?專題16 閱讀理解說(shuō)明類
I、2021年高考真題

（2021·新高考I卷·C篇）
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans have taken care of these precious natural resourses wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to?decimate?a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl（水禽）were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat（棲息地）.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory（遷徙的）waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. "Ding" Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
1.What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?
A.Loss of wetlands. B.Popularity of water sports.
C.Pollution of rivers. D.Arrival of other wild animals.
2.What does the underlined word "decimate" mean in the first paragraph?
A.Acquire. B.Export. C.Destroy. D.Distribute.
3.What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?
A.The stamp price has gone down.
B.The migratory birds have flown away.
C.The hunters have stopped hunting.
D.The government has collected money.
4.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A.The Federal Duck Stamp Story
B.The National Wildlife Refuge System
C.The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl
D.The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
【答案】ACDA
【解析】本文為說(shuō)明文，講述了美國(guó)為了保護(hù)“水禽”頒布了一項(xiàng)政策，狩獵者需要購(gòu)買相關(guān)水禽類郵票，然后政府把售賣所得款撥給候鳥(niǎo)保護(hù)基金組織。
1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干信息North America以及decline定位到第一段：Millions of waterfowl were killed at…?Millions of acres of wetlands were dried…?greatly reducing waterfowl habitat. 分析可知，數(shù)百萬(wàn)的水禽被獵人和野心過(guò)大的運(yùn)動(dòng)員給殺害了。而數(shù)百萬(wàn)英畝的濕地被開(kāi)墾以喂養(yǎng)和容納日益增長(zhǎng)的人口，而這大大減少了水禽的棲息地?？芍瑵竦亓魇菍?dǎo)致水禽數(shù)量減少的原因。 故選A。
2.詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)題干信息first paragraph定位到第一段：Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. 根據(jù)Unfortunately（不幸地是）可知，此處與前文?"taken care of"?形成對(duì)比，故此處應(yīng)表示?"損害、毀壞"?。原文譯為：不幸地是，這些探險(xiǎn)者和定居者只花了幾十年的時(shí)間就毀掉了這些資源的很大一部分。故選C。
3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干信息in 1934定位到第二、三段。分析可知，第二段是在說(shuō)明在頒布了這個(gè)法令之后，16歲或者超過(guò)16歲以上的水禽捕獵者必須每年購(gòu)買并攜帶聯(lián)邦鴨票，而第三段則提及了大約98%的鴨子郵票的錢都是直接被用于購(gòu)買保護(hù)濕地。 因此D選項(xiàng), 政府可以籌集錢，符合題意。故選D。
4.主旨大意題。根據(jù)原文分析可知，首先作者先提出了濕地的破壞導(dǎo)致了水禽數(shù)量的下降，而后政府則通過(guò)發(fā)行聯(lián)邦鴨票籌集資金，用于保護(hù)濕地，是史上最成功的保護(hù)項(xiàng)目之一。因此A選項(xiàng)，聯(lián)邦鴨票的故事符合題意。故選A。

（2021·全國(guó)甲卷·B篇）
Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding（繁育） programme, has welcomed the arrival of a rare black rhino calf （犀牛幼崽）. When the tiny creature arrived on January 31. she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve. And officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhinos are known for being difficult to breed in captivity（圈養(yǎng)）.
Paul Beer, head of rhino section at Port Lympne, said: "Obviously we're all absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family. She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. It's still a little too cold for them to go out into the open, but as soon as the weather warms up, I have no doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing every day."
The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.
According to the World Wildlife Fund, the global black rhino population has dropped as low as 5500, giving the rhinos a "critically endangered" status.
1.Which of the following best describes the breeding programme?
A.Costly. B.Controversial. C.Ambitious. D.Successful.
2.What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino?
A.She loves staying with her mother.
B.She dislikes outdoor activities.
C.She is in good condition.
D.She is sensitive to heat.
3.What similar experience do Solio and Kisima have?
A.They had their first born in January.
B.They enjoyed exploring new places.
C.They lived with their grandmothers.
D.They were brought to the reserve young.
4.What can be inferred about Port Lympne Reserve?
A.The rhino section will be open to the public.
B.It aims to control the number of the animals.
C.It will continue to work with the World Wildlife Fund.
D.Some of its rhinos may be sent to the protected wild areas.
【答案】DCAD
【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要講述肯特野生動(dòng)物園慶祝一只可愛(ài)的稀有動(dòng)物黑犀牛幼崽的到來(lái)。
1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞 "the breeding programme " 定位在原文第一段第一句話Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding （繁育） programme, has welcomed the arrival of a rare black rhino calf （犀牛幼崽） . 林普恩港保護(hù)區(qū)(Port Lympne Reserve)開(kāi)展了一項(xiàng)繁殖計(jì)劃，它迎來(lái)了一頭稀有的黑犀牛犢牛的到來(lái)。所以，應(yīng)該是成功的。故選D項(xiàng)。
2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞 "Paul Beer say" 定位在第二段他說(shuō)的話，其中根據(jù) "Obviously we're all absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family. She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore." 顯然，我們都非常高興地歡迎另一頭小牛來(lái)到我們的黑犀牛家庭。她健康，強(qiáng)壯，并且已經(jīng)渴望玩耍和探索?？芍谶@個(gè)新生的小犀牛狀況很好。故選C項(xiàng)。
3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞 "similar experience ，Solio and Kisima" 定位在原文第二段 "Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. 她的母親，索里奧，是第一次當(dāng)媽媽，她做得很好。" 和第三段 "The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. 1月5日，在林普恩港出生的第一頭犀牛來(lái)到了它的第一位母親基西馬身邊，體重約32公斤。" 可知Solio 和Kisima相似點(diǎn)都是第一次當(dāng)媽媽。故選A項(xiàng)。
4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞 "PortLympne Reserve" 定位在原文第一段 "Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding （繁育） programme" 和第三段 "His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there. 他的母親、祖母和曾祖母都出生在保護(hù)區(qū)，至今仍住在那里。" 可知林普恩港保護(hù)區(qū)是負(fù)責(zé)一項(xiàng)繁殖計(jì)劃的項(xiàng)目，它的一些犀牛一直住在保護(hù)區(qū)，所以一些犀?？赡軙?huì)被送到野生保護(hù)區(qū)。故選D項(xiàng)。

