English teacher _________________ (leave)Shanghai in a few days.
8) I feel it is your husband who __________________ (blame) for the spoiled child.
9) I am about _________________ (go) out when it begins to rain.
10) It is reported that a space station _____________________ (build) on the moon in years to come.
(答案：1. will be kept 2. will never reach 3. Turn on 4. is closing down 5. is coming 6. is going to rain 7. is leaving 8. is to blame 9. to go 10. will be built)




四、一般過去將來時(shí)的用法：
1. 構(gòu)成： should/would+do（should僅用于第一人稱, would可用于各種人稱。）
2. 常用詞：常與the next day, …later, the following day等連用。
3. 用法：
①表示從過去某一時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常用于賓語從句或間接引語中。
I wondered when we should leave for Paris. 我想知道我們什么時(shí)候動(dòng)身去巴黎。
He said that he would help with my work the next day. 他說第二天他要幫我干活。
②用于非真實(shí)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。
I wish you would never tell of it before any others.
我希望你永遠(yuǎn)不要在其他任何人面前提起此事。
If it should rain tomorrow, we would not hold the sports meeting.
如果明天下雨的話，我們就不舉行運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。
③“was/were going to+動(dòng)詞原形”可以表示過去將來。表示過去曾打算、準(zhǔn)備干某事。
She said she was going to buy a new computer. 她說她打算買一臺(tái)新的電腦。
He told me they were going to visit the Summer Palace. 他告訴我他們打算參觀頤和園。
—Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday? 愛麗絲，昨天你為什么沒有來？
—I was going to, but I had an unexpected visitor. 我本打算來的，但我一位不速之客。
④“was/were to+動(dòng)詞原形”可以表示過去將來。表示過去計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
He said they were to marry the next week. 他說下周他們要結(jié)婚了。
She told me that she was to plant some trees in the yard. 她告訴我她要在院子里栽些樹。
⑤“was/were about to+動(dòng)詞原形; was/were on the point of +doing”可以表示過去將來。表示過去正要干某事或即將干某事。不能與具體的時(shí)間連用，但可以和when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用。即：was/were about to do sth. when… ; was/were on the point of doing sth. when…意為“正要干……這時(shí)……”。
The bus was about to start. 公共汽車馬上就要開了。
We were about to go out when the phone rang. 我們正要出去這時(shí)電話響了。
She was on the point of leaving when I arrived. 她正要出去這時(shí)我到了。
⑥“was/were+doing”可以表示過去將來。這些動(dòng)詞有：come, go, leave, arrive, start, open, return, stay等, 多用于賓語從句中。
He didn’t know that you were coming. 他不知道你要來。
I was told that the train was leaving in a few minutes. 我被告知火車幾分鐘后就要開了。
練習(xí)：
1) We were all surprised when he made it clear that he ____________ (leave) office soon.
2) In a room above the store, where a party ___________ (hold), some workers were busily setting the table.
3) He _____________________ (speak) at the meeting, but his heart attack prevented him.
4) I was on the point _________________ (go) out when it began to rain.
(答案：1. would leave 2. was to be held (would be held) 3. was going to speak 4. of going)



