
【考點(diǎn)解讀】 定語從句的用法較為復(fù)雜,高考除了單獨(dú)考查定語從句知識外,還常常結(jié)合句式結(jié)構(gòu)、時(shí)態(tài)等來綜合考查??v觀近幾年各地高考試題,不難發(fā)現(xiàn)其考點(diǎn)主要包括:1. 考查關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的區(qū)分。如: that, which和where, when的區(qū)分; that, which和why的區(qū)分等。2. 考查whse的使用。whse可以指代人或物, 在定語從句中作定語, 后跟名詞。3. 考查as/which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。尤其要重視which,as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句和it,what引導(dǎo)的主語從句的區(qū)分。 4. 考查定語從句中的主謂一致現(xiàn)象。5. 考查“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句?!敖樵~+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句,關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whm,指物時(shí)用which,不能用that。關(guān)系代詞作定語時(shí)也可用whse。6. 考查一些特殊的先行詞。如: 當(dāng)situatin, pint, case, activity, scene及perid, festival, ccasin等出現(xiàn)時(shí),要注意具體情況具體分析; 作主語、賓語和表語時(shí), 用關(guān)系代詞that/which; 作狀語時(shí), 用關(guān)系副詞where/when或“介詞+which”, 表示在某種特定的情形下。7. 考查定語從句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、時(shí)間狀語從句等的區(qū)別。
定語從句:在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。⑵先行詞:被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。⑶關(guān)系詞:引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。頭系代詞有that, which,wh, whm, whse 等; 關(guān)系副詞有when, where, why 等。⑷關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個(gè)作用: ⑴引號定語從句;⑵代替先行詞;⑶在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。例如: The wmen wh are speaking at the meeting are famus scientists.該句中, wh are speaking at the meeting are famus scientists.是定語從句,修飾先行詞 the wmen,wh是引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞,代替先行詞 the wmen,在定語從句中作主語。
The girl wh is behind the tree is kate.
2. 關(guān)系代詞that和which的用法區(qū)別
3. 關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句的用法
(1)as既可指人又可指物,在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語等,引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句時(shí)的 固定搭配:the same ...;such ...;s/as ... ?She is such a nice girl as we all like.她是一個(gè)我們大家都喜歡的好女孩。(2)the same 與the same 的區(qū)別: ?This is the same pen as I bught yesterday. 這和我昨天買的那支鋼筆一樣。 ?This is the same pen that I bught yesterday.這就是我昨天買的那支鋼筆。
例(2019·新課標(biāo)III卷·短文改錯(cuò))In the cafe, custmers will enjy themselves in the histrical envirnment what is created fr them
1. 常用的關(guān)系副詞:when,why,where(在從句中只作狀語)2. 意義及作用
?I’ll never frget the day_________we spent tgether last week.我將永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記上周我們一起度過的那一天。 ?I’ll never frget the day __________I gt t knw yu.我將永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記我認(rèn)識你的那天。
① why或that引導(dǎo)的定語從句, 先行詞是reasn, 且reasn又作主句主語時(shí),表語從句不能用because引導(dǎo), 而要用that引導(dǎo)。其句型為:The reasn that...或The reasn that... 。?The reasn that he explained at the meeting was that he had t lk after his mther in hspital. 他在會上解釋的原因是他不得不去照顧他住院的母親②“地點(diǎn)模糊”的先行詞后跟where引導(dǎo)的定語從句。當(dāng)先行詞 pint, situatin, cnditins, case, psitin, stage, scene, spt, activity, family, jb等表示某人/物所處的情況、發(fā)展的階段或表達(dá)某事的某個(gè)方面時(shí), 用where引導(dǎo)定語從句, where相當(dāng)于frm which, under which等, 表示“在這種情況下”, “從……中”等。?We’re just trying t reach a pint where bth sides will sit dwn tgether and talk.我們只是盡力想能達(dá)到雙方共同坐下來商談的地步。
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4. 關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇依據(jù)
Ex:a.⑴She wn’t frget the days ___________she spent n the islands.⑵She wn’t frget the days _______ they stayed tgether.b.⑴The teacher didn’t knw the reasn ________ she was absent yesterday.⑵The tearcher culdn’t accept the reasn __________she explained yesterday.c.⑴This is the park____________we visited last year.⑵This is the park ——————— we held a birthday party.