（2021·全國(guó)甲卷·D篇）
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender（性別）are "really, really smart." Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are "really, really smart." Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors（因素） like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world."
1.What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?
A.They're unfair. B.They're conservative.
C.They're objective. D.They're strict.
2.What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?
A.They think themselves smart.
B.They look up to great thinkers.
C.They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D.They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs.
3.Why are more geniuses known to the public?
A.Improved global communication.
B.Less discrimination against women.
C.Acceptance of victors' concepts.
D.Changes in people's social positions.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Geniuses Think Alike
B.Genius Takes Many Forms
C.Genius and Intelligence
D.Genius and Luck
【答案】ADAB
【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要講述了天才的實(shí)質(zhì)，批評(píng)了天才種族輪和性別輪，并指出其危害。
1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干 "victors' standards for joining the genius club" 定位到第二段It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others. 據(jù)說(shuō)歷史是由勝利者書(shū)寫(xiě)的，而這些勝利者為天才俱樂(lè)部設(shè)定了準(zhǔn)入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。當(dāng)俱樂(lè)部外的天才——女性、不同膚色或信仰的人——做出貢獻(xiàn)時(shí)，他們得不到認(rèn)可，也會(huì)被其他人拒絕），據(jù)此可以推斷出作者認(rèn)為勝利者的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是不公平的，所以選A項(xiàng)。
2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干girls from the study in Science定位到第三段A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender（性別）are "really, really smart." Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are "really, really smart." 《科學(xué)》雜志最近發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在6歲時(shí)，女孩比男孩更不可能說(shuō)出自己性別的成員，更糟糕的是，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)女孩們的行為都是基于這樣的信念：在六歲左右，她們開(kāi)始避免從事那些所謂 "非常聰明" 的孩子們的活動(dòng)）。據(jù)此可推知女孩有可能被社會(huì)錯(cuò)誤信念所影響，故選D項(xiàng)。
3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干 "more geniuses known to the public" 定位最后一段In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear 在一個(gè)全球互聯(lián)世界里，我們都能看到天才的出現(xiàn)，無(wú)論它們出現(xiàn)在哪里，可知更多的天才被公眾所知道的原因在于改善的全球通信，故選A項(xiàng)。
4.主旨大意題。A項(xiàng)（天才的想法相同）文章沒(méi)有涉及；C項(xiàng)（天才和智力）只是文章的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)不能作為文章的主旨； D項(xiàng)（天才和運(yùn)氣）也只是在文章的最后稍微提起，也只是文章的一個(gè)小細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)文章的最后一句As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with "intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”正如一位作家所說(shuō)，未來(lái)的天才來(lái)自那些具有 "智慧、創(chuàng)造力和毅力" 的人和簡(jiǎn)單的好運(yùn)，那些能改變世界的人?？v觀全文可知，天成具有多樣性，故選B項(xiàng)。

（2021·全國(guó)乙卷·B篇）
When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline（座機(jī)）?
These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter (29%) rely only on their smartphones, according to a survey（調(diào)查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third?concede?that it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket—19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor（因素）—only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn't the only factor;?I'd say it's also to do with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone (using Caller ID would take the fun out of it).
How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries?
1.What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
A.Their target users.
B.Their wide popularity.
C.Their major functions.
D.Their complex design.
2.What does the underlined word?"concede"?in paragraph 3 mean?
A.Admit. B.Argue. C.Remember. D.Remark.
3.What can we say about Baby Boomers?
A.They like smartphone games.
B.They enjoy guessing callers' identity.
C.They keep using landline phones.
D.They are attached to their family.
4.What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?
A.It remains a family necessity.
B.It will fall out of use some day.
C.It may increase daily expenses.
D.It is as important as the gas light.
【答案】BACB
【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。當(dāng)今世界上幾乎所有人都有手機(jī)，但一半以上澳大利亞家庭仍然擁有座機(jī)，本文說(shuō)明了出現(xiàn)這一現(xiàn)象的原因。
1.主旨大意題。根據(jù)題干信息paragraph 2，定位到文章第二段。分析可知，該段主要說(shuō)明手機(jī)在澳大利亞的使用率非常高，手機(jī)使用十分普及。故選B。
2.詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)題干信息concede，定位到第三段Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home… Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it's not really necessary…。分析可知，雖然55%的人的家中都還有座機(jī)，但他們中的三分之一的人認(rèn)為座機(jī)其實(shí)并不十分必要。由此我們可以推測(cè)，這些人在說(shuō)it's not necessary的時(shí)候是在承認(rèn)這件事。故選A。
3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干信息Baby Boomers，定位到第四段Age is naturally a factor （因素）—?only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for 50 years.分析可知，84%的Baby Boomers仍用座機(jī)，而且他們可能已經(jīng)用同一個(gè)座機(jī)號(hào)碼50年了。由此可知，Baby Boomers仍在用座機(jī)。故選C。
4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干信息last paragraph，定位到原文最后一段How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries? 。分析可知，煤氣路燈和早晨送牛奶服務(wù)都離我們現(xiàn)在的生活比較久遠(yuǎn)，它們基本已經(jīng)消失了。作者發(fā)出疑問(wèn)：多久以后座機(jī)會(huì)走上煤氣路燈、早晨送牛奶服務(wù)的老路呢？因此可以推測(cè)，座機(jī)有一天也會(huì)消失。選項(xiàng)B中的fall out of use意為開(kāi)始不用、漸漸廢棄，符合文意。故選B。

（2021·全國(guó)乙卷·C篇）
You've heard that plastic is polluting the ocean—between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called? "Strawpocalypse, " a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168, 000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（來(lái)源）of plastic pollution, but they've recently come under fire because most people don't need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that's part of Von Wong's artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate（說(shuō)明） a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload's worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled?"Truckload of Plastic, "?Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10, 000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they'd been dumped（傾倒） from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
1.What are Von Wong's artworks intended for?
A.Beautifying the city he lives in.
B.Introducing eco-friendly products.
C.Drawing public attention to plastic waste.
D.Reducing garbage on the beach.
2.Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?
A.To show the difficulty of their recycling.
B.To explain why they are useful.
C.To voice his views on modern art.
D.To find a substitute for them.
3.What effect would?"Truckload of Plastic"?have on viewers?
A.Calming. B.Disturbing.
C.Refreshing. D.Challenging.
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A.Artists'?Opinions on Plastic Safety
B.Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C.Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D.Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
【答案】CABD
【解析】本文為說(shuō)明文。講述了藝術(shù)家Benjamin Von Wong用回收到的廢舊吸管創(chuàng)作藝術(shù)作品“吸管末日”，目的是提醒人們警惕所生產(chǎn)、消費(fèi)的塑料垃圾，以及提高人們對(duì)改善環(huán)境問(wèn)題的參與意識(shí)。
1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段最后一句可知，該藝術(shù)家創(chuàng)作的初衷是督促公眾重新審視與一次性塑料制品的關(guān)系。故選C。
2.推理判斷題。第三段作者闡述了吸管由于體積小，重量輕，很難回收。故選A。
3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)首段…?forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to…?及尾段…?will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint…?可知，原文中的Von Wong希望讓人們可以重新審視他們對(duì)于塑料制品的處理方式。B選項(xiàng)Disturbing的意思為?"令人不安的, 引起恐慌的"?，符合文意。故選B。
4.主旨大意題。本文圍繞環(huán)保話題，介紹了一位叫本杰明的藝術(shù)家，試圖用塑料垃圾創(chuàng)作雕塑作品，喚起公眾對(duì)塑料垃圾的重視。故選D。

（2021·全國(guó)乙卷·D篇）
During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction（干擾）in his open office, he said, "That's why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street—so I can focus." His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout（布局）. But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works.
The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels（分貝）, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group—those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop—significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise—not too loud and not total silence—may actually improve one's creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This kind of "distracted focus" appears to be the best state for working on creative tasks.
So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into others' conversations while we're trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
1.Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?
A.It helps him concentrate.
B.It blocks out background noise.
C.It has a pleasant atmosphere.
D.It encourages face-to-face interactions.
2.Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?
A.Total silence. B.50 decibels.
C.70 decibels. D.85 decibels.
3.What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?
A.Personal privacy unprotected.
B.Limited working space.
C.Restrictions on group discussion.
D.Constant interruptions.
4.What can we infer about the author from the text?
A.He's a news reporter.
B.He's an office manager.
C.He's a professional designer.
D.He's a published writer.
【答案】ACDD
【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)分析了過(guò)分辦公室噪音對(duì)于辦公效率的影響，但合伙辦公有利于集中注意力，適量的聲音有利于創(chuàng)新思維。
1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段第二句"…?so I can focus"可知，采訪者喜歡在公用工作場(chǎng)所辦公，是因?yàn)樗梢约芯Α９蔬xA。
2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段"the participants in the 70 decibels group…?significantly outperformed the other groups"可知，在70分貝下采訪者的表現(xiàn)最優(yōu)，說(shuō)明該環(huán)境可以改善創(chuàng)造性思維能力。故選C。
3.推理判斷題。由最后一段第二句"…?can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into other's conversations while we're trying to focus"可知，開(kāi)放式辦公環(huán)境中，經(jīng)常有其他事情分散人們的注意力。故選D。
4.推理判斷題。由第一段第一句可知，作者在為自己的書(shū)接受采訪，可推斷他是作家。故選D。