五、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法：
1. 構(gòu)成：am/is/are+doing
2. 常用詞：常與now, right now, at present, at the moment, for the present等連用。
3. 用法：
①表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常與常用詞連用。
I am talking and you are listening. 我正在講話，你們正在聽。
We are having an English class now. 現(xiàn)在我們正在上英語課。
She is doing her homework at present. 現(xiàn)在她正在做家庭作業(yè)。
②表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，但說話時(shí)不一定正在進(jìn)行。
The workers are building a new factory. 工人們正在新建一個(gè)工廠。
He is writing a novel. 他正在寫一部小說。
③有些動(dòng)詞如come, go, leave, arrive, start, open, return, stay, die, lose, take off等用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來。
I am coming in a minute. 一會(huì)兒我就來。
They are going there tomorrow. 明天他們要去那兒。
She is leaving for Beijing. 她要?jiǎng)由砣ケ本?br /> ④現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)常與always, often, usually, forever, constantly, continually, frequently, all the time等副詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常表示不滿、厭惡、抱怨或贊賞等感情色彩。
Don’t believe him. He is always telling lies. 別相信他，他老是撒謊。
He is always thinking of others. 他總是想著別人。
The children are constantly disturbing us. 孩子們老是打擾我們。
Tom is usually leaving things about. 湯姆總是丟三落四。
⑤表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作剛剛開始。
The tulip is opening. 郁金香剛剛開放。
I’m forgetting my English. 我的英語開始忘了。
⑥一些表示感覺、感情、存在、占有與從屬、思考與理解等的動(dòng)詞通常不可以用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。
see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, look, appear; （感覺）
hate, love, like, fear, want, wish, prefer, refuse, forgive; （感情）
be, exist, remain, stay; （存在）
have, possess, own, contain, belong to, consist of, form; (占有與從屬)
understand, know, believe, think, doubt, forget, remember（思考與理解）
練習(xí)：
1) —What’s that terrible noise?
—The neighbors __________________ (prepare) for a party.
2) —Is this raincoat yours?
—No, mine __________________ (hang) there behind the door.
3) —Have you moved into the new house?
—Not yet. The rooms _____________________ (paint).
4) E-mail, as well as telephones, __________________ (play) an important part in daily communication.
5) A new cinema ______________________ (build) here. They hope to finish it next month.
6) Ladies and gentlemen, we _________ (arrive) at Changzhou Station, please get ready to get off the train.
7)—Oh, dear. I forgot the air tickets.
(答案：1. are preparing 2. is hanging 3. are being painted 4. is playing 5. is being built 6. are arriving 7. are leaving)

—You ___________ always ____________ (leave) something.

六、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法：
1. 構(gòu)成：was/were+doing
2. 常用詞：常與at this time yesterday, at that time, at that moment, at 8 o’clock yesterday等連用。
3. 用法：
①過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常與常用詞連用。
We were having a class at this time yesterday. 昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候我們正在上課。
He was watching TV at that time. 那時(shí)他正在看電視。
What were you doing at ten o’clock last night? 昨天晚上十點(diǎn)鐘你在干什么？
②表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)持續(xù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作（有時(shí)可以間歇）。
It was raining last night. 昨晚一直在下雨。
We were discussing the plan the whole morning yesterday.
昨天整個(gè)上午我們一直在討論這個(gè)計(jì)劃。
③常用于介紹故事的背景。
Once an Arab was traveling in the desert. 有一次一個(gè)阿拉伯人在沙漠里旅行。
A mother crocodile was looking for food near the bank. 一條母鱷魚在岸邊覓食。
④過去進(jìn)行時(shí)常與always, often, usually, forever, constantly, continually, frequently, all the time等副詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常表示不滿、厭惡、抱怨或贊賞等感情色彩。
She was always finding fault with him. 她以前總是挑他的毛病。
He was continually asking her questions. 他總是問她問題。
⑤when引導(dǎo)的從句表示一個(gè)短暫的時(shí)間點(diǎn), 謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)，主句用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)；while引導(dǎo)的從句表示一段持續(xù)的時(shí)間，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，主句用一般過去時(shí)。
I was writing a letter when he came. 當(dāng)他來時(shí)，我正在寫信。
We were walking in the street when I met my old friend.
當(dāng)我遇見我的老朋友時(shí)，我們正在大街上散步。
While we were having supper, the light went out. 我們正在吃晚飯時(shí)，燈熄滅了。
The telephone rang while she was reading. 當(dāng)她看書時(shí)，電話響了。
練習(xí)：
1) The reporter said that the UFO ____________________ (travel) east to west when he saw it.
2)—Has Sam finished his homework today?
—I have no idea. He ______________________ (do) it this morning.
3)—Did you see a man in black pass by just now?
—No, sir. I ________________________ (read) a newspaper.
4)—I took a picture of you just now.
—Really? I _________________________ (not look) with attention.
5) I first met Lisa three years ago. She __________________________ (work) at a radio shop at the time.
6) It was a dark night, the wind _______________ (blow) hard and the rain ____________ (fall) heavily.
7) When you _______________ (knock) at the door yesterday, I ________________ (do) some washing.
8) While my mother ______________ (watch) TV, I ______________ (make) a kite.
9) The couple _____________ always ______________(quarrel) because of poverty in the past.
10) When I got to his house, I found that the walls ________________________ (paint)
(答案：1. was traveling 2. was doing 3. was reading 4. wasn’t looking 5. was working 6. was blowing/was falling 7. knocked/was doing 8. was watching/was making 9. were quarreling 10. was being painted)