一、介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句時(shí),位于介詞之后的關(guān)系代詞只能是which或whm,構(gòu)成介詞+which(指物);介詞+whm(指人)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)。(1)介詞+關(guān)系代詞?Mandela was the black lawyer t whm I went fr advice.=Mandela was the black lawyer whm I went t fr advice.曼德拉是我尋求幫助的一位黑人律師。 (2)名詞/代詞/數(shù)詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞?The ld man has tw daughters, bth f whm are dctrs.那位老人有兩個(gè)女兒,她們都是醫(yī)生。(3)形容詞最高級+介詞+關(guān)系代詞?China has thusands f islands,the largest f which is Taiwan.中國有成千上萬的島嶼,其中最大的是臺灣。 (4)介詞+關(guān)系代詞+名詞?I called him by the wrng name,fr which mistake I aplgized.我叫錯(cuò)了他的名字,為此我向他表示了歉意。(不能使用whse)
Ex:⑴The service abut that the students cmplain a lt shuld be imprved.(改錯(cuò)) ⑵He is a library assistant frm wh I brrwed sme bks. (改錯(cuò))
⑴I live in a rm whse windws are all brken.=I live in a rm f which the windws are all brken.= I live in a rm the windws f which are all brken.⑵This is my teacher whse handwriting is excellent.= This is my teacher ___?。撸撸摺。撸撸摺。撸撸遡s excellent.= This is my teacher ___?。撸撸摺。撸撸撸摺。撸撸遡s excellent.
二、代詞whse+名詞 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為 the+名詞+f+ which / whm 或 f+ which/whm+ the +名詞結(jié)構(gòu);f 表所屬關(guān)系。
三.關(guān)系副詞when, where, why可以相應(yīng)地轉(zhuǎn)化為 "介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)。
This is the huse where/_____ ______ I lived tw years ag.D yu remember the day when/_____ ____ yu jined ur club?I dn’t knw the reasn why /_____ _____he said s.
四.介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句前常有不定代詞sme, any, nne, bth, all, many, a few, few, a little, little, either, neither, ne等修飾。
He lves his parents deeply, _____ _____ _____ (他們倆)are very kind t him. Up t nw, he has written ten stries,______ _________ __________(其中3本) are abut cuntry life.
五.介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,介詞的確定常常遵循以下三原則1.介詞與先行詞的關(guān)系2.從句謂語動詞的搭配3.整個(gè)句子表達(dá)的意思。簡稱“一先,二動,三意義”。
This is the car ____ which I bught last year.This is the car ____ which I paid 100$.This is the car ____ which I spent 100$.This is the car ____ which I g t wrk every day.This is the car ____ which I can’t g t wrk.This is the car ____ which the ld wman was kncked dwn.This is the car ____ which a by threw a stne.This is the car ____ which we talked.This is the car ____ which the windw was brken.
6.有一些動詞短語中的介詞是固定搭配,不可以拆開,一般還是放在動語之后,不提前:
He is the student (wh/whm/that) the teachers are lking fr.The number f the children (wh/whm/that) she takes care f is 30.
6. 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句
?限制性定語從句:
The teacher tld me that Tm was the nly persn that I culd depend n.? China is a cuntry which has a lng histry.?非限制性定語從句:
China, which was funded in 1949, is becming mre and mre pwerful.? Last summer I visited Great Hall f the peple, in which many imprtant meetings are held every year.He didn’t pass the exam, which surprised us.
as可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,常有"正如……"的意思,所引導(dǎo)的從句既可置于主句之前, 也可置于主句之后。as多用于固定搭配中:
as is knwn t all眾所周知as has been said befre如前所說as is ften the case情況常常如此as may be imagined這可以想象得出as has been pinted ut正如已經(jīng)指出的那樣as ften happens這種情況常常發(fā)生as is mentined abve 正如上面所提到的?As yu knw, David is a phtgrapher. =David, as yu knw, is a phtgrapher. = David is a phtgrapher, as yu knw. 戴維是名攝影師,你是知道的。(as引導(dǎo)非限制定語從句,指代整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容。)
Ex: _____ is ften the case, Girls like dlls while bys like guns.Jack has wn the first prize,_____ it ften happens.He changed his mind again,_______ made us all angry.