（2021·浙江卷·C篇）
If you ever get the impression that your dog can?"tell" whether you look content or annoyed, you may be onto something. Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human faces, according to a new study.
Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images（圖像） of the same person making either a happy or an angry face. During the training stage, each dog was shown only the upper half or the lower half of the person's face. The researchers then tested the dogs' ability to distinguish between human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person's face or images totally different from the ones used in training. The researchers found that the dogs were able to pick the angry or happy face by touching a picture of it with their noses more often than one would expect by random chance.
The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces during training to new faces in the testing stage. "We can rule out that the dogs simply distinguish hetween the pictures bused on a simple cue, such as the sight of teeth, " said study anthor Corsin Muller.? "Instead, our results suggest that the surcessful dogs realized that a smiling mouth means the same thing as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies to an angry mouth having the same meaning as angry eyes."
"With our study, we think we can now confidently conclude that at least some dogs can distinguish human facial expressions," Muller told?Live Science.
At this point, it is not clear why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facial expressions in humans."To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions, ”?and this exposure has provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish between them, Muller said.
1.The new study focused on whether dogs can???????????.
A.distinguish shapes
B.make sense of human faces
C.feel happy or angry
D.communicate with each other
2.What can we learn about the study from paragraph 2?
A.Researchers tested the dogs in random order.
B.Diverse methods were adopted during training.
C.Pictures used in the two stages were different.
D.The dogs were photographed before the test.
3.What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A.A suggestion for future studies.
B.A possible reason for the study findings.
C.A major limitation of the study.
D.An explanation of the research method.
【答案】BCB
【解析】 本文是一篇科普類說(shuō)明文，實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明，狗能夠辨別人類的不同的面部的高興還是憤怒表情。
1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第二句 "Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human faces, according to a new study." 可知，狗能夠分辨開(kāi)心的表情和不開(kāi)心的表情，故選B。
2 .推斷題。根據(jù)第二段第三句 "The researchers then tested the dogs' ability to distinguish between human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person's face or images totally different from the ones used in training." 可知，訓(xùn)練時(shí)和測(cè)試時(shí)使用的人臉照片完全不同，故選C。
3.主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章最后一段可知，狗為何能夠識(shí)別人的表情的原因不明，緊接著給出了最可能的解釋：可能是狗長(zhǎng)期與人類生活，所以練就了識(shí)別人類表情的能力，故選B。
II、2021年高考模擬試題

（2021·諸暨市5月模擬·閱讀理解B篇）
The great thing about libraries is that they house all types of books---from mysteries to biography and dramas---all in one location. The bad thing about libraries is that they house all types of books in one location, and if it’s a location you cannot get to, you are out of luck. Now, mobile library solutions are appearing quickly around the country to bring books to people who need them.
A few years ago, when the Little Free Libraries Movement kicked off, more people of all ages could have access to books. Now, more than 1,5000 free book stands can be found across the globe, bringing books to unexpected places. But many folks are simply not in a position to get to the places where the books are. Bookmobile buses are a good solution, but they can be expensive to fund and to operate.
Books on Bikes programs are popping up in areas where there is a strong bike culture, in some regions like Seattle, or a strong need to bring books to the masses, for example, in San Francisco.
The Seattle Public Library’s Books on Bike program consists of three bike/trailer combos(組合)that librarians bring to community events. The trailers are even Wi-Fi enabled so that visitors can sign up for a library card and browse(瀏覽)the library’s card catalogue on the spot.
“Seattle has a really strong bike culture so we want to tap into that and provide full service library programs but do it in a way that is quick and smart,” librarian Jared Mills said in an interview.
San Francisco’s program, called Bibliobicicleta, was launched in 2013 by librarian Alicia Tapia. Her trailer can hold about 100 books and attracts readers of all ages and income levels. It’s an independent, donation-based library---like a Little Free Library, but on wheels.
When asked why she would start a free library on a bike, Tapia answers, “Why not? Bikes are cool, and can go anywhere.”
1. What is the passage mainly about?
A. Free libraries on bikes.
B. Unique bicycle cultures.
C. Popular online libraries.
D. Various library movements.
2. The underlined words in paragraph 5 are closest in meaning to ______.
A. come up with B. stay in touch with C. keep pace with D. take advantage of
3. What did Tapia think of the program?
A. Environment-friendly. B. Practical. C. Controversial. D. Profitable.
【答案】ADB
【解析】本文是說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了新型的自行車圖書(shū)館。和傳統(tǒng)的圖書(shū)館相比，自行車圖書(shū)館靈活機(jī)動(dòng)且成本低廉，對(duì)讀者也很有吸引力。
1.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段的“Now, mobile library solutions are appearing quickly around the country to bring books to people who need them.( 現(xiàn)在，移動(dòng)圖書(shū)館的解決方案正迅速出現(xiàn)在全國(guó)各地，以將書(shū)籍帶給需要書(shū)籍的人)”和第三段的“Books on Bikes programs are popping up in areas where there is a strong bike culture, in some regions like Seattle, or a strong need to bring books to the masses, for example, in San Francisco.( 關(guān)于自行車項(xiàng)目的書(shū)籍出現(xiàn)在有強(qiáng)烈自行車文化的地區(qū)，比如西雅圖，或者強(qiáng)烈需要把書(shū)籍帶給大眾的地區(qū)，例如在舊金山)”結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可推斷，文章主要講述了新型的自行車免費(fèi)圖書(shū)館，靈活機(jī)動(dòng)，成本低廉，故選A項(xiàng)。
2.詞句猜測(cè)題。上文“Seattle has a really strong bike culture”說(shuō)明西雅圖有很強(qiáng)自行車文化，結(jié)合下文“provide full service library programs but do it in a way that is quick and smart(提供全面服務(wù)的圖書(shū)館項(xiàng)目，但是用快速且明智的方法)”以及so和that（指代上文提到的西雅圖強(qiáng)大的自行車文化）可推斷，此處說(shuō)的是：西雅圖有強(qiáng)大的自行車文化，所以我們想要利用這個(gè)文化，以一種快速和聰明的方式提供全面服務(wù)的圖書(shū)館項(xiàng)目。故劃線短語(yǔ)“tap into”表示“利用”，與D項(xiàng)意思相近，故選D。
3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“When asked why she would start a free library on a bike, Tapia answers, “Why not? Bikes are cool, and can go anywhere.”(當(dāng)被問(wèn)到為什么她會(huì)推出自行車上的免費(fèi)圖書(shū)館時(shí)，塔皮婭回答說(shuō)：‘為什么不呢？自行車很酷，可以去任何地方?！?”可推斷出，Tapia認(rèn)為自行車圖書(shū)館非常方便實(shí)用。故選B。