七、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法：
1. 構(gòu)成：shall/will +be+doing（shall用于第一人稱, will 可用于各種人稱。）
2. 常用詞：常與at this time tomorrow, at 8 o’clock next Sunday等連用。
3. 用法：
①表示在將來某一時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作, 常與常用詞連用。
I shall be seeing a friend off at this time tomorrow. 明天這個(gè)時(shí)候我將送一位朋友。
What will you be doing at 8 o’clock this evening? 今天晚上八點(diǎn)鐘你將干什么？
②表示稍晚一點(diǎn)兒的安排。
In a few minutes the meeting will be going on. 幾分鐘后會(huì)議將繼續(xù)舉行。
We are studying Unit 1 this week, and next week we will be studying Unit 2.
這周我們學(xué)習(xí)第一單元，下周我們將學(xué)第二單元。
③表示對(duì)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的預(yù)測(cè)。
The weather report says that it will be raining when we arrive in London.
天氣預(yù)報(bào)說當(dāng)我們到達(dá)倫敦時(shí)天將下雨。
The train will be arriving soon. 火車很快就要到了。
④用在問句中，表示委婉、禮貌。
Will you be visiting your uncle in London? 在倫敦你將看望你叔叔嗎？
When will you be coming again? 你什么時(shí)候再來？
練習(xí)：
1) At this time tomorrow we _______________________ (fly) over the Atlantic.
2) Daniel’s family ______________________ (enjoy) their holiday in Huangshan this time next week.
3) I’m afraid I won’t be available. I _________________ (see) a friend off at four o’clock this afternoon.
4)—Guess what, we’ve got our visas for a short term visit to the UK this summer.
—How nice！You ___________________________ (experience) a different culture then.
5) Jane can’t attend the meeting at 3 o’clock this afternoon because she ________________ (teach) a class at that time.
(答案：1. will be flying 2. will be enjoying 3. will be seeing 4. will be experiencing 5. will be teaching)


八、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法：
1. 構(gòu)成：have/has+done
2. 常用詞：常與already, yet, just, ever, now, before, by this time, so far, recently, lately, today, this morning, up to now, all one’s life, since, “for+一段時(shí)間”,“in the past/last+一段時(shí)間”等連用。
3. 用法：
①表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，常與常用詞連用。
I have seen the film. 我已看過那部電影了。
China has already made great progress in science and technology.
中國在科技方面已經(jīng)取得了巨大的進(jìn)步。
②表示開始于過去、持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能持續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。只能用于某些帶有延續(xù)意義的動(dòng)詞。常與these days, now, up to now, today, this week, so far, since,“for+一段時(shí)間”等時(shí)間狀語連用。
They have studied English for six years. 他們學(xué)英語已有六年了。
He has lived here since 1949. 自從1949以來，他一直住在這兒。
He has grown such a lot since we last saw him. 自從上次看見他以來，他已長高了許多。
Now I have finished the work. 現(xiàn)在我已完成工作了。
③表示過去發(fā)生過一次或多次的動(dòng)作，已成為某種經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
I have read the book many times. 我已看過那本書許多遍。
We have all played with snow and ice. 我們都玩過雪和冰。
He has been to the USA. 他到過美國。
④現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可用在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，表示將來某時(shí)完成的動(dòng)作。
I’ll go to your home as soon as I have finished my homework. 我一完成家庭作業(yè)就去你家。
If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go to the park.
如果早上停止下雪，我們就去公園。
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped. 等車完全停下來后再下車。
Once you have promised, you must keep it. 一旦許下諾言，你務(wù)必遵守。
⑤主句是“It/This/That is the first (second…) time that…”，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
It is the third time that I have visited Beijing. 這是我第三次參觀北京。
⑥It/This/That is +形容詞最高級(jí)+n.+that…結(jié)構(gòu)，that從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。
⑦It has been/is+一段時(shí)間+since從句。主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)。
It has been/is six years since I came here. 我來這兒已經(jīng)六年了。