定語從句中需注意的問題
1. 當(dāng)先行詞為表示方式的the way時(shí),從句不能用hw來引導(dǎo),應(yīng)用that或in which,或?qū)⑺鼈內(nèi)渴÷浴?. as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句時(shí),常用于下列句式中:such+名詞+as ..."像……一樣的";the same+名詞+as ..."和……同樣的"。3. 當(dāng)先行詞是time時(shí),若time表示"次數(shù)",應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)定語從句,并且that可以省略;若time表示"一段時(shí)間"講,應(yīng)用when或"at/during+which"引導(dǎo)定語從句。?This is the secnd time(that)the president has visited the cuntry. 這是這位總統(tǒng)第二次訪問這個(gè)國家。?This is at a time when/during which there were n radis,n telephnes r n TV sets.這是在一個(gè)沒有收音機(jī),沒有電話,也沒有電視的時(shí)代。
4. 定語從句中的主謂一致當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時(shí),從句中謂語動詞的數(shù)原則上要與先行詞保持一致,但要注意以下幾點(diǎn):先行詞是"ne f+復(fù)數(shù)名詞"結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句中的謂語動詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式;但如有the very,the nly,the first,the last,the right等修飾ne時(shí),謂語動詞用單數(shù)。?This is ne f the mst interesting questins that have been asked. 這是被問過的最有意思的問題之一。?She is the nly ne f the girls wh studies hard. 她是這些女孩中唯一一個(gè)刻苦學(xué)習(xí)的。
定語從句與其他從句的區(qū)別
定語從句與地點(diǎn)狀語從句的區(qū)別:當(dāng)定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞與地點(diǎn)狀語從句的連接詞都是where時(shí),定語從句修飾、限制、說明地點(diǎn)名詞;而狀語從句則說明動作發(fā)生的地點(diǎn),where沒有對應(yīng)的地點(diǎn)名詞或代詞。?This is the place where we used t live a few years ag. 這就是幾年前我們常居住的地方。(定語從句)?Let’s g where we can find a better jb. 我們到我們能找到更好工作的地方去吧。(地點(diǎn)狀語從句)
定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的區(qū)別
定語從句對名詞或代詞的修飾和限制,關(guān)系詞可能是that, which, as, wh, but, 另一方面,句子中的It有所指;而強(qiáng)調(diào)句型是對某部分加強(qiáng)語氣,強(qiáng)調(diào)語氣的連接詞只能是that, wh,并且句子中的It 沒有任何意義;一般比較明顯,而有時(shí)就難以區(qū)別,還需要根據(jù)上下文的語境來判斷。It is a bk that he wants.它究竟是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型還是定語從句,就要從語境上來考察。如果它是用來回答What is this / that? 這樣的問題,意思是:它是一本他想要的書。句子顯然是定語從句。如果是用來回答What des he want? 這樣的問題,那么意思是:他想要的是一本書。顯然,句子是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。
限制性定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句中的關(guān)系詞有跟他們含義相應(yīng)的先行詞,而引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)則沒有與他們含義相應(yīng)的先行詞。?Srry, I’ve frgt the day when we met fr the first time. 抱歉,我記不起我們第一次見面的日子了。?I’ve n idea when we met fr the first time. 我不知道我們第一次是什么時(shí)候見面的。
定語從句與時(shí)間狀語從句的區(qū)別當(dāng)定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞與時(shí)間狀語從句的連接詞都是when時(shí),定語從句修飾、限制、說明時(shí)間名詞,只能放在先行詞的后面;而時(shí)間狀語從句說明動作發(fā)生的情況,并且可以放在主句的前面。?D yu knw the time when the class is ver? 你知道下課的時(shí)間嗎??It was already five ’clck in Lndn when the class was ver. =When the class was ver, it was already five ’clck in Lndn . 當(dāng)課結(jié)束時(shí),已經(jīng)是五點(diǎn)鐘了。
定語從句與結(jié)果狀語從句的區(qū)別定語從句中的關(guān)系詞在從句中還要作某種成分,因而從句成分不完整;而結(jié)果狀語從句中的連接詞不作任何句子成分,因此句子成分完整。?It is such an interesting bk as we all like. 它是我們大家都喜歡的如此有趣的書。?It is such an interesting bk that we all like it. 它是一本如此有趣的書,我么大家都喜歡它。
1.定語從句與名詞性從句的區(qū)別a.The fact_____ she tld me yesterday is very imprtant.The fact______ she has knwn the result f the examinatin is knwn t all that the earth is rund.___ is knwn t all, the earth is rund.____ is knwn t us all is that the earth is rund. 2.定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的區(qū)別It was a rm______ we used t have meeting.It was in the rm_____ we used t have meeting.
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