（2021·諸暨市5月模擬·閱讀理解C篇）
More than one in five species of maple trees faces extinction, a shocking new report has revealed.
The trees are experiencing a vast decline in habitat, due to urban development, timber harvesting, and agricultural expansion. “Time is running out for the world’s biodiversity,” said Douglas Justice, associate director at the University of British Columbia Botanical Garden. “Every recent survey of plants and animals in the wild points to this.” He continued, “This is happening nearly everywhere that rarer maples exist. And because of climate change, the narrow habitats that support species at the tops of mountains are quickly disappearing.”
The trees can be found in sub-tropical and tropical regions, as far south as Indonesia. The only species found in the UK, the field maple is not under threat. Not only are the trees a popular ornamental feature in parks and public spaces, but also they are a key part of the natural ecosystem in woodlands, as well as being an important timber crop in several countries.
China is home to the largest proportion of maples with 92 species. It has seen a number of trees become endangered due to urban expansion. Some 14 of the 23 maple trees at risk of extinction in the country are only found in China and have small populations and limited geographical ranges. “We still have an opportunity to save species from disappearance, but it will take expertise, resources and the cooperative efforts by the world’s botanical gardens to make it work,” Justice added.
One species in Mexico, the Acer binzayedii, is in “desperate need of conversation” despite only being discovered in 2017. “It is at risk from climate change in its cloud forest habitat and threatened by grazing, logging, and forest fires,” the report adds. The report recommends developing conversation plans, monitoring species currently not at risk to ensure populations are maintained, and adding those missing maple species to seed banks and the like.
BGCI(Botanic Gardens Conversation International)is now establishing a conversation program to address the conservation needs of maple species. Maple specialists will work together to develop comprehensive strategies to manage and deliver conservation action points for the species.
1. What is the major reason for maple trees’ extinction?
A. A lack of scientific research. B. The rarity of the new species.
C. The losses of their habitats. D. Problems with the distribution.
2. What’s Justice’s attitude to saving maple trees?
A. Hopeful. B. Skeptical. C. Reserved. D. Negative.
3. What are the last two paragraphs intended to tell us?
A. There is no guarantee of maintaining the tree populations.
B. It can never be too late to join hands to protect the species.
C. All maple trees of the species are on the edge of extinction.
D. Effective measures should be taken to conserve maple trees
4. What can be a suitable title for the passage?
A. Time is running out for maple trees. B. Maple trees are vital to the ecosystem.
C. Maple trees will stand tall in nature. D. Climate change puts maple trees at risk.
【答案】CADA
【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。一份新報(bào)告顯示超過(guò)五分之一的楓樹(shù)物種面臨滅絕，文章還說(shuō)明了導(dǎo)致其滅絕的原因，楓樹(shù)的重要性以及提出的一些保護(hù)楓樹(shù)的有效措施。
1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“The trees are experiencing a vast decline in habitat, due to urban development, timber harvesting, and agricultural expansion.(由于城市發(fā)展、木材采伐和農(nóng)業(yè)擴(kuò)張，這些樹(shù)木的棲息地正在急劇減少)”以及“And because of climate change, the narrow habitats that support species at the tops of mountains are quickly disappearing. (由于氣候變化，山頂上支持物種生存的狹窄棲息地正在迅速消失)”可知，失去棲息地是楓樹(shù)滅絕的主要原因。故選C。
2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中““We still have an opportunity to save species from disappearance, but it will take expertise, resources and the cooperative efforts by the world’s botanical gardens to make it work,” Justice added.( Justice補(bǔ)充說(shuō)：“我們?nèi)匀挥袡C(jī)會(huì)拯救這一物種，使其免于消失，但這需要專業(yè)知識(shí)、資源和世界植物園的合作努力”)”可知，Justice認(rèn)為拯救楓樹(shù)充滿希望。故選A。
3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段““It is at risk from climate change in its cloud forest habitat and threatened by grazing, logging, and forest fires,” the report adds. The report recommends developing conversation plans, monitoring species currently not at risk to ensure populations are maintained, and adding those missing maple species to seed banks and the like. (報(bào)告補(bǔ)充說(shuō)：“它的云森林棲息地面臨氣候變化的威脅，并受到放牧、伐木和森林火災(zāi)的威脅?！痹搱?bào)告建議制定對(duì)話計(jì)劃，監(jiān)測(cè)目前沒(méi)有瀕危物種以確保種群數(shù)量得到維持，并將那些失蹤的楓樹(shù)物種加入種子庫(kù)等)”以及最后一段“BGCI(Botanic Gardens Conversation International)is now establishing a conversation program to address the conservation needs of maple species. Maple specialists will work together to develop comprehensive strategies to manage and deliver conservation action points for the species.(BGCI(國(guó)際植物園對(duì)話)正在建立一個(gè)對(duì)話項(xiàng)目，以解決楓樹(shù)物種的保護(hù)需求。 楓樹(shù)專家將共同制定全面的策略來(lái)管理和提供保護(hù)楓樹(shù)的行動(dòng)點(diǎn))”可知，最后兩段想告訴我們應(yīng)該采取有效措施保護(hù)楓樹(shù)。故選D。
4.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“More than one in five species of maple trees faces extinction, a shocking new report has revealed.(一份令人震驚的新報(bào)告揭示，超過(guò)五分之一的楓樹(shù)物種面臨滅絕)”以及第二段中“The trees are experiencing a vast decline in habitat, due to urban development, timber harvesting, and agricultural expansion. “Time is running out for the world’s biodiversity,” said Douglas Justice, associate director at the University of British Columbia Botanical Garden.(由于城市發(fā)展、木材采伐和農(nóng)業(yè)擴(kuò)張，這些樹(shù)木的棲息地正在急劇減少?！傲艚o世界生物多樣性的時(shí)間不多了，”英屬哥倫比亞大學(xué)植物園副主任Douglas Justice說(shuō))”結(jié)合文章還說(shuō)明了導(dǎo)致其滅絕的原因，楓樹(shù)的重要性以及提出的一些保護(hù)楓樹(shù)的有效措施?？芍?，A選項(xiàng)“楓樹(shù)的時(shí)間不多了”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選A。