注：
a. 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞如come, go, die, marry, buy, join, begin, start, leave等的完成時(shí)不能與for, since等表示一段時(shí)間的短語連用。
He has died. 他已死了。（√）
He has died for three days. 他已死了三天了。（×）
He has been dead for three days. 他已死了三天了。（√）
非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化：

leave-be away
borrow-keep
join-be in/be a member of
buy-have
begin/start-be on
die-be dead
finish-be over
open sth.-keep sth. open
fall ill-be ill
get up-be up
catch a cold-have a cold
come here-be here
go there-be there
become-be
come back-be back
fall asleep-be asleep
go/get out-be out
put on-wear
get to/arrive/reach-be (in)
get to know-know

b. have gone to與have been to的區(qū)別：
have gone to 表示“到某地去了”，人可能在路上，也可能已經(jīng)到達(dá)，但一定不在說話者這里。have been to表示“曾經(jīng)到過某地”，是回來之后再談?wù)撊ミ^某地的情況。
He has gone to Fuzhou. 他到福州去了。
He has been to Fuzhou. 他到過福州。
c. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別：
這兩個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)都談過去已發(fā)生的事，但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在有影響，或談現(xiàn)在以前這一段時(shí)間里發(fā)生的事。而一般過去時(shí)單純談過去的事，與現(xiàn)在沒有聯(lián)系，因此凡是有確定的過去時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，只能用一般過去時(shí)。
He has lived in Beijing since 2010.
自從2010年以來，他就住在北京。（現(xiàn)在仍在北京。）
He lived in Beijing in 2010.
2010年他住在北京。（現(xiàn)在是否住在北京不知道。）
We have visited a power station.
我們參觀了一個(gè)發(fā)電站。（說明現(xiàn)在對(duì)發(fā)電站有所了解。）
We visited a power station last week.
上周我們參觀了一個(gè)發(fā)電站。（只說明上周參觀發(fā)電站這個(gè)事實(shí)。）
練習(xí)：
1) I wonder why Jenny _______________ (not write) us recently. We should have heard from her by now.
2)—How long ____________ you ______________ (employ) at this job?
—Since 1990.
3) The price ___________________ (go down), but I doubt whether it will remain so.
4) With the rapid growth of the population, the city ________________ (spread) in all directions in the past five years.
5) In the last few years thousands of films ___________________ (produce) all over the world.
6) His first novel ____________________ (receive) good reviews since it came out last month.
7) It is the most instructive lecture that I ______________________ (attend) since I came to this school.
8) Up to now, the program ______________ (save) thousands of children who would otherwise have died.
9)—When shall we restart our business?
—Not until we______________________ (finish) our plan.
10)—Where’s Jim?
—He has _______________to Guilin.
11) He has never ____________ to Hangzhou, but he has ___________ to Wuhan once.
12) This is the first time that we_________________ (see) a film in the cinema together as a family.
(答案：1. hasn’t written 2. have/been employed 3. has gone down 4. has spread 5. have been produced 6. has received 7. have attended 8. has saved 9. have finished (finish) 10. gone 11. been/been 12. have seen)