（2021·成都三診·閱讀理解C篇）
A new research added brain degradation such as Alzheimer(阿爾茲海默癥）to the growing list of effects of fine particles(微粒）. A study of 63 million adults older than 65 in the United States showed that from 2000 to 2016, first-time hospital admissions for Alzheimer's disease, and related diseases rose by 13 percent with every 5-microgram (per cubic meter of air) increase in annual concentrations of PM 2.5. Such particles are produced mainly during the burning of fossil fuels, especially coal and oil. The risk remained high even at concentrations below 12 micrograms per cubic meter, a level the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency currently considers safe.
“Our study builds on the small but clear evidence indicating that long-term PM 2.5 exposures are associated with an increased risk of worsening brain health, even at PM 2.5 concentrations well below the current national standards,” said Xiao Wu, a doctoral student in Harvard.
Antonella Zanobetti, a co-author of the study, said the new research results show that current U. S. regulations are inadequate to protect the aging American population, “highlighting the need for stricter standards and policies that help further reduce PM 2.5 concentrations and improve air quality overall”。
Women, white people, and urban populations, particularly in the Northeast, were particularly at risk, the research showed. The researchers figured that the increased effects on urban populations might be due to the “abundance of metal-bearing particles in the urban atmosphere, which have very smaller size and can access the brain directly”. They owe the increased risk to women and white people to longer life, which means the probability of death from other causes before developing Alzheimer is higher in men and nonwhites.
1. What can we learn about the new research in Paragraph 1?
A. It proved PM 2.5 was caused by fossil fuel.
B. It aimed at improving the elders' brain health.
C. It showed Alzheimer was linked to air pollution.
D. It focused on the effect of PM 2.5 on environment.
2. What is the researchers' attitude towards the current U. S. PM 2.5 national standards?
A. Supportive. B. Disapproving. C. Cautious. D. Ambiguous.
3. Why do women and white people have higher risk of brain health problems?
A. They mainly live in cities.
B. They are in much worse condition.
C. They are affected by PM 2.5 more easily.
D. They live longer than men and nonwhites.
4. What's the purpose of the text?
A. To present findings of a new research.
B. To call on us to protect the environment.
C. To analyze various reasons for Alzheimer.
D. To draw our attention to the elders' health.
【答案】CBDA
【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章展示了一項(xiàng)對(duì)阿爾茲海默癥的新的研究的幾個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)。
1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第一句“A new research added brain degradation such as Alzheimer(阿爾茲海默癥）to the growing list of effects of fine particles(微粒）．”（一項(xiàng)新的研究將阿爾茨海默氏癥等大腦退化列入了不斷增加的細(xì)顆粒影響名單。）和第二句“A study of 63 million adults older than 65 in the United States showed that from 2000 to 2016, first-time hospital admissions for Alzheimer's disease, and related diseases rose by 13 percent with every 5-microgram (per cubic meter of air) increase in annual concentrations of PM 2. 5.”（一項(xiàng)針對(duì)美國(guó)6300萬(wàn)65歲以上成年人的研究顯示，從2000年到2016年，pm2.5的年濃度每增加5微克(每立方米空氣)，首次因阿爾茨海默氏癥和相關(guān)疾病住院的人數(shù)就增加了13%。）可知，研究表明阿爾茨海默病與空氣污染有關(guān)。故選C。
2.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Our study builds on the small but clear evidence indicating that long-term PM 2.5 exposures are associated with an increased risk of worsening brain health, even at PM 2.5 concentrations well below the current national standards”（我們的研究建立在少量但明確的證據(jù)之上，這些證據(jù)表明，即使PM 2.5濃度遠(yuǎn)低于當(dāng)前的國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，長(zhǎng)期接觸PM 2.5也會(huì)增加大腦健康惡化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）可知，研究者對(duì)美國(guó)目前的PM 2.5國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并不贊同。故選B。
3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第三句“They owe the increased risk to women and white people to longer life, which means the probability of death from other causes before developing Alzheimer is higher in men and nonwhites.”（女性和白人患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加的原因是壽命延長(zhǎng)，這意味著男性和非白人在患老年癡呆癥之前死于其他原因的概率更高。）可知，因?yàn)榕院桶兹说膲勖饶腥撕头前兹烁L(zhǎng)，所以他們更容易患老年癡呆癥。故選D。
4.目的意圖題。根據(jù)第一段第一句“A new research added brain degradation such as Alzheimer(阿爾茲海默癥）to the growing list of effects of fine particles(微粒）．”（一項(xiàng)新的研究將阿爾茨海默氏癥等大腦退化列入了不斷增加的細(xì)顆粒影響名單。）和第二句“A study of 63 million adults older than 65 in the United States showed that from 2000 to 2016, first-time hospital admissions for Alzheimer's disease, and related diseases rose by 13 percent with every 5-microgram (per cubic meter of air) increase in annual concentrations of PM 2. 5.”（一項(xiàng)針對(duì)美國(guó)6300萬(wàn)65歲以上成年人的研究顯示，從2000年到2016年，pm2.5的年濃度每增加5微克(每立方米空氣)，首次因阿爾茨海默氏癥和相關(guān)疾病住院的人數(shù)就增加了13%。），第三段第一句“Antonella Zanobetti, a co-author of the study, said the new research results show that current U. S. regulations are inadequate to protect the aging American population”（這項(xiàng)研究的合著者Antonella Zanobetti說(shuō)，新的研究結(jié)果表明，目前的美國(guó)法規(guī)不足以保護(hù)老齡化的美國(guó)人口）和第四段第一句“Women, white people, and urban populations, particularly in the Northeast, were particularly at risk, the research showed.”（研究顯示，女性、白人和城市人口，尤其是東北部地區(qū)的人口，面臨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)尤其大。）可知，文章主要是為了展示新的研究的發(fā)現(xiàn)。故選A。

（2021·成都三診·閱讀理解D篇）
In the past few decades, great progress has been made in the field of space exploration, which has enabled mankind to have a deeper understanding of the Solar System, our place in it and in the universe. “We sent probes(探測(cè)器) to every planet in the Solar System. This is by far the best one,” said Clayton, vice president of Blue Origin. “Let's focus right now on protecting the Earth environment, and then we'll go from there. Space science and technology should be people-centric and application-centric, and focus on improving human life. We need to have a strong footing on the Earth, learn to solve the day-to-day problems of the society.”
“Space technology can help achieve the 17 sustainable development goals to be achieved by 2030 set by the United Nations. Satellite monitoring can really help with agriculture. ” said Victoria, CEO of a company working on sustainable development, “Through Global Navigation Satellite System, animals' movement information recorded on self-recharging devices can be transmitted to the company server. Farmers can be alerted in real time if anomalies(異常現(xiàn)象）are detected. We can use it to ensure the traceability of the entire meat chain. As a result, it enables consumers to know that the beef they are eating does not come from protected areas or the cattle don't contribute to deforestation. ”
As early as 2007, Michael Griffin, former Administrator of NASA, put forward the concept of the “space economy” in a speech. He is very optimistic about the market prospect of commercial space and said, “According to the latest data, the global space industry could reach $1 trillion in 2040, up from $ 378 billion currently. I believe more business models and space activities will be created in the future to achieve the economic scale of $1 trillion. ”
As an entrepreneur(創(chuàng)業(yè)者）herself, Victoria thinks the thriving space market will bring countless opportunities for entrepreneurs. She mentioned future settlements on Mars or on the Moon. “If we are going to develop a new society outside the Earth, we will need all types of applications and all types of startups. But coming back to the Earth, there are so many problems that need to be solved, and space technology can really help with that.”
1. What does the underlined word “This” in Paragraph 1 refer to ?
A. A successful space exploration.
B. A probe sent to other planets.
C. The planet people are living on now.
D. The solar system people are exploring.
2. In Clayton's opinion, what should be the first concern about space technology?
A. Providing more financial support.
B. Improving people's life on earth.
C. Sending more probes in the universe.
D. The development of related technology.
3. How does Victoria support her statement about satellite monitoring in Paragraph 2?
A. By making reasoning.
B. By providing accurate figures.
C. By making comparison.
D. By illustrating from different aspects.
4. What does the text mainly talk about?
A. Necessities of space exploration.
B. Breakthroughs in space exploration.
C. Possible application of space technology.
D. Controversial issues about space technology.
【答案】CBDC
【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文，在過(guò)去的幾十年里，空間探索領(lǐng)域取得了巨大的進(jìn)展，空間技術(shù)也會(huì)在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域起到很大的作用。
1.指代猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第一段第四句“Let's focus right now on protecting the Earth environment, and then we'll go from there.”（讓我們現(xiàn)在關(guān)注保護(hù)地球環(huán)境，然后我們會(huì)從那里開(kāi)始。）可知，此處是指地球是目前為止最好的一個(gè)，所以我們要保護(hù)地球環(huán)境。所以this是指我們現(xiàn)在所居住的星球。故選C。
2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第五句“Space science and technology should be people-centric and application-centric, and focus on improving human life.”（空間科學(xué)技術(shù)要堅(jiān)持以人為本、以應(yīng)用為中心，以改善人類生活為中心。）可知，在克萊頓看來(lái)，空間技術(shù)應(yīng)該首先關(guān)注改善人類生活。故選B。
3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“Space technology can help achieve the 17 sustainable development goals to be achieved by 2030 set by the United Nations.”（空間技術(shù)可以幫助實(shí)現(xiàn)聯(lián)合國(guó)設(shè)定的到2030年要實(shí)現(xiàn)的17個(gè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)。）可知，Victoria認(rèn)為空間技術(shù)可以幫助實(shí)現(xiàn)聯(lián)合國(guó)設(shè)定的到2030年要實(shí)現(xiàn)的17個(gè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)。根據(jù)第二段第二句“Satellite monitoring can really help with agriculture.”（衛(wèi)星監(jiān)測(cè)真的可以幫助農(nóng)業(yè)。）和最后一句“As a result, it enables consumers to know that the beef they are eating does not come from protected areas or the cattle don't contribute to deforestation.”（因此，它使消費(fèi)者知道他們吃的牛肉不是來(lái)自保護(hù)區(qū)，或者牛沒(méi)有促進(jìn)森林砍伐。）可知，Victoria通過(guò)說(shuō)明衛(wèi)星監(jiān)測(cè)幫助農(nóng)業(yè)和環(huán)保方面來(lái)佐證自己的觀點(diǎn)。故選D。
4.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“Space technology can help achieve the 17 sustainable development goals to be achieved by 2030 set by the United Nations.”（空間技術(shù)可以幫助實(shí)現(xiàn)聯(lián)合國(guó)設(shè)定的到2030年要實(shí)現(xiàn)的17個(gè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)。），第三段第一句As early as 2007, Michael Griffin, former Administrator of NASA, put forward the concept of the “space economy” in a speech.（早在2007年，美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局前局長(zhǎng)Michael Griffin就在一次演講中提出了“空間經(jīng)濟(jì)”的概念。）；第四段第一句“As an entrepreneur(創(chuàng)業(yè)者）herself, Victoria thinks the thriving space market will bring countless opportunities for entrepreneurs.”（作為一名企業(yè)家，維多利亞認(rèn)為蓬勃發(fā)展的太空市場(chǎng)將為企業(yè)家?guī)?lái)無(wú)數(shù)的機(jī)會(huì)。）可知，文章主要是講太空技術(shù)可能的應(yīng)用。故選C。

（2021·臺(tái)州市4月調(diào)考·閱讀理解B篇）
A young girl, who enjoys being the center of attention, may act out for her friends and family. Then one day her mother tells her to stop being so silly and grow up. This negative attention may make the girl feel ashamed of her behavior and from then on, hold back her free-spiritedness and then go through life feeling as if she can’t fully express herself for fear of being laughed at.
The girl’s experience shows how people live with shame when they have been criticized (批評(píng)) for just being themselves.
When it comes to teenagers, there are times they can be extremely difficult and try their parents’ patience. When parents become frustrated, they may say things like “I am starting to really not like you. ” They may not mean what they say. They may just be tired of arguing with the teenager and have become emotionally overwhelmed. However, the teenager doesn’t know their words are out of frustration, and may feel his parents are telling him they’re sorry they ever had him. The child may conclude that he is a bad person. Such casual criticism by parents can linger and stick to children like glue.
How to make this better? The next time a child shows you a drawing he’s done, or sings a song for you in an effort to get your attention, recognize that your response may be extremely important toward the child’s willingness to continue to explore these creative efforts. When a child is dancing and an adult makes fun of him, the negativity he feels can completely shut the child down from that activity, or even worse, fill him with shame as if something’s wrong with him.
That is why it is so important for parents to recognize that children are exploring their world.The more encouragement we how then and he more we keep their sense of what’s possible alive, the more likely they will be to explore and find their own enthusiasm in life.
They will keep alive their joy and their dreams for the future. As parents, I don’t think we can hope for anything more.
1. How does the author introduce the topic of the passage?
A. By describing a scene.
B. By giving an explanation.
C. By making a comparison.
D. By providing an example.
2.What effect can parents’ mindless criticism have on children?
A. They may have a low opinion of themselves for long.
B. They may no longer feel afraid of being made fun of.
C. They may want to challenge their parents’ patience further.
D. They may work harder to live up to their parents’ expectations.
3.What are parents advised to do when a child seeks for attention?
A. Point out his weaknesses.
B. Protect his passion for exploration.
C. Comment on his behavior.
D. Encourage his reflection on himself.
【答案】DAB
【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。作者指出父母無(wú)意的批評(píng)會(huì)讓孩子長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)都看低自己，并建議當(dāng)孩子尋求關(guān)注時(shí)，父母應(yīng)該保護(hù)他探索的熱情。
1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第一句“A young girl, who enjoys being the center of attention, may act out for her friends and family.”（一個(gè)喜歡成為關(guān)注焦點(diǎn)的年輕女孩，可能會(huì)在朋友和家人面前表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。）可知，第一段是講述一個(gè)年輕女孩的經(jīng)歷，根據(jù)第二段“The girl's experience shows how people live with shame when they have been criticized (批評(píng)) for just being themselves.”（這個(gè)女孩的經(jīng)歷告訴我們，當(dāng)人們因?yàn)樽鲎约憾艿脚u(píng)時(shí)，他們是如何羞愧地生活的。）可知，文章是通過(guò)舉例來(lái)引入主題。故選D。
2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后兩句“The child may conclude that he is a bad person. Such casual criticism by parents can linger and stick to children like glue.”（這孩子可能斷定他是一個(gè)差勁的人。父母這種漫不經(jīng)心的批評(píng)會(huì)像膠水一樣粘在孩子身上。）可知，父母無(wú)意的批評(píng)會(huì)讓孩子長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)都看低自己。故選A。
3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第二句“The next time a child shows you a drawing he’s done, or sings a song for you in an effort to get your attention, recognize that your response may be extremely important toward the child’s willingness to continue to explore these creative efforts. ”（下次當(dāng)一個(gè)孩子向你展示他完成的一幅畫(huà)，或?yàn)槟愠皇赘枰晕愕淖⒁鈺r(shí)，你要意識(shí)到你的反應(yīng)可能對(duì)孩子繼續(xù)探索這些創(chuàng)造性努力的意愿極其重要。）根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“The more encouragement we how then and he more we keep their sense of what’s possible alive, the more likely they will be to explore and find their own enthusiasm in life.”我們?cè)焦膭?lì)他們，我們?cè)侥鼙３炙麄儗?duì)可能發(fā)生的事情的意識(shí)，他們就越有可能在生活中探索并找到自己的熱情。可知，當(dāng)孩子尋求關(guān)注時(shí)，父母應(yīng)該保護(hù)他探索的熱情。故選B。