九、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法：
1. 構(gòu)成：have/has+been+doing
2. 常用詞：常與recently, lately, all the time, this week, since, for等連用。
3. 用法：
①表示某一動(dòng)作開始于過去某一時(shí)間，延續(xù)至今，很可能將繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。
We have been learning English for six years. 我們學(xué)習(xí)英語已經(jīng)六年時(shí)間了。
It has been raining since last night. 自從昨晚以來雨一直在下。
②表示某一動(dòng)作從過去開始，一直持續(xù)到說話時(shí)剛剛結(jié)束。
Dad looks very tired. He has been painting the house all day.
爸爸看起來很累。他一整天都在粉刷房子。
My clothes are all wet. I have been working in the rain.
我的衣服全濕了。我剛才一直在雨中干活。
③表示一直到說話時(shí)為止的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一再重復(fù)的動(dòng)作，常帶有感情色彩。
He has been saying that twenty times. 這話他已說了二十遍了。
She has been calling on him several times this week. 她這個(gè)星期幾次來看他。
注：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：
a. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)，但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)；
Someone has been phoning you. 有人一直在給你打電話。
Someone has phoned you. 有人給你打電話了。
b. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果；
I have been reading the book. 我一直在看那本書。（還沒看完）
I have read the book. 我已看完那本書了。（已看完）
c. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)帶有感情色彩，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一般是平鋪直敘的。
Who’s been eating my apples? 誰一直在吃我的蘋果？（有感情色彩，表示憤怒或不滿）
Who’s eaten my apples? 誰把我的蘋果吃了？ (蘋果沒有了)
練習(xí)：
1)—Hi, Tracy, you look tired.
—I am tired. I ______________________ (paint) the living room all day.
2) —I have got a headache.
—No wonder. You ______________________ (work) in front of that computer too long.
3) Where have you been? We ______________________ (look) for you everywhere.
4) I’m sure you will do better in the test because you _____________________ (study) so hard this year.
5) —We’ve spent too much money recently.
—Well, it isn’t surprising. Our friend and relatives ____________________ (come) around all the time.
(答案：1. have been painting 2. have been working 3. have been looking 4. have been studying 5. have been coming)




十、過去完成時(shí)的用法：
1. 構(gòu)成：had+done
2. 常用詞：常與“by (the end of ) +過去時(shí)間”, “by the time+一般過去時(shí)態(tài)的句子”及before,
when, since等引出的短語或從句連用。
3. 用法：
①表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作之前就已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，即“過去的過去”。常與“by (the end of ) +過去時(shí)間”，“by the time+一般過去時(shí)態(tài)的句子”或以“before/until/when/than+一般過去時(shí)態(tài)的句子”連用。
We had learned 5000 English words by the end of last term.
到上學(xué)期末為止，我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了5000個(gè)英語單詞。
By the time we arrived there, the famous film star had left.
到我們到達(dá)時(shí)，那位著名的影星已經(jīng)走了。
When we got to the station, the train had left. 當(dāng)我們到達(dá)火車站時(shí)，火車已經(jīng)走了。
I had known about the case before I read the paper. 我在讀報(bào)前就已經(jīng)知道這個(gè)案子了。
It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.
干旱了好幾個(gè)月之后，昨天下雨了。
②表示從過去某一時(shí)刻開始，一直持續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常與for, since等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用。
He told us that he had done the scientific research for five years.
他告訴我們他做科研工作已經(jīng)五年了。
She said she had made much progress since she came here.
她說自從她到這兒后已取得了很大的進(jìn)步。
③過去完成時(shí)用于“no sooner…than…; hardly/scarcely/barely…when…(一……就……)”句型中。當(dāng)no sooner, hardly/scarcely/barely, 位于句首時(shí), 需倒裝。
He had no sooner gone to bed than the phone rang. 他剛一上床電話就響了。
Hardly had they got home when it began to rain. 他們剛一到家天就開始下雨了。
④主句是“It/This/That was the first (second…) time that…”，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)。
It was the third time that I had visited Beijing. 這是我第三次參觀北京。
⑤在句型“It was/had been+一段時(shí)間+since+從句”中，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)。
It was/had been ten years since we had left Beijing. 我們離開北京有十年了。
⑥mean, plan, intend; hope; want; think, suppose, expect等詞的過去完成時(shí)可用來表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的打算、希望、意圖等。意為“本打算/本希望/本想要/本以為……”，但實(shí)際上并未干。
We had meant to help them, but we were busy then.
我們本打算幫助他們的，但當(dāng)時(shí)我們很忙。
They had wanted to take part but couldn’t get there in time.
他們?cè)雲(yún)⒓拥?，但沒能及時(shí)趕到那里。
⑦表示一種未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或想法，常用于if引導(dǎo)的與過去事實(shí)相反的條件句以及wish, if only, as if, would rather等引導(dǎo)的與過去事實(shí)相反的從句中。
If you had worked hard, you would have passed the exam.
如果你努力學(xué)習(xí)的話，你就可以通過考試了。
I wish I had come here yesterday. 要是我昨天來這兒就好了。
If only you had seen the film. 要是你看過那部電影就好了。
It looked as if time had not had any effect on him. 光陰好像一點(diǎn)都沒有改變他。
⑧如果before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句用一般過去時(shí)，主句可用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)；如果after引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，主句用一般過去時(shí)，從句可用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)。
John (had) left before I came home. 在我回家之前約翰就走了。
He began to write a review after he (had) watched the film twice. 看了那部電影兩次后，他開始寫評(píng)論。
練習(xí)：
1) Experiments of this kind _____________________ (conduct) in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War.
2) By the end of last year, another gymnasium _______________________ (complete) in Beijing.
3) I said that it was at least ten years since I _____________________ (enjoy) a good drink.
4) —Did Linda see the traffic accident?
—No, no sooner _______________ she _______________ (go) than it happened.
5) This was the third time that I ______________________ (come) to Lianyungang.
6) I ______________________ (intend) to speak, but time did not permit.
7) I _____________ hardly _________________ (finish) my work when he came to see me.
8) I would rather you _____________________ (come) yesterday.
9) She ___________ (change) her hairstyle in her hometown before she came to Chongqing for a better job.
10) Kate went out to the park after she __________________ (read) the paper.
(答案：1. had been conducted 2. had been completed 3. had enjoyed 4. had/gone 5. had come 6. had intended 7. had finished 8. had come 9. (had) changed 10. (had) read)