（2021·臺(tái)州市4月調(diào)考·閱讀理解C篇）
Ever wondered if dogs can learn new words? Yes, say researchers as they have found that talented dogs may have the ability to grasp new words after hearing them only four times.
While previous evidence seems to show that most dogs do not learn words, unless eventually very well trained, a few individuals have shown some extraordinary abilities, according to a study published in the journal Scientific Reports.
“We wanted to know under which conditions the gifted dogs may learn novel words,” said researcher xuekw Claudia Fugazza from the E?tv?s Loránd University in Hungary. For the study, the team involved two gifted dogs, Whisky and Vicky Nina. The team exposed the dogs to the new words in two different conditions.
In the exclusion-based task, presented with seven known toys and one new toy, the dogs were able to select the new toy when presented with a new name. Researchers say this proves that dogs can choose by exclusion when faced with a new word, they selected the only toy which did not have a known name.
However, this was not the way they would learn the name of the toy. In fact, when they were presented with one more equally new name to test their ability to recognize the toy by its name, the dogs got totally confused and failed.
The other condition, the social one, where the dogs played with their owners who pronounced the name of the toy while playing with the dog, proved to be the successful way to learn the name of the toy, even after hearing it only 4 times. “The rapid learning that we observed seems to equal children’s ability to learn many new words at a fast rate around the age of 18 months,” Fugazza says. “But we do not know whether the learning mechanisms(機(jī)制) behind this learning are the same for humans and dogs. ”
To test whether most dogs would learn words this way, 20 other dogs were tested in the same condition, but none of them showed any evidence of learning the toy names, confirming that the ability to learn words rapidly in the absence of formal training is very rare and is only present in a few gifted dogs.
1. What was the purpose of the study published in Scientific Reports?
A. To better train dogs’ ability to learn new words.
B. To further confirm previous evidence about dogs.
C. To prove extraordinary memory abilities of gifted dogs.
D. To explore favorable conditions for gifted dogs’ new-word learning.
2. How did the dogs react when exposed to two new names in the first condition?
A. Slow to understand. B. Quick to learn. C. At a loss. D. In a panic.
3. What was found about dogs’ new-word learning in the social condition?
A. Learning through playing applied to most dogs.
B. The social condition helped dogs learn new words.
C. Dogs’ new-word learning turned out to be less effective.
D. Dogs shared similar learning mechanisms with children.
4. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. Gifted Dogs Can Learn New Words Rapidly.
B. Dogs Identify Newly-named Toys by Exclusion.
C. Dogs Can Acquire Vocabulary through Tons of Training.
D. Gifted Dogs Have Similar Learning Abilities to Humans.
【答案】DCBA
【解析】本文為一篇說(shuō)明文，介紹了狗狗通過(guò)訓(xùn)練能夠?qū)W習(xí)新的單詞。
1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“ ‘We wanted to know under which conditions the gifted dogs may learn novel words,’said researcher xuekw Claudia Fugazza from the E?tv?s Loránd University in Hungary.”（匈牙利E?tv?s Loránd大學(xué)的研究員Claudia Fugazza說(shuō):“我們想知道這些有天賦的狗在什么情況下可以學(xué)習(xí)新單詞。）可知研究的目的是想探索出狗在什么情況下可以學(xué)習(xí)新單詞。故選D。
2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段“In fact, when they were presented with one more equally new name to test their ability to recognize the toy by its name, the dogs got totally confused and failed.”（事實(shí)上，當(dāng)給它們一個(gè)同樣的新名字來(lái)測(cè)試它們通過(guò)名字識(shí)別玩具的能力時(shí)，狗完全困惑了，并失敗了。）可知，在第一種環(huán)境下狗非常的困惑。故選C。
3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“The other condition, the social one, where the dogs played with their owners who pronounced the name of the toy while playing with the dog, proved to be the successful way to learn the name of the toy, even after hearing it only 4 times.”（另一種情況是社會(huì)性的，在這種情況下，狗狗和它們的主人一起玩耍，主人在和狗狗玩耍的同時(shí)念出了玩具的名字。結(jié)果證明，即使只聽(tīng)了4次，狗狗也能成功地記住玩具的名字。）可推出，在社會(huì)性條件下可以幫助狗狗學(xué)習(xí)新的單詞。故選B。
4.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Ever wondered if dogs can learn new words? Yes, say researchers as they have found that talented dogs may have the ability to grasp new words after hearing them only four times.”（想知道狗狗能不能學(xué)會(huì)新單詞嗎?是的，研究人員稱，因?yàn)樗麄儼l(fā)現(xiàn)，聰明的狗狗可能只聽(tīng)四次就能掌握新單詞。）以及文章中的案例，可知本篇文章主要講述的是有天賦的狗能快速學(xué)習(xí)新單詞。故選A。

（2021·天津十二區(qū)縣聯(lián)考2·閱讀理解C篇）
Thanks to its harsh environment, Antarctica remained largely untouched by humans for many millennia, allowing a thriving ecosystem to evolve. However, since the 1990s, the last true wilderness on the planet is becoming an increasingly popular destination for adventure-seeking tourists. Now, a new study declares that the visitors may be leaving behind harmful bacteria which could devastate the area's native bird population.
Humans can infect animals with illnesses such as the flu. Researchers, however, believed that the Antarctic animals were immune to the danger due to the continent's extreme weather. However, microbiologist Marta Cerda-Cuellar was not convinced.
She and some colleagues decided to examine waste samples from Antarctic birds for evidence of human bacteria. To ensure the waste was not polluted, the scientists had to collect it from the birds themselves.
The results of their study revealed the presence of several types of human bacteria in the bird waste. This included a common strain (品種) of bacteria that causes food poisoning in humans. The researchers say the bacteria strains were resistant to commonly-used human antibiotics, indicating they were brought in by the visitors, rather than migratory birds (候鳥(niǎo)).
“These strains, which are a common cause for infections in humans and livestock, do not usually cause death outbreaks in wild animals," says Gonzalez-Solis. "However, the emerging or invasive pathogens (病原體) that arrive to highly sensitive populations could have severe consequences and cause the local collapse and extinction of some populations." The researcher also fears the presence of these bugs could foreshadow the arrival of other, more deadly, pathogens as the number of tourists people increases.
Experts believe the only way to prevent the mass destruction of the birds is to impose stricter regulations or, at least, put the ones already in place into effect. For example, while the Antarctica Treaty requires visitors to carry their waste back home to safeguard the pristine environment, the regulation is rarely enforced. Nowadays, some officials are taking steps to save the vulnerable birds before it's too late.
1. What problem is Antarctica facing according to Paragraph 1&2?
A. The increasing number of tourists. B. The worsening wilderness.
C. The replaced native bird population. D. The spread of infectious illnesses.
2. What docs the underlined word "devastate" mean?
A. Destroy. B. Increase. C. Protect. D. Benefit.
3. Why did the scientists need to catch some Antarctic animals?
A. To treat their illness. B. To get their waste.
C. To raise them as pets. D. To study their lifestyles.
4. What did the scientists prove in their study?
A. Bacteria can be killed by human antibiotics.
B. Extreme weather keeps Antarctic animals healthy.
C. Humans bring bacteria to Antarctica.
D. Antarctic animals are immune to human bacteria.
5. What is the author's attitude towards the prospect of bird population in Antarctica?
A. Indifferent. B. Doubtful. C. Ambiguous. D. Optimistic.
6. In what section in a newspaper can you find the passage?
A. Entertainment. B. Travel. C. Nature. D. Education.
【答案】DABCDC
【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要講述由于南極洲的寒冷人類幾千年來(lái)沒(méi)有踏足。然而,自上世紀(jì)90年代以來(lái)，地球上最后一片真正的荒野正日益成為探險(xiǎn)游客的熱門(mén)目的地。一項(xiàng)新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)游客們可能留下有害細(xì)菌，影響鳥(niǎo)類的生存。科學(xué)家對(duì)此做了研究，建議限制人類旅游的數(shù)量。
1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Now, a new study declares that the visitors may be leaving behind harmful bacteria which could devastate the area's native bird population.(現(xiàn)在，一項(xiàng)新的研究表明，游客留下的有害細(xì)菌可能會(huì)摧毀該地區(qū)的本地鳥(niǎo)類種群)”和第二段第一句“Humans can infect animals with illnesses such as the flu.”(人類可以讓動(dòng)物感染流感等疾病)”可知，根據(jù)第一和第二段，南極洲面臨傳染病的傳播。故選D。
2.詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句中“the visitors may be leaving behind harmful bacteria(參觀者可能留下了有害的細(xì)菌)”和劃線詞后面的“the area's native bird population. (當(dāng)?shù)伉B(niǎo)類的數(shù)量)”推知，細(xì)菌“摧毀”鳥(niǎo)類種群，所以劃線詞的意思是“摧毀”。故選A。
3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第一句“She and some colleagues decided to examine waste samples from Antarctic birds for evidence of human bacteria. (她和一些同事決定研究南極鳥(niǎo)類的糞便樣本，尋找人類細(xì)菌的證據(jù))”可知，科學(xué)家們捕捉一些南極動(dòng)物是為了獲取他們的糞便。故選B。
4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中“The results of their study revealed the presence of several types of human bacteria in the bird waste. This included a common strain (品種) of bacteria that causes food poisoning in humans. (他們的研究結(jié)果顯示，鳥(niǎo)類糞便中存在幾種人類細(xì)菌。其中包括一種會(huì)導(dǎo)致人類食物中毒的常見(jiàn)細(xì)菌)”可知，科學(xué)家們?cè)谒麄兊难芯恐凶C明了人類把細(xì)菌帶到南極洲。故選C。
5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“Nowadays, some officials are taking steps to save the vulnerable birds before it's too late. (現(xiàn)在，一些官員正在采取措施挽救脆弱鳥(niǎo)類，以免為時(shí)已晚)”可知，作者對(duì)南極洲鳥(niǎo)類種群的前景持樂(lè)觀態(tài)度。故選D。
6.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Thanks to its harsh environment, Antarctica remained largely untouched by humans for many millennia, allowing a thriving ecosystem to evolve. However, since the 1990s, the last true wilderness on the planet is becoming an increasingly popular destination for adventure-seeking tourists. Now, a new study declares that the visitors may be leaving behind harmful bacteria which could devastate the area's native bird population. (由于其惡劣的環(huán)境，南極洲在數(shù)千年的時(shí)間里基本上沒(méi)有受到人類的影響，使得一個(gè)繁榮的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)得以進(jìn)化。然而，自上世紀(jì)90年代以來(lái)，地球上最后一片真正的荒野正日益成為尋求冒險(xiǎn)的游客的熱門(mén)目的地?，F(xiàn)在，一項(xiàng)新的研究表明，游客留下的有害細(xì)菌可能會(huì)摧毀該地區(qū)的本地鳥(niǎo)類種群)”推知，這篇文章來(lái)自報(bào)紙的“自然”欄目。故選C。