十一、將來完成時(shí)的用法：
1. 構(gòu)成：shall/will +have +done （shall用于第一人稱, will 可用于各種人稱。)
2. 常用詞：常與“by (the end of) +將來時(shí)間”, ever, never, soon, before long ,when, if等連用。
3. 用法：
①將來完成時(shí)表示在將來某一時(shí)間之前完成的動(dòng)作，并往往對(duì)將來某一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生影響，常與常用詞連用。
I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week. 我將在本周末前讀完這本書。
Before long, he will have forgotten all about the matter.
不久以后，他很快就會(huì)把這件事全忘了。
②將來完成時(shí)往往可和時(shí)間或條件狀語從句連用。
When I have done that, I shall have done all I was supposed to do.
我做完這件事，就做了我全部應(yīng)做的事。
If you come at six o’clock, I shall not yet have finished dinner.
如果你六點(diǎn)鐘來，我還沒有吃完晚飯。
③will可用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，有“大概，料想是”等含義，有時(shí)并非表達(dá)“將要”的含義。
You will have heard the news, so I need not repeat it.
你們一定已經(jīng)聽到消息了，所以我就沒有必要重復(fù)了。
They will have received our letter now. 他們這時(shí)一定收到我們的信了。
練習(xí)：
1) By the time Jane gets home, her aunt ___________________ (leave) for London to attend a meeting.
2) He will have learned English for eight years by the time he _____________ (graduate) from the university next year.
3) By this time tomorrow we ______________________ (repair) the machine.
4) On her next birthday, Ann __________________________ (be) married for twenty years.
5)—Tommy is planning to buy a car.
—I know. By next month, he_________________________ (save) enough for a used one.
(答案：1. will have left 2. graduates 3. will have repaired 4. will have been 5. will have saved)



附：動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)
動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)表示主語與謂語之間的關(guān)系。英語有兩種語態(tài)，即主動(dòng)語態(tài)（the Active Voice）和被動(dòng)語態(tài)（the Passive Voice）。
主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者： Many people speak English. （許多人講英語。）
被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者： English is spoken by many people.（英語被許多人所講。）
一、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成：
被動(dòng)語態(tài)是由“be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成的。
二、主動(dòng)語態(tài)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)的方法：
主動(dòng)語態(tài)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)通常采取如下的步驟：
①將主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的賓語變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語；
②將主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的謂語動(dòng)詞變成“be+過去分詞”的形式；
③將主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的主語變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)中by的短語。
例如：
Many people speak English. （許多人講英語。）


English is spoken by many people. （英語被許多人所講。）
三、常見各種時(shí)態(tài)及含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成：
①一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am/is/are + done You are required to do this.
②一般過去時(shí)：was/were + done The story was told by her.
③一般將來時(shí)：will/shall + be + done The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
④現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am/is/are + being + done The road is being widened.
⑤過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：was/were + being + done The new tool was being made.
⑥現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have/has + been + done The novel has been read.
⑦過去完成時(shí)：had + been + done He said that the work had been finished.
⑧將來完成時(shí)：will/shall + have + been + done The work will have been finished by tomorrow.
⑨過去將來時(shí)：would/should + be + done He said that the trees would be planted.
⑩情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：can/must…+ be + done TV can be watched by us every night.