（2021·寶坻區(qū)三?！ら喿x理解C篇）
Most humans are able to recognize about 1 million different colors, but some people can't recognize this many because of something called colorblindness(色盲). In rare cases, some people can't see any colors at all.
There are three cone-shaped(錐形的)cells at the back of our eyes that allow us to see colors. These cells absorb tight waves and send a message to the brain, where the image is processed.
If something is wrong with these cone-shaped cells, this can result in colorblindness.
Thankfully, special color-correcting glasses have already been made to help fix some types or colorblindness. Now, according to research published in Optics Letters, scientists have provided another choice.
Sharon Karepov and Tal Ellenbogen, engineers from Tel Aviv University in Israel, have found a way to apply this technology to contact lenses(隱形眼鏡). This is good news for the millions of people worldwide who suffer from colorblindness.
One of the most common types of colorblindness is red-green colorblindness. People who have this specific type have difficulty telling the colors red and green apart. "Problems with distinguishing red from green stop simple daily routines such as deciding whether a banana is ripe," Karepov explained.
Karepov also stressed the importance of applying this finding to create special contact lenses instead of relying on color-correcting glasses.
"Glasses based on this correction concept are commercially available. However, they are too big than contact lenses." Karepov said. "Our contact lenses create a customized, compact and durable(耐用的)way to deal with these shortcomings."
This new research is groundbreaking. In addition to offering those who are colorblind another option, it may lead to solutions for other visual damage.
1. What can cause colorblindness, according to the article?
A. Only one type of cone-shaped cell exists in the eyes.
B. Cone-shaped cells cannot process images received.
C. The brain fails to absorb and process light waves.
D. Cone-shaped cells probably don't work properly.
2. What is true about people with colorblindness?
A. They can recognize 1 million different colors.
B. They are not interested in colorful stuff.
C. They may find daily tasks more difficult.
D. They have fewer cone-shaped cells than other people.
3. What does "this technology" means in Paragraph 5?
A. Three cone-shaped cells. B. Special color-correcting glasses.
C. Processed image. D. Red-green colorblindness type.
4. What is the advantage of the contact lenses over the glasses?
A. They are much smaller. B. They are easier to make.
C. They are much cheaper. D. They can help correct colorblindness.
5. Why is Sharon Karepov and Tal Ellenbogen's research groundbreaking?
A. It has led to a cure for colorblindness.
B. It has found causes of visual damage.
C. It could lead to solutions for other visual damage.
D. It has helped to develop glasses to fix visual damage.
【答案】DCBAC
【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了以色列特拉維夫大學(xué)的工程師Sharon Karepov和 Tal Ellenbogen已經(jīng)研制出一種特殊眼鏡來(lái)幫助修復(fù)一些色盲，文章還分析了色盲群體中視覺(jué)缺陷的原因，并介紹了一些目前正在進(jìn)行的有效的，可行的，對(duì)于視力缺陷者有幫助的方法。
1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“If something is wrong with these cone-shaped cells, this can result in colorblindness.(如果這些錐形細(xì)胞出了問(wèn)題，就會(huì)導(dǎo)致色盲。)”可知錐形細(xì)胞出問(wèn)題，運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)不適會(huì)導(dǎo)致色盲，故選D項(xiàng)。
2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段“People who have this specific type have difficulty telling the colors red and green apart. "Problems with distinguishing red from green stop simple daily routines such as deciding whether a banana is ripe," Karepov explained.(有這種特殊類型的人很難區(qū)分紅色和綠色。Karepov解釋說(shuō):“區(qū)分紅色和綠色的問(wèn)題妨礙了一些簡(jiǎn)單的日常習(xí)慣，比如判斷香蕉是否成熟?！?”可知有色盲的人在日常生活中的一些事情會(huì)遇到困難，所以他們會(huì)覺(jué)得一些基本的事情有點(diǎn)困難，故選C項(xiàng)。
3.詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第四段“Thankfully, special color-correcting glasses have already been made to help fix some types or colorblindness. (值得慶幸的是，人們已經(jīng)研制出了一種特殊的顏色矯正眼鏡來(lái)幫助修復(fù)某些類型的色盲。)”可知special color-correcting glasses(特殊顏色矯正眼鏡)可以幫助修復(fù)某些類型的色盲，結(jié)合第五段“Sharon Karepov and Tal Ellenbogen, engineers from Tel Aviv University in Israel, have found a way to apply this technology to contact lenses(隱形眼鏡). This is good news for the millions of people worldwide who suffer from colorblindness.(以色列特拉維夫大學(xué)的工程師Sharon Karepov和Tal Ellenbogen已經(jīng)找到了一種將這項(xiàng)技術(shù)應(yīng)用到隱形眼鏡上的方法。這對(duì)全世界數(shù)百萬(wàn)患有色盲的人來(lái)說(shuō)是個(gè)好消息。)”可知this technology指的是special color-correcting glasses(特殊顏色矯正眼鏡)，故選B項(xiàng)。
4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“"Glasses based on this correction concept are commercially available. However, they are too big than contact lenses." Karepov said. "Our contact lenses create a customized, compact and durable(耐用的)way to deal with these shortcomings."(基于這種矯正概念的眼鏡已經(jīng)上市。不過(guò)，它們比隱形眼鏡大?！盞arepov說(shuō)?！拔覀兊碾[形眼鏡創(chuàng)造了一種定制的、緊湊的、持久的方式來(lái)解決這些缺點(diǎn)。”)”可知矯正色盲眼鏡比隱形眼鏡大，這是一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)，由此可推知隱形眼鏡的優(yōu)勢(shì)是相之下比較小，故選A項(xiàng)。
5.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“This new research is groundbreaking. In addition to offering those who are colorblind another option, it may lead to solutions for other visual damage.(這項(xiàng)新研究是具有開(kāi)創(chuàng)性的。除了為色盲者提供另一種選擇外，它還可能為其他視覺(jué)損傷提供解決方案。)”可知它可以為其他視覺(jué)損傷提供解決方案。故選C項(xiàng)。

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