一、高考題改編：
1.（20江蘇卷22）If you look at all sides of the situation, you’ll find probably a solution that ____________ (suit) everyone.
2.（20江蘇卷26）Instead of getting down to a new task as I ________________ (expect), he examined the previous work again.
3.（20天津卷2）—You are a great swimmer.
—Thanks. It’s because I ______________________ (practise) a lot these days.
4.（20天津卷9） The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and ____________________ (remain) around that level ever since.
5.（19江蘇卷22） The musician along with his band members _________________ (give) ten performances in the last three months.
6.（19江蘇卷23） A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr. Smith _________________ (fall) in love with the people and culture there.
7.（19江蘇卷33）They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals ________________________ (install) by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics.
8.（19天津卷2） I __________________ (hope) to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldn’t manage it.
9.（19天津卷8）Amy, as well as her brothers, _______________________ (give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.
10.（18北京卷1）—Hi, I’m Peter. Are you new here? I haven’t seen you around.
—Hello, Peter. I’m Bob. I just ___________________ (start) on Monday.
11.（18江蘇卷30）I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan ______________ (carry out) in the past two years.
12.（18江蘇卷31）Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be e-mailing each other, for we _______________ (develop) more convenient electronic communication tools by then.
13.（18天津卷13）My washing machine _________________ (repair) this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
14.（17江蘇卷27）He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he _________________ (follow).
15.（16江蘇卷22）More efforts, as reported, _____________________ (make) in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform.
二、語法填空：
A
There _______________ (be) a new modern art exhibition downtown for the last three days, which _______________ (close) this coming Sunday. Having got two tickets for it, I _______________ (consider) inviting my friend Tony to go along with me. I know that he _______________ (finish) his paper by Sunday and can afford the time.
He once _______________ (tell) me that he liked modern art, so I think he will be interested in this exhibition. Just this morning, when I entered my office, my colleagues _______________ (talk) about it, and some of them said they _______________ (go) to see it already. The exhibition _______________ (hold) in ten more big cities in America after it goes to San Francisco next week.
I’ve just called Tony and he has agreed to go with me, saying that he _______________ (look) forward to going to an exhibition for months. I will call for him this Sunday. I’ll go home for lunch now, as I_______________ (starve).
B
In China, there are various means of transport for day-to-day living: subways, buses, cars, and even bikes... but taxis rank high on the list.
Taxis are certainly the most convenient means of transport, as _______________ requires little effort to raise your arm to call a cab. Besides fares in China_________________ affordable. They sat in daytime hours in the capital at RMB 13 yuan for_______________ first 3 kilometers, after which you pay another RMB 2.3 yuan per kilometer. This is far ______________ expensive than that in European capitals. In London, for example, two kilometers’ ride could cost you about RMB 63 yuan.
Taxicabs as we know them today first _______________ (appear) in China in the early 20th century, but ________________ (be) the reserve（特權(quán)）of the rich and the powerful. Nowadays, _______________ (take) a cab is commonplace in China.
Before coming to China, I _______________ (warn) that there were awful drivers who would make long detours（繞行）to get higher fares. However, most taxi drivers I ______________ (meet) so far are nice. They know the city like the back of their hands, and are glad to be _________________ some help.
答案：
一、高考題改編：
1. suits 2. had expected 3. have been practising 4. has remained 5. has given 6. fell 7. will have been installed 8. had hoped 9. was given 10. started 11. had been carried out 12. will have developed 13. is being repaired 14. was being followed 15. will be made
二、語法填空：
A: has been; will (is going to) close/ is closing; am considering; will have finished; told; were talking; had gone; will be held; has been looking; am starving
B: it; are; the; less; appeared; were; taking/to take; was warned/had been warned; have met